BL-001: Executive attention: Its
origins, development, and
functions

Peter A. Frensch (Chair)

(Paul-B.-Baltes Lecture)

Posner, Michael Dept. of Psychology, University of

Oregon, Eugene, USA

Various functions of attention are mediated by
separate brain networks. One of these, the executive
attention network, is important for self-regulation.
We have traced the origin of this network to infancy
and its development in childhood. Although
common to all, its efficiency differs among indivi-
duals, partly due to genetic variation. We discuss
several alleles of dopamine and serotonin genes that
are related to network function. One of these
variations appears to behave differently in children
depending upon the quality of parenting. The
implications of this finding for the development
and evolution of the human brain will be discussed.

IA-008: The cultural psychology of
globalization

Sik-Hung Ng (Chair)

Chiu, Chi Yue Psychology, University of Illinois,

Champaign, USA Cheng, Shirley Psychology,

University of Illinois at Urba, Urbana-Champaign,

USA

In this paper, we discuss how individuals may
respond to the cultural implications of globaliza-
tion. We begin with a discussion of the possible
cultural impacts of globalization and the basic
cognitive and motivational principles that mediate
some cultural processes. Based on these principles,
we describe the hot (emotional, identity-driven,
exclusionary) and cool (thoughtful, goal-oriented,
integrative) responses to the cultural impacts of
globalization. We argue that simultaneous activa-
tion of two cultural representations increases the
likelihood of both cool and hot responses. We also
argue that the need for firm answers and existential
anxiety increase (decrease) the likelihood of hot
(cool) responses.

IA-022: How to detect lies with
statistics

Helmut Jungermann (Chair)

Bar-Hillel, Maya Jerusalem, Israel

"How to lie with statistics" is the title of a famous
book. Can statisics be used for the purpose of
detecting lies, too? I will present a number of
historical cases, from my own research and that of
others. where statistical tools were used to detect
scientific fraud or misbehavior. I will discuss the
possibilities and obstacles for developing a standard
toolkit for screening suspect data, and/or for
uncovering "secret" data.

IA-023: Passions: What emotions
really are

Frijda, Nico Dept. of Psychology, University of

Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

The presentation will sketch an effort towards an
integrative theory of "emotions". It will start from
the several prominent features of behavior and
experience. Seeking to account for those features

leads to considering the central characteristic of
emotions to be passionate: that is, to represent
states of motivation, including having reached the
end of striving and the loss of striving. Those
motive states (called states of action readiness)
concern readiness to establish or change subject-
object relationships, functioning to enhance adap-
tation but also to produce exaptation. Most
emotions are elicited by events with the intervention
of information processes (called "appraisal") that
engage the individual’s interests (called "concerns").
Passions exemplify major aspects of human and
animal mental architecture.

IA-024: Environmental stressors:
The context of South Asia

Marc Richelle (Chair)

Pandey, Janak Behav. and Cognitive Sciences,

University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India

The presentation will be based on the findings of a
series of studies using multiple methodologies
related to environmental and economic stressors
in a variety of contexts (rural, urban, large size
gatherings, and deprived slums) in the South Asia.
Stressors interact and influence physical-mental
health and overall well being. The lowest strata of
the society, particularly the slum dwellers, have to
continuously cope with both economic and envir-
onmental stressors. These stressors are partly source
of migration, from rural to urban centers. A
number of socio-cultural variables would be dis-
cussed to explain findings such as greater tolerance
to crowding by women than men.

IA-026: Parent-child relationship,
academic achievement and quality
of life: The role of self-regulation,
social support, and efficacy beliefs
in Korea

Michael Knowles (Chair)

Park, Young-Shin Dept. of Education, Inha University,

Incheon, Republic of Korea

The author examines factors that influence aca-
demic achievement and quality of life in Korea by
focusing on parent-child relationship, social sup-
port and efficacy beliefs. In international studies
(PISA, TIMSS, 2003), Korean students are top per-
formers in academic achievement. Cross-sectional
and longitudinal studies indicate that their success
can be traced to cultural, relational and psycholo-
gical factors (e.g., emphasis on education and
effort, parental devotion and sacrifice, feeling of
indebtedness, respect and trust of parents, and high
efficacy beliefs). The pattern of results found in
Korea challenge Western theories that emphasize
individualistic values, but support the social cogni-
tive theory advanced by Albert Bandura.

IA-027: The best-worst method for
the study of preferences: Theory
and applications

Christiane Spiel (Chair)

Marley, Anthony A.J. Dept. of Psychology, University

of Victoria, Victoria, Canada

Over the past decade, a choice design in which a
person is asked to select both the best and the worst
option in a set of available options has been gaining

favor over designs where a person, say, selects the
best option; ranks the options; or rates the options.
I present various models for such best-worst
choices that are closely related to Luce’s choice
model and demonstrate that simple data analyses
(‘‘scoring’’ rules) ‘‘work’’ for those models. I
illustrate the approach with an application in
medicine. As time allows, I mention applications
in voting theory and relevant open mathematical
problems,

IA-030: Intrinsic multiperspectivity:
On the architectural foundations
of a distinctive mental capacity

Erik de Corte (Chair)

Mausfeld, Rainer Kiel, Germany

It is a characteristic feature of our mental make-up
that the same perceptual input situation can
simultaneously elicit conflicting mental perspec-
tives. This ability, to which I refer as intrinsic
multiperspectivity, pervades our perceptual and
cognitive domains. Striking examples are the dual
character of pictures in picture perception, pretence
play, or the ability to employ metaphors and
allegories. I will argue that corresponding achieve-
ments (i) share important structural properties and
(ii) are brought forth by a specific type of modular
functional architecture in which the same sensory
input can be exploited by different types or systems
of conceptual forms.

IA-031: Solving the puzzles of
hypnosis

Kurt Hahlweg (Chair)

McConkey, Kevin Newcastle, Australia

Although researchers have strived to solve the
puzzles of hypnosis from the vantage point of
science, its essential nature continues to elude. I
survey the domain of hypnosis, and argue for a new
way of hypnosis research to progress the field. I
explore why hypnosis research has evolved in the
way it has, and why it has asked particular
questions about hypnosis. I illustrate this with
examples of experimental and applied research into
or using hypnosis. I suggest questions to ask and
methods to use in the next generation of theoretical
and empirical work on hypnosis.

IA-032: Personal values and
socially significant behavior

Ingrid Schoon (Chair)

Schwartz, Shalom Dept. of Psychology, Hebrew

University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

Do the basic values we proclaim influence beha-
vior, or are they mere lip-service to justify our
behavior? I will discuss the nature and functions of
personal values and then derive a set of ten basic
value categories that include the values recognized
across cultures. Values form an integrated structure
of conflicts and compatibilities that clarifies why it
often appears that values do not relate to behavior.
I will present methods to measure values that have
been used around the world. I will then discuss how
values influence behavior and provide examples of
the value bases of numerous socially significant
actions.

Tuesday 22nd July 2008

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IA-034: Bayesian approach can be
descriptive for cognition and
learning

Buxin Han (Chair)

Shigemasu, Kazuo Tokyo, Japan

Bayesian approach has been believed to be norma-
tive and not appropriate for descriptive purposes.
One of its justifications has been that the Bayesian
approach never fits the typical responses for a
number of probability-related problems (e.g., the
Three Prisoners Problem) that are often considered
paradoxical. But contrary to the ‘‘common sense’’
of cognitive psychologists, the Bayesian orthodox
axiom system does not contradict real data. We
argue that through deep understanding of the
Bayesian axioms, the direct application of the basic
principles proves to be consistent with the real data
for paradoxical problems.

IUPsyS-001: Social change and
psychosocial development in
adolescence and adulthood

Rainer K. Silbereisen (chair)

The political changes in the 1990s, and the
challenges that followed due to globalization and
demographic shifts, produce uncertainty and in-
dividual demands that reflect a mismatch between
the established behavioral repertoire and new
requirements. Individuals react by various ways of
coping dependent on opportunity structures and
their change. The studies presented include the
effect of social change on the cultural appreciation
of shy behaviors in China, on the restoration of
traditional family behaviors in Vietnam, transition
pathways and career trajectories in the UK, and the
role of post-transformation challenges on well-
being in Germany. All studies share a comparative
format by utilizing systematic comparisons between
cohorts and regions, and also utilize longitudinal
assessments.

Social change in Vietnam and its implications for
youth

Jayakody, Rukmalie Population Research Inst.,

Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA

Dramatic changes have characterized Vietnam
during the past few decades, including prolonged
periods of war, socialist collectivization, and a
recent transition to a market economy. Although
the economic consequences of renovation policies
are well documented, the impact on families has
received far less research attention. Understanding
the impact of these changes on adolescents and
young adults is vital given that 32% of Vietnam’s
population is under 15 and a little over half the
population is under 25. The majority of our
analyses use data from the Vietnam Surveys of
Family Change and the Survey and Assessment of
Vietnamese Youth.

Social change and transitions into adult roles:
Mapping transition pathways and career
trajectories

Schoon, Ingrid Inst. of Education, University of

London, London, United Kingdom

Objective: To map changing transition pathways
among men and women born in 1958 and 1970
Method: Drawing on longitudinal data from two
British Birth cohorts, employment and family
histories of over 20,000 individuals are charted,
providing empirical evidence of transition experi-
ences among the ‘baby boom’ versus the ‘baby bust’
generation Result: Findings suggest increasing
destandardisation of transitions in the later born
cohort, although there are no dramatic changes.
Transitions have become more polarized, and
women’s careers are far more diverse than men’s
Conclusion: Diversity and differentiation in transi-

tion experiences challenge normative views of life
course patterns

Adolescent traits as predictors of success in the
emerging market societies in post-Soviet
countries
Titma, Mikk Dept. of Psychology, Stanford University,

Stanford, USA

We present findings from the longitudinal surveys
‘‘Paths of a Generation’’ begun in 1983 in 15
regions of the USSR and later in 8 post-Soviet
countries. We estimated various multivariate mod-
els to examine the impacts of human agency on
socio-economic behaviors and success in 1991,
1997, and 2004. Most surprising result is the
consistent effects of traits in adolescence and early
adulthood on outcomes when the same individuals
are in their thirties or early forties. We conclude
that longitudinal studies provide a unique oppor-
tunity to investigate the persistent impacts of
individual traits in rapidly changing societies.

Effects of individuals’ coping with demands of
social change: A German study
Silbereisen, Rainer K. Inst. Entwicklungspsychologie,

Universität Jena, Jena, Germany Pinquart, Martin

Fachbereich Psychologie, Universität Marburg,

Marburg, Germany

The study analyzes whether perceived demands due
to social change, problem-focused coping and
distancing from demands, would be related to
depressive symptoms in 1,975 German adolescents
and adults. A higher number of perceived demands
in the areas of work and family life were associated
with higher levels of depressive symptoms. Higher
levels of problem-focused coping and lower levels of
distancing were related to less depressive symptoms.
Problem-focused coping buffered the effect of
family-related demands but not of work-related
demands on depressive symptoms. Finally, distan-
cing buffered the effects of family-related demands
but amplified the effects of work-related demands
on depression.

Children’s social functioning and adjustment in
changing Chinese society
Chen, Xinyin Dept. of Psychology, Unversity of

Western Ontario, London, Canada

In a program of research on social change and child
development in China, we examined children’s
social functioning, peer relationships and adjust-
ment in different circumstances. A series of
differences were found among urban, rural, and
rural-to-urban migrant children in social behaviors
and relationship patterns. For example, shyness-
inhibition was associated with social, school and
emotional problems in urban children. However,
similar to the results in the early 1990s in China,
shyness was associated with social and psychologi-
cal well-being in rural and rural-to-urban migrant
children, although shy rural children started to
experience the pressure due to the rapid change in
the society.

Class, stratification and personality under
conditions of apparent social stability and of
radical social change: A multi-nation comparison
Kohn, Melvin L. Dept. of Sociology, Johns Hopkins

University, Baltimore, USA

My collaborators and I have carried out rigorously
comparative studies of social structure and person-
ality in the United States, Japan, Poland when
socialist, Poland (again) in transition to capitalism,
Ukraine (longitudinally, during radical social
change), and - currently - China, during ‘‘privatiza-
tion.’’ We have found overwhelming similarities in
the interrelationships of class and stratification with
job conditions and personality in all these countries,
during times of apparent social stability and of
radical social change. We have also found one
poignant difference between socialist Poland and

the capitalist countries, which disappeared as
Poland and Ukraine became capitalist and is
nowhere to be found in transitional China.

IUPsyS-002: How diagrams
promote thought

Barbara Tversky (chair)

Diagrams are an ancient external device designed to
augment human cognition. They reflect, represent
and convey thought, and do so by selecting and
augmenting critical information. Among other
things, they serve memory, communication, infer-
ence, and creativity. Five speakers will describe
diverse ways that diagrams augment and reflect
thought across several domains and populations.

Diagrams are visual analogies

Gattis, Meredith School of Psychology, Cardiff

University, Wales, United Kingdom

Diagrams, graphs, and other figures are visual
analogies drawing on the same cognitive processes
as analogical reasoning in non-visual domains. Like
other analogies, creating and interpreting diagrams
relies on a structure-based mapping of relations
between a source and a target. In this talk, I will
present studies of learning and reasoning with
graphs, Chinese characters, and other abstract
spatial representations. The results of these studies
demonstrate that similarity of relational structures
influences the interpretation of diagrams and other
spatial representations.

Handling spatial models in astronomy: With
gestures and diagrams

Ramadas, Jayashree Homi Bhabha Centre for

Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental, Mumbai, India

Handling spatial models in astronomy - with
gestures and diagrams Jayashree Ramadas and
Shamin Padalkar HBCSE, TIFR, Mumbai, India
Understanding of the sun-earth-moon system re-
quires visuospatial reasoning including mental
rotation, perspective-taking and distance scales
much beyond our experiences. In our classroom
design study with Indian middle school students we
develop a pedagogy for the sun-earth system. We
focus on these students’ attempts to work with large
distance scales within a classroom environment that
encourages use of models, experiences, gestures and
diagrams. Gestures mediate between the concrete
physical model and the diagrams: first in arriving at
diagrammatic representations and then in relating
the inferences from the diagrams back to the real
situation.

IUPsyS-003: Challenges in
diagnostic classification: The
IUPsyS-WHO collaboration on
mental and behavioural disorders
for ICD

Pierre L.-J. Ritchie (chair)

The major international diagnostic classification
system is that promulgated by the World Health
Organization, the current version of which is
commonly known as ICD-10. IUPsyS strategic
priorities include maintenance of Official Relations
with WHO generally and the revision of the
International Classification of Diseases (ICD)
project in particular. This work occurs within the
framework of the Official Relations established
between IUPsyS and WHO in 2002. Psychology’s
primary focus is the Revision Process for the ICD
chapter on Mental Disorders and Substance Abuse.
This symposium addresses the broad goals for ICD-
11 as well as psychology’s particular perspective
and contributions.

