Marc Frîncu (coordinator) Ma rc Frî ncu (co ord ina tor ) Proceedings of the 29th Conference of the European Society for Astronomy in Culture Timisoara 2022 Pro cee din gs o f th e 2 9th Con fer enc e o f th e E uro pea n S oci ety for As tro nom y in Cu ltu re Tim iso ara 20 22 BIBLIOTECA DE CERCETAREBIBLIOTECA DE CERCETARE Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României Proceedings of the 29th Conference of the European Society for Astronomy in Culture (SEAC) Timisoara 2022 / coord. Marc Frîncu - Timişoara : Editura Universităţii de Vest, 2024 Conține bibliografie ISBN 978-630-327-107-1 I. Frîncu, Marc Eduard (coord.) 52 Editor: Marilena Tudor Tehnoredactare și copertă: Liliana Olaru © 2024 Editura Universităţii de Vest din Timișoara, pentru prezenta ediţie Editura Universităţii de Vest din Timișoara Calea Bogdăneștilor nr. 32A 300389, Timişoara E-mail: editura@e-uvt.ro Tel.: +40 - 256 592 681 Marc Frîncu (coordinator) Proceedings of the 29th Conference of the European Society for Astronomy in Culture (SEAC) Timisoara 2022 Editura Universităţii de Vest din Timişoara, 2024 5 CONTENTS ARCHAEOASTRONOMY FOREWORD ..................................................................................................................11 A NOTE ON THE BURTON AGNES CHALK DRUM AND THE ‘BUTTERFLY’ STONE AT THE NESS OF BRODGAR – MARC THUILLARD................................. 15 Introduction....................................................................................................................... 15 Geometric analysis of the Burton Agnes drum................................................................. 17 Tentative astronomical interpretation of the drum decoration?......................................... 20 Tentative geometric interpretation of motifs at the Ness of Brodgar................................ 23 Acknowledgement............................................................................................................. 26 Biography.......................................................................................................................... 27 ASTRONOMY IN THE SACRED PRECINCT OF SALA DE MOROS (ARGAMASILLA DE CALATRAVA, SPAIN) – ANDREA RODRÍGUEZ-ANTÓN, JOSÉ LUIS FUENTES SÁNCHEZ, LUIS BENÍTEZ DE LUGO ENRICH................................... 29 Introduction....................................................................................................................... 29 Methodology and data sample........................................................................................... 32 Orientation of Sala de Moros............................................................................................ 33 Discussion......................................................................................................................... 34 Conclusions....................................................................................................................... 35 References......................................................................................................................... 36 Biography.......................................................................................................................... 37 SIGNS FROM ABOVE – RESEARCH ON THE OBSERVATIONAL VALUE OF SOLAR SYMBOLS AND ECLIPSE RECORDS FROM THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST OR CYPRUS – ANNA PAULE ..................................................................................... 39 Introduction....................................................................................................................... 40 Geographical and archaeological setting........................................................................... 41 Near Eastern and Cypriot solar iconography.................................................................... 43 The ancient Egyptian winged sun disk......................................................................... 43 The ancient Near Eastern winged sun disk and related symbols.................................. 44 The solar symbols of ancient Cyprus............................................................................ 46 Approaches to ancient solar symbols: research by Edward Walter Maunder................... 47 6 Marc Frîncu (coordinator) In search of ancient observational methods...................................................................... 50 Models and approaches applied to the retrospective calculation of ancient solar eclipses.............................................................................................................................. 52 Conclusions....................................................................................................................... 58 References......................................................................................................................... 58 Biography.......................................................................................................................... 64 TEHUALCO MEXICO: AN EMBLEMATIC PRE-HISPANIC CASE FOR THE STUDY OF QUARTER DAYS OF THE YEAR AND THE COMPUTING YEAR OF 364 DAYS – HANS MARTZ DE LA VEGA, MIGUEL PÉREZ NEGRETE................................... 65 Introduction....................................................................................................................... 65 The calendrical system and two models of 364 days........................................................ 69 Our first 364-day model............................................................................................... 70 Our second 364-day model........................................................................................... 70 In search of new data, identification of a context.............................................................. 71 Methodology..................................................................................................................... 72 Results............................................................................................................................... 74 Discussion and proposal of our third model...................................................................... 79 Conclusions....................................................................................................................... 81 Acknowledgements........................................................................................................... 82 References......................................................................................................................... 