Tertiary basins of Spain 

the stratigraphic record 

of crustal kinematics 
Edited by 
PETER F. FRIEND AND CRISTINO J. DABRIO 

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERS1TY PRESS 



Tertiary basins of Spain 

the strati graphic record of crus tal kinematics 

EDITED BY 

PETER F. FRIEND 

Department of Earth Sciences, University af Cambridge 

AND 

CRISTlNO J. DABRIO 

Departamento de Estratigrafia, Facultad de Ciencias Geo16gicas and 
Instituto de Geologia Economica, CSIC, Universidad Compiutense, 
Madrid, Spain 

_CAMBRIDGE 
::: UNIVERSITY PRESS 



Published by the Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge 
The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1 R P  
4 0  West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011--4211, USA 
10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166, Australia 

© Cambridge University Press 1996 

First published 1996 

Printed in Great Britain at the University Press, Cambridge 

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library 

Library of Congress cataloguing in publication data 

Tertiary basins of Spain : the stratigraphic record of crusta] 
kinematics / edited by Peter F. Friend and Cristino J. Dabrio. 

p. cm. - (World and regional geology series) 
Includes bibliographical references. 
SBN 0 521 461715 
1. Geology, Stratigraphic - Tertiary. 2. Geology, Structural­
Spain. 3. Basins ( Geology) -Spain. I. Friend, P.F. H. Dabrio, 
Cristino J. Ill. Series. 
QE69l .T465 1995 
551.7'S'0946 - dc20 94-21724 CIP 

ISBN 0 521 46 l 7 l  5 hardback 

SE 



Contents 

List of contributors ix 
Preface P.F. FRIEND and c.]. DABRIO xiii 
Dedication 10 Professor Oria! Riba I Arderiu c. PUlGDEFABREGAS xv 
Memorial, Etienne Moissenet 1941-1994 P. ANAD6N, N. MOISSENET 
and O. RIBA 

PARTGGENERAL 

GI. Tertiary stages and ages, and some distinctive stratigraphic 
approaches 
P.F. FRiEND 

G2. Cenozoic latitudes, positions and topography of the Iberian 
Peninsula 

A.G. SMITH 
G3. Tertiary tectonic framework of the Iberian Peninsula 

C.M. SA NZ DE GAlDEANO 
G4. Deep crusta I expression of Tertiary basins in Spain 

E. BANDA 
GS. Oil and gas resources of the Tertiary basins of Spain 

F. MELENDEZ-HEvIAand E. ALVAREZ DE BUERGO 
G6. Mineral resources of the Tertiary deposits of Spain 

M.A. GARciA DEL CURA, C.l. DABRlO and S. ORD6NEZ 

PART E EAST 

El. Geological setting of the Tertiary basins of Northeast Spain 
P. ANA DON and E. ROCA 

E2. The lithosphere of the Valencia Trough: a brief review 
M. TORNE 

E3. 'Depositional sequences in the Gulf of Valencia Tertiary 

E4. 

ES. 

E6. 

E7. 

basin 
w. MARTiNEZ DEL OLMO 

Neogene basins in the Eastern Iberian Range 
P. ANAD6N and E. MOISSENET 
The Tertiary of the Iberian margin of me Ebro basin: 

sequence stratigraphy 
1. VllLENA, G. PARDO, A. ptREZ, A. MUNOZ and A. 
GONZALEZ 

Tertiary of the Iberian margin of the Ebro basin: 
paleogeography and tectonic control 
J. VILLENA, G. PARDO, A. PEREZ, A. MUNOZ and A. 
GONZALEZ 

Stratigraphy of Paleogene deposits in the SE margin of the 
Catalan basin (St. Feliu de Codines-St. L1oren� del Munt 
sector, NE Ebro basin) 

1. CAPDEVILA, E. MAESTRO-MAIDEU, E. REMACHA and J. 

SERRA ROW 

xvii 

3 

6 

9 

15 

20 

26 

43 

49 

55 

68 

77 

83 

89 

EB. Onshore Neogene record in NE Spain: Valles-Penedes and 
El Camp half-grabens (NW Mediterranean) 
L. CABRERA and F. CALVET 

E9. The Paieogene basin of the Eastern Pyrenees 
].M. COSTA, E. MAESTRO-MAIDEuand CH. BETZLER 

EIO. The Neogene Cerdanya and Seu d'UrgeU intramontane 
basins (Eastern Pyrenees) 

E. ROCA 
Ell. Eocene-Oligocene thrusting and basin configuration in the 

97 

106 

114 

eastern and central Pyrenees (Spain) 120 
J. VERGES and D. w. BURBANK 

E12. The Late Eocene -Early Oligocene deposits of the NE Ebro 
basin, west of the Segre River 134 
E. MAESTRO-MAlDEU and 1. SERRA ROIG 

Eil. Chronology of Eocene foreland basin evolution along the 
weslern oblique margin of the South-Central Pyrenees 144 
P. 8ENTHAMand D.W. BURBANK 

E14. Evolution of the Jaca piggyback basin and emergence of the 
External Sierra, southern Pyrenees 153 
P.l. HOGANand D.W. BUR BANK 

EIS. Long-lived fluvial palaeovalleys sited on structural 
lineaments in the Tertiary of the Spanish Pyrenees 161 
S.l. ViNCENT and T. ELLIOTT 

E16. Evolution of the central part of the northern Ebro basin 
margin, as indicated by its Tertiary fluvial sedimentary infill 
P.F. FRIEND, M.J. LLOYD, R. MCELROV, J. TURNER, A. 
VAN GELDER and S.l. VINCENT 

Et7. The Rioja Area (westernmost Ebro basin): a ramp valley 
with neighbouring piggybacks 
M.l. JURADO and o. RIBA 

PART W WEST 

W I.  The Duero Basin: a general overview 
1.1. SANTISTEBAN, R. MEDIA VILLA, A. MART1N-SERRANO 
and C.l. DABRlO 

166 

173 

183 

. W2. Alpine tectonic framework of south-western Duero basin 
1.1. SANTISTEBAN, R. MEDIAvILLAand A. MARTiN­
SERRANO 

188 

vii 

W3. South-western Duero and Ciudad Rodrigo basins: infill and 
dissection of a Tertiary basin 
1.1. SANTlSTEBAN, A. MARTiN-SERRANO, R. MEDIAVILLA 
and c.J. DABRIO 

