Browsing by Unesco subject "2511 Ciencias del Suelo (Edafología)"
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Publication 2.Geomorfología: Los Suelos(2014) Fernández García, PalomaSe recogen los conceptos y criterios básicos del estudio de los suelos en relación con la Geología. El análisis de las principales características orgánicas e inorgánicas de los suelos, ayudan a entender el significado de éstos, en relación al medio físico y el clima. Problemática de las clasificaciones de suelos.Publication Actualización de los mapas de vulnerabilidad radiológica de los suelos de la Península Ibérica(2014-09-19) García Puerta, Blanca; Andrés de Pablo, Nuria de; Trueba Alonso, CristinaUna de las líneas de investigación del CIEMAT es la relacionada con la Protección Radiológica del Público y Medio Ambiente. En este ámbito y en particular con el objetivo de identificar y categorizar aquellas zonas que supusieran un riesgo radiológico al público por exposición, en una situación de emergencia nuclear o radiológica o por contaminación existente post-accidente, se elaboraron en el año 2000 los mapas de vulnerabilidad radiológica de los suelos de la España peninsular. Para ello se estimaron unos índices de vulnerabilidad sobre una base de datos de perfiles de suelo peninsulares que se representaron sobre el entonces vigente mapa de suelos de la Unión Europea. En el presente trabajo se ha procedido a la actualización de los mismos, aplicando la misma metodología de representación a la base de datos de perfiles de suelos (aunque revisada en su contenido y georreferenciación) utilizando como mapa base el actual mapa de suelos europeo. Así mismo, se han incluido los datos relativos a Portugal. Los resultados muestran que la tendencia general de la distribución de la vulnerabilidad es coincidente en los mapas de ambas ediciones, aunque existen diferencias puntuales, si bien en esta última edición se ha conseguido una mayor precisión gracias a la utilización de un mejor mapa de suelos base. Además, se han ensayado otras dos metodologías de representación que se apoyan exclusivamente en la localización espacial de los perfiles (ambas restringidas a la España peninsular), que han revelado la necesidad de revisar y adecuar el número y selección de los perfiles utilizados para evitar los sesgos encontrados en algunos resultados. Como ejemplo práctico se presentan los resultados obtenidos en las zonas de planificación de las medidas de protección establecidas alrededor de las Centrales Nucleares y el Almacén Temporal Centralizado de residuos de futura construcción.Publication Al-Waste-Based Zeolite Adsorbent Used for the Removal of Ammonium from Aqueous Solutions(Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2018) Sánchez-Hernández, Ruth; Padilla, Isabel; López Andrés, Sol; López Delgado, AuroraThis work evaluates the use of a synthetic NaP1 zeolite obtained from a hazardous Al-containing waste for the removal of ammonium (NH4+) from aqueous solutions by batch experiments. Experimental parameters, such as pH (6–8), contact time (1–360 min), adsorbent dose (1–15 g/L), and initial NH4+ concentration (10–1500 mg/L), were evaluated. Adsorption kinetic models and equilibrium isotherms were determined by using nonlinear regression. The kinetic was studied by applying both the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models. The equilibrium isotherms were analyzed according to two-parameter equations (Freundlich, Langmuir, and Temkin) and three-parameter equations (Redlich–Peterson, Sips, and Toth). The results showed that the NH4+ uptake on NaP1 was fast (15 min) leading to a high experimental sorption capacity (37.9 mg/g). The NH4+ removal on NaP1 was a favorable process that followed the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The NH4+ adsorption was better described by the Sips (54.2 mg/g) and Toth (58.5 mg/g) models. NaP1 zeolite from Al-waste showed good NH4+ sorption properties, becoming a potential adsorbent to be used in the treatment of contaminated aqueous effluents. Thus, a synergic effect on the environmental protection can be achieved: the end of waste condition of a hazardous waste and the water decontamination.Publication An approach for evaluating the bioavailability and risk assessment of potentially toxic elements using edible and inedible plants—the Remance (Panama) mining area as a model(Springer, 2023) González Valoys, Ana; Jiménez Salgado, José Ulises; Rodríguez, Rita; Monteza