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Beyond psychiatry and psychiatrists: Making ICD-
11 useful to all mental health care providers

Saxena, Shekhar Evidence and Research, World

Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

Diagnosis and classification of mental and beha-

vioral disorders has traditionally been considered

an exclusive preserve of psychiatry and psychia-
trists. However, less than 10% of all persons having

such a disorder are treated by psychiatrists. WHO is

revising ICD-10 and has decided that the revision

will be done in close collaboration and consultation

with all stakeholders including researchers, public

health experts, non-governmental organizations
and consumer and family groups. The scope of

these collaborations and consultations will be

international and multi-professional/multidisciplin-

ary, including all providers of mental health care.

WHO has established a mechanism to achieve these

objectives as a part of the revision process.

Public health implications of substance use
diagnosis

Tucker, Jalie Dept. of Health Behavior, Univ. Alabama

at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA

Historical and contemporary issues in clinical

diagnosis of substance use disorders are considered

from a population-based public health perspective.

The utility of different diagnostic approaches is
discussed in relation to the behavioral epidemiology

of substance use and misuse over the life-span,

measurable dimensions of substance use and related

harm that can support diagnosis and outcomes

assessment, and prevention strategies that variously
identify high-risk individuals for targeted protective

interventions or attempt to control determinants of

population incidence. Development of diagnostic

schemes can be informed by public health, but

differences in clinical and public health goals and

applications make integration challenging.

New Zealand psychologists’ use and perceptions
of mental disorders classification systems

Lutchman, Raksha Psychology Psychiatrics, Waikato

District Health Board, Hamilton, New Zealand

This presentation focuses on a study of registered

New Zealand psychologists regarding their use and

perceptions of diagnostic classification systems for

mental disorders, including ICD-10 and DSM-IV.
Psychologists feel that these systems do not reflect

psychological explanations of clients’ presentation,

and question the biomedical approach as a basis for

mental health classification. They would prefer a

system that is less complex, considers cultural

identity, is flexible with regard to individual
differences, and more clearly informs and guides

treatment. The results of this study will be

compared with those of similar studies of psychia-

trists and other groups of mental health profes-

sionals.

Psychology’s participation in ICD-11: A call to
action

Reed, Geoffrey IUPsyS, Madrid, Spain

Historically, the fit between psychology and the

psychiatric model of diagnostic classification has

been an uneasy one. One obstacle to the more

widespread use of psychological treatments has

been the dominance of a health services model

based on acute medical treatment of infectious
disease. Mental health problems are ‘‘medicalized’’

by conceptualizing them as discrete disease entities,

with overly specific criteria creating the illusion of

specific and curative medical treatments for each.

Psychology has an unprecedented opportunity to

participate in the revision of the ICD-11 Mental
and Behavioural Disorders classifications, which

has critical implications for both psychology and

public health.

IUPsyS-004: Resiliency and
capacity building: Four years post-
tsunami

Elizabeth Nair (chair)

Psychologists in four Asian countries began a
collaborative journey after the 2004 Indian Ocean
tsunami. They met in May 2005 in Singapore to
share their professional experiences and plans for
psychosocial and community resiliency support in
their respective countries: Indonesia, Thailand,
India and Sri Lanka. In this Berlin symposium,
they will present their action research status review
and current challenges.

Meusigo Bangket: Challenges of the post
tsunami social intervention in Indonesia

Ismail, Rahmat Himpunan Psikologi Indonesia,

HIMPSI, Jakarta, Indonesia Marieta, Josephine

Himpunan Psikologi Indonesia, HIMPSI, Jakarta,

Indonesia Nurdadi, Surastuti Himpunan Psikologi

Indonesia, HIMPSI, Jakarta, Indonesia Dewanti, Retno

Himpunan Psikologi Indonesia, HIMPSI, Jakarta,

Indonesia

The Meusigo Bangket programme is a series of
planned change activities initiated by the Indone-
sian Psychological Association with the main
objective of supporting the resilience and self
sufficiency of the people of Durueng area, Aceh,
following on from the devastation wreaked by the
2004 tsunami. The programme relied heavily on the
participation of the local village people. Villagers
learned to transform problems found in the area
into solutions with planned action, beginning with
two groups of women and youth followed by a
program for the men. Outcome measures have been
positive. Confirming sustainability and marking
HIMPSI’s exit will follow.

Disaster preparedness of Indian psychologists:
The post-tsunami scenario

Manickam, L. Sam S. Dept. of Clinical Psychology,

JSS Medical College Hospital, Mysore, India Undurti,

Vindhya Dept. of Psychology, CESS, Hyderabad, India

Following the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, national
level Training of Trainers program was conducted
in 2005 and 2006 at two different geographical
locations in India. 52 psychologists were trained. In
turn, they trained 165 Masters level psychologists,
50 lay volunteers and 7 psychiatrists. The training
of trainers program on psychosocial support is the
only one of its kind in the history of the national
psychology associations in India. It evolved out of
the capacity building initiatives of IUPsyS and
IAAP. Monitoring strategies at the national level
need to be strengthened to evaluate the longer term
impact of the program.

Impact of 2004 Asian tsunami disaster on Thai
youth and their families

Sirivunnabood, Puntip Faculty of Psychology,

Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

Tuicomepee, Arunya Faculty of Psychology,

Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand L.

Romano, John Faculty of Psychology, University of

Minnesota, Minnesota, USA

Helping youth and their families cope with and
adjust to a massive seems to be critical. Although a
variety of disaster studies have been in place in the
affected provinces, little is known about how the
youth and their families navigate through this
devastating experience. In addition, most of the
studies on affected youth and families come from
either cross-sectional or traditional longitudinal
studies with time lags that often exceed one year.
Therefore, our study is to collect data by interview-
ing about the daily lives of the 200 impacted
children and families in Phang Nga provice, Thai-
land. Ways to minimize effectively future psycho-

social, behavioral and educational problems of the
affected youth and their families are discussed.

Action research four years post Asian tsunami:
Quo vadis?

Nair, Elizabeth Dept. of Psychology, Work & Health

Psychologists, Singapore, Singapore

The Indian Ocean tsunami provided a unique
opportunity for collaboration amongst the four
Asian countries most severely affected by the
devastation. Each country shared some common-
alities, while maintaining vast differences in reli-
gious adherence and cultural practices.
Psychologists involved in psychosocial rebuilding
in their respective countries have shared their
experiences over the last four years. This final
paper in this symposium will examine the merit of
continuing this process as a longitudinal action
research program, to understand the evolution of
different intervention programs in the four coun-
tries, and the relative impact achieved.

IUPsyS-005: Ecological
psychophysics: From laboratory
experiments to complex real world

Sonoko Kuwano, Jürgen Hellbrück (chair)

Many psychophysical studies have been conducted
and important laws between physical quantities of
the stimuli and sensation were found from the
results of the basic psychophysical studies. It is now
sought to apply the basic findings to our real life
situations. Ecological validity should be taken into
considerations when the problems in real life
situations are treated. Real life situations are
complex and many factors are involved. Though
it is not easy to approach this topic, its importance
has been recognized and the studies are increasing.
This symposium would provide a good opportunity
to promote the research into ecological psychophy-
sics through discussions from various viewpoints.

Psychophysical and psychophysiological
measurements of visual functions in laboratories
and in everyday life

Yagi, Akihiro Dept. of Psychology, Kwansei Gakuin

University, Nishinomiya, Japan

In rigorous psychophysical and psychophysiologi-
cal experiments on visual functions, a subject has to
stop eyes at a stimulus on a display for long time.
The eye fixation related potential (EFRP) that is
obtained with averaging EEGs at offset of saccades.
EFRP is a measurable Event Related Brain
Potential in eye movement situations. We compared
data of EFPR with those in psychophysical studies.
EFRP varies with characteristics of visual stimuli
and attention like psychophysical study. EFRP
enables to assess visual functions temporally and in
real-time. We show studies of EFRP in labora-
tories, virtual reality or simulating situations, and
practical fields.

Estimating the mass of real objects in collision by
means of videos

Guski, Rainer Inst. für Psychologie, Ruhr-Universität

Bochum, Bochum, Germany

Two experiments used videos of two metal cylinders
on tracks, colliding in the middle of the screen. In
the first experiment, the collision was filmed and
presented audio-visually from two different viewing
positions. Subjects estimated the mass of each
cylinder. Results: the percentage of correct mass
relations differed between positions, and the
average estimation of each mass depended on the
physical mass of the other object. – In the second
experiment, videos from the vertical position were
used in three conditions: audio-visual (AV), visual
(V), and auditory (A). The visual condition showed
the poorest results. Considerable inter-individual
variance was observed in the A condition.

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Mitigation psychophysics and soundscape
quality

Berglund, Birgitta Dept. of Psychology, Stockholm

University, Stockholm, Sweden Nilsson, Mats E. Dept.

of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm,

Sweden

New psychophysical knowledge on soundscapes
was obtained by developing the laboratory experi-
ment and the listening walk. Sound level mitigation
of noise by propagation and barriers overpredicts
the perceptual effects on the soundscape because of
counteracting relative low-frequency increase.
Soundscape quality is best measured by four
bipolar quantities (pleasant-unpleasant, exciting-
boring, eventful-uneventful, chaotic-tranquil) and
improved by combining nature and human-activity
sounds. Ecological settings affect our interpretation
of soundscape quality, thus, higher sound levels are
accepted outdoors than indoors (,50 vs. 30-40
dBA). Below these soundscape levels it would still
be possible to introduce positive sounds from
nature in urban soundscape design.

Environmental design and psychology: Human
response to thermal, visual and acoustic
environment
Matsubara, Naoki Faculty of Human Environmen.,

Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan

Psychological study is useful in the design of
interior and architectural space. It seems that
designers in the wide sense are doing their work
using the psychological effect of the physical
environmental stimuli based on their personal
experience. We have been conducted several multi-
modal experiments, which was suggested from these
traditional wisdom We have shown that the
discomfort caused by the hot environment might
be lesson by some of the visual and auditory
stimuli, e.g. visual stimuli such as cool color, river
and environmental sounds. Facilitatory effects of
the environmental sound on hue-heat phenomena
was also shown.

IUPsyS-006: Presenting the public
face of psychology

Merry Bullock, Jose Maria Prieto (chair)

An important function of scientific professional
societies is to inform the public about the goals,
content and applications of research and applica-
tions. This symposium explores how psychological
societies educate the public through media use and
outreach. Presenters from four psychological asso-
ciations describe a range of initiatives to educate
and engage the public.

National Psychology Week and other media
opportunities
Gordon, Amanda Society, Australian Psychological,

Melbourne, VIC, Australia

A deliberate goal of the Australian Psychological
Society is presenting the public face of psychology
in a positive light. We prepare media releases when
psychological evidence can contribute to the public
debate, and use the media and website to promote
our messages. The presentation will discuss the
development of the annual National Psychology
Week, with over 400 national events in 2007.
Members are assisted by media consultants in
presenting their research to the public and APS
releases results of research on an issue of national
concern. The flow-on effect throughout the year of
this initiative will be discussed.

Creating online and multimedia culture in a
national or international association of
psychology: Proactive minds
Prieto, Jose Maria Faculty of Psychology,

Complutense University, Madrid, Spain

This presentation traces the history of communica-
tion by Scientific Societies from early communica-

tions to a 21st Century model based on the Internet

and Cyberculture. It outlines new media standards,

including Blogs and Youtube and the challenges of

introducing an interactive and multimedia culture

in psychological association and divisions. New

expertise is needed to develop corporate discourse

and multimedia and interactive communication

formats among members of an organization.

Although Psychology graduates are Internet users,

few keep a proactive mind in devising new

psychological developments based on web and

digital standards or innovations. Suggestions for

new approaches and outcomes are offered.

Presenting the public face of psychology:
Strategies and opportunities

Farberman, Rhea Public Communications, American

Psychological Ass., Washington, USA

One primary mission of the American Psychologi-

cal Association is educating the public about the

value of psychological research and interventions.

This presentation will focus on APA’s primary tools

for communicating with the general public includ-

ing news media relations and the APA website -

APR.org. APA’s news media relations effort is an

extensive program including publicity for research,

response to breaking news, preparing APA mem-

bers for news interviews and a media referral

service. The presentation will discuss what reporters

are interested in vis-à-vis psychology, how psychol-

ogists can be most helpful to them in their reporting

process, and use of the internet.

On-line readings in testing and assessment

Born, Marise Inst. of Psychology, Erasmus University

Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands Foxcroft, Cheryl

D. Summerstrand Campus, Nelson Mandela Metrop.

Uni., Port Elizabeth, South Africa

The International Test Commission supports the

scientifically and ethically sound development and

use of psychodiagnostic tools across the world for

the public good. This presentation will discuss

ORTA, a project to foster the teaching and practice

of testing and assessment, especially in developing

countries, through on-line readings on broad topics

from psychometric principles and cross-cultural

testing to specific domains. Issues include encoura-

ging the international community of scholars to

contribute, and providing readable texts for people

whose 1st language is not English. The current state

of the project, findings from a readability study,

and general challenges will be presented.

IUPsyS-008: Behavioral medicine:
Promoting viable collaboration
among professionals from diverse
disciplines

Juan Jose Sanchez Sosa (chair)

Epidemiology points toward an increase in chronic

diseases worldwide and a permanence of infectious

diseases in developing regions, in addition to a

complex HIV/AIDS map. Although human beha-

vior is seen as key ingredient of the health-disease

continuum, once individuals enter healthcare sys-

tems, their recovery depends mainly on effective

coordination among professionals, acting on the

basis of scientific findings. Recent experiences

worldwide point in this direction but professional

interaction between psychologists, physicians and

other professionals does not always achieve the

articulated interface required by the patients’ care.

The symposium analyzes experiences by top experts

and presents options for improvement.

The psychologist as health care team
development expert: Experiences in the United
States, Europe and Asia

Garcia-Shelton, Lindamaria Dept. of Family Medicine,

Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA

Providing health care is complex because of the

many needs people present and the social/economic

constraints presented by the national health care

system of the country. Some medical practices

around the world have expanded beyond physicians

and nurses to include psychologists, nutritionists,

clinical pharmacists, and other health professionals.

Introducing people from a variety of health

professions to a practice does not automatically

lead to good team functioning. This presentation

will focus on the ways one psychologist went about

responding to explicit requests to assist several

primary care practices and systems in three different

countries improve the care they provide.

Improving the clinical care delivered by
physicians: The opportunities of
multiprofessional teamwork in patients with
chronic diseases

Wollersheim, Hub Medical Center, Radboud

University, Netherlands

Care delivery has shifted from the individual

doctor-patient relationship into multiprofessional

team work. Various types of physicians, nurses and

allied health care workers, who often work in

different departments or organisations participate,

leading to more in-depth subspecializations. Aging

of the population and higher cure rates of diseases

formerly showing high death rates (like AIDS and

cancer) lead to higher numbers of chronic patients.