W4. Teetono-sedimentary evolution of the Ajmazan basin, NE 

Spain 
1. BOND 

196 

203 



Vlll 

W5. Tertiary basins and Alpine tectonics in the Cantabrian 
Mountains (NW Spain) 
J.L. ALONSO, l.A. PULGAR, J.C. GARciA-RAMOS and 
P. BARBA 

W6. Lacustrine Neogene systems of the Duero Basin: evolution 
and controls 
R. MEDIAVILLA, C.l. DABRlO, A. MARTIN-sERRANoand 
l.l. SANTISTEBAN 

W7. North-western Cainozoic record: present knowledge and the 
correlation problem 
A. MARTiN-SERRANO, R. MEDIA VILLA and J.I. 
SANTISTEBAN 

W8. Onshore Cenozoic strike-slip basins in NW Spain 
L. CABRERA, B. FERRUS, A. SAEZ, P.F. SANTANACH and 
J. BACELAR 

W9. Tertiary of Central System basins 
A. MARTiN-SERRANO, 1.1. SANTISTEBAN and 
R. MEDIA VILLA 

PART C CENTRE 

Cl. Structure and Tertiary evolution of the Madrid basin 
G. DE VICENTE, J. M. OONZALEZ-CASADO, A. MUNOZ­
MARTiN, 1. GINER and M.A. RODRIGUEZ-PAscuA 

C2. Neogene tectono-sedimentary review of the Madrid basin 
G. DE VICENTE, l.P. CALVO and A. MUNOZ-MARTIN 

C3. Sedimentary evolution of lake systems through the Miocene 
of the Madrid Basin: paleoclimatic and paleohydrological 
constraints 
J.P. CALVO, A.M. ALONSO ZARZA, M.A. GARciA DEL 
CURA, S. ORDONEZ, l.P. RODRlouEz-ARANDA and M.E. 
SANZ-MONTERO 

C4. Paleomorphologic features of an intra-Vallesian paleokarst, 
Tertiary Madrid Basin: significance of paleokarstic surfaces 
in continental basin analysis 
1.C. CANAVERAS, 1.P. CALVO, M. Hoyosand S. ORD6NEZ 

C5. Tectono-sedimentary analysis of the Loranca Basin (Upper 
Oligocene-Miocene, Central Spain): a 'non-sequenced' 
foreland basin 
1.1. 06MEZ FERNANDEZ, M. DiAZ MOLINA and A. 
LENDiNEZ 

C6. Paleoecology and paleoclimatology of micromammal faunas 
from Upper Oligocene - Lower Miocene sediments in the 
Loranca Basin, Province of Cuenca, Spain 
R. DAAMS, M.A. ALVAREZ SIERRA, A.J. VAN DER MEULEN 

and P. PELAEZ-CAMPOMANES 
C7. Fluvial fans of the Loranca Basin, Late Oligocene - Early 

Miocene, central Spain 
M. DiAZ-MoLINAand A. TORTOSA 

Contents 

C8. Saline deposits associated with fluvial fans. Late Oligocene -
214 Early Miocene, LOTanca Basin, Central Spain 

1. ARRIBAS and M. DIAZ-MOLINA 
e9. Shallow carbonate lacustrine depositional controls during 

the Late Oligocene -Early Miocene in the Loranca Basin 
228 (Cuenca Province, central Spain) 

237 

M.E. ARRIBAS, R. MAsand M. DiAZ-MOLlNA 

PART S SOUTH 

SI. The Betic Neogene basins: introduction 

247 CH. MONTENAT 

255 

263 

268 

272 

278 

285 

295 

300 

S2. Neogene palaeogeography of the Betic Cordillera: an 
attempt at reconstruction 
C.M. SANZ DE GALDEANO and 1. RODRiGUEZ­
FERNANDEZ 

S3. Depositional model of the Guadalquivir - Gulf of Cadiz 
Tertiary basin 
c. RIAZA and w. MARTINEZ DEL OLMO 

S4. Late Neogene depositional sequences in the foreland basin 
of GuadaJquivir (SW Spain) 
F.l. SIERRO, LA. GONZALEZ DELOADO, C.l. DABRIO, J.A. 
FLORES and J. CIYIS 

SS. Miocene basins of the eastern Prebetic Zone: some tectono­
sedimentary aspects 
CH. MONTENAT, P. OTT D'ESTEVOU and L. PIERSON 

D' AUTREY 
S6. Stratigraphic architecture of the Neogene basins in the 

central sector of the Betic Cordillera (Spain): tectonic 
control and base-level changes 
1. FERNANDEZ, 1. SORIA and c. VISERAS 

S7. Pliocene-Pleistocene continental infiUing of the Granada and 
Guadix basins (Betic Cordillera, Spain): the influence of 
allocyclic and autocyc1ic processes on the resultant 

stratigraphic organization 
J. FERNANDEZ, C. VISERAS and 1. SORIA 

S8. Late Neogene basins evolving in the Eastern Betic 
transcurrent fault zone: an illustrated review 
CH. MONTENAT and P. OTT D'ESTEVOU 

S9. Tectonic signals in the Messinian stratigraphy of the Sorbas 
basin (Almeria, SE Spain) 
J.M. MARTIN and 1.C. BRAGA 

StO. Basinwide interpretation of seismic data in the Albonin Sea 
c. DOCHERTY and E. BANDA 

Index 

308 

313 

321 

323 

330 

339 

346 

353 

366 

372 

387 

392 

399 



W7 North-western Cainozoic record: present knowledge and the 

correlation problem 

A. MARTIN·SERRA NO. R. MEDIA VII.I.A AND J.I. SANTISTEBAN 

Abstract 

Tertiary deposits oflhe north-western Iberian I'eninsula 

are heterogeneous because they occur In severnl morpho-slTuclural 

positions as isoial("-d and dispersed basin.� and mucTops. The quality 

of the palaeontological record is usually very poor and there are 
scarce data. Correlation depends on a wide range of criteria which 
arc not always equivalent: palaeontology, mineralogy IInd petro­

logy. geomorphology. tectonics aud !,;omparison wilh helter-known 

and beller-dmed fades in regions nearby. The results lack 
homogeneity and there arc notable discrepancie.�. 

IntrOOllction 

Tertiary scdiments ofGalicia, Bicrzo ;{nd Ihe Cantabrian 
Range (norlh-wcstern Spain) occur in small basins and isoluted 

outcrops. 