Destro, Tisla; Vargas Lombardo, Miguel; García Noguero, Eva; Esbrí Victor, José María; Jiménez Ballesta, Raimundo; García Navarro, Francisco J.; Higueras, PabloMining affects the environment, particularly through the persistence of accumulation of tailings materials; this is aggravated under tropical climatic conditions, which favours the release of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) bioavailable to the local flora and fauna and supposing a risk to human health. The Remance gold mine (Panamá), exploited intermittently for more than 100 years, and has remained derelict for over 20 years. Within the area live farmers who carry out subsistence agriculture and livestock activities. The objective of this study has been to study the transference of PTEs in the local agricultural soil-plants system, with the goal of identifying their bioavailability to perform a human risk assessment. The results obtained of the Bioaccumulation coefficient in local plants show very weak to strong absorption of As (< 0.001–1.50), Hg (< 0.001–2.38), Sb (0.01–7.83), Cu (0.02–2.89), and Zn (0.06–5.32). In the case of Cu in grass (18.3 mg kg−1) and plants (16.9 mg kg−1) the concentrations exceed the maximum authorised value in animal nutrition for ruminants (10 mg kg−1). The risk to human health for edible plants exceeds the non-carcinogenic risk for rice, corn, cassava, and tea leaves for Sb (HQ 19.450, 18.304, 6.075, 1.830, respectively), the carcinogenic risk for Cu (CR = 2.3 × 10–3, 7.7 × 10 −4, 1.1 × 10–3, 1.0 × 10–3, respectively), and the carcinogenic risk for As in rice, corn and tea leaves (CR = 8 × 10–5, 3 × 10–5, 3 × 10–5, respectively). Urgent measures are needed to alleviate these effects.Publication Aplicaciones de la teledetección en Geografía Física. Universidad Complutense de Madrid(Departamento de Geografía, Servicio de Publicaciones, Universidad de Alcalá, 2010) García Rodríguez, María del Pilar; Pérez González, María EugeniaEn este trabajo sintetizamos los artículos publicado en revistas y los proyectos de investigación de varios profesores del área de Geografía Física de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, en los que se ha utilizado la teledetección como herrramienta fundamental para estudios del medio físico. Las líneas de investigación se centran en los campos de climatología, microclimatología, humedales, geomorfología, suelos y cambios de usos del suelo. Para efectuar estas investigaciones se han manejado principalmente imágenes de los satélites Landsat y NOAA, con especial énfasis en los estudios multitemporales.[ABSTRACT]In this paper we synthesize the articles published in national and international journals and research projects of several professors in the area of Physical Geography at the Complutense University of Madrid in which remote sensing has been used as fundamental tools for studies of the physical environment. The research focuses on the fields of climatology, microclimatology, wetlands, geomorphology, soils and land use changes. To perform these investigations have been handled mainly images of Landsat and NOAA satellites, with special emphasis on multi-temporal studies.Publication Assessment of potentially toxic element contamination in soils from Portman Bay (SE, Spain)(Springer, 2018-06) Pérez-Sirvent, Carmen; García Lorenzo, Mari Luz; Hernández Pérez, Carmen; Martínez Sánchez, Maria JoséPurpose The present study deals with the geochemical fractions of Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu and As present on profiles using chemical simple extraction process. This work was conducted on Portman Bay, located in the SE Spain and strongly affected by mining activities. Materials and methods Four simple extractions were applied to selected samples in order to evaluate the potential mobility of metals. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was applied to the characterisation of samples and the residues remaining after each extraction, providing additional information about the sediment phases carrying the elements studied. Results and discussion The results obtained after the extractions suggested that the highest potentially toxic element (PTE) content was obtained in the oxidising medium. The mineralogical composition is an important factor that should be taken into account in the evaluation of PTE mobility, firstly because the mineral phases react differently in the proposed situations depending on their chemical nature, and secondly, because the presence of a particular phase depends on the degree of weathering. Conclusions The evaluation of PTE mobility and mineralogical composition under different environmental conditions may be very important in the execution of restoration projects which could involve dredging and mobilisation of materials.Publication Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements in Technosols by Tailings Derived from Pb–Zn–Ag Mining Activities at San Quintín (Ciudad Real, Spain): Some Insights into the Importance of Integral Studies to Evaluate Metal Contamination Pollution Hazards(MDPI, 2019-06-05) García Lorenzo, Mari Luz; Crespo Feo, Elena; Esbrí Victor, José María; Higueras, Pablo; Grau, Patricia; Crespo, Isabel; Sánchez Donoso, RamónThis work presents an integral methodological approach to assess the environmental potential hazards posed by metals and metalloids hosted by spolic technosols derived from old tailings from a mining operation for galena (PbS, with high Ag contents)-sphalerite (ZnS, with a varied cohort of trace elements contents) in central Spain. We studied the total and soluble concentrations and spatial distribution of Pb, Zn, Cd, As, and Fe and the mineralogy of these soils, as well as an ecotoxicological evaluation by means of bioassays. The indices assessing soil contamination such as pollution load index (PI) and natural mobility index (NMI) have been calculated. Furthermore, the phytotoxic effect of the soil samples has been determined and a chronic sediment toxicity test using the benthic ostracod Heterocypris incongruens was applied. The geochemical study of 33 spolic technosols samples indicates large to extremely large metal and metalloid total contents: up to 48,600 mg kg−1 Pb, 34,000 mg kg−1 Zn, 500 mg kg−1 Cd, and 1000 mg kg−1 As. Given that sphalerite is usually the most important host mineral for cadmium in hydrothermal mineral deposits, there is a high correlation (R = 0.75) between this element and Zn. On the other hand, despite being two metallogenically intertwined elements in ore deposits, Pb and Zn show a less significant relationship, which can be attributed both to heterogeneities in the mineralogical composition of the veins, and to the complex history of the mineral concentration process: In the older process, the interest was only for Pb, meanwhile in the late period, the interest was focused in Zn. The Phytotoxkit® bioassay showed that soils with high PTEs presented very high toxicity, particularly the inhibition germination is related to Pb, As, and Cd content and root inhibition with Pb content. Both indexes were correlated with pH and electrical conductivity; samples with lower pH and higher soluble salt content are those with higher seed germination inhibition and root growth inhibition. On the other hand, the Ostracodtoxkit® bioassay showed very high sensitivity, with 100% mortality. The applied bioassays confirmed the soil toxicity and it is highly recommended to complement the results from environmental chemistry with results from bioassays, in order to provide a more complete and relevant information on the bioavailability of contaminants and to characterize the risk of contaminated areas.Publication Assessment of risk from lead intake in mining areas: proposal of indicators(Springer, 2021) Pérez Sirvent, Carmen; Martínez Martínez, Lucía Belén; Martínez Lopez, Salvadora; Hernández Pérez, Carmen; García Lorenzo, Mari LuzThis study discusses an estimate of the risk associated with the intake of soil contaminated by lead, based on the nature of the source, through a detailed study of the parameters that can influence the bioaccessibility of the element from soil intake. Statistical variables that are related to the solubility and bioavailability of lead are used for this purpose. This includes considering the values of pH, electrical conductivity, particle size, mineralogical composition and the bioaccessibility/bioasimilability of lead. Obtaining an algorithm, represented by different probability distributions of the parameters considered, needs a thorough knowledge of the source materials, which may allow estimating/evaluating the intake health risk provided by the concentration of the metal present. The selected materials are from sites affected by mining activities in the Region of Murcia (SE of Spain) and soils in nearby areas, using a total of 186 samples. Soil samples, once screened and homogenized, were parameterized