83 Biography.......................................................................................................................... 85 ORIENTATIONS OF THE EARLY CHRISTIAN GRAVES IN FINLAND – MARIANNA P. RIDDERSTAD ................................................................................... 87 Introduction....................................................................................................................... 87 Methodology..................................................................................................................... 90 Results............................................................................................................................... 93 Discussion....................................................................................................................... 100 Conclusions..................................................................................................................... 103 References....................................................................................................................... 104 Biography........................................................................................................................ 106 A NOTE ON THE ORIENTATION OF BYZANTINE CHURCHES IN SARDINIA, PLUS A COMPARISON AMONG ONLINE HORIZON TOOLS – THEMIS G. DALLAS........107 Introduction......................................................................................................................107 Methodology....................................................................................................................108 Results..............................................................................................................................109 Discussion of specific cases.............................................................................................112 Conclusion........................................................................................................................114 Acknowledgements..........................................................................................................114 Appendix: Comparison of three online tools for measuring horizon altitude..................115 References........................................................................................................................119 Biography.........................................................................................................................122 7 Proceedings of the 29th Conference of the European Society for Astronomy in Culture (SEAC) Timisoara 2022 A CALENDAR OBSERVATORY IN TIBET – GEORG ZOTTI, GUNTRAM HAZOD, MARTIN GAMON, HUBERT FEIGLSTORFER...................................................... 123 Introduction..................................................................................................................... 123 Field work in Tibet.......................................................................................................... 124 Modelling the Observatory.............................................................................................. 128 The visual impression................................................................................................. 131 Conclusion....................................................................................................................... 132 Acknowledgements......................................................................................................... 133 References....................................................................................................................... 134 Biography........................................................................................................................ 135 ORIENTATIONS OF ROMAN CENTURIATIONS IN ITALY. PRELIMINARY RESULTS – ANDREA RODRÍGUEZ-ANTÓN, GIULIO MAGLI, A. CÉSAR GONZÁLEZ-GARCÍA ............................................................................................... 137 Introduction..................................................................................................................... 137 Ancient writings and previous works.............................................................................. 139 Sample and methodology................................................................................................ 139 Orientation of centuriations............................................................................................. 141 Discussion and conclusions............................................................................................. 143 Acknowledgments........................................................................................................... 145 Bibliography.................................................................................................................... 145 Biography........................................................................................................................ 148 ETHNOASTRONOMY WHAT ARE WE TALKING ABOUT WHEN WE SAY SYMBOL IN CULTURAL ASTRONOMY? CRITICAL REFLECTIONS AND A PROPOSAL FROM ETHNOASTRONOMY – ALEJANDRO MARTÍN LÓPEZ........................................ 151 Introduction..................................................................................................................... 152 Saussure, Peirce and the uses in linguistics and semiotics.............................................. 152 Symbol in the classic and medieval tradition.................................................................. 153 Symbol in the history of religions................................................................................... 153 Symbol and double meaning: Paul Ricoeur.................................................................... 154 Symbols in symbolic anthropology................................................................................. 155 The social construction of symbols................................................................................. 156 Applying symbolic analysis to ethnoastronomy............................................................. 158 The Moqoit People.......................................................................................................... 160 Moqoit experience of the cosmos............................................................................ 160 Moqoit mythical tales............................................................................................... 162 Final words...................................................................................................................... 