Galicia Basins 

Many !!t:o�ruphieal features and the Tert;<lry basi ns of 
Galicia are related to fault-systems trending N-S. NNE-SSW. NE 

SW, E-Wanu WNW NW-I�ESE(Fig.I). 

I .. ugo Basins 

The most important outcrops of Tertiary sediments in 
Galieill. arc located in Lugo. between the central peneplain und thc 
eastern mountains. The main basins (Terra Chu. Sarria and Mon­

forte) are asynmletrical: Tertiary sediments rest unconfonnably 
upon Palaeozoic rocks in the west and arc separated from crystal­

line basement (igneous rocks) hy N 20 .... 30 and N50-60 faults (Fig. 
2). 

The sedimentary fills of the $.1rria and Monforte basins, up to 200 
m thick, have been divided in various strutigraphical schemes (Birot 
& Sole, \954; Rrell & Doval. 1974. 1979; Yirgili & Urel!. 1975; 

Martin-Serrallo. 1979, 1980, 1982: del Olmo, 1986; Vergnolle, 1984. 

1985.1987. 1990) with sevcnll Jithostratigraphic units which were 

groupC:.'d into the Monteforte formalion (Vergnolle, 1988). The 

scclimentary record of the largcr basins includes two superposed 

meg<lsequenees of opposed tn:nr.l (Figs. 3, 4), hut it is ditJieult to 
differentiate thl.-'Sc trends in the smaller, moderately subsiding 
basins. Thc lower, fining-upwards megasequence comprises: 

- Green arkoscs with minor clay lIlutriX (smeelile) 
:lrranged in channel-form bodies sep<lr<lled by mud 

l:lyecs. These arc interpreted a� lne deposits of rivCI"5 
that nowed from the granite area of 
Villalba-Chunluda. 

- Red-green alluvial·1"<l11 conglomerates. These ,Ire 
depoSits ofsmall. hut thick, alluvial eOlles ruutl.--U in the 
metamorphic and granitic source areas of the eastern 

edges of the basins. 
- Banded, red-green induniled clay series in the areas 

where the arkoscs :md conglomerates coalc$l,:e. This 
fal.-ics is more extensive upwards and there is also a 
progres..�ivc increase in the content of carbonate and 

the genemtion of dolomitic crusts as."ociated with 

palygorskite and Sl:piolite (Sarria Hasin). 

The upper. coarseuin!!-upwards mega.<;tqucnce contains green 
arkosic gravel as the last deposits oflhe b.1SlIlS infill. 

SECalida 

Three distinct basins Ol,:cur in the small tilled (towards the 

Sand SE) mountain blocks ofOrcnse: Maeed<l, Ginzo de Limia and 

Verin. 
Maeeda is u complex, 160 m deep. half-grabcn bounded to the 

NNE by <l l<lrge fault scarp. Thc lithofm::il.-'$are different from those 
of the Lngo basins: the largest part of the basin fill is a fining­

u pwa rds fluvial unit of fine-grained sedl men t� (Del Corno and Dc la 
Ye-ga Members of Brell. 1975; Dc los MiI<lgros Member of del 

0lmo, 1986). Thcy arc while, grey and ochre fernlginous sund and 

day (55-65% kaolinite) with organic matter. deposited in nuviatiic 

cnvironments. The marginal scdiments are red muddy sands and 
gravel. comparable wiIh one of Ihc lilhofacics of the Monforte 

Formation; they arc interpreted as alluvial-fan dcposiL� related to 

the tectonic activity of the border. 

217 



238 A. Martill-Serrano. R. Mcdiavillu and J.1. S;Lnti�tt:blLn 

\ • • 

Sontonder 

.. � ;. ��'i'OO"" . . . � 

.... > c7�g.� ��¥ ;�+� . 
.DUERO· / ' : : . : . .  c . • : ./ . • • ..  ::. : .. .... . . . ' . . �.I'.< . .. , •... 

-_/�""" ." 
.
.
. . ::: .

.
...

.. ; : : 

-

. 

'
.

: 

J' 

. .... : . . ,' . . .. . . . 
· · · · ·· BASIN 

" . ... ' 

�'::w' ES : •.• 5N;<I/ > ," ' :.' . 
\. :.:' . 
.. 

I 
l BORDER 

-' h 
f .. " 

'"" 
• 

, 
• 

Fi!l.' I. Murphustruelural situHli'.m ur the north-"'estcrn Teniarr. I: Pala('{)l'.oic baS('menl �nd MesolOic: 2: Calnol'.oic: 3: I\lorpholl'Clonic lines; 4: isnhypses of 

{dief contours. 

The Ginzo de Limia Basin is a suh-Recent tectonic trough 

bounded by N70. N--S and NI2U faults and filled with alluvial 

sediment$. The fill consists of250 III of Tertiary sediments. includ· 

inga lignite ami clay laycr, located betwecn 80-130 m in dcpth. and 

interbedded between [WO thick sandy series (IGM E, 1979 -19!!4) . 

Thc nilrrOW Verin llasin. in the morphostructunll region ofTrus­

Os-Montcs. reaches u milximum depth or 100 III and is fill<..x.l with 

red and grey clay, sand and gravel. 

Littora/ BI/sills 

related tu ,I regressive episode. These :Ire .fir/",olilhi, 1:1cies. with 

mature con.�tituents from a mineralogical ajJd petrological point of 

view: bolinileand unalterable 1l1incrals. They :Ire wmparable with 

Maccda. Gillzo de Lilllia. Pucntcs de Garcia Rodrigucz :lOd 

Meirama basin fills. The Meirama n[lsio cont[lins the best dc\'c­
loped Cainozoic record of these f[lcies. 

The basins of San Saturnj[\o-Pedro�o-Mo�:chc-Puentes-RolJ­

par Moiuonovo and Lcndo--Meirama-Visantna-Juaneecl[l­

LUI1l:il-Orros-Boimil arc relatcd to dextral faults (Fig. 5) Ihat 

strongly influenced the sedimentation (Maldonado, 1977: Gareia 

Aguilar. 1987; MOll.ge. 1987; Baeclar et (1/., 1988, 1991; Sant:lnach ('.1 
These arc small, isolated outcrops. Some of them are (I/.. 1988). They weft:" small. complex. compartmentalised. asym­

relaled to a structural corridor (the so-c.11led Depresion Mericiiana, metrical and strongly suhsiding basins (Fig. 6) filled with green. 