by determining pH, electrical conductivity, granulometry, both total and water-extractable Pb content. Oral bioaccessibility tests were also performed, and a detailed mineralogical analysis by X-ray diffraction was carried out.Publication Assessment of the mobility of metals in a mining-impacted coastal area (Spain, Western Mediterranean)(Elsevier, 2008) Martínez Sánchez, Maria José; Navarro, M. C.; Pérez Sirvent, Carmen; Marimón, J.; Vidal, JU.; García Lorenzo, Mari Luz; Bech, JaumeA study on metal mobilisation (Zn, Pb and As) from contaminated sediments in Portman Bay (SE Spain) was carried out. Thisarea has suffered a major impact from mining activity, as millions of tons of mine tailings have been dumped into the bay over a long period, gradually filling the bay. A three-step sequential extraction procedure, modified from the BCR (Community Bureau of Reference) method, as well as selective extractions (H2O, 0.1 N HNO3, citrate–dithionite and 1 M NH4OAc after H2O2 attack) were applied to selected samples in order to evaluate the potential mobility of fixed metals. Acid volatile sulfides (AVS) and simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) were also determined. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy coupled to with an energy-dispersion spectrometry (SEM-EDS) were applied to the characterization of both raw samples and the residues remaining after each extraction, providing additional information about the sediment phases carrying the metals studied. Metals associated with sediments showed different behaviour depending on the mineralogical phase they were bound to. Zn was the most labile metal, while Pb and As showed a lower mobility. The fraction of metals associated with jarosites presented a high stability under different physicochemical conditions, while metals associated with mineralogical phases that are undergoing supergenic alteration processes presented a high mobility. The results obtained may be useful to assess both the short and the long-term environmental impact of such disposal activities as well as supporting decisions for a future remediation of the zone.Publication Atlas Biogeoquímico de Castilla-La Mancha. Primeros resultados comparativos en los sinclinales de Guadalmez y Almadén (Ciudad Real)(Sociedad Española de Mineralogía, 2021) Rivera, Sofía; Esbrí Victor, José María; Lorenzo Álvarez, Saturnino; García, Aroa; Higueras Higueras, Pablo LeónPublication Bacteria, guano and soot: Source assessment of organic matter preserved in black laminae in stalagmites from caves of the Sierra de Atapuerca (N Spain)(International Journal of Speleology, 2021) Kaal, Joeri; Martínez Pillado, Virginia; Martínez Cortizas, Antonio; Sanjurjo Sánchez, Jorge; Aranburu, Arantza; Arsuaga, Juan Luis; Iriarte, EnekoSpeleothems are a recognized source of paleoclimatic information, but their value as a source of signals from human activities in caves with an archaeological record has rarely been explored. Previous studies of speleothems in the Sierra de Atapuerca karst system (Burgos, northern Spain) revealed an important human fossil record, provided information about human activities in and around these caves, and the impacts on their natural environment. The present study reports the results of molecular characterization of dark-colored laminae from the stalagmites Ilargi (Galería de las Estatuas) and GS1, GS2, and GS3 (Galería del Silo), by pyrolysis-GC-MS (Py-GC-MS) and thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation (THM-GC-MS). The features of the organic matter demonstrate the presence of (1) a dominant aliphatic fraction probably from in situ bacterial and ex situ plant-derived lipids, (2) black carbon (from soot and/or charcoal), (3) polysaccharides and N-rich moieties (probably from bat guano and microbial sources), and (4) a signal of terpenoid derivatives that may originate from the overlying limestone (kerogen) and extant gymnosperm resin (soils) or cyanobacteria (cave). Some plant-derived lignin may be present as well but was not identified unambiguously. It is concluded that this approach allows identifying multiple general sources of organic matter which can help understand speleothem formation processes, and evidence of soot deposition could be clearly linked to human activities.Publication Can the Quality of the Potential Flood Risk Maps be Evaluated? A Case Study of the Social Risks of Floods in Central Spain(MDPI, 2020) Garrote