165 Bibliography.................................................................................................................... 166 Biography........................................................................................................................ 168 8 Marc Frîncu (coordinator) PAREIDOLIA AND CULTURAL DIFFUSION: A QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE STUDY ON THE ICONOGRAPHIC RECOGNAZIBILITY OF THE CONSTELLATIONS – ALESSANDRO BERIO ......................................... 169 Introduction..................................................................................................................... 169 Literature Review............................................................................................................ 170 Methodology................................................................................................................... 172 Discussion....................................................................................................................... 174 Results............................................................................................................................. 175 Jesus in a Burned Tortilla.......................................................................................... 177 The Spread of the Constellations................................................................................ 179 Recognizability and Transmissability......................................................................... 181 A Scorpion is always a Scorpion................................................................................ 183 Conclusion....................................................................................................................... 184 References....................................................................................................................... 184 Biography........................................................................................................................ 186 Appendix: Survey............................................................................................................ 186 The Sky Through Your Eyes........................................................................................ 186 About You................................................................................................................... 187 Constellations Through Your Eyes............................................................................. 188 Recognizing the Constellations.................................................................................. 193 Your Beliefs................................................................................................................ 201 ON THE ORIENTATION OF ORTHODOX CHURCHES – DIMITER KOLEV, VESSELINA KOLEVA............................................................................................... 203 Introduction..................................................................................................................... 203 Methodology................................................................................................................... 205 Results and comments by group ..................................................................................... 206 1. BULGARIA........................................................................................................... 208 2. ARMENIA............................................................................................................... 210 3. GEORGIA ............................................................................................................ 211 4. GREECE............................................................................................................... 211 5. TURKEY................................................................................................................ 212 6. ROMANIA............................................................................................................. 212 7. UKRAINE ............................................................................................................. 213 8. RUSSIA.................................................................................................................. 213 Conclusions..................................................................................................................... 217 Acknowledgments........................................................................................................... 218 References....................................................................................................................... 218 Biography........................................................................................................................ 220 9 Proceedings of the 29th Conference of the European Society for Astronomy in Culture (SEAC) Timisoara 2022 THE SKY AS A SEMIOTIC PHENOMENON: SEMIOTIC PERSPECTIVES ON STUDYING SKYSCAPES – STANISLAW IWANISZEWSKI................................... 221 Introduction..................................................................................................................... 221 Heavenly and environmental signs.................................................................................. 224 Umwelt and Lifeworld, taskscapes and skyscapes.......................................................... 224 The sky as a source of signs ........................................................................................... 227 Conclusions .................................................................................................................... 231 References....................................................................................................................... 231 Biography........................................................................................................................ 234 COVID-19 AND ASTRONOMY: EMERGING ISSUES SINCE 2020 – JARITA HOLBROOK............................................................................................................... 235 The Impact of COVID on Astrophysicists...................................................................... 235 Data Collection................................................................................................................ 237 Analysis........................................................................................................................... 239 Conclusions..................................................................................................................... 