Nonn. 1966): Porriil{), Deva and Salvatierra. Other outcrops - grty and blue kaolinitic muds und sands. In sume busins (Pedroso. 

(Fazaouro Fonnation) arc located on the Cantabrian side (Mou- Pucntc$ de Garcifl Rodrigucz. Roupar. Juaneeda and Meirama) 

cide. Burela and Loren7..ana). and they are interpreted [IS a pied- there is lignite as weU. They were tilled by small alluvial and fluvi'll 

monl (Vergnolle. 19!!!!) made up 01" tine si!ieic1astic sediments systems associated with lacustrine and paludal environmcllts (iig-



W7 North-wC'.stern Cainozoie record 239 

e 

N 

t 

PORTUGAL 

Fig. 2. Terliary ha�;ns in t'�ltm GlIlicia. I. Igneous rockli: 2.l'ahll·tuoic Mild 
pre-l'alaem:olc basellW'nl: 3. CJdnolui .... 

nilc lInd clIrbonaceousdays) and were controlled hy their struetuml 

evolution. Successive extcnsional or compres$ion:ll phases in the 

basin of I'ucntcs were r('(;ordcd as expansions and retractions or rhe 

lignite bed�. Equilihrium between subsidence and sedimentation 

favoured the development or thick coal deposits in the Miramar 

Basin (Santanach el (11 .. 191111)_ 

Si! corridor 
This is rhe depressed a;(ial area or a NE SW.trending 

mounlain system. The cnmplcx Uierzo (Jasin (Fig. 7). is the 111051 

important Tertiary development. It is a depres.�ion wilh two large 

basins (Ponft'IT'olda Villafranea and Ikmhihre) surrounded by 
!\econdary subbasins 10 the nOl'lh (Parradaseca. Finolledo, Fahcro 

.....- , . .. 
" .-... .. 

t:=r:: : 
t 

• 

:!i".' ft I� .1 
--

. .':,r-
-

- -

. :. " 

•• ...... -

Fig. 3. Lillioslraligrllphyoflhfi main 1Ia.�illllorl..ul:O rrm'iMt (rrom Vugnolk • 

• 9AA). I. Ra..-.emtul; 2. raulls; J. Caino1.oic MpMits; a; br«:du; b: rongloml'r­
alH: c: arkllSf5: d: days; e: dolomllic crust: r: blocks (If infill: 4: Quall'rnyry 
allu.'ial.d!ftl. 

and Noccda) and south (Lus Mcdulas and Carucedo). The other 

southern depressions (El Barco de Valdeorras, u Rua, Quiroga 

and Quinlela) are small, narrow. rault-bounded deep basins. 

The up 10 700 m thick sedimentary fill oflhe Bienw Basiu eun be 

divided inlo several units (Fig. X) (Vida[ Boix, 1941, 1954; Birol & 
Soli:. 1954; Pannekoek & Sluiter. 1964: Dclamire-Uray, 1911: 
Hemil, 1919, 1981, 1984) which scrve as a model for Ihe remaining 
Sil basins: 

- Toral Formation: fiuviatilc gravel and sands and palu. 

dallimestonc and dolosloncs (r.:rusts). These are green 

to pink polymielic smcclllic-rieh sediments with f..:lds­

par, micas and polymlneral graIns. Sourcearcasarc far 

away to lh� west with a few local sources (Fig. 9). 
- Santalla Fonllulion: beige-ochre or grey-red smeiclastic 

conglomerates and muddy sands deposiled in con­

tinuously flowing. high-compctencc f\uvio-torrential 

alluvial fans. 

Las Medulas Formation: matrix-rich silicielastic gravel 

with boulders, deposited in high-competence. inter­

mittently flowing. alluvial fans. 

-These deposits an: topped by a weathered rmia-Iike sheet 
of gravel. 

All Sil basins underwent a similar evolution as witnessed by Ihe 

similat'ity of their S«Iimentary rccords. The Ouiroga Fonnalion 
fonns the lower infill of the Si! basin. and is laterally equivalent to 

the Toral Fonnalion; lhe overlying Monforte FormatIOn has 

l1uviallacicseomparahle with theSantulla Formalion (Figs. lOand 

12). 

Morphote(;lonie  fe,lIures are evident in the Uierzo Basin (NE­
SW und E W bordcrs):lIld all alongtheSil ValJey(with narrow and 



240 A. Marlin.Scrrano, R. Mcdiavi1Ja and J.t S.1nli�teb;ln 

regional Terliary record ill discOlltillUOUS outcrops (La Espmn. 

Grado. Oviedo. Illfiesto .... ) with u relative concordance of faC1e� 

(Uopis Llado & Martim;..r: Alvllfcl. IlJ5g. 1959. 1960: IGME, 1979-
NI. 84.1986: Truyuls et al .• 1991). 

!-';1:.4. Paltflt:tcll:ral'hinl rec(JmlrucliQn or tlw bairns RUed by the Monfnne 
Fonnatlon (simplifiM fmm Vereuollc. 1988). 

clap N50-60and Nl40 basins)(Birot & Sole, 1954: tlc:Groot. 1974; 

del Olmo. 1986: Vergnolle. 1988). The infill of alIthcSl: small basins 

�hows a coarsening-upwllrds scqucnl'C. Strong deformation can 

also be seen aff\."Cling the Toral or Quiroga Formations. This 

ddurmalion has not affected younger sediments such as the San­

talla or La!! Medulas Formations. The fomler arc syntcclonic 

deposits synchronous with the opening of the Bicrzo Basin and 

Lugo basins. 

Asluril1s outcrops 

The Cantabrian Range. an old massif uplifted and 

deformed from I.uteli<'ln 10 Neogcne times. is divided into mountain 

masl,il:�, narrow and deep nuvial valleys :.I(u..1 basins (Fig. 11). The 

SI/reo Preli(Qrul (pre-littoral furrow) is It H:clonic scar with ftag­
ments ofPemlian and Meso . .:o ie rocks that contains almost all the 

The I.."Ontinental Tertiary deposit�. up to 250 m thick. between 

OVledo and Infiesto rest upon the k.arstificd top of Upper Creta­

ceou� carbonate rocks. They can be divided into two units (T ruyols 
('I al .. 1991): 11 lower mud ullit with yellow-red or grey-green sand� IS 

overlain by red-ydlow clllYS and marls with ealearenll� S;:lnds :lnd 

bn.:cciated limestone rich in gastropods and oSlraeoos ofOligOCCJ)c 

age. To the north. these twO units change laterally into calcareous 

gravels and brcccias (fudillga df' Pos(ula). 