Revilla, Julio; Gutiérrez Pérez, gnacio; Díez Herrero, AndrésCalibration and validation of flood risk maps at a national or a supra-national level remains a problematic aspect due to the limited information available to carry out these tasks. However, this validation is essential to define the representativeness of the results and for end users to gain confidence in them. In recent years, the use of information derived from social networks is becoming generalized in the field of natural risks as a means of validating results. However, the use of data from social networks also has its drawbacks, such as the biases associated with age and gender and their spatial distribution. The use of information associated with phone calls to Emergency Services (112) can resolve these deficiencies, although other problems are still latent. For example, a bias does exist in the relationship between the size of the population and the number of calls to the Emergency Services. This last aspect determines that global regression models have not been effective in simulating the behavior of related variables (calls to Emergency Services–Potential Flood Risk). Faced with this situation, the use of local regression models (such as locally estimated scatterplot smoothing (LOESS)) showed satisfactory results in the calibration of potential flood risk levels in the Autonomous Community of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain). This provides a new methodological path to the calibration studies of flood risk cartographies at national and supra-national levels. The results obtained through LOESS local regression models allowed us to establish the correct relationship between categorized potential risk levels and the inferred potential risk. They also permitted us to define the cases in which said levels differed ostensibly and where potential risk due to floods assigned to those municipalities led to a lower level of confidence. Therefore, based on the number of calls to the Emergency Service, we can categorize those municipalities that should be the subject of a more detailed study and those whose classification should be revised in future updates.Publication Caracterización biogeoquímica de la afectación al suelo del área de la mina del Quinto del Hierro, Almadenejos, Ciudad Real(Sociedad Española de Mineralogía, 2022-06) Madrid Illescas, Mercedes; Esbrí Victor, José María; González Valoys, Ana; Lorenzo Álvarez, Saturnino; Barquero, José Ignacio; Higueras Higueras, PabloPublication Caracterización geoquímica y mineralógica de sondeos de la Bahía de Portmán (Murcia, España)(Sociedad Española de Mineralogía, 2022-06) Ortiz Zarco, Francisco Javier; García Lorenzo, María de la Luz; Arroyo Rey, XabierPublication Combined zircon UPb and LuHf isotopes study of magmatism and high-P metamorphism of the basal allochthonous units in the SW Iberian Massif (Ossa-Morena complex)(Elsevier, 2018-12-01) Abati Gómez, Jacobo; Arenas Martín, Ricardo; Díez Fernández, Rubén; Albert, Richard; Gerdes, AxelUPb and LuHf isotope ratios measured in zircon crystals from magmatic and metamorphic rocks provide crucial information to understand the origin and tectonothermal evolution of allochthonous terranes, and can contribute to paleogeographic reconstructions and to the understanding of orogenic processes. We investigate the age of magmatic and tectonothermal events, and the provenance of a high-pressure unit from the Ossa-Morena Complex (SW Iberian Massif). Zircons for LA-ICP-MS analyses were separated form garnet-bearing amphibolites (retroeclogites) and quartzo-feldspathic gneisses from the Central Unit (Coimbra-Córdoba shear zone). Recent geological correlations propose that the high-pressure units cropping out in the Ossa Morena Complex of the SW Iberian Massif are equivalent to the Basal Allochthonous Units of NW Iberian Massif, and one of the objectives of the study is to check the validity of the proposed correlation. The new obtained ages presented in this study indicate that the high-pressure metamorphism of the Central Unit developed in the Variscan cycle. The metamorphic zircons reveal two distinct events: a younger one well constrained by an age of 339 ± 4 Ma and an older one of 377 ± 19 Ma. The former coincide with the age of the high-grade and post-high-P metamorphism described in other areas of the Ossa-Morena Complex, whereas the second one is interpreted as the age of the high-P metamorphism. The igneous ages of metabasites