240 Bibliography.................................................................................................................... 241 Biography........................................................................................................................ 243 EDUCATION DEVELOPING A CURRICULUM IN CULTURAL ASTRONOMY: A REPORT ON DEVELOPMENTS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF WALES TRINITY SAINT DAVID – NICHOLAS CAMPION.............................................................................................. 247 Introduction: establishing the curriculum........................................................................ 247 Institutional Contexts................................................................................................. 249 Personal Contexts...................................................................................................... 251 The Curriculum............................................................................................................... 254 Introduction to Cultural Astronomy and Astrology/ Foundations in Cultural Astronomy.................................................................................................................. 254 Research Methods/Researching Contemporary Cosmologies.................................... 255 Compulsory Modules: Summary and Recent Developments....................................... 257 Optional Modules: the current curriculum................................................................. 258 Conclusion....................................................................................................................... 261 Bibliography.................................................................................................................... 262 Biography........................................................................................................................ 266 SEACTeach – A STATUS REPORT – RITA GAUTSCHY, ALEJANDRO MARTÍN LÓPEZ......................................................................................................................... 267 Introduction..................................................................................................................... 267 Motivation....................................................................................................................... 269 Aims................................................................................................................................ 272 10 Marc Frîncu (coordinator) Teaching concept............................................................................................................. 272 Next steps........................................................................................................................ 274 Bibliography.................................................................................................................... 275 Biography........................................................................................................................ 276 29 ASTRONOMY IN THE SACRED PRECINCT OF SALA DE MOROS (ARGAMASILLA DE CALATRAVA, SPAIN) Andrea Rodríguez-Antón1 José Luis Fuentes Sánchez2 Luis Benítez de Lugo Enrich3 1 Institute of Heritage Sciences (INCIPIT-CSIC) 2 University of Granada/ OPPIDA 3 Complutense University of Madrid Corresponding author: Andrea Rodríguez-Antón andrea.rodriguez-anton@incipit.csic.es Abstract: Isolated at the top of a hill at 900 m with great visibility of the surrounding territory, Sala de Moros is a singular monument in Argamasilla de Calatrava (Ciudad Real, Spain), in northern Pre-Roman Oretania. The main structures consist of a T-shaped chamber covered by blocks of quartzite, which is surrounded by a wall that defined a temenos and it is appreciably different from other nearby structures. This paper presents the results of an archaeoastronomical study that reveals that, besides the implicit symbolism in the election of such an outstanding point in the territory, astronomy may have been integrated in the design of the monument and the development of this outstanding landscape of power. Furthermore, the likely astronomical patterns observed suggest a possible connection between the construction of Sala de Moros with the Iberian aristocracy, while provide a better understanding of the concepts of time in ancient Oretania. Keywords: Archaeoastronomy; Iberian Proto-history; Iberian astronomy. Introduction At 900 m, on the hill of El Turruchel in Sierra de Calatrava (Argamasilla de Calatrava, Spain), there is a building called Sala de Moros, a unique structure whose 30 Marc Frîncu (coordinator) monumentality and singularity make it a strongly interesting object of study. The area belonged to ancient Oretania, the area inhabited by the Iberian society of the Oretanians in pre-Roman times, that encompassed part of the territory of present- day Spanish provinces of Ciudad Real, Albacete and Jaen (Figure 1). They were highly influenced by the Punics and other Mediterranean cultures around the 5th and 4th centuries BCE. Figure 1. Map with the location Sala de Moros and other archaeological sites and modern towns around. Credits: José Luis Sánchez Fuentes. The ubication of Sala de Moros allows the visual control of the surrounding territory within a radius of approximately 15 to 30 km, including the access to the Guadiana basin from the south as well as a rich mining area. In addition, that position may have favoured its visibility from long distances and its relatively isolated position suggests that the Oretanian elites, appreciably influenced by the Punics, may have had monumentalized the land in order to exhibit their power (Benítez de Lugo and Fuentes, 2022 and 2023). Furthermore, the emplacement of Sala de Moros could have been strategically selected to be located in the wide east-west corridor that allowed the communication between the valleys of Jabalón and Tiertafuera rivers. Such location possibly manifested the existence of main mobility routes that influenced somehow the process of transformation of the natural space by defining points where constructing new, monumental buildings, among other factors. A similar hypothesis was previously suggested for earlier monuments, like megaliths in north-west Iberia (Criado Boado and Villoch Vázquez, 2000). 