Three units have been differentiated in Grado: 

i\ lower flllinl!!j-upwllrds sequence of conglomerates anel 

sandstone with carbonate cement and laminateel. hur­

rowecl mlld8 or braided river origin. 

- A thick intermediate coarsening-upwards unit of clay 

and laminated mud passilll! upwards inlo conglomer­
ates and sandstOIl<: with intercalations of laminated. 
burrowcd muds. This is mterpreted :IS scdimc:nts of 

ephememl river systems and flnod-plain deposits 

including (jmestone and mads. 

- The top of the section consists of alluvial·ran, massil'e 

gravel. supplied froUl thc south. 

The weSlernmost fraglllcnts of this Tertiary AstUrias IIlls;n occur 

isolatoo and perched high ncar Pola dc Alande. They arc alluvial­

fan dcposits th:11 change upwards to fluvial racies; they arc related 

tu a structural l;ne. The proximal fan facies are massive gral'c1s with 

sands and hUTToweel mlld�: distal fan and fiuvial racies cot(sist uf 
gravels, s...1nds and green burrowed muds (IGME. 1986). 

All these oucrops an: tlw H'mainsofll unique basin thllt extended 

from east to west with un IIctivc nurthern boundary (i-"rtlllja M/wit 
/rw:rmedia) which gOI·crned scdimentation and strongly influenced 

the termlnal leclofacics (fudillga (M Posm/a). Faults broke up tbc 
outline or the hasin and p..·"lrtS or it were eroded some time 

afterwards. 

Strllti�rlolphi�' corrt'ill.tion, frll.gmenlation, Cainolnic: 

"Iriety and dispersion 

As previously indicated. the Tertiary of the north-west is 

varicd because it is locatcd in scveral morphostructural positions, 
which nre isolutt:d from eUl:h other. Furthennorc. oUlcrnp.� ar� 
usunlly of very pour 4ulllily and thc palaeontological rccorel IS 
scarce. As a consequence, correlation depends on a wide range or 

criteria which are nOt always equivalent: palaeontology. miner­

alogy and petrology, geomorphology. tectonics and comparison 

with beller known and dated facies in regions nearby. As cxpt"Ctcd, 

the results lock homogencity and contain notable discrepancies 

(Fig. 12). 
Pulaeontological data arc scarce, frequently conflL� "nd in 

di�agreement with other data: in ract these data play a negative role 

because they impose forced correlation. The reason is that the 



W7 North-westC'rn COIinozoie TCI.:ord 241 

++++ 

UNDO 

� � 2 

s.w. 

D a 10"-. ------

A 

VWNTQN" 

N.E. S.W. S N.E. 

[� 
"'" "'" 

'"'' "'" 
,,� 
-"'" "'" 

"0. 

r§d - _ <" 7 D· 
fig. 5. Tl'CIOnie bul", of Mflrama and PnflII�de Cardll Rodrigl>t1. .. ilh 1"'0 InUM'COil' �r(lS!Il-!;I.'C:lio�(Pl'TfiI-A Hnd Prrtil-K)to iIIustratt the deformation 51)"1e 

of sedlmenu In I'utnl" de GaKia RodriglH'z b3.�in (from RlIcelar /!I .. I., 1988 and SllnIHl11ll'" (01 ul .. 1983). I: Caioozok: Palaeo�ok. 2: Igneous rocks.: 3: 
Quarlzlt« and SIllIl'S: 4; Schists and otMr melaMdiment�; 5: PlIlaeo1Dir bD'leIll",n'; 6: COIlI domillllled inlcrbcdding (silicklasLic beds subordinated): 7: 
Silicidpslic altumtnc« (1II1thout coal beds): 8: Coakilklelastics allem.llion. 

palaeontological a.\scmblages are J)Qor: only some layers of ver­

tebrates and charophytes near Qviedo. dated as Rhcnaninn 

HeaJoniun in age (Truyols 1:'1 ul .. 1991), and palynomorph� in 

lignitc beds in the Cormia basins. 311ributed to the Middle-Upper 

Miocene to Pleistocene (Medus. 1963: Nonn & Medus. 1963: 

Mencndez Amor. 1975: Maldonudo. 1977; Arnujo 1:'1 ul.. 1988). 

Rr.:ccntly. these silcs also yielded vertchrates of Oligocene-Lower 

Miocene :lge (Esteban l'I (1/., 1989). 

The problem is that Cainozoic outcrops show a great variability 

or thickm:ss, fades. sequential arrangemcnt and petrologle and 

mineralogical composition. �ueh a diversity seems incompatibl� 

with the idea of a unique (and coeval) pa\aeogeography and 

palaeoclimllte as especially suggested by the basins in Gulida. In 

some areas. there lire siderolitllic facies and lignite (Atlantic basiM). 

whereas ill others, arkosic scdiments dominate (Lugo ba.\ins). Is 

there 11 single geological background for all these basins? An 

affirmative answer implies that lhe age rungcs bct ..... l,:cn UPl'Cr 
OligOttne alld Ncogcne and also requires an explanation for the 

diversity or faeie� in terms of local palaeogeographical and palat:o, 

geomorpho[ogical features(Birot& Soli!. 1954; Noon. 1966; Brell& 

Doval, 1974). Ir the answer is negativc, the diversity has to be 

explained as the result of stratigraphic superposition (Fig. 13), 

which implies discontinuous sedimentation in steps and a prolonga' 

tion of tlte time-durutiun of the strdtigraphic record (Martin-



242 A. Martin-Scrrano, R. Mediavilla and 1.1. Santisteban 

-, ' 

" . ' , 
" , 

. .  . ' , , 
• 
, 

! , -

,. . 

1 
� 

;' ________ '-______ -".m 

? 

�-
' . , 

. . 

Ft!:. 6. Slroclllral �nlt o( Xaoceda Dasln. RaM!menl iMlbalh� deduced rrom 
eltclrk and mechanical wrdcal drllUnl:s (rrom San la nlch tf al., 1988). 

Serrnno. 1982: Ve rgnol1e, 1988). r n Ihis second mode. it is possible 

tu correlute the bllsins of Galieia with the Duero Basin vill the 

Uierzo lIasins. 