These developments require new ways of health

care delivery, and multidisciplinary care coordina-

tion. We will discuss the pinciples and effects of new

healthcare programmes and instruments and meth-

ods needed to measure various aspects of these

programmes.

The contest over professional jurisdiction:
Physicians and psychologists in an ambiguous
institutional setting

Mizrachi, Nissim Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

Psychologists often collaborate with physicians in

many institutional settings such as hospital wards,

nursing homes, mental institutions and other

frameworks. Drawing on fieldwork in a hospital

for children with severe disabilities that functions as

a boarding school. We examine the relationships

between psychologists, physicians and other staff

over professional jurisdiction. Special attention is

drawn to the contest over space and visibility,

exclusivity of knowledge and daily decision making.

The analysis touches upon broader theoretical

issues and some practical implications regarding

the ongoing collaboration of physicians and psy-

chologists in institutional environments.

Professional collaboration between
psychologists and other health professionals in
healthcare settings in Latin America

Sanchez Sosa, Juan Jose Dept. of Psychology, UNAM

Nat. Auton. University, Mexico City, Mexico

Although Clinical Psychology in Mexico is a well

defined and established field, training of clinical

psychologists to work in the specific area of

children and adolescents still receives input from a

variety of professionals. As in other Latin American

countries, this especialized clinical work is benefit-

ting from the promotion of research-based practice.

Educating all the way from politicians to the public

in general on these and other issues is therefore a

current priority of Mexican psychologists.

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IS-023: Psychology in Middle East:
Present and future challenges

Adnan Farah (chair)

This symposium will discuss the current problems

and future challenges confronting psychology in the

Middle East such as the training, qualifications, and

practice of psychologists, as well as the challenges in

advocacy, organizing, and policy-making. The

symposium will focus on the implications of social

justice and political violence for psychologists, and

the need for indigenous psychology, which can

enrich the development of a true global under-

standing. Finally, the symposium will examine the

contexts that have affected the development of

modern psychology in the Arab world and its

relation to international traditions. The symposium

includes distinguished participants from different

counties such as Jordan, Lebanon, Sudan, Turkey

and Yemen.

Training and qualifications of psychologists at
Arab Regional Countries

Kassim Khan, Hassan Dept. of Psychology, University

of Aden, Aden, Yemen

Training qualification of Psychologists in MENA

Arab Countries is a corner stone in the development

of the discipline as a science and profession and also

to meet needs and challenges facing these countries.

In recent year an overwhelming growing concern is

witnessed in almost all Arab counties to review and

assess Psychology University Curriculums for

updating the discipline and meeting societal needs.

The objectives of the presentation is to assess the

present situation of Training of Psychologists in

these countries pointing out achievements and also

barriers and problems, recommending proposals to

overcome it.

Social Justice: Implications for counseling
psychologists

Ayyash-Abdo, Huda Social Sciences Department,

Lebanese American University, Chouran Beirut,

Lebanon

Social Justice: Implications for counseling psychol-

ogists Over the past few years, parts of the Middle

East have witnessed phenomenal growth as well as

violence. These changes have altered the socio-

political map. Many social justice issues that impact

the day-to-day life of people have been considered

as less important given the threat political violence.

What are the implications of social justice and

political violence on counseling psychologists? This

presentation offers a personal account of the

situation with implications to counseling psychol-

ogy education programs.

Present and future challenges for psychology in
Turkey

Degirmencioglu, Serdar M. Istanbul, Turkey

In the last 20 years, universities in Turkey have

undergone major transformations. New regulations

led to pressures and incentives to publish more and

obtain external funding. The 1999 earthquakes

shook the ivory tower approach many psycholo-

gists were accustomed to. The country, too, was

shaken by a military government, oppression and

ongoing human rights abuses, as well as economic

crises and increasing poverty. Psychologists are now

faced with a free-market system, a volatile socio-

political climate, increasing violence and a young

population. The challenges in training, practice,

advocacy and organizing, and policy-making are

enormous. The paper concludes with a set of

recommendations.

Indigenization of psychology in the Arab world

Khaleefa, Omar Dept. of Psychology, University of

Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan

The study investigated indigenization of psychology

in the Arab world. Content analysis method was

used for analyzing 50 refereed studies both empiri-

cal (n=35), and theoretical (n=15), published in 18

journals, local (n=15) and international (n=3). The

study showed that Arab research is characterized by

a single paradigm, which is descriptive in contrast

to worldwide research and the process of indigeniz-

ing is slow. However, research published by Arab

psychologists in international journals was more

sensitive than research published in regional ones.

The study suggested the need for indigenous

psychology which can enrich the development of a

true global understanding.

Historical, sociological and empirically grounded
perspectives on the development of intellectual
movements in psychology in the Arab world

Zebian, Samar Dept. of Psychology, Lebanese

American University, Beirut, Lebanon

Danziger (2006) advocates a polycentric history of

Psychology which examines the relations between

sites that produce and consume psychological

knowledge and the socio-political contexts that

shape knowledge production and transfer. I attempt

to contribute to a polycentric approach by examin-

ing the contexts and conditions that have affected

the development of modern psychology in the Arab

world and its relation to various local traditions

and to Western psychology. Using content analyses

of published work and interviews with prominent

professionals, as well as sociological perspectives,

this paper offers a perspective on the history and

future direction of psychology in the Arab world?

IS-025: Improving learning and
memory through differential
outcomes procedures

Luis Jose Fuentes (chair)

Trapold and Overmier (1969; vide 1972) theorized

conditional discrimination learning could be im-

proved when unique reward outcomes for each

choice condition are arranged. Each separately later

confirmed this empirically in rats and dogs,

respectively; it is termed the "differential outcomes

effect" (DOE). Researchers have since extended

these findings in both animals and humans with and

without learning or memory deficits. Evidence

suggests that DOE is a powerful tool to improve

learning and memory that can be dissociated from

traditional non-differential outcomes procedures in

terms of behaviour, neurochemistry, and anatomy.

This symposium will present recent findings asses-

sing that contention

The neuroanatomical substrates of the
differential outcomes effect

Savage, Lisa Dept. of Psychology, State University of

New York, Binghamton, USA

The Differential Outcomes Procedure (DOP) has

been shown to reduce or eliminate the learning and

memory impairments associated with amnesia and

dementia. This powerful effect has led to the

question of how such a simple manipulation exerts

such dramatic influence on learning and memory.

Our data with animals demonstrate that not only

are different cognitive strategies, but different brain

regions are used when subjects are trained with the

DOP relative to the Nondifferential Outcomes

procedure (NOP). These data support the theory

that different brain structures are evoked as a

function of the type of associative structure used by

the organism.

Dissociable neural systems underlie conditional
discriminations with and without differential
outcomes

Easton, Alexander Dept. of Psychology, University of

Durham, Durham, United Kingdom

Differential reward outcome (DRO) is applied to a
conditional discrimination learning task in monkeys
and humans. DRO does not increase the rate of
learning, but the mechanisms of learning are
different, with DRO allowing the transfer of
information about newly learnt stimuli to older
information. In addition, the DRO task is not
reliant on interactions of the frontal cortex and
inferior temporal cortex, whilst conditional discri-
mination not using DRO is reliant on these
interactions. We discuss the possibility that DRO
allows for efficient categorisation of stimuli.

Differential outcomes and retention interval
influence spontaneous retrieval in children

Romero, Mucio Dept. de Psicologı́a, UAEH, Hidalgo,

Mexico Garcı́a, Rubén Dept. de Psicologı́a, UAEH,

Hidalgo, Mexico Martı́nez, Juan Patricio Dept. de

Psicologı́a, UAEH, Hidalgo, Mexico Chávez, Berenice

Dept. de Psicologı́a, UAEH, Hidalgo, Mexico

The aim of the experiments reported here was to
explore the effect of the retention interval and the
presence of differential outcomes procedure (DOP)
on retrieval of the information using a successive
reversal discrimination paradigm in a matching-to-
sample task across an acquisition phase, a reversal
phase, and, a final test of reversal with children.
Results demonstrated an interaction of retention
interval and DOP. These results suggest that the
presence of the DOP generates conditioned expec-
tancies about the stimulus reinforcer that can be a
contextual-like cue that interacts with retention
interval to modulate delayed retrieval of informa-
tion.

Training with differential outcomes is effective in
children with developmental dyslexia

Vivas, Ana Dept. of Psychology, City College,

Thessaloniki, Greece

Discriminative learning of symbolic relations can be
enhanced when specific outcomes follow responses
to each relation to be learned. Furthermore, this
procedure has been demonstrated to be effective in
special populations with cognitive deficits. In the
present study we investigated if the use of the
differential outcomes procedure would improve
performance of a group of children and adolescence
with developmental dyslexia in a symbolic condi-
tional discrimination task. The results suggest that
the differential outcome procedure may be effective
in improving discriminative learning in develop-
mental dyslexia, and as an intervention of dyslexia-
related deficits such as phoneme or word discrimi-
nation.

Enhancing short-term memory in adults through
differential outcomes

Estévez, Angeles F. Neurociencia y CC SS,

Universidad de Almerı́a, Almerı́a, Spain Plaza,

Victoria Neurociencia y CC SS, Universidad de

Almerı́a, Almerı́a, Spain Martı́nez, Lourdes

Neurociencia y CC SS, Universidad de Almerı́a,

Almerı́a, Spain Fuentes, Luis Psicologı́a Básica y

Metodologı́, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain

It has been widely demonstrated that the differ-
ential outcomes procedure (DOP) facilitates both
learning of conditional relationships and memory
for the conditional stimuli in delayed matching-to-
sample tasks in animal subjects. Regarding condi-
tional discriminations in humans, the DOP also
produces an increase in speed of acquisition and/or
final accuracy. In the present study, we aimed to
test whether this procedure improves the execution
of a short-term memory task in healthy adults.
Participants showed a significantly better delayed
face recognition when DO were arranged. This

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finding suggests that the DOP can be a technique to
facilitate short-term memory performance in hu-
mans.

Human fMRI evidence for the neural correlates of
the differential outcomes effect

Mok, Leh-Woon National Institute Education,

Nanyang Tech. University, Singapur, Singapore

In conditional discrimination choice tasks, one
learns to make a choice conditionally based on
the presenting discriminative/cue stimulus. Prior
research has shown that when each type of correct
choice is followed by a cue-unique trial outcome
(differential outcomes procedure), learning is faster
and more accurate than when a single, common
outcome is delivered for all types of correct choice.
This learning effect has been termed the differential
outcomes effect (DOE). Results are discussed here
for brain regions that are active in mediating the
DOE, while healthy young adults performed
delayed conditional discrimination under event-
related functional magnetic resonance imaging
(fMRI).

IS-041: Object perception: New
views

Marlene Behrmann, Mary A. Peterson (chair)

The theme of this symposium concerns the pro-
cesses whereby visual input becomes organized and
coherent. The visual world consciously perceived is
very different from the raw retinal mosaic of
intensities and colors. Hence, some internal pro-
cesses of organization must be responsible for
producing a coherent percept. Exactly what these
processes are remains poorly understood despite the
roughly 100 years since the Gestalt psychologists
first articulated the principles of perceptual organi-
zation. Here, we highlight new and converging
research emanating from behavioral, developmen-
tal, neurophysiological and neuropsychological
approaches in an effort to enhance our under-
standing of the processes mediating perceptual
organization.

Perceptual organization: Acquisition and
breakdown

Behrmann, Marlene Dept. of Psychology, Carnegie

Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA

Efficient face recognition is thought to depend on
the ability to derive global structure from visual
input. Here, we explore the relationship between
perceptual organization and face recognition in
three different populations: (a) in typical individuals
across the course of development; (b) in individuals
who fail to apprehend a multi-element stimulus as a
whole following acquired brain damage (integrative
visual agnosia); and (c) in individuals with autism in
whom perceptual organization and face processing
is atypical. In all cases, there was a clear and robust
association between the failure to derive a global
whole and the ability to process faces.

Reconceptualizing figure-ground perception

Peterson, Mary A. Dept. of Psychology, University of

Arizona, Tucson, USA

The processes producing shape perception are not
yet understood. A fundamental assumption has
been that figure-ground segregation is early stage in
the process, but this assumption is mistaken. I will
review behavioral and neurophysiological evidence
indicating that figure-ground perception results
from competition between two candidate shapes
that might be seen and that suppression is an
integral part of this process. This evidence suggests
that figure-ground perception lies on a continuum
of processes explained by the biased competition
model of attention.

Processing local signals into global patterns

Sasaki, Yuka Athinoula A Martinos Center, Harvard

Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA

Perceptual organization or grouping is one of the
central issues in vision research. Recent reports in
the neuroimaging literature suggest that perceptual
organization is mediated by distributed visual areas
that range from the primary visual cortex to higher
visual areas, depending on the availability of
grouping cues. Further studies that include deliber-
ate controls for confounding factors such as
attentional artifacts and radial orientation bias,
are needed to clarify how spatiotemporal informa-
tion in visual areas is integrated to give rise to
perceptual organization.

What goes with what? Development of
perceptual organization in infancy

Quinn, Paul C. Dept. of Psychology, University of

Delaware, Newark, DE, USA

A program of research will be reviewed that has
been investigating the origins and development of
perceptual organization during infancy. The data
suggest that infant perception of visual pattern
information is guided by adherence to organiza-
tional principles (including continuity, common
region, proximity, similarity, and connectedness)
that become functional over different time courses
of development, are governed by different develop-
mental determinants, and that not all principles are
readily deployed in the manner proposed by Gestalt
psychologists. In addition, there is evidence that the
principles are soft-wired and subject to interference,
and that they yield perceptual units of an abstract
nature.

Perceptual organization and visual attention

Kimchi, Rutie Dept. of Psychology, University of

Haifa, Haifa, USA

Can perceptual organization affect the automatic
deployment of attention? Participants were pre-
sented with an element display. On some trials a
subset of the elements grouped into an object. The
object was task irrelevant and unpredictive of the
target. No abrupt onset or any other unique
transient was associated with the object. Target
identification or discrimination was better when the
target appeared in the object than in a different
location than the object. Similar results emerged
even when the target appeared after the display
offset. These findings demonstrate that a perceptual
object can capture attention by its mere objecthood.

Extremal edges and gradient cuts: New cues to
depth and figure-ground perception

Palmer, Stephen E. Dept. of Psychology, University of

California, Berkeley, USA Ghose, Tandra Dept. of

Cognitive Science, University of California, Merced,

CA, USA

Extremal edges (EEs) and gradient cuts (GCs) are
powerful cues to depth and figure-ground organiza-
tion that arise from shading and texture gradients,
where convex surfaces partly occlude themselves
(EEs) or are partly occluded by other surfaces
(GCs). Ecological constraints imply that EEs
should be seen as closer/figural, and we show that
they are: EEs readily dominate all figure-ground
cues we have studied. GCs are generally seen as
farther/ground to a degree that depends on the
relation between the shared edge and the gradient’s
equiluminance contours. Together EEs and GCs
strongly determine the perception of relative depth
and figure-ground assignment.