31 Proceedings of the 29th Conference of the European Society for Astronomy in Culture (SEAC) Timisoara 2022 The construction consists mainly on a T-shaped chamber excavated on the ground (Figure 2), which is covered by big blocks of quartzite and in the intersection of the two corridors (Figure 3), in the northern side of the camera, there is a small niche. The main structure is surrounded by a 190 m wall that may have defined a temenos or sacred area, instead of having a defensive function (Corchado y Soriano, 1961). Figure 2. Orthophoto and plan of the T-shaped camera of Sala de Moros precinct. Credits: José Luis Fuentes Sánchez. Figure 3. View of the long corridor of the T-shaped chamber of Sala de Moros from outside and a block of quartzite in the front side, located over the intersection of the two axes. Sala de Moros. Credits: Andrea Rodríguez-Antón. 32 Marc Frîncu (coordinator) There are a few Late Prehistoric constructions in the nearby areas, such as the tumulus on El Bú hill (Argamasilla de Calatrava) or the megalithic complex of Castillejo del Bonete (Terrinches), all in Ciudad Real province. However, Sala de Moros is architectonically different, so we can discard a similar chronology. On the contrary, in addition to other features, the materials found on the excavations carried out by Manuel Corchado in the 1960s (Corchado y Soriano 1961), that include Iberian ceramics, support a later, Protohistoric, origin. Unfortunately, pillage and the lack of intensive prospections in the following decades difficulted appreciably a more accurate understanding of this construction. The present work presents an archaeoastronomical study of Sala de Moros in order to identify whether there existed any connection of the site with the sky and, if so, what could be the astronomical targets observed and why. Together with the structural features and other archaeological evidences, a possible role of astronomy in the design of Sala de Moros could contribute to elucidate its origin, functionality and other cultural elements connected to time, power, beliefs or ideas about death. Methodology and data sample The data were obtained in situ by using a Silva Tandem with a professional compass and a clinometer for the azimuths and the altitudes of the horizon, respectively. The errors introduced by these instruments are ±0.25º for the azimuths and ±0.5º for the altitudes and the values of azimuth are corrected of magnetic declination with the most recent World Magnetic Model (WMM) of the America National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA 2023). The fieldwork was repeated twice, in order to check the previous values and to measure other structures in the area. Various measurements of both axes were taken and, since the long one is better preserved, its orthogonal value was chosen for the orientation of the short corridor, considering that the value of the longer element should be more accurate. Furthermore, the window of visibility of the aperture in the eastern extreme of the short axis was measured from the intersection of both corridors (see Figure 4). With these data and the latitude, the astronomical declination (δ) was calculated considering the influence of the atmospheric refraction and the error estimated for this magnitude is ±0.75º. This was done in order to compare the orientation values 33 Proceedings of the 29th Conference of the European Society for Astronomy in Culture (SEAC) Timisoara 2022 directly with the position of celestial bodies that could have determined the design of the structure. Figure 4. Orthophoto and plan of the interior of the T-shaped chamber of Sala de Moros with the azimuths indicated. (1) marks the points from which the measurements were taken and 2 the middle point of the window of visibility. Sala de Moros. Credits: José Luis Fuentes Sánchez. Orientation of Sala de Moros In general, the orientation of the monument, in special the T-shaped chamber, is according to the cardinal points, with an azimuth of 89.16º in the short corridor, perpendicularly to the long one (Figure 4). This pattern could be consequence of an adaptation to the shape of the terrain, since the construction seems to be following the line of the central ridge so, in principle, it can be considered topographically oriented. However, a priori we cannot discard the role of the sky since, one fundamental feature that suggest an astronomical intentionality underlying the design of the chamber is the presence of a window in the eastern extreme of its short axis and, probably, another in the western one. Unfortunately, due to the collapse of the 34 Marc Frîncu (coordinator) wall in that side and the present state of the structure we cannot ensure neither the existence of an aperture to the west nor whether the original height of the outer wall had blocked the visibility of the horizon. Additionally, we should not ignore that the election of such a strategic spot for the erection of the monument seems potentially motivated in order to increase its monumentality, but possibly also to favour the visibility of the surrounding territory as well as the observation of specific astronomical phenomena. The window of visibility towards the east as observed from the intersection of the long and short axis, in the north side of the chamber, was determined (Figure 4). It opens from azimuths of 84.66º to 93.66º that, translated into declination, the resultant arc oscillates between -3º to 4º, centred in 0.6º. This means that the short axis opens towards the lunisolar arc, particularly facing the rising sun from a few days before and after the equinox, so the light would enter into the chamber in the days around the March equinox, followed by a period of “darkness” until the next equinox in September. It must be stressed that the equinox considered in this context should not be necessarily the astronomical of δ=0º, since it is such an abstract concept that may have not worked at the studied period (Ruggles 1997). Nonetheless, even though 0.60º is compatible with the modern equinoctial definition if the error range of declination (of ±0.75º) is considered, an alternative hypothesis is that the target point was the middle day between both solstices, a possibility suggested for other Iberian sanctuaries (Esteban 2002). Discussion The orientation and the values of declination towards the east window on the short axis suggest that the design of this monument was not determined by mere topographic features but that celestial events were incorporated in its configuration. Specifically, in case that astronomy was present in the design of Sala de Moros, the sunrise on the equinoxes and the days around may have been the target observed and incorporated, when the light entered into the chamber. The equinoxes were important temporal milestones for several Mediterranean cultures, such as the Punics (González-García