As with other major geologica l bells. the north·weste rn C:lino· 

zoic busills wcrc cUlltro l1cd by several fnull systems leading to Ibe 

nnalY1ii1i of the different bnsins on the basis of parlieu lllT fellluTcs. 

These fealures c.1n be correlaTed TO Olher lithoslr<ltigraphic or 

gcomorphologic anributes. but tileS(' comparisons lead straighl 

back 10 the basic problem: poor knowledl!:e of the uI!:e and SUI."CI.'S· 
sion or geOleclonic and geomorphologlc evcnt1i duc 10 the poor 

cbronostraligraphy of the associated sediments. On Ihe OIher hand. 

erosion surflll."cs have bt.-CII largely obliterated by faulting. For this 

rearon, a conru1iing variety of geOlcctonic hypotheses have been 

proposed: for example: that the Pyrenc.1n. s'1avicor fonner Alpine 

phases were responsible for initial tilting and that more rccent 

topographic changes and mstability(evident through the Ncogcm:) 

extends until Plio-Qu:ucrnary I1me.'. 
This problem can only be overcome by \he combination of geo­

morphologic. tl.'Clon ic and stratigraphic studies. Systematic IlIIaly­

sis should focus on geomorpho logic inve.�t;g.·\I;on hccause. in thcse 

Tertiary studies. relief is not only the p.."\laeogeomorphological 

eont�xt of the basins but also the result of the Alpine ;gI."Otectonic 
rramework . Thi.' approach makes it clea r how rmportant lhc study 

of weathering profiles. as ;aherites' is like ly 10 be. These occur both 

still resting upon the basement and o.lso incorporated into the 

Tcrtiary sediments, hceause through timc the main hulk of ahcritcs 

mllst have been erodcd and incorporated into the basin tills. Then i r  

should b e  possible t o  compare scwmcnts and wcathcfing profiles 

:lnd in conseq uenl."C correlate them Wilh pJanation surfaces. With It 
special link like Ihe aiteritcs, we can plan TO CorrelaTe The lilhOSlral1-

graphy of basins with the evolution of re\ief and vice-versa . 

Ar.tujo, P .• Hcrnandc7.·Enrilc, J.L. and ScaTa, J.R. (19!Sl!). Tcclol1lca 
cxtcnsional y cstructura de la Cucncli de Mliccda (Gulicla 
MCTldlonal)./1 COfll-!r. Gtol. t.:rp(llll1. 2: 107-1 to. 

Haccllir. J.. Alunw. Mu Kaiser. Cu Sillldcl, Mu Cubfl:ru. L., S:J��, A.llnd 
Sanlanach. P. (1988). Lu cu�ne� h:rduTiIl d� As Puntes (Gulica): 
su desarrollu asociado ;. innexiones oonlrnctivas de una fall" 
direccional 11 C'<mgr. GI'OI. Espnim, Simp.: 1I '-121. 

Ibeelar, 1 .. Atonso, M., Kaiser, c., Siinr.hel� M., Cahrull, 1.., rcrr.l.�, It, 

MU� A. and Sanlanach, P. (1991). RelacionC1l tecToniCII·sedi· 
mentation de la CUC1Xa cc:no7.0ka de A� l'ontc5 (A Coruria). I 
COIIgr. Grupo Esponol d� T�rciar;o, Cornun.: 2�27. 

Dirot. P. and Sole Sab.aris. L (1954). Recherches morpbologlqucs aans le 
!'Iord·Oucst de la I'cmnsulc IbCnque. Aft",. tlD«. (:I'ntrt JJoc. 
aJrt. �I Glogroph. C.N.R.S .. 4: 11-61. 

Hn:U. J. and Duval. M. (1974). Un cjcOJplu tle �"ofld'lI:ilUJ Illoe:.tr�lignjJlC3 
�pJ.ic-"du a las cucrl\.-"� Icrdarill� del NO de la Peninsula. E.".I,,<I. 
G�()I .• 30; 63 t 638. 

Brell. J_ ;lud Doval. M. (1979). Rclaeiones cutre lossedimenlOS neO�nosde 
Galici" y la_,aiteracionesdesusuhsrralo.lnlerpn:lacion p.t1eocli· 
rn,irica. ArM G.·ol. Hi .. ,.imiro, 14: 190-194. 

Dellll3irc·flray, M.M. (1977). w grandes etapes de !'individualisation du 
hassin du Diel7.o (Lean. Espagne) apartir du Neo�ne. MMlltr· 
ral1/�. 19--34. 

Esleban. J.. Lopez. N. and Dc La I'ena. A. (191:19). I'rospcccion d e  
micromamifcros fOSllcs e n  l a  7.Ul1a tic Gall":la. III/ormt illll.'mo. 
Pro)'tC/o Mopo NfOltCI(mico.ITGE. 

Gurdu AguilllT. J.M. (1987). Carli't�rw.ciOn ��lr"ligl'ulka y Iet:tullosedi· 
mCl1lana dc la cucnca Jignilireru tie Mdruma (A CUlUiia). C"",/ 
Lub. XI'()I. LII.\"(". 11: 37 49. 

GrQUt. R. Dc (t 974). QlIlmllwll'''' (mllf)'J-I'S ,,11,,-·<I"'I<'IIls 1I",ljl"..,,,II,'rr("·"$ 
"pplh'" Iv '/'t· bllJ'ill 0/ /lfr,,!rortl' Ill> 1.l'I/!(Js. Goliria, NW S(Iflhr 
Amsterd;Jnl, 127 ['['_ 

Her"il, G. (1979). L1 �{Iimenlacion lerciaria en la parte occidental del 
3ierzr"l (Leoo, E�pajja) y �u� irnplicacione� geomorfologie;Js. I 
RI!UIli/)11 .�Q/)re la Gl'Ologfo dl' 10 CIIl'I1CIl del Duero. Salol1/ollctl 
1979. Tl'mas Gt!Ol. Mill. 6: 323-337. 

Hcrail. G. (19HI). El IJiCI7.o: gi:omorphogcnesc finl-tcrtiulfC trun b�SSln 
lnrra·mon1ugncux (Espagnc). IUJ.PS.O .. 52 (2): 21 7-2J2. 