and metagranitoids (c.585–615 Ma and c.480–577 Ma, respectively) reveal a diachronism between magmatic events in Allochthonous Units from the SW and the NW Iberian Massif, suggesting that both domains were located in different parts of the North-Gondwanan margin. The magmatic ages of the metagranitoids resemble the evolution described for the lower paleozoic rifting in the Ossa-Morena Complex. The relatively juvenile character of the basic and acid Cadomian magmatism in the Central Unit, revealed by the new LuHf data, indicate limited mixing of mantle melts with crustal components, which is compatible with a generation in a continental magmatic arc. These similarities in the metamorphic and magmatic evolution support the correlation of the Basal Allochthonous Units from the SW and NW domains of the Iberian Massif.Publication Composición y propiedades de la materia orgánica de las principales turberas españolas(Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 2015) Almendros Martín, GonzaloPublication Determinación del carbono orgánico del suelo(2014) Valverde Asenjo, I; Quintana Nieto, JR; Santiago Martín, Ana de; González Huecas, C; Dopico Martín, C; Fernández-Cid Valverde, J; López Lafuente, A; Cano Pérez, JM; Pulgar, MAVideotutorialPublication Determinación del pH del suelo(2014) Valverde Asenjo, I; Quitana Nieto, JR; Santiago Martín, Ana de; González Huecas, C; Dopico Martín, C; Fernández-Cid Valverde, J; López Lafuente, A; Cano Pérez, JM; Pulgar, MAVideotutorialPublication Ecotoxicological evaluation for the screening of areas polluted by mining activities(Springer, 2009-07) García Lorenzo, María de la Luz; Martínez Sánchez, M. J.; Pérez Sirvent, Carmen; Molina, J.The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of three bioassays representing multiple trophic levels, for the preliminary ecotoxicological screening of sediments from sites contaminated by mining activities. Of the bioassays used in this study, the ostracod test was the most responsive. Vibrio fischeri luminiscence inhibition assay was less sensitive to the toxicants in the sediments than the phytotoxicity assays. The general trend observed was an increase in toxicity values measured by the bioassays with increasing metal mobilization in sediment samples. Therefore, the test battery can be used as a rapid and sensitive tool to evaluate the heavy metal contamination in sediments.Publication Efecto sobre el suelo de la hojarasca de arbustos en la Sierra de Guadarrama(Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Servicio de Publicaciones, 2006) García Ibáñez, Epifanio; Bermúdez de Castro y Naya, FranciscoSe estudiaron seis especies arbustivas de la Sierra de Guadarrama de Madrid, cinco leguminosas: Adenocarpus hispanicus (Lam.) DC., Cytisus purgans (L.) Boiss., Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link., Genista cinerea (Vill.) DC. y Genista florida L. y una jara: Cistus laurifolius L., en relación a su densidad y cobertura, nodulación, fenología, desfronde y descomposición de la hojarasca, carbono orgánico, nitrógeno total y a las características del suelo que les sirve de sustrato con objeto de estimar y valorar su influencia sobre la fertilidad el suelo. La densidad (individuos/ha) y cobertura (%) encontradas en los seis arbustos oscilaron respectivamente entre 4896 y 9.31 para C. purgans y 917 y 1.98 para C. laurifolius. Se encontraron nódulos en las cinco leguminosas con formas esféricas, lobuladas o polilobuladas según su grado de desarrollo. La producción media anual de hojarasca de los seis arbustos en kg/ha varió entre 1354.1 para C. purgans y 4356.0 para C. laurifolius. Las cantidades en kg/ha.año-1 de carbono orgánico del desfronde oscilaron entre 338.7 (C. purgans) y 993.2 (C. laurifolius) y las de nitrógeno total entre 33.2 (C. purgans) y 97.9 (A. hispanicus). El rango de las tasas de descomposición, halladas después de 2 años, estuvo entre 0.745 (A. hispanicus) y 0.451 año 1 (C. purgans). De acuerdo con los análisis de la varianza, existen diferencias significativas entre la textura, capacidad n6xirna de retención de agua, pH, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, desprendimiento de COZ, capacidad de descomposición, porcentaje de carbono fácilmente oxidable y nitrógeno total del suelo control y los suelos recogidos bajo el dosel de los 6 arbustos, por lo que se puede decir, que los arbustos estudiados contribuyen a la modificación de los suelos y mejoran su fertilidad.