and Belmonte 2014; Esteban 35 Proceedings of the 29th Conference of the European Society for Astronomy in Culture (SEAC) Timisoara 2022 2015), Phoenicians (Escacena 2015), the Nabateans (Belmonte et al. 2020), as well as for the Iberians. It is attested in the equinoctial orientations and light phenomena found in several Iberian sanctuaries and ritual places, in a context of great Punic influence (Esteban and Moret 2006; Esteban and Espinosa Ruiz 2018, Esteban et al. 2014), and particularly in areas close to Sala de Moros like the Oretanian oppidum of Cerro de las Cabezas (Valdepeñas, Ciudad Real) (Esteban and Benítez de Lugo Enrich, 2016) or the Iberian monumental burial chamber of Toya (Peal de Becerro, Jaen) (Pérez González et al. 2022). At the moment it is not possible to ensure whether the observed equinox was the vernal or the autumnal one but, in the first case, it could respond to the performance of some kind of fertility rites. Considering these parallelisms, together with additional archaeological and structural evidences, we could discard an ascription of Sala de Moros to the Late Prehistory, when the main orientation patterns, at those least found in the region, are mostly solstitial. In particular, as attested in the ceremonial complex of Castillejo del Bonete (Terrinches), in the province of Ciudad Real (Benítez de Lugo Enrich and Esteban 2018). On the contrary, Sala de Moros follows more precisely the models of the above-mentioned Iberian funerary and religious buildings, reinforcing the hypothesis of the sacredness of this space as well as its role as a vehicle of propaganda, that may have enhanced the power of particular aristocratic lineages and the theocratic ideal of the elites, according to an Iberian ideology imported from the Mediterranean. Conclusions The astronomical patterns identified in this singular monument can offer some hints about its functionality and the concepts of temporality that existed in ancient Oretania, where it seems that the equinoxes could have acted as temporal milestones that marked ritual or productive activities. In summary, Sala de Moros could be connected with the Mediterranean traditions that entered in the Iberian Peninsula during the Protohistory (Poveda Navarro and Vázquez Hoyos 2000) and left their cultural footprints in the architecture, beliefs, concepts of time and in the landscape and skyscape. 36 Marc Frîncu (coordinator) References National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). “magnetic Field Calculator”. Accessed April 28, 2023. https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/geomag/WMM Belmonte, Juan A., González-García, A. César., Rodríguez-Antón, Andrea., and Perera Betancor, M. Antonia. 2020. “Equinox in Petra: Land‑ and Skyscape in the Nabataean Capital.” Nexus Network Journal 22: 369-391. Benítez de Lugo Enrich, Luis., and Esteban, César. 2018. “Arquitecturas simbólicas orientadas astronómicamente durante el Neolítico Final, el Calcolítico y la Edad del Bronce en el sur de la Meseta.” Spal 27 (1): 61-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/ spal.2018i27.03 Benítez de Lugo Enrich, Luis., and Fuentes Sánchez, J. Luis. 2022. “Representaciones del poder en ámbitos funerarios de Oretania Septentrional.” In El reflejo del poder en la muerte La Cámara sepulcral de Toya (1918-2018), edited by Rísquez, C., Rueda, C., Herranz, A.B., 447-71. Jaen: Universidad de Jaén-Instituto de Estudios Giennenses. Benítez de Lugo Enrich, Luis., and Fuentes Sánchez, J. Luis., 2023. Monumentos funerarios de la Edad de los Metales en el Alto Guadiana”. In Atempora, edited by De la Torre, I., Arias, E, Toledo: Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha. Corchado y Soriano, Manuel. 1961. Descripción de un edificio ciclópeo conocido como “La Sala de los Moros”, en término de Argamasilla de Calatrava (Ciudad Real).” La Mancha. Revista de estudios regionales (3): 1-15. Criado Boado, F. and Villoch Vázquez, V. 2000. Monumentalizing landscape: from present perception to the past meaning of Galician megalithism (north-west Iberian Peninsula), European Journal of Archaeology, 3(2): 188-216. London, Thousan Oaks, CA and New Delhi. Escacena, J. Luis. 2015. Orientation of Phoenician temples. In Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy, edited by C. L. N. Ruggles, 1793-1799. New York: Springer. Esteban, C. y Benítez de Lugo Enrich, L. (2016): “Orientaciones Astronómicas en el oppidum oretano del Cerro de las Cabezas (Valdepeñas, Ciudad Real).” Trabajos de Prehistoria 73 (2): 268-283. 10.3989/tp.2016.12173. Esteban López, César., and Escacena Carrasco, J. Luis. 2013. La Arqueología del cielo. 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Incidencia púnica y oriental en el panorama religioso autóctono del sureste de la península Ibérica, IV Congreso Internacional de Estudios Fenicios y Púnicos II. Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, 697- 704. Biography Andrea Rodríguez-Antón. PhD in Archaeoastronomy (Universidad de La Laguna, Spain), is a postdoc researcher at Instituto de Ciencias del Patrimonio (Incipit-CSIC) (Santiago de Compostela, Spain). Her main research line is Archaeoastronomy of the Roman world, in particular the orientations of Roman towns and centuriations, and in the last years she has studied the role of astronomy in cultures from different periods in the Iberian Peninsula, the Near East and Western Sahara, where she coordinates a project for the preservation of the Sahrawi traditional astronomy. 38 Marc Frîncu (coordinator) José Luis Fuentes Sánchez. Archaeologist and researcher director of archaeological sites in Oretum, Laminium, Carcuvium. He has developed his free practice as an archaeological consultant and cultural heritage manager for 10 years at OPPIDA S.L. His area of experience is the Iron Ages and the Roman Empire. In recent decades, he has developed studies on funeral practices in Iberic. Expert on photogrammetry and 3D documentation. Luis Benítez de Lugo Enrich. PhD in Prehistory (Complutense University of Madrid). He is archaeologist and professor at the Complutense University of Madrid. He has developed his free practice as an archaeological consultant and cultural heritage manager for 28 years. Its area of expertise are the Bronze and the Iron Ages. In recent decades he has developed studies on funerary practices in the Iberian Plateau during Recent Prehistory and Protohistory. He has more than 140 publications indexed in scientific bibliography databases. More info.: https:// www.ucm.es/luisbenitezdelugoenrich/ https://www.ucm.es/luisbenitezdelugoenrich/ https://www.ucm.es/luisbenitezdelugoenrich/