Hcr"li. G. (1984). Gcomorphologjc et litologi� tic ror tlclriti4uc. Pi�ruonls 
cl bassins inl(ulIlQlltuglleu� till NUJtI·Oue�1 dc l'Espagllc. 
C.N.R.S.: I 456. 

IGME (t979 34). Pro�eclO para la invesrig.1eion de liguitoen la region de 

Galacia. Fases 1.111. Un published. 
IGME(t986). Exptor�don lignitirw. en la region Astur·Galaica ye�pcrien· 

cia pilolo rn l1 c:uenca del Quem (fIotde 1A1moraoo-lcooes). 
h:llcmal rcpon. 226 pp. 

L10pis L1ad6. N. and ManillC7. Alvam:, J.A. (19S8). Contribucion al 
oonocimienro del Terciario de los alredcdores de Ov,ooo. AfI)tW-­
gral GroI .. 9: 287-304. 

LJopis LJado, N. and MlIninC7.AlvaTC7� J.A. (1\159). EstudiuhrdrugoologK."u 
del TeTClano de I()l; aln:rn.-dufC'S de Grudo. E$mu. Gt<JI .. 24: 
287-304. 

Uopis Lludo. N. und Murti1K"� Alvurrl.. J.A. (1960). SubJ� el T�rciari ... 



W7 Nonh-wCSlern Cllinozoic record 143 

� . .  . .  , 
• • • 

_ 6  

/ 

N 
7 

/ 

°l ____ .'===="";.. ___ "'C'====';;"� :. • , , I 

t"ig. 7. SlruclUre and st4imenllllnn of RiU7.tl R •. 'lin (from Herail, 1984l1nd lGMt:, 1 979--1984 and 19116). 1. BaMm«:nl: 2, Toral FormalKln: J. SanlaUa IlIMl LIIS 
Mi'duh.s Furmation; 4. uPlK'rmoSI graHls: 5. terrace! (Quaternary?); 6. faul ls; 7. normal faults: 8 .  ({ . .... n;,; (Mulls. 

Fi¥. 8. Ulhuwlligraphy or the Diet7:o na.�ln flit (fmm Herail. 1984). I .  
BASl"'Il""!: 2. grM'-cllo'! 11. monogt'nk brttthls; h. quarl7.ile and .und�lo"e 
block� e. rounded grafels: d. nUltrh-rich poor ruunded gra."tls: 3. sand)" silly 
and muddy facie<!: ... �11>eC1;Ie-rkh, rddspar Mild qUIlrtt:ose !i.llnds: b. IlIi1e-rkh. 
schiSI and quarllok sud.�; c. mite-rich. quarlz05e SMuds: 4. l"II,bomlll� 
(Iimloslones and dolosIOMS): •. isollted coocl'eliflM; h. maS'ih"e /IlK! IMOO"" 

levels; 5. rfliln, hlahl)' altered quartzite ptbblH and bloxks; 11. sedim .. nlny 
di'll:onlinuily: 11. dis/:Orth'flI.1:; b. h.tenl change or fades; c. H'r1ical fadei 
lransilion: 7. lIullS. 

o 40 If 11 
� 

fjg. ,. Pwlucocurrcnl dirl'Cliomi IMJlSured in Lo .. rr 1\-liocent dtpos;lS nr north­
"'e;tl"rQ IJ.I<,riun Pcninsul. (Vcrgoolle. 1!mII). 1.  Basement: t. �r.nilnids; b. 
IMlamMphic rocks; 2. pDlol'QCurr('llls. 



244 A. ManilJ·Scrrano, K. McdiavUJa IInd J.1. Sllnti�IChan 

N' 

Fig. 10. Palatageograpl'tical Kbtme ror Quirl'lla Formation (rram V",rgoolll', 19RA). 

Con ' a  h " o ll  

. '-' 

N 

t 

.... 

7-
Fi,. I L Tl.'rlillry f,lUl�'1U� in "hiI'm Astllria! (IGI\IE. 1.979-1984). 



Q U41UH4., 

·"OCII,' " ' 
I 

� "" 10 

� ; 

• . "'00" , 

I 
I " 
' I  

• 
• 
• 

• • 
• Ill' .... · , -

" 
0 • • " . 
. - .  :; 0 0: 

- • 
• O, "'OU .. , -
-

- " .... 
• , ;; , "'�O" 
0 , -

• ,_11 
· ., .. ,. 

.. ,.OC .... 

O U 4UINAtY 

• . .  0""' 

; " .... 
-
• 

; 0 
- . • 0 "'0011 

; 

- '''''' .. · 
• -
-
• II"OOC ,'" " 
-

� ., ... .  

;; , "'''''" 
0 i " 
- 'ow" 
• • " .... 

• U ' O C l M '  

I 
I I -

• 
• 
3 
1 .  • 

--

• 
• 

W7 North-wcstern CainOlOic record 

ASTuRIAS 

? 

COSH.O 

GU.oo 

LLANTt4LU 

1 

2 

G A l I e l A  

, . • 
; 

I 
1 1  i :  

, 

8 1  � U O  

, � 

1 1  

245 

OCHlf 
U " B 

• 
1(0 SE"U 

AI�O!oIC 
UNIl 

$IOUOLlIIC4S 

• 

Fi¥_ 11_ Chro_U'ligraphyorTtrli.ryHpMil� in oorlh-,,'tsltrn lberi.n Peninsula. Upper .abk: I. Dull &: Dn�11 (1974); L ICM£(I986): 3_ 1-I.l'",il (191U): 4_ 

Slnlislehan,., .1. (1991). Lo""r T.bk: I. Rnli &: 1>01"11 (1974); 1. i\brti.,.Sen-.no (1981): J. Vt"'1oollt" {19KlI)j 4. IG�'lE (1986). 



246 A. Martin-ScrraJ)o, R. Mediavi1la and J.I. Sanristcban 

• 

GI.-oIIITIE or. LPIOS �. SUBBAS'N 
eaRl , I.' ... 

IlIEIIU,1U 
COII( .t 11,21',.. 

I'2Z3 �AOu"'H[ 
c::::J OT�£� CLAVI 

• ", .. i>Lf LOCAL'" 

Fil:' 13. KN ... r;II;I� vw�rti ... " ill dh�'S uf t .. u diITt're"t Cllliein basins (data fur 

M ... irama 811Sill fro'lm MHldo'"lIlo. 1977; IIl1d dlllll for Mo"r ... rlt' d.' u.,lIlI,ISfr ... '" 
Promotora !lt' R�III'S(I:S NalurAles, 1978). 

cunlineu till del OI....:idcntc de A�t unali y su slgnlficaelon murrOI«"-
1011;"01. Br ... �. G ... oI. AJ'I .. I.U: 3 18. 