IS-042: Terrorism and peace

Noraini N. Noor (chair)

This symposium presents an overview of current
psychological research in terrorism, considers the
relationship between Islam and terrorism, and how
basic memory process interact with certain media

reports. The second part of the symposium
considers the contribution of psychology to diplo-
macy, peace and the mitigation of terrorism, by
examining the case of Northern Ireland, and of
humanitarian relief work in conflict areas.

An overview of the psychological literature on
peace and terrorism
Blumberg, Herbert Dept. of Psychology, Goldsmiths

University, London, United Kingdom

Psychological research on terrorism shows an
upward trend starting prior to September 2001
and now reaching approximately 500 publications
per year. Classification schemes and some main
findings are summarized in the present paper.,-

BR>Approximately 16% of the publications are
general works and overviews, 51% deal with
terrorism and terrorists themselves, 16% concern
victims of terrorism. The remaining 10% are
interdisciplinary or elucidate special topics. There
is an ongoing need to integrate findings and to build
a comprehensive, contextualized picture of the
(diverse) aetiology of terrorism, of how it can be
constructively minimized, and of how best to serve
its actual and potential victims.

Islam and terrorism
Noor, Noraini N. Dept. of Psychology, Intern. Islamic

University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

The words ‘‘Islam’’ and ‘‘terrorists’’ are being used
synonymously in contemporary public discourse.
Why are Muslims perceived as terrorists, a menace
to civilization and universal values of democracy?
To respond, a) we introduce Islam and its principles
regarding relations between Muslims and non-
Muslims, b) we consider the historical and political
contexts of the Muslim/non-Muslim relation to see
why and how the connection between Islam/
Muslims and terrorism is made, c) we provide
social psychological explanations to understand this
interpretation of Muslims as terrorists, and d) we
offer some guidelines for peaceful co-existence
between Muslims and non-Muslims.

Misinformation and the ’war on terror’: When
memory turns fiction into fact
Lewandowsky, Stephan School of Psychology,

Univer. of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia

Stritzke, Werner Oberauer, Klaus Psychology,

University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Morales, Michael Psychology, SUNY Plattsburgh,

Plattsburgh, NY, USA

We describe how basic human memory processes
can interact with certain types of media reports to
(a) create false memories for events related to the
’War on Terror’ in a substantial proportion of
people, and (b) create resistance to changing of
beliefs that were initially formed on the basis of
misinformation, even if that information was
subsequently corrected or retracted. We review
research that identifies suspicion and skepticism as
crucial psychological variables that can enable
people to respond to corrections or retractions.
We present and validate a new scale to measure
skepticism and show that it predicts people’s beliefs
about the reasons for the invasion of Iraq in 2003.

Contributions of psychologists to diplomacy,
peace and the mitigation of terrorism
Christie, Daniel Dept. of Psychology, Ohio State

University, Marion, USA

The worldwide contributions of psychologists to
domestic policies that promote human well being
and international policies that support war pre-
paration and operations have been amply docu-
mented. The current presentation identifies and
documents ways in which psychologists around the
world have promoted peace and diplomacy, in
some cases by directly influencing the thinking and
actions of political elites. Roles for psychologists in
civil society movements around the world that seek

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to address the roots of terrorism and promote

peacebuilding will also be identified.

From war leaders to peace leaders: The Northern
Ireland experience

Cairns, Ed Dept. of Psychology, University of Ulster,

Coleraine, United Kingdom

This paper will review the roles, both positive and

negative, that paramilitary leaders have played in

the peace process in Northern Ireland. Using a

Social Identity based approach evidence will be

examined that reveals how former terrorists have

through their leadership roles either helped to

promote or discourage intergroup contact in North-

ern Ireland. Finally, implications for contact theory

as a way of promoting peace in divided societies

recovering form political violence will be discussed.

Peace psychology and humanitarian relief work
in conflict areas: Challenges and potential

Abdul Majid, Hariyati Dept. of Psychology, Intern.

Islamic University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

This paper discusses the role and contributions of,

as well as the challenges faced by peace psychology,

as a discipline, in humanitarian relief efforts in

disaster afflicted and conflict areas. Although still in

its infancy, peace psychology is making gradual but

significant impact in the delivery and sustainability

of humanitarian relief efforts to afflicted survivors

of disasters and conflicts. Based on advancements

in research on mental health, socio-cultural and

geo-political nature of conflicts, the needs of

humanitarian relief agencies, and the author’s

personal experiences in relief work, several strate-

gies and recommendations are provided to make

peace psychology further relevant to the field of

humanitarian relief efforts.

IS-043: Clinical reasoning

Antonio Godoy (chair)

The aim of this symposium is to present recent

advances in the research of clinical reasoning. Dr.

Ahn will present the cognitive implications of

changing the current system of classification of

personality disorders from discrete categories to

dimensional traits. Drs. Lopez and Cobos will

discuss the role of causal knowledge in diagnostic

reasoning. Dr. Garb will propose changing clinical-

decision-making from causal reasoning to probabil-

istic reasoning. Dr. Witteman will review research

about the role of training and experience in clinical

reasoning. Dr Haynes will discuss the presentations

by the previous authors from the perspective of the

training of clinicians.

Cognitive processes involved in diagnostic
inferences

Lopez, Francisco Psicologia Basica, University of

Malaga, Malaga, Spain Cobos Cano, Pedro Luis Dept.

of Psychology, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain

Flores, Amanda Dept. of Psychology, University of

Malaga, Malaga, Spain

Diagnostic inference is central to causal induction

processes. Understanding how diagnostic inferences

are made would be benefited if greater attention

was paid to the specific cognitive processes that

produce them. In this sense, our research has shown

that different types of cognitive processes may

mediate inference making: (a) intuitive processes

based on the computation of statistical covaria-

tions; (b) complex processes relying on the use of

causal knowledge concerning the nature of causal

relationships. In our view, different kinds of causal

knowledge may be involved in diagnostic infer-

ences, and delimiting their specific influences would

greatly benefit the field.

Cognitive implications of eliminating categories
in personality disorders

Ahn, Woo-Kyong Dept. of Psychology, Yale

University, New Haven, USA

One prominent proposal for the DSM-V is to
eliminate categories of personality disorders and to
use traits, based on the Five-Factor Model. Existing
cognitive theories of concepts and expertise predict
that eliminating categories and imposing trait-based
reasoning on clinicians would disrupt communic-
ability of, memory for, and inferences about
patients. However, dimensional systems might have
great clinical utility if clinicians feel that the current
taxonomy is incomplete or invalid. In this talk, I
will present results from a recent study testing
clinical utilities of Five-Factor models, and discuss
the implications in terms of cognitive theories of
concepts.

Causal versus probabilistic reasoning in clinical
judgment
Garb, Howard USA Air Force, San Antonio, TX, USA

Research from clinical psychology and social
psychology indicates that case formulation is the
most difficult task facing mental health profes-
sionals. Simply put, it is more difficult to explain
than to describe. Not only is it difficult to make
valid causal judgments, but when clinicians make
diagnoses and predictions, they often rely on causal
formulations. Yet, if their causal formulations are
invalid, this can undermine the validity of their
diagnoses and predictions. Data will be presented
on efforts to modernize decision making processes
in the United States Air Force.

Diagnostic decision making
Witteman, Cilia Radboud University, Nijmegen,

Netherlands

My research focuses on the diagnostic decision
maker. The diagnostician’s experience seems to be
an important determinant of decision outcomes. I
will discuss differences in client representations and
in reasoning with these representations, from more
rational to more intuitive, over the diagnostician’s
practice years. And I will discuss the ’intermediate
effect’, i.e. a temporal dip in performance by
diagnosticians who are more advanced than novices
but who are not yet fully experienced. I will address
the question which representation and which style
of clinical reasoning underlies this intermediate
effect, and the development of competence in
clinical diagnostic reasoning in general.

IS-044: Coherent mental activity in
perception and semantic cognition

James L. McClelland (chair)

The symposium will consider how different parts of
the brain work together when we think and
perceive. The viewpoint underlying the symposium
is the notion that brain areas do not function as
discrete modules that work independently. Instead,
thinking and perception involve dynamic functional
systems distributed across multiple brain regions.
The activities of participating neurons are mutually
interdependent, allowing a synergistic combination
of different types of influence to affect processing in
each participating area. The symposium will begin
with a historical and theoretical overview by the
organizer and conclude with a brief panel discus-
sion among the participants.

Neural synchrony and selective attention
Desimone, Robert McGovern Institute, MIT, Boston,

USA

Top-down attentional selection appears to involve
an increase in high-frequency (gamma) synchroni-
zation of neurons carrying critical information
about the location or features of the behaviorally
relevant stimulus. Increases in gamma synchrony
are found during both spatial attention and featural

attention engaged during visual search, and the
presence of synchrony predicts faster responses in
visual tasks. Recent evidence suggests that the
frontal eye fields in prefrontal cortex may be an
important source of synchronizing activity in visual
cortex, during tasks of spatially directed attention.

Cortical integration of information in perception
and attention

Haynes, John-Dylan Bernstein Zentrum,

Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

The degree to which cortical integration of infor-
mation is required for conscious perception and
attention is still a matter of debate. Here we provide
evidence for the important role of cortical con-
nectivity during tasks involving spatial attention
and visual perception. Selective spatial attention led
to increased connectivity within the representations
of individual stimuli in the visual system, both
within and between brain areas. In visual masking,
the connectivity between remote regions in early
and high-level visual cortex was significantly
increased when stimuli were more visible. This
suggests that both attention and awareness require
intact large-scale connectivity within the visual
system.

The proactive brain: Top-down predictions in
cognition

Bar, Moshe Martinos Center - Radiology, Harvard

Medical School, Charlestown, USA

Object recognition is traditionally viewed as a
hierarchical, bottom-up neural process. This view
has been challenged recently by theoretical models
and by findings indicating that top-down processes
are involved in facilitating recognition. We propose
that such top-down facilitation is triggered by
coarse information projected early and rapidly to
the prefrontal cortex. I will describe behavioral,
neuroimaging and computational studies aimed at
testing this proposal. Our findings provide strong
support by showing that fast magnocellular projec-
tions linking early visual and inferotemporal object
recognition regions with the prefrontal (orbitofron-
tal) cortex facilitate object recognition by enabling
the generation of early predictions.

Bringing it all together: The critical role of
anterior temporal lobes in semantic memory

Lambon Ralph, Matthew Neuroscience and Aphasia

Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, United

Kingdom

Semantic cognition requires a number of interac-
tive, neurocognitive elements including amodal
semantic representations. These representations
license appropriate generalisations and inferences
made on the basis of semantic rather than super-
ficial similarities. Classical neurological models and
many contemporary neuroscience theories suggest
that conceptualisation represents the conjoint ac-
tion of multiple, modality-specific brain regions.
Data from multiple convergent methods (neurop-
sychological studies, fMRI, rTMS, MR tractogra-
phy, computational modelling) indicates that in
addition to these regions, the bilateral anterior
temporal lobes provide a critical structure which
not only binds together information into amodal
concepts but provides the foundation for appro-
priate semantic generalisations and inferences.

IS-045: Transformation of intimacy
in the context of citizenship,
culture and participation

Gabriel Bianchi (chair)

Symposium presents results of empirical studies
diging into particular aspects of intimacy and its
transformation. Exploration of needs and conflicts
in the public space related to alternative sexualities,
national/ethnic minorities, people with chronic

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disease and/or physical handicap. Identity issues of
clients in the sex business, concerning mainly
transformation of their social network, intimate
partnerships, subjective meanings of sexuality, sex
and intimacy. Transformation of discourses and
practices in the field of sexual education, their
relatedness to power and political influences during
the period of a ‘‘redemocratization’’ of the post-
totalitarian country. Ethnic identity of immigrants
and its implications to their civic participation.

Identity transformation of clients in sex business
Popper, Miroslav Social and Biol. Communication,

Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak

Republic

Objectives: A posteriori aim of the study of sex
business (conducted by national teams in Hungary,
Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia) was to find out how
intimacy is perceived by the clients of prostitutes.
Methods: Thematic analysis of the semi-structured
interviews (approximately 20 in each country) was
used. Results: Clients’ transformation of the
relationships with their closest social network and
of the meanings of sexuality was revealed. Conclu-
sion: The same clients view intimacy in different
perspectives, based on their assessment of various
types of (steady and paid) sexual partners as well as
on how clients are assessed by their social network.

Transformation of discourses and practices in
sexual education
Luksik, Ivan Faculty of Education, Comenius

University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic Markova,

Dagmar Faculty of Social Science, Constantine the

Philosopher U, Nitra, Slovak Republic

The study solves the question: when an ideological
discourse of sexual education becomes more power-
ful in society than expert arguments, existing law
and curriculum framework. A discursive analysis
concentrates on a public discourses, discourses from
the round tables of experts and evaluation of
teachers experience from sexual education.

Ethnic identity and civic participation of migrants
in Slovakia
Szeghyova, Petra Social and Biol. Communication,

Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak

Republic

The qualitative study aims to explore the relation
between ethnic identity and its implications to civic
participation of immigrants in Slovakia. The
emphasis is put on the influence of social phenom-
enons, such as discrimination, to the ethnic identity
and its transformation after migrats relocation to
the destination country. As a method, the thematic
content analysis of semi structured interviews and
focus group discussions with immigrants was used
(N= 20). Migrants perception of the domestic
population and relevant institutions attitudes to-
wards immigrants plays a crucial role in the
transformation of ethnic identity, determining the
overall migrants integration into society and civic
participation.

Conflicts of intimate needs in the public space
Bianchi, Gabriel Social and Biol. Communication,

Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak

Republic

Objectives: The study is aimed at identification of
intimate needs, particularly needs of people belong-
ing to specific groups (chronically ill/handicapped,
foreigners/migrants, gays/lesbians), and conflicts
(explicit and implicit) occuring during the process
of their satisfaction in the public space. Methods:
In-depth semi structured individual interviews (20)
analyzed with thematic and discursive analysis.
Results: Results will be analysed on the background
of the major discourses on intimacy and its
transformation in the society. Conclusion: The
expected conclusions will focus on possibilities for
conflict prevention in the public arena.

IS-046: Inhibitory tags that guide
orienting

Raymond Klein (chair)

Using uninformative peripheral cues and the model
task pioneered by Posner for exploring covert
orienting, Posner & Cohen (1984) discovered that
the well-known, immediate benefits at a cued
location (attributed to attentional capture by the
cue) were followed by costs. These costs came to be
labeled and understood as "inhibition of return"
(IOR): an inhibition of orienting toward previously
inspected objects and locations that could therefore
serve as a foraging facilitator. Using behavioral and
neuroscientific data from free choice, visual search,
and cuing tasks, symposium presenters will inform
the audience about the behavioral presentation and
neural underpinnings of IOR.

Inhibitory tags that guide orienting

Klein, Raymond Dept. of Psychology, Dalhousie

University, Halifax, Canada

Orienting refers to the overt or covert selection of
an input pathway. When orienting is produced by
an attention-grabbing uninformative peripheral
event, the initial facilitation of performance pro-
duced by capture of attention is followed by an
inhibitory aftereffect (IOR) that discourages sub-
sequent orienting to the original location or object.
Using such a cuing paradign, much has been
learned about the nature of IOR, notably that it
has those properties necessary for it to function as a
foraging facilitator. The discovery of inhibition of
re-orienting during and after episodes of search
confirms the proposal that inhibitory tags guide
orienting.

Neurophysiological correlates of covert and overt
orienting

Munoz, Doug Centre Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s

University, Kingston, Canada

Salient events in the visual world have consequences
on future actions. An abrupt visual onset can
capture attention overtly via an express saccade or
covertly without an eye movement. Many of the
behavioural consequences of reflexive overt and
covert orienting arise from direct mapping of visual
signals onto motor systems that need not implicate
higher brain structures or strategies. We use an
oculomotor cueing task to investigate bottom-up
and top-down components of overt and covert
orienting and we monitor neuronal activity in the
superior colliculus (SC), where top-down inputs can
interact directly with bottom-up signals to alter
behaviour.

IOR and orienting of attention: Is attentional
disengagement necessary?

Lupiáñez, Juan Dept. de Psicologı́a Experim.,

Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain Chica, Ana

B. Dept. de Psicologı́a Experim., Universidad de

Granada, Granada, Spain Funes, Marı́a Jesús Dept. de

Psicologı́a Experim., Universidad de Granada,

Granada, Spain

Appearance of new objects captures attention so
that stimuli are better and/or faster processed at its
location. However, facilitation is later followed by a
negative effect called Inhibition of Return, widely
assumed the result of the inhibitory tag created at
the cued location/object once attention is disen-
gaged from it. We present behavioural and electro-
physiological data showing that IOR, as measured
by reduced P1, reduced accuracy, and increased
RT, can be observed independently of whether or
not attention is disengaged from the cued location.
The mechanism underlying IOR might alternatively
be related to the detection cost associated to
previously cued locations/objects.

The effects of visual signals on spatial decision
making

Danziger, Shai School of Management, Ben Gurion

University, Beer Sheva, Israel

We examined the effect of irrelevant visual tran-
sients on deciding where to look for a hidden
object. In 4 experiments participants also performed
a conventional ‘inhibition of return’ localisation
task. There was a bias to select the cued location in
the spatial decision task. IOR was observed only
when the localisation task preceded the spatial
decision task in experiments in which the two
tasked were blocked and was not observed in
experiments in which they were randomly inter-
leaved. These findings demonstrate that spatial
decisions engage a different ‘foraging mode’ than
those engaged when searching for visual transients.

An early inhibitory mechanism in visual search

Takeda, Yuji Institute for Human Science, National

Institute of Advanced, Higashi, Japan Sogo, Hiroyuki

Department of Psychology, Ehime University,

Matsuyama, Japan

Objectives: Inhibition of return (IOR) arises several
hundred milliseconds after the attentional shift. It
was argued that this delay would be too long to
inhibit several recently examined distractors in
visual search. I examined the possibility that an
early inhibitory mechanism other than IOR works
in preventing reexaminations of these distractors.
Method: Saccade trajectories during serial visual
search were measured. Results: The saccade trajec-
tories curved away from previous fixations. This
inhibition arose immediately after the gaze shift and
lasted 600ms. Conclusion: The inhibitory mechan-
ism generating curved saccades possibly work in
conjunction with IOR in preventing reexaminations
in visual search.

Memory mechanisms make search efficient
during static and dynamic search

Boot, Walter Dept. of Psychology, University of

Illinois, Champaign, USA McCarley, Jason Dept. of

Psychology, University of Illinois, Champaign, USA

Peterson, Matthew Dept. of Psychology, George

Mason University, Fairfax, USA Kramer, Arthur Dept.

of Psychology, University of Illinois, Champaign, USA

Search is made more efficient by mechanisms that
reduce refixations. However, the capacity of search
memory appears to be influenced by several factors,
both internal and external. Memory is improved
when participants try to intentionally avoid re-
inspecting items. When saccade planning is pre-
vented, memory capacity drops substantially. A
hybrid visual search / multiple object tracking
paradigm suggests that although oculomotor search
memory is decreased when item location is no
longer constant, memory is still evident and
surprisingly robust. Together, these findings de-
monstrate that several mechanisms make search
efficient, including visio-spatial memory, inhibition-
of-return, saccade planning, and multiple-object
tracking.

IS-047: Correlates and co-
determinants of health across the
life-span

Sun-Kyo Kwon (chair)

At the interface of physical health and psychology,
this symposium has been organized to elucidate the
nature of objective and subjective health indices
further. In the first part, Mrozek et al., and Wurm
& Tesch-Römer, present empirical evidence about
health in association with personality and life
events. Kwon describes some structural properties
of subjective health. A more comprehensive model
is introduced by Spivak et al. Chung et al. offer an
alternative methodological approach for investigat-
ing health. Finally, from an interventionist perspec-
tive, Rogers expounds on existentialist

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underpinnings in health-preventive interdisciplinary
practice, while Lee presents an on-going program
for adaptive health behavior.

Effects of neuroticism and widowhood on
mortality
Mroczek, Daniel K. Dept. of Psychology, Purdue

University, West Lafayette, USA Turiano, Nick

Karakurt, Gunnur Spiro, Avron

Previously, we demonstrated that men with greater
increases in neuroticism had a higher mortality
risks. Death of one’s spouse is also associated with
earlier mortality. We hypothesized that men who
increased in neuroticism with age and experienced
widowhood would be at greater risk of mortality
than men who experienced either. Those who had
decreasing neuroticism and did not experience the
death of their spouse lived the longest, whereas
those with one/both risk factors had a higher
mortality risk. These findings may be explained by
the effect of negative emotions on physiological
processes, which can lead to cardiovascular and
neural damage.

Physical and subjective health in middle
adulthood: Causes and effects of early vs. normal
retirement
Wurm, Susanne Altersfragen, Deutsches Zentrum für,

Berlin, Germany Tesch-Römer, Clemens Deutsches

Zentrum Gerontologie, Berlin, Germany

In the past, early retirement was common practice
to adjust to a tight job market. Compared to
normal retirement, early retirement is considered
more as an ‘‘off-time event’’ (Neugarten, 1996).
Based on longitudinal data of a sub-sample of the
German Aging Survey (N = 776, aged 45-64), we
compared the importance of physical and subjective
health for individuals who retired early or normally.
Results revealed that poor physical health only
increases the risk of early retirement. Moreover,
early (but not normal) retirement is accompanied
by a worsening of subjective health, which suggests
that early retirement is perceived as a strain.

Does age make a difference for predicting
nutrition behavior of South Koreans?
Spivak, Youlia Jacobs University, Internal Research

Officer, Bremen, Germany Renner, Britta Inst. für

Psychologie, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz,

Germany Schwarzer, Ralf

Social cognition models of health behavior are
commonly understood as being universal, implying
that they are applicable to groups that vary in age
or cultural background. Cultural uniqueness and
characteristics of life span development, however,
necessitate the study of differential effects. The
Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) was
examined in younger and older adults from
South-Korea (N = 697) who participated in a
longitudinal health screening study. The HAPA
model had a good fit within both samples.
However, structural differences among groups were
found, e.g., regarding risk perception. The results
suggest a different motivation for the adoption of
nutrition behavior as a function of age.

Differential effects of individualized feedback on
selected conditions: The role of subjective health
Kwon, Sun-Kyo Inst. of Mental Health, Hanyang

University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Social cognition models of health behavior are
commonly understood as being universal, implying
that they are applicable to groups that vary in age
or cultural background. Cultural uniqueness and
characteristics of life span development, however,
necessitate the study of differential effects. The
Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) was
examined in younger and older adults from
South-Korea (N = 697) who participated in a
longitudinal health screening study. The HAPA
model had a good fit within both samples.

However, structural differences among groups were

found, e.g., regarding risk perception. The results

suggest a different motivation for the adoption of

nutrition behavior as a function of age.

A framework of user customized healthcare
management using a neural network approach

Jung, Insung Industrial Engineering, Ajou University,

Suwon, Republic of Korea Park, Peom Park, Rae-

Woong Wang, Gin-Nam

The objective of this paper is to describe the design
of a user-customized healthcare management sys-

tem using a neural network approach. Current and

near future users’ general health information related

to the metabolism and the like are base data. This

framework consists of a vital sign acquiring device,

a database, a clinical decision support system

learning device and a computer-aided prediction

system. The engine generates patterns of user health

conditions and a suitable food and fitness list of

recommendations. We expect that this algorithm

can be utilized to manage prevention of sudden

death and metabolic syndromes in a homecare

environment.

Interdisciplinary approaches to methodologies in
prevention

Rogers, Sherome Dept. of Psychology, Mokpo

Maritime University, Mokpo City, Republic of Korea

We endeavor to identify an ever-reappearing trend

of many disciplines that indicate the need for

interdisciplinarity in prevention. We pinpoint its

sources in various disciplines, particularly in health

psychology. The fields of study are discussed which

consciously and willfully made attempts to become

interdisciplinary in their approach, and also attempt

to identify their progress and outcomes. The

advantages and disadvantages of such an inter-
disciplinary approach will be highlighted and

discussed from an existential perspective of psy-

chology.

A coaching approach for the promotion of
adaptive health behaviors

Lee, Hwayun Johns Hopkins HealthCare LLC, Johns

Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA

This study examines the correlates of activation

levels for healthy behavior changes among employ-

ees at John Hopkins. All eligible employees will

receive a new health promotion program working

with a health coach. For four months, the health

coach will collaborate with the employees to

encourage and sustain a healthy lifestyle. Health

risk assessment, patient activation measure (PAM)

and SF-12 data will be collected at baseline. PAM

will be conducted monthly, and after 6 and 12

months together with the SF-12. It is hypothesized

that employees at a higher activation level will have

increased compliance in adopting or maintaining

healthy behaviors.

IS-048: Visual expertise

Narayanan Srinivasan, Cees van Leeuwen (chair)

‘Visual expertise’ is used to cover a variety of

remarkable abilities that involve the visual system,

often emerging through extensive practice. Typical

examples are reading, figural creativity, the aston-

ishing diagnostic skills found in echoscopy experts,

or the skills of highly trained surgeons. Past

research has treated the visual system and our

cognitive and motor abilities as separate. Under the

banner of visual expertise, we will discuss: 1) the

ways in which different aspects of visual informa-

tion interact, 2) the way the visual, cognitive and

motor systems interact with each other and 3) the

way these interactions are modified by expertise.

Contrasting congruency in letters and shapes:
Domain-specific perceptual integration strategies

van Leeuwen, Cees Laboratory for Perceptual Dyn.,

Riken Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan

Lachmann, Thomas Inst. Sozialwissenschaften,

Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany

Plomp, Gijs Laboratory for Perceptual Dyn., Riken

Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan

We review our results showing task-specific con-
trasts between congruence effects in letters and
shapes. This effect dissociation was understood as
based on a learned differentiation between letters
and shapes, in which global symmetry information
is suppressed in an early stage of visual processing.
Results so far were based on reaction times. We
present new evidence from neuro-imaging using
MEG. The differentiation was observed in normal
adults, and develops differently in normal reading
children and children with developmental dyslexia.
We discuss the implication of these finding for
theories about how children learn to read.

Visual processing strategies in developmental
dyslexics

Lachmann, Thomas Inst. Sozialwissenschaften,

Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany

van Leeuwen, Cees Laboratory for Perceptual Dyn.,

Riken Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan

In some studies dyslexics reached normal scores in
visual processing tasks and the conductors con-
cluded that visual processing deficits are not
involved in the syndrome. These tasks, however,
may have been insensitive to anomalous visual
information processing strategies used to compen-
sate for an underlying deficit. We present results
showing that differences in processing speed be-
tween dyslexics and controls depend on task and
material. Furthermore we present an experiment in
which dyslexics performed even faster than con-
trols. We will show that an anomalous processing
strategy leads to this seemingly paradoxical result
for the particular task.

Practice effects on EEG phase synchrony during
attentional blink

Nakatani, Chie Lab. for Perceptual Dynamics, Riken

Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan Baijal, Shruti

Centre for Behavioural and Cog, University of

Allahabad, Allahabad, India van Leeuwen, Cees

Laboratory for Perceptual Dyn., Riken Brain Science

Institute, Saitama, Japan

Whereas a single target presented in a sequence of
non-target items is detected easily, even when each
item is presented less than 100 ms, when the number
of targets is increased to two, the second target
report becomes more difficult. When the lag from
the first target (T1) is 200-500 ms and followed by a
distracter, the second target (T2) is often missed
(i.e., attentional blink). The attentional blink
attenuates with practice. We report the results of
a study using cross-lag EEG phase synchronization
measures to examine the practice effect on atten-
tional blink

Effect of color on motion-defined form detection
in camouflage

Srinivasan, Narayanan CBCS, University of

Allahabad, Allahabad, India Srivastava, Priyanka

CBCS, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India Kant,

Vivek CBCS, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India

We investigated the effect of color on word
identification with a display consisting of broken
stationary black lines arranged randomly embedded
with a word (made up of broken lines) not visible
when stationary. The word stimulus moved hor-
izontally left and right till it was identified. We had
found that identification was faster with red
compared to green background. In addition,
identification was faster with words defined by
green lines compared to red lines. The results
indicate interactions between motion and color for

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form perception and support models of figure-
ground organization based on activities of the two
visual pathways.

Motor performance impacts Fitts’ law effect in
action-perception
Chandrasekharan, Sanjay Faculty of Kinesiology,

University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada Binsted,

Gordon Health and Social Development, University of

British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada Welsh, Timothy

Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary,

Canada

Recent work has demonstrated that perceptual
judgment of the speed-accuracy trade-off in biolo-
gical motion follows Fitts’ Law. We investigated
whether this effect is based on implicit enaction of
the perceived task. Participants first judged whether
a series of hand movements shown on screen were
possible or impossible. They then executed the same
hand movements, and the movements on screen
were judged once again. The analysis of perception
judgments pre and post action-execution indicates
that motor performance has a significant impact on
action perception. This suggests that the Fitts’ Law
effect in action perception is based on implicit
enaction.

IS-049: Early syntactic acquisition
and its impact on word learning

Anne Christophe (chair)

Learning new words is hard work, especially so for
young children who do not yet possess a large
vocabulary. Lila Gleitman and her collaborators
have convincingly shown that some syntactic
knowledge would help children to acquire the
meaning of words, and especially verbs (the
syntactic bootstrapping hypothesis). In this sympo-
sium, we will present and discuss recent experi-
mental work with infants between 1 and 3 years,
that investigate what kind of syntactic knowledge
they possess, how they might have acquired it
(before they knew many words), and how they use
it to constrain their acquisition of new words.

Verb learning and the early development of
sentence comprehension
Fisher, Cynthia Dept. of Psychology, University of

Illinois, Champaign, USA Gertner, Yael Beckman

Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA Scott,

Rose Dept. of Psychology, University of Illinois,

Champaign, IL, USA Yuan, Sylvia Dept. of

Psychology, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA

Children use syntax to interpret verbs. Our account
of early syntactic bootstrapping has two main
premises: First, children attempt to interpret each
noun in a sentence as a semantic argument of a
predicate term. This simple bias toward the one-to-
one mapping of nouns onto participant-roles leads
young children to assign appropriately different
meanings to transitive and intransitive verbs.
Second, children represent language experience in
an abstract mental vocabulary that permits rapid
generalization to new verbs. Thus, language-specific
grammatical learning, such as detecting the sig-
nificance of English word order, transfers rapidly to
novel verbs, permitting progressively finer con-
straint on verb learning.

Little words, big impact: Early grammatical
access to function words

Kedar, Yarden Dept. of Psychology, Ben-Gurion

University, Be’er-Sheva, Israel

Infants of 12-, 18- and 24 months tested in a
preferential-looking task oriented faster to target
following grammatical sentences using the determi-
ner ‘the’ (e.g., can you see the book?) rather than
ungrammatical conditions in which ‘the’ was
substituted with another English function word or
with an unfamiliar word, or omitted. Around the 1-
year marker, infants begin incorporating syntactic

information regarding function words in sentence
processing. This early grammatical access enables
the syntactic categorization of words and facilitates
reference determination, suggesting that both lex-
ical categories as well as functional categories are
developing in tandem during this critical period in
language acquisition.

Syntactic categorization of new words:
Distributional and morphological cues to form
class
Höhle, Barbara Inst. für Linguistiks, Universität

Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany Wang, Hao Psychology,

University Southern California, Los Angeles, USA

Mintz, Toben Psychology, University Southern

California, Los Angeles, USA

One aspect of establishing lexical representations
for new words is their assignment to a syntactic
category. Recent research has shown that English
12-month-olds use distributional information in
form of frequent frames to categorize verbs (Mintz,
2002). Based on an analysis of German child
directed speech we will argue that the concept of
frequent frames is not simply transferable to a
language with a more flexible word order and a
richer inflectional system. Instead, the inflectional
endings typical for German verb forms provide
another cue that infants may use for categorization.
Results of experiments testing this hypothesis will
be presented.

The syntactic skeleton: Partial syntactic structure
through function words and prosody
Christophe, Anne Dept. Etudes Cognitives, CNRS,

Paris, France Millotte, Séverine Psychology,

Université de Genàve, Geneva, Switzerland Alves

Limissuri, Rita Dept. Etudes Cognitives, CNRS, Paris,

France Margules, Sylvie Dept. Etudes Cognitives,

CNRS, Paris, France

Many recent results show that infants, before 18
months of age, are sensitive to the function words
of their native language as well as to its prosody.
We propose that infants are able to exploit these
two sources of information to build a partial
syntactic structure, the syntactic skeleton (Chris-
tophe et al. in press, Language & Speech). Using a
word detection task, we observed that 18-month-
old French infants, just like adults, are able to
predict the syntactic category of incoming words.
Such information may help infants to constrain
their acquisition of word meanings (e.g. noun =
object, verb = action).

Processing of functional morphemes and early
lexical acquisition
Shi, Rushen Dept. de Psychologie, Univers. du

Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada Cyr, Marilyn

Dept. of Psychology, Université du Québec, Montreal,

QBC, Canada

In previous work we showed that infants begin to
recognize function words from continuous speech
and represent specific functors during the second
half of the first year of life, with highly frequent
functors being perceived already at six months of
age. In this talk we will present the evidence that
infants use frequent function words and bound
functional morphemes to segment content words
before one year of age. We will also present data
showing that functional elements play an important
role in infants’ subsequent word learning and
language comprehension after one year of age.

IS-050: Organizational behavior
and culture

Shahrnaz Mortazavi (chair)

Organizatonal behaviors will be discussed from the
following perspectives: The validity of individual-
ism and collectivism as cultural constructs mea-
sured on national, organizatonal and individual
levels.The second presentation is related to self-

presentation and personal values in the employment
interview. The third paper discusses Intercultural
Issues in Multinational corporations based in Iran.
The last two presentations are related to "work
stress and alcohol use across cultures" and "collec-
tivsm and undesirable physical work conditions
related to absenteeism in an Iranian industrial
organizaiton".

Individualism/collectivism measured on national,
organizational and individual levels
Mortazavi, Shahrnaz Education and Psychology,

University of Shahid Beheshti, Tehran, Islamic

Republic of Iran

Organizations are embedded within their national
cultures. It is suggested that values used to describe
cultural level phenomena are also meaningful at the
organizational and individual levels (Robert &
Wasti, 2002). In this research, a) Indices measuring
individualism/collectivism were used to compare
476 subjects from three national cultures (America,
Ukraine and Iran). b) The same measures were
applied on organizational level to compare family
and work settings in Iran, and c) The data was used
to study the relationships of work-family-conflict
and individualism/collectivism at individual levels.
Differences were not significant at national level,
but functionally meaningful at organizational and
individual levels.

Self-presentation and personal values in the
employment interview: A comparison between
Afro-American and Euro-American student
Sandal, Gro Mjeldheim Dept. Psychological Sciences,

University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

Empirical evidence shows that job applicants
engage in impression management behaviour in
the job interview, and that such strategies influence
hiring recommendations. The study examines
whether ethnic groups differ in expectancies regard-
ing favourable self-presentation, and relationships
with Schwartz’ Personal Value Questionnaire. A
factor analysis of the Culture Impression Manage-
ment Scale yielded six factors, labelled Competence,
Compliance, Independence, Flawlessness, Modesty,
and Collegiality. Euro-American students (N=156)
favour the Competence strategy more and the
Modesty strategy less than the Afro-American
students (N=89). Associations of personal values
with self-presentation strategies differ across ethnic
groups. Insights are useful for training both
interviewers and job applicants.

Intercultural issues and challenges in
multinational corporations based in Iran
Namazie, Pari Atiehroshan, Tehran, Islamic Republic

of Iran Namazi, Pari Atiehroshan, Tehran, Islamic

Republic of Iran

This paper addresses intercultural issues and
challenges multinational corporations face when
their expatriates work with Iranian local staff.
National culture factors from Hofstede and Hall
have been used to show cultural differences. The
paper examines literature and uses qualitative
research on 12 semi structured and in-depth inter-
views with Iranian and expatriate staff in 8
corporations. Findings have been content analyzed.
Conclusions suggest tools to deal with the other
culture and how MNCs need be locally responsive
as well as globally consistent in intercultural and
work practice considerations.

Work stress and alcohol use across cultures
Mohr, Cynthia Dept. of Psychology, Portland State

University, Portland, USA Wang, Mo Dept. of

Psychology, Portland State University, Portland, USA

Wendt, Staci Dept. of Psychology, Portland State

University, Portland, USA Liu, Songqi Dept. of

Psychology, Portland State University, Portland, USA

Employee alcohol consumption can undermine
productivity and safety (Frone, 1999; 2004). In this

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research we examine work stress-related alcohol

consumption in Japan, China, and the U.S. Among

the questions we consider: Are there cultural

differences in workplace alcohol climate and work

stress-drinking relationship? Are there cultural

differences in the social contexts in which people

drink after a stressful day at work? Workers from

each culture participated in a daily process study.

Daily reports were gathered via telephone (China),

Internet (Japan), and programmable handheld

computer (U.S.) for periods of 28-30 days. The

utility and flexibility of daily process methodology

was demonstrated.

Cultural collectivism and undesirable physical
work conditions related to absenteeism

Mansour, Mahmoud Dept. of Psychology, University

of Tehran, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran Mortazavi,

Shahrnaz Dept. of Psychology, University of Shahid B

eheshti, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran

Our sample consisted of 296 employees, who had

high absenteeism records. The criteria variable was

the amount of absenteeism. Predictive variables

were: a) Cultural collectivism, b) undesirable

physical work conditions, c) attitudes such as job

satisfaction, organizational commitment, organiza-

tional culture etc., c) work-family-conflict, d)

demographic variables and e) feeling distressed.

Linear regression analysis showed that collectivistic

values of work environment was positively related

to attitudes (job satisfaction, organizational com-

mitment etc.) and negatively related to work-

family-conflict. Absenteeism could be predicted by

feeling distressed, which could be predicted by

family-to-work conflict, undesirable physical work

conditions and low education.

IS-051: International Test
Commission Guidelines and
methodology for adapting
educational and psychological
tests

Ronald Hambleton (chair)

Interest has been growing for years in the topic of

translating and adapting educational and psycho-

logical tests from one language and culture to

others. Today, many of the popular intelligence and

personality tests are translated and adapted into 50

or more languages; achievement tests such as those

used in the large scale international assessments are

translated and adapted into more than 30 languages

and cultures; and in the United States, as one

approach for handling cultural diversity and

accommodations, many states are making their

state assessments available to students in more than

one language. Progress too has been made in the

methodology for translating and adapting tests.

The purposes of this symposium are to introduce

(1) the widely-respected second edition of the

International Test Commission (ITC) Test Adapta-

tion Guidelines, (2) validated steps for adapting

tests, and (3) examples of good test adaptation

practices. The 17 guidelines were presented for the

first time at the ITC Conference in Brussels in 2006

and at this symposium, the latest revision of the

guidelines will be presented. Each of the partici-

pants will discuss aspects of the guidelines and their

relevance for test adaptation practices in cross-

cultural assessments. Four of the five participants,

and the chairperson were part of the ITC committee

with the responsibility of producing the second

edition of the guidelines. Single abstracts are not

being prepared. All of the participants will speak to

the second edition of the ITC Test Adaptation

Guidelines.

IS-052: Sensory-motor foundations
of cognition and language

Michael Masson, Daniel Bub (chair)

Behavioral and neurophysiological evidence will be

presented that indicates that mental representations

of manual and other sensory-motor actions influ-

ence the orientation of visual attention to objects in

the environment and contribute to fluent identifica-

tion and evaluation of those objects. This evidence

also shows that action representations are evoked

during skilled comprehension of language. These

results illustrate some of the ways in which

cognitive skills depend on interactions between the

human body and the environment, and they reveal

some crucial constraints regarding embodied cogni-

tion and mental simulation.

Modulation of visual attention by hand actions

Masson, Michael Dept. of Psychology, University of

Victoria, Victoria, Canada

Evidence suggests that handled objects attract

attention. Furthermore, these objects may show

alignment effects in that reaction times are shorter

when the response hand is aligned with the object’s

handle. Alignment effects do not always occur,

however, and our work shows that they are strongly

tied to the nature of the response that subjects

make. In particular, key-press responses to an

object attribute like color show no handle align-

ment effects, but the very same judgment produces

robust effects when the response requires reaching

and grasping. These constraints imply interesting

interactions between visual attention and the motor

system.

The roles of neuroanatomy and experience in
shaping visuomotor representation

Handy, Todd Dept. of Psychology, University of

British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

When viewing a graspable object, the human motor

system has the ability to automatically activate the

motor programs associated with that object’s use.

In a set of fMRI experiments, we have elucidated at

three key factors mediating the nature of these

visuomotor representations: The spatial location of

the object relative to the observer, the observer’s

prior motor experience with the object, and whether

or not the object’s spatial location is actively

attended. Taken together, these data suggest that

visuomotor representations are not monolithic in

nature. Rather, they appear to dynamically vary

depending on present circumstances and past

experience.

Conceptual representations embodied in
perception and action

Kiefer, Markus Inst. für Psychiatrie, Universität Ulm,

Ulm, Germany

Classical models assume that conceptual knowledge

is represented in an amodal format distinct from the

sensory and motor systems. More recent models,

however, propose that concepts are embodied in the

sense that interactions with objects form their

conceptual memory traces in distributed sensory

or action-related modality-specific brain areas. In

neurophysiological experiments, we show that

conceptual tasks activate brain areas involved in

the processing of visual, acoustic and action-related

conceptual information. Activity emerges early

within the first 200 ms of stimulus processing

rendering imagery unlikely. Our results therefore

strengthen the notion of modality-specific concep-

tual representations grounded in perception and

action.

Athletic expertise enhances language
comprehension

Beilock, Sian Dept. of Psychology, University of

Chicago, Chicago, USA

Do we understand action-related language differ-
ently depending on whether such actions are part of
our skill repertoire? We examined how novice and
expert ice-hockey players and experienced hockey
fans (with viewing, but no playing experience)
comprehend everyday and hockey-specific action
scenarios they read about. Results demonstrate that
hockey expertise not only differentiates performers
on the ice rink, but also impacts the comprehension
of hockey-action language - even when there is no
intention to act. Neuroimaging and behavioral data
points to the differential recruitment of motor-
related brain regions in experts, novices, and fans
while reading about ice-hockey, but not everyday,
actions.

Evocation of action representations by words
and sentences

Bub, Daniel Dept. of Psychology, University of

Victoria, Victoria, Canada

Manipulable objects are inherently ambiguous with
respect to the actions they afford. We distinguish
between functional action representations (F) hav-
ing to do with actions carried out when using an
object, and volumetric action representations (V)
that are applied when lifting or moving an object.
Theoretical considerations imply that evocation of
these representations should depend on context. We
describe a novel method for measuring the evoca-
tion of F and V action representations to manipul-
able objects. We report a series of experiments
showing how linguistic context modulates the time
course of the activation of these representations.

IS-053: Psychology of sustainable
development and environmental
sustainability

Mirilia Bonnes, Giuseppe Carrus (chair)

The symposium will introduce the sustainable
development concept and its implications for
psychological research, for the promotion of
environmental sustainability and pro-environmen-
tal human behavior. Major theoretical perspectives
and related empirical problems characterizing this
domain of environmental psychology will be pre-
sented and discussed. Different psychological ap-
proaches, relevant for environmental sustainability,
bridging the individual and collective levels of
psychological processes will be presented, ranging
from more intra-disciplinary topics (change of
environmentally relevant attitudes/behaviors, nor-
mative influence in environmental behavior, dis-
positional factors driving sustainable lifestyles), to
more inter-disciplinary and policy-oriented ap-
proaches to person-environment relationship (psy-
chological restoration in nature, cooperation in
environmental social dilemmas).

The hidden power and real difficulties on
changing environmental attitudes

Kaiser, Florian Human-Tech. Interct., University of

Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands

Attitude change is greatly underestimated as a
means for behavior change. This is because
"behavioral spillover effects" require behaviors to
be interdependent. Objectives: To date, there is no
evidence for the existence of behavioral spillover.
Methods: With a pre-post design, we compared 196
persons in four conditions. Results: After the
intervention, only the group that received persona-
lized energy advice revealed significantly augmented
environmental attitudes. Conclusions: Successful
attitude change is demanding as it involves indivi-
dualizing messages. Eventually, it pays off, when
behavioral spillover, the hidden power of attitude

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change, occurs. However, recognizing spillover
requires a novel way of thinking about attitudes.

Normative concerns and environmental behavior
Steg, Linda Dept. of Psychology, University of

Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands

Pro-environmental behaviour is often associated
with high behavioural costs. For example, it is less
convenient to travel by bus, and ecological products
are often more expensive. In such cases, pro-
environmental behaviour mainly results from bio-
spheric values and normative concerns. I will
discuss results of a series of studies aimed to
examine which factors strengthen normative con-
cerns, among which biospheric values, awareness of
environmental consequences of behaviour, and
ascription of responsibility for these consequences.
Moreover, I will indicate under which circum-
stances normative concerns will most strongly affect
behaviour.

Psychological dimensions of pro-sustainability
orientation
Corral Verdugo, Victor Division de Ciencias Sociales,

Universidad de Sorona, Mexico, Mexico

Environmental psychology is committed to search-
ing psychological and contextual factors inciting
sustainable lifestyles. Pro-Sustainability Orientation
(PSO) is a set of dispositional variables presumably
leading individuals to the goal of environmental
protection, both at the social and biophysical levels.
According to a number of studies, PSO is
characterized for future orientation tendencies,
affinity towards bio and socio diversity, pro-
environmental competency, the perception of en-
vironmental norms, tendencies towards equity,
feelings of indignation due to environmental
deterioration, and a group of sustainable lifestyles
including altruistic, frugal and pro-environmental
behaviors. Models of PSO developed and tested by
our research group are presented and discussed.

The psychology of sustainability: Contributions
from the study of restorative environments
Hartig, Terry Inst. Housing and Urban Res., Uppsala

University, Gävle, Sweden

The study of restorative environments aids the
pursuit of sustainability in two general ways: it
provides insights on how to enhance environmental
livability and on how to reduce human environ-
mental impacts. In this presentation, I will overview
empirical studies that exemplify these contributions.
Some of the studies concern a planning dilemma:
How can development realize the ecological benefits
of compact cities while avoiding the psychosocial
costs of dense urban structure? Other studies
concern the challenge of motivating people to
behave ecologically. All of the studies speak to the
importance of restorative experiences in natural
environments for people in urbanized societies.

A general model of social dilemmas
Gifford, Robert Dept. of Psychology, University of

Victoria, Victoria, Canada

The symposium will introduce the sustainable
development concept and its implications for
psychological research, for the promotion of
environmental sustainability and pro-environmen-
tal human behavior. Major theoretical perspectives
and related empirical problems characterizing this
domain of environmental psychology will be pre-
sented and discussed. Different psychological ap-
proaches, relevant for environmental sustainability,
bridging the individual and collective levels of
psychological processes will be presented, ranging
from more intra-disciplinary topics (change of
environmentally relevant attitudes/behaviors, nor-
mative influence in environmental behavior, dis-
positional factors driving sustainable lifestyles), to
more inter-disciplinary and policy-oriented ap-
proaches to person-environment relationship (psy-

chological restoration in nature, cooperation in
environmental social dilemmas).

IS-054: Personnel psychology and
vocational psychology: Competing
paradigms or twins separated at
birth?

Frederick T.L. Leong (chair)

Despite having a central focus on work and
workers, these two subfields of Personnel Psychol-
ogy and Vocational Psychology have tended to
traverse parallel but non-intersecting pathways.
Each subfield has its own associations, handbooks,
journals, and graduate programs. The goal of the
symposium is to have industrial-organizational
psychologists and vocational psychologists present
their ideas on these two related fields and why there
have not been more cross-fertilization and interac-
tions. In addressing this question, the presenters will
also provide some ideas on whether synergistic
interactions are possible and desirable and what
mechanisms may support such interactions.

What differences make a difference: An
organizational psychologist’s perspective on
vocational psychology

Ryan, Ann Marie Dept. of Psychology, Michigan State

University, East Lansing, USA

This presentation will provide background on how
the identities of professions are formed and
changed, and how the process of identity develop-
ment of professions relates to the fields of personnel
psychology and career counseling. The ways in
which the fields differ in terms of research
paradigms, methodological foci, topics addressed,
and general aims will be covered. Key differences in
identity between the two arenas will form the basis
for a discussion of neglected opportunities for
synergy.

Personnel psychology and vocational
psychology: A family reunion for siblings
separated since adolescence

Savickas, Mark Dept. of Behavioral Sciences,

NEOUCOM, Rootstown, USA

First half of the presentation will provide a précis of
the origins and early development of the application
of the person-environment paradigm to problems of
vocational guidance, personnel selection, and mili-
tary classification. Pioneers in applied psychology
worked synergistically on all three problems, and
traversed fluid boundaries between academia,
industry, and the military. Only after applied
psychology was firmly established did vocational
psychology split from personnel psychology. The
second half of the presentation will describe the
difficulties vocational psychologist now face and
why they need assistance from their colleagues in
personnel psychology.

The IO psychologist’s handshake with the
counselor

Born, Marise Inst. of Psychology, Erasmus University

Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands

For individual employees, well-being and satisfac-
tion are desirable outcomes. Yet, happiness at work
is only weakly related to performance outcomes
(Judge et al., 2001).To improve worker productiv-
ity, personnel psychologists therefore prefer to base
personnel screening and training on g and job
knowledge. Using improved study designs, satisfac-
tion and well-being however demonstrate having
links to performance (Wegge et al., 2007). Will these
findings convince personnel psychologists of the
importance of affective influences? Will they then
start adding dispositional affect to the list of
predictors in personnel selection? This contribution
discusses risks and opportunities when the counse-
lor and the personnel psychologist meet.

Personnel and vocational psychology: A lewinian
analysis of centripetal and centrifugal forces

Leong, Frederick T.L. Dept. of Psychology, Michigan

State University, East Lansing, USA

Using a Lewinian force-field analysis, this paper
discusses the cultural environment underlying the
two separate subfields of personnel and vocational
psychology. The centripetal forces (center-seeking)
that maintains the integrity of each of these
subfields and gives each its unique identity and
boundary conditions will be delineated. In addition,
the centrifugal forces (center-fleeing) exerted on
each subfield will also be discussed (e.g., psychol-
ogy’s resurrected interest in personality, the increas-
ing importance of cultural factors in understanding
human behavior). Finally, it is proposed that the
degree of divergence or convergence of these two
subfields will depend on the balance of these
opposing forces.

IS-055: The role of psychology for
human and social development:
From research to policy

Susan Pick (chair)

The science and the practice of Psychology has a
series of tools, both theoretical and methodological
which have been used to enhance the wellbeing of
individuals and communities’ both in developed
and developing countries. Representatives from a
wide spectrum of countries come together to
analyze different perspectives on this very central
topic. They do so from both a purely psychological
as well as from an interdisciplinary perspective;
both basic and applied views will be integrated. The
presentations address the role which Psychology
has had, and can have in different areas of human
and social development policy.

Comprehensive community development
programs: Targeting mulitiple behaviors

Givaudan, Martha IMIFAP, Mexico City, Mexico Pick,

Susan President, IMIFAP, Mexico City, Mexico

Leenen, Iwin Evaluation, IMIFAP, Mexico City, Mexico

Martı́nez, Rocio Evaluation, IMIFAP, Mexico City,

Mexico Barriga, Marco Training and Community

Develo, IMIFAP, Mexico City, Mexico Bernal, Miriam

Training and Community Develo, IMIFAP, Mexico

City, Mexico

There has been a long standing debate regarding the
possibility of targetting multiple behaviors in
interventions vs targetting individual ones. This
paper refers to the process and results of a
comprehensive health education development pro-
gram. It has reached over 250,000 rural and
indigenous women and their offspring in Central
Mexico. For all the targeted behaviors a common
base of life skills and opportuniites for reduction of
psychological barriers together with specific knowl-
edge has been built. The program has been carried
out with a multi behavior, multipopulation and
multistrategy perspective. Longitudinal data are
analyzed comparing control and experimental
groups as well as the efect of the program related
with the level of participation of different target
groups in the comunnities.

Agency and wellbeing: The role of psychology in
making Sen’s capabilities approach operative

Pick, Susan Dept. of Psychology, National University

of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico

One of the most widely acclaimed perspectives in
development in the last decade is Amartya Sen’s
capability approach. It departs from the philoso-
phical position that economic wellbeing is an
instrument rather than an end for development. It
is enhancing peoples capabilities i.e. alternatives for
realizing their potential, which should be the man
target of development. It is in this way that people’s
freedoms are strengthened and being reached.
Psychological theory and methods have a central

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role to play in such an approach given that it relies
strongly on human development as the bases for
development in general. The Framework for
Enabling Agentic Empowerment (FENAE) has
evolved from field work with marginalized urban,
rural and indigenous communities in 14 countries.

Applying psychological knowledge elsewhere:
The factor ‘‘culture’’
Poortinga, Ype Dept. of Psychology, Tilburg

University, Tilburg, Netherlands

The application of psychological tools and techni-
ques in other populations as where they were
developed repeatedly is widely criticised as cultural
imposition, but at the same time steadily increasing.
After mentioning the rationale for transfer I will
propose tentative standards for responsible profes-
sional practices focussing on (i) consultation of
intended clients and other stakeholders, (ii) the role
and position of psychologists as experts, and (iii)
empirical justification.

Efforts to modify health-related behaviors have
been dominated by health education
perspectives
Vinck, Jan Inst. for Behavioural Science, Hasselt

University, Diepenbeek, Belgium Lengerke, Thomas

Von Medical Psychology Unit, Hannover Medical

School, Hannover, Germany

Efforts to modify health-related behaviors have
been dominated by health education perspectives.
Recently, more ecological views have evolved
stating that health-related behavior is also regulated
by habitual processes and, especially in terms of
behavioral prevalences, environments (meta-/
macro-contingencies). Obesogenic environments
are a well-known case in point. Thus, while it is
evident that health psychologists (nor the popula-
tions concerned) do not have direct control over
environmental variables, they have to organize
collaboration with economic, political, and media
actors who impact environments. This is a role
health psychologists are neither trained nor pre-
pared for, and will have to learn to take up
professionally

Antecendents and effects of political
participation: A behavioral epidemiological
review
von Lengerke, Thomas Med. Psychologie (OE 5430),

Medizin. Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany

Vinck, Jan Institute for Behavioural Scie, Hasselt

University, Diepenbeek, Belgium

Political participation and participation in formal
social activities more generally are key links
between micro and macro levels of social systems.
Simultaneously, they have received mixed apprai-
sals as to their health promoting effects and
capacities, in particular regarding individual health.
This paper reviews studies both on the antecedents
and health effects of participation. Regarding the
former, policy-related (e.g., social climate) and
individual-level (educational resources, social re-
sponsibility) variables predict political participa-
tion. Regarding effects on health, in line with social
psychological theories both from sociology and
psychology, strong control beliefs are central
preconditions for participation to be promotive of
individual health.

Conducting research with children and
adolescents in street settings in Brazil
Koller, Silvia Helena Dept. de Psicologia, Univers. Fed.

do Rio Grande, Porto Alegre, Brazil Neiva-Silva, Lucas

Dept. de Psicologia, Univers. Fed. do Rio Grande,

Porto Alegre, Brazil Morais, Normanda Dept. de

Psicologia, Univers. Fed. do Rio Grande, Porto Alegre,

Brazil Paludo, Simone Dept. de Psicologia, Fundação

Univ. de Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil

At the Center for Psychological Studies on Street
Children (CEP-RUA) at the Federal University of

Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, researchers conduct
empirical research and applied projects to improve
the quality of life of at-risk populations. One focal
population is ‘‘street youth’’ – children and
adolescents who spend much of their time in
settings characterized by physical need, lack of
adult supervision, drug use, and psychological
neglect. This presentation will describe ethical and
methodological challenges encountered when work-
ing with street youth and present examples of how
they have been overcome during the Center’s 15
years of existence.

IS-056: Prevention and treatment
of behaviour problems in children
and adolescents

Manfred Döpfner (chair)

In this symposium we will focus externalizing
behaviour problems, which encompass a hetero-
geneous group of overlapping behaviour poroblems
and disorders, especially Attention Deficit-/ Hyper-
activity Disorders (ADHD), Oppositional Defiant
Disorders (ODD) and Conduct Disorders (CD).
These disorders are common, stable and hard to
treat especially as a chronic condition. Psychosocial
interventions have been proven to be effective in
these disorders. Parent focused treatment ap-
proache seem to be more important than patient
focused interventions. The high prevalence rates
and the chonicity of disruptive disorders require the
development of preventive interventions which may
help to reduce behavior problems at a very early
stage of development of the disorder. In this
symposium current research findings on unversal
and indicated prevention als well as self-help
interventions and the long-term outcome of treat-
ment will be provided.

The 3-year efficacy of a parent-training in the
universal prevention of child behavior problems

Kahlweg, Kurt Dep. of Clinical Psychology, TU

Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany Heinrichs,

Nina Inst. für Psychologie, Universität Bielefeld,

Bielefeld, Germany Kuschel, Annett

Rehabilitationswissenschaften, Humboldt Universität

Berlin, Berlin, Germany Naumann, Sebastian

Bertram, Heike

The long-term efficacy of the Triple P parent group
training as a universal prevention strategy was
investigated from the perspective of mothers. Based
on their respective preschool, families were either
randomly assigned to a prevention program (parent
training) or a control group. The long-term efficacy
was analysed with a multimethod and multimodal
assessment in 212 two-parent families. At the long-
term follow-up’s 1, 2 and 3 years later, most of the
significant post-treatment changes were maintained.
Mothers reported an improvement in parenting and
a reduction in child behavior problems. Mothers’
psychological distress was significantly reduced and
their relationship satisfaction improved.

Prevention Program of Externalizing Problem
Behavior (PEP): Efficacy and effectiveness in 3
studies

Hautmann, Christopher Psychiatrie und

Psychotherapie, University of Cologne, Köln,

Germany Plück, Julia Meyer, Ilka Döpfner, Manfred

Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universität Köln,

Köln, Germany

The Prevention Program for Externalizing Problem
Behavior (PEP) addresses parents and kindergarten
teachers of children (3 to 10 years) with symptoms
of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
(ADHD) and Oppositional Defiant Disorder
(ODD). PEP has been evaluated in three different
studies. The first study was planned as a rando-
mized controlled efficacy study with high experi-
mental control and internal validity. The two other
studies tested the program components under ‘‘real-

world conditions’’ (effectiveness study). All three
studies demonstrate that PEP is effective in redu-
cing externalizing behavior problems of the child
and improving parenting behavior. The results of
the three studies are compared with each other.

The effects of self-help interventions for parents
of children with disruptive behavior problems

Döpfner, Manfred Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie,

Universität Köln, Köln, Germany Kierfeld, Frauke

Parent trainings either in a group or an individual
format has proven to be effective for children with
disruptive behaviour problems. However, these
kinds of interventions are time consuming and
expensive. A self-help program for parents of
children with disruptive behaviour problems may
be helpful to cover a broader range of children and
families and may also reduce the treatment costs.
Two studies were conducted to assess the feasibility
and the efficacy / effectiveness of a self-help-
program for parents of children with disruptive
behaviour problems. The studies demonstrated the
efficacy of that approach with moderate to large
intervention effects.

Long-term outcome of psychosocial and
multimodal interventions for children with ADHD

Wolff Metternich, Tanja Psychiatrie und

Psychotherapie, University of Cologne, Köln,

Germany Döpfner, Manfred Psychiatrie und

Psychotherapie, Universität Köln, Köln, Germany

Attention Deficit-/ Hyperactivity Disorder
(ADHD) is a serious and chronic condition in
children and adolescents. Studies on long-term
effects are rare and contradictive. In this presenta-
tion the results of a study on the long-term outcome
of ADHD children treated with an adaptive and
individually tailored multimodal intervention will
be presented. The original sample consisted of 75
school-children aged 6-10 years with a diagnosis of
ADHD/HKD. After an initial psychoeducation an
adaptive and individually tailored therapy including
medication and psychosocial interventions was
delivered. In an 8year follow-up most of the ADHD
children had a good prognosis.

IS-057: Lessons learned: Cross-
cultural perspectives on education
and development

Kevin Miller (chair)

Cross-cultural comparisons show dramatic differ-
ences in beliefs about education and development
and in the enactment of these beliefs in schooling
and child-rearing. This symposium looks at how
details of children’s experience – with orthogra-
phies, graphical representations, and classroom
discourse – serve as mediators of cognitive devel-
opment and educational achievement. Papers de-
scribe (1) differentiation of graphic genres in
preschool, (2) relations among phonological, se-
mantic, and orthographic information in learning
to read Chinese; (3) how orthographic structure
affects literacy; (4) opportunities to learn mathe-
matics in Chinese and American classrooms; (5)
cultural scripts in teaching in China and the US.

The roles of phonological, semantic and
orthographic information for reading
development in Chinese

Chen, Shiou-Yuan Early Childhood Education, Taipei

Municipal University, Taipei, Taiwan

Previous studies showed the importance of phono-
logical awareness in learning alphabetic languages,
and the importance of morphological awareness in
learning Chinese. This study examined the roles of
phonological, semantic, and orthographic informa-
tion in learning Chinese multiple-character words.
The results had two major findings. First, both
phonological and orthographic information influ-

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enced children’s semantic judgments. Second, for
experienced young readers, the impact of phonolo-
gical information alone on semantic judgments was
limited. In sum, the results showed that young
readers’ comprehension of multiple-character
words were influenced by the phonological and
orthographic factors, and the impact of these
‘‘unrelated’’ factors gradually decreased.

Grown-ups won’t tell you this: A few
observations on how children learn to read
Feng, Gary Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke

University, Durham, USA

Some important conceptual and perceptual learning
in reading acquisition occurs without explicit
instructionn. Here I will present 3 examples. First,
pre-reading English-speaking children approach
written words as individual symbols, and fail to
understand the symbol system nature of writing.
Second, Chinese preschoolers who know only a few
characters spent much time scanning texts even
though most of the words do not make sense to
them. Last, we never teach children how to move
their eyes and yet they learn to adapt to the script
they read. Implications to learning to read in
different languages will be discussed.

Opportunities to learn in Chinese and American
math classes: what and how
Perry, Michelle Educational Psychology, University of

Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA Schleppenbach, Meg

McConney, Marc Sims, Linda

Do Chinese students have different opportunities to
learn than U.S. students? And, if so, is this a
function of what the students bring to the class-
room or how the teachers structure the learning
environment? From analyses of 1st- and 5th-grade
mathematics lessons from both countries, we found
that students seem remarkably similar (e.g., pro-
duce the same number of mathematical errors), but
teachers’ responses to students and their structuring
of the lessons are quite different in China than in
the United States. We conclude that Chinese
students have opportunities to engage in more
complex mathematical work than U.S. students and
teachers provide differential opportunities to learn.

IS-058: Drug addiction: Behavioral
and neurobiological advances

Klaus A. Miczek (Chair)

Latest developments in the neurobiology of
addiction: Beyond dopamine and the accumbens
Zernig, Gerald Exp. Psychiatrie, Med. Universität

Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria Crespo, Jose A. Stöckl,

Petra Zorn, Katja Fritz, Michael Saria, Alois

While of incalculable value for the advancement of
the drug abuse research field, the dopamine theory
of reward, with the nucleus accumbens as its prime
brain region, has to be considerably modified. A
number of brain regions and neurotransmitters
other than dopamine have been shown to at least
modulate drug-seeking behavior, e.g., glutamatergic
inputs into the AcbC and AcbSh from the medial
prefrontal cortex (PrL, IL; P.W.Kalivas and cow-
orkers) or nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine
receptors in the AcbC (C.R.Schuster, G.Mark,
E.Acquas and G.diChiara and coworkers as well
as our own work). It has also been shown that in
chronic, habit-like drug taking behavior, the center
of activity shifts away from the Acb to the dorsal
striatum (CPu; B.J.Everitt, T.W.Robbins and cow-
orkers).

Psychobiological features associated with
cocaine addiction-like behavior in rats
Deroche-Gamonet, Véronique Physiopath. de

l’Addiction, INSERM NeuroCentre U862, Bourdeaux,

France

We used an addiction model recently developed
that takes into account the hallmarks of drug
addiction, i.e. compulsivity, inter-individual vulner-

ability, and its temporal dimension. This model
provides evidence for both rats that develop an
addiction-like behavior and rats that do not, despite
an equal exposure to cocaine. We investigated
behavioral and neurobiological characteristics as-
sociated with cocaine addiction. Behaviorally, we
demonstrated that addiction-like behavior is speci-
fically preceded by the occurrence of a burst-like
pattern of intake and an increased cocaine-induced
craving. Using complementary approaches that
range from system neuroscience to gene profiling
techniques, cocaine addiction was shown to be
associated with alterations in the meso-accumbens
dopaminergic and prefrontal-accumbens glutama-
tergic transmissions.

Neurobiological processes in alcoholism

Spanagel, Rainer Dept. of Psychopharmacology, ZI

Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany

This presentation adheres to a systems biology
perspective such that the interaction of alcohol with
primary and secondary targets within the brain is
described in relationship to the behavioural con-
sequences. As a result of the interaction of alcohol
with these targets, alterations in gene expression
and synaptic plasticity take place that lead to long-
lasting alteration in neuronal network activity. As a
subsequent consequence, alcohol-seeking responses
ensue that can finally lead via complex environ-
mental interactions to an addictive behaviour.

Social stress, cocaine binges and role of BDNF

Miczek, Klaus A. Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Tufts

University, Medford, USA

Ostensibly aversive stress experiences can intensify
cocaine taking. Intermittent episodes of social
defeat stress increase the motivation for cocaine
and the cumulative intake during cocaine binges,
whereas continuous subordination stress blunts
rewards such as cocaine. Changes in brain derived
nerve growth factor correlate with the sensitizing vs.
attenuating effects of stress. Feedback from the
prefrontal cortex to the ventral tegmentum and to
the raphe via glutamate appears critical for these
divergent stress effects on intensely rewarding
cocaine taking, possibly pointing to a mechanism
for compulsion.

IS-059: False belief attribution:
Cultural and methodological
issues

Maria-Regina Maluf (chair)

The six papers in this symposium focus on young
children developmental changes in acquisition of an
explicit theory of mind. Data collected in different
cultural settings are discussed. Deficits in the ability
to attribute mental states to others are related to
language and communication problems. Issues
raised by research results in different languages
and cultures are presented and their implications
for linguistic and educational practices are consid-
ered.

Promoting the development of theory of mind in
young children

Maluf, Maria-Regina Developmental Psychology,

PUC/SP, Sao Paulo, Brazil Panciera, Sara-Del-Prete

Developmental Psychology, UNICSUL, Sao Paulo,

Brazil

Many children under 5 years in developing coun-
tries are exposed to risk factors which prevent from
attaining their developmental potential. This study
aims to verify the effects of language training on
theory of mind development. False belief tasks were
applied as pre and post tests to 56 children aged 3 to
5. Results showed that differences previously found
between children from two sociocultural contexts
were reduced. We concluded that conversational
situations which include mental verbs use and incite

perspective changes can be viewed as strategies to
prevent or ameliorate the loss of developmental
potential in children from underprivileged families.

A cultural-historical approach to childrens talk
about psychological states: Four case studies
Rodrı́guez Arocho, Wanda Dept. of Psychology,

University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico

Martinez, Frances Dept. of Psychology, Universidad

de Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico

Current research suggests that autism involves
deficits in the acquisition of a theory of mind.
Accordingly, these children seem to be specifically
impaired in their ability to attribute mental states to
themselves or others. These deficits have been
related to language and communication problems.
Our study focused on the early development and
use of mental states terms in preschoolers. We
present and discuss the results of four case studies
with children aged 4-6 in which spontaneous talk
and talk during the realization of instructional tasks
was collected and analyzed. We focused on
utterances referring to desires, perception, cognition
and emotions. A cultural-historical framework is
used to analyze data.

Language as a window into theory of mind
Hollanda Souza, Debora Developmental Psychology,

Federal University São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil

In recent years, a substantial body of research has
been conducted on the links between theory of
mind and language. Many researchers have argued
that an important prerequisite to false belief
attribution is an understanding of the meaning of
mental state terms. Results from three different
studies conducted on childrens developing under-
standing of think and know will be discussed. The
first two were aimed at exploring possible differ-
ences between U.S. English-speaking and Brazilian
Portuguese-speaking children in their understand-
ing of these two terms. The third one was aimed at
investigating the emergence of these two terms in
Brazilian childrens vocabulary.

Childrens mistrust: Attention to false statements
or false beliefs?
Koenig, Melissa Inst. of Child Development,

University of Minnesota, Minnesota, USA

Children rely extensively on other people to learn
about the world. From early on, children’s reliance
on testimony is tempered by selective trust in
particular informants. New data from studies of
children’s evaluation of reliable and unreliable
informants will be presented. Although the relation
between children’s selective trust and false belief
understanding remains unclear, I will argue that
selective trust is likely to involve the mentalistic
appraisal of speakers rather than surface general-
izations of their behavior. One issue raised by this
research is the extent to which false statements are
treated as markers of unreliability by different
languages and cultures.

Test of emotion comprehension: A Portuguese-
language adaptation
Dias, Maria-da-Graça Dept. of Psychology, UFPe,

Recife, Brazil

Objective: The goal of this study was to translate,
perform the necessary adaptations and evaluate the
applicability in Brazilian Portuguese of the Test
Emotion Comprehension, developed by Pons,
Harris and Rosnay. Method: The Portuguese
version, complying with internationally accepted
criteria for transcultural adaptation of instruments,
was administered to 87 children who differed
regarding their sociodemographic variables, age
and gender. Results: Subjects of this sample
demonstrated good acceptance and understanding.
Conclusions: The utilization with individuals of
different sociodemographic strata enabled the
necessary adaptations to the Brazilian sociocultural

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reality. The adaptation of the instrument to Brazil
should continue with larger samples.

IS-060: Infants’ and very young
children’s affinity for animals

Judy DeLoache (chair)

DeLoache, Judy Charlottesville, USA Bloom Pickard,

Megan

Recent work on infants’ and toddlers’ preference
for animate over inanimate stimuli will be dis-
cussed. Visual attention studies with infants reveal
that they look longer at animals moving through a
landscape than at moving inanimate objects. An-
other set of studies establish that toddlers are highly
interested in animals, with one of the major aspects
of their behavior being greater emotional response
to animals over other stimuli. These results will be
discussed in the general context of the existence of a
special affinity on the part of human infants and
very young children for other animals.

IS-061: The personalization of
politics

Gian Vittorio Caprara (chair)

The symposium is the occasion to bring together a
number of scientist that in recent years have focused
their investigation on the intersection and interac-
tions between personality and politics. In reality,
the individual characteristics of leaders and voters
have assumed greater importance in political
discourse, as political choices increasingly depend
on voters’ distinctive patter of habits, attitudes and
values, and perception of politicians. The aim of the
symposium is to debate major contributions attest-
ing to the impact of leaders’ and voters’ personality
to political choices and its implications for global
democracy.

Basic values, core political values and political
preference

Schwartz, Shalom Dept. of Psychology, Hebrew

University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Vecchione,

Michele Dept. of Psychology, Universita di Roma La

Sapienza, Rome, Italy

We examine relations to voting of basic personal
values and core political values. Italian adults
responded before (n=1699) and after (n=1030) their
2006 national election. Basic values explained 19%
of the variance in voting and completely mediated
effects of age, gender, education, and income. Core
political values fully mediated the impact of basic
values and explained 58% of the variance in voting.
Basic values explained substantial variance in each
of the political values (24% to 53%). The dimen-
sions that organize basic values (self-enhancement
vs. self-transcendence and openness vs. conserva-
tion) appear to structure and gave coherence to
people’s systems of political values.

The political consequences of perceived threat
and felt insecurity

Huddy, Leonie Dept. of Political Science, Stony Brook

University, Stony Brook, NY, USA Feldman, Stanley

Dept. of Political Science, Stony Brook University,

Stony Brook, NY, USA Weber, Christopher Dept. of

Political Science, Stony Brook University, Stony

Brook, NY, USA

Data from the National Threat and Terrorism
Survey (N=1549) is used to explore the impact of a
need for security and threat on Americans’ support
for security policies. Among the minority of
Americans who felt insecure, perceived terrorist
threat increased support for domestic and interna-
tional security policy. Threat had no effect on
support for domestic security policies among the
majority who felt secure after the 911 attacks,
however. Our findings underscore the diverse ways
in which individuals react politically to a common
external threat. Our approach draws from both
attachment and terror management theory.

‘‘Elective affinities’’: On the psychological bases
of left-right differences

Jost, John Dept. of Psychology, New York University,

New York, USA

Theoretical and empirical relationships between
psychological variables and political orientation
will be discussed. Converging lines of research that
link basic personality, cognitive, motivational, and
neurophysiological processes to ideological differ-
ences between left and right will be summarized.
Also situational factors that are capable of inducing
‘‘liberal’’ and ‘‘conservative’’ shifts in political
attitudes will be discussed. Findings suggest that,
contrary to received wisdom in recent decades,
ideology is a meaningful force in people’s lives and
that it may be rooted in fundamental psychological
antinomies, including preferences for stability vs.
change, order vs. complexity, familiarity vs. no-
velty, conformity vs. creativity, loyalty vs. rebellion.

Impact of personality traits and values on level of
political involvement in women and on facing
glass-ceiling hurdles

Francescato, Donata Dept. of Psychology, Univers. of

Rome ’La Sapienza’, Rome, Italy Mebane, Minou

Dept. of Psychology, Univers. of Rome ’La Sapienza’,

Rome, Italy Sorace, Roberta Dept. of Psychology,

Univers. of Rome ’La Sapienza’, Rome, Italy

Personality of women with different levels of