Maldonado. A. ( 1977). Esludio �1';Silv S«Ifbicu dd sureQ BlllcJll\'Q­
Meimllla 80imil Doclul'al n,,!sb. UIl;V. Pulil':':n. Madnd. 
IITSIM. Madrid. 

Martin-Scrrano. A. (1979). El ct'lnOcimienlo del lignilO y dd Terciario en 
Galicia. Exposicibn y erilica. Tt'm;ft'rrtlt'. 31: 46--55. 

Martin-Scrranu. A. (1982), I!I Terdario de Ga1ie�. $ignifieado y prn;ieion 
eronocslraligrifica de sus yacimientos de Hgnito. Trmi/('rro". 48; 
1-23. 

Marlin-$crrano. A. (19<.10). Noul!cJlcs h�'polhc.scs concernanl la significa-

tion geologique du lignilc de Galicc (Nnrd-Onc.�1 dl'.: t'F,!;[>.1S"I'.:) 
IlId, Mill" lel Tulm .. Juin: 249- 258. 

Mcncndez Amor, J, ( 1<J75), HoJa Gto/6g/ca E. /:JOOOO MAGNA "0. 22 
(l'ufn/fdfUllltj. IOME. 

M<:du�, J. (J963). Cuntribution I'ulynologlque a la connaLsance de la !lore el 
de la "e¥claliun ncogene de I'ouest de rEspallnc: etude des 

sedimelllS re,,:�lIlS de Gahw. Th�'sc: xme. cycle. Umv. Monlpcl· 
lier. 9 1  pp. 

Monge, C. ( 1 981) Esllldio sedimcntulogioo de la cuenQ!. lo:maria de 
Mciram:l.. Un ejemplu de cuenca sobre una falla de :;allo en 
dirccci60. CUiIll. l�b. X,'(II. I�.�t'. I 1  51-67 

Noun. 11. (1966). Lcs rellionJ coticre..� de l:t G:tlioe (F..spagne) Pub!. Fuc. ""s 
UllftS Ullil·. SlrIIsMurR. 3: 1 591. 

Nonn, H. and Mcdus. J. (1963), Ptimeros resUit:tdM gcomorroloSicns y 
palmologlCOS referenlcs a la eucnea de Puentes de Garda Rodri­
guez (Gahe13). "'01. COIl1. II/SI. (jl'oI. Millfral, £Jp .. 71: 87-94. 

Olmu Sanl, A. Dd (1986). ESludlu s<.'�hmentario de lu cucncas tcrciarLaJ y 
cualenLarias ue Munfurl� de Lemo�. Mael'da y QULruga. Cl/lid. 
ulb. X,'ul. L,l.\"('. 10. 

Sanlan:lch. P., R,�ltuaJe, J M .. Cabrem. L.. MOllse. C . •  Sac/., 1\. and Villal 
Romani, J.R. (19RR). CuenC3S Icrci;lrins g�l1egas rehlcionndus 
con corredores tie falb� direccion:lles 11 C()"1:f, G('ul. £)'PUliu. 
simp.: 123-133. 

Sluiter. W.J. and Panntkock. A.J. ( 1964). 'm O1cr7.o'. "Iude �tilllcn!olo­
gique Cl geomurphologique d'un bu�in intra-monlagllcux dans 
le Nord-Ouesl de t'Espagnc, Ltidsl' Grrn, All'dt'(I .. J{I: 14 1- 1 R 1. 

Truyuls, J.. Oarl"iu-Rumus, J.C .. Casunovlls-Uudc1tu, M .J. and S:lnlafe 
U"pis. J. V. (1 991 ). El T�'relariu de los alrcdcdores de Ovicdo. / 
e'mgr. G",pu £$,1(1;;(1/11" Tuduriu. �·omun.: 334-330. 

Vcrs"olle. C. ( 1 984) Lilho$lnLtibl'uJ)IL;� ues Lmssin� t�rliuiT<'S du Nord-Est 
oe b G"lice (Esp.1gne). MaUl/Kt'S dl.· la CUJU ,J,. 1ft'lIb/fll.':, 20: 
372-392. 

Vergnoltc. C. (19R5). Geome!rie du remp1i!"�'gc de.! b.1ssins de 501rr;a el do:­
Monforlc (Galicc, E.�p3Snc) el evolulion geolllorphologiquc 
rcglonale. MilmfgfS d" la Casu do' V,I6:qllt':, 21: 331-14/\ 

Vcrgnolte. C. ( 19117). TeT\lary geumurphologieal evulution or the marginal 
bulge of the nonh-wcs! of!he lbenan I·eninsul�. and luhostr.ui· 
¥r.lphy ur !hc i!J"lIbcns of the norlh-easl of Galiein (Spa,n). In 
G'HcJiner. V, (ed.J. 1111t'mUliOllal flromorphology. 1986. Part 11: 

106] IOn. Juhn Wiley & Son�. 
Vc:rgnolte. C. (1988). Morphogclll:So.' d� ,diers �'olic� II�WI..'I�� 11 III mllrg;: 

ct'ln!jncnlaie lIold,espagnu!c. L 'E.>.cmplt' du nord-est de lu 
G:llice. The:se de f>oclorol ·no.'C(lU regime', Univ. Touluu$\! Le 

Mirni1: 217 rp. 
Vidal Boil(. C. (1941). Conlrihucion al conocimicnlo mf'ffologico do: 1,,� 

eueneas dc los TlOS Sil Y Mil'\o. Bol. R. SI)<'. r:sp. /lis/. /VIII" J9: 
(3-4): 121-161. 

Vidal Boi)(, C. ( 1 954). Ocolugia de (05 MonIes Aqullianos y borde meridio­
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P"c/'CCV, 8(11. R. Su.c .. I:.)-p. Hisl. "'IJII.. SIX"" pub!,: 677-6')5. 

Virgili, C. and Srel!. J.M (1975). AIsullus <'ura<'lerish,'us dc lu $\!dllllCnta­

cinn dur�nle cl Terciario en Gnliciu, 1 0'/11. R. 5(1/.'. /:.)-p. Hisl, 
NUll .• \'01. �x'r.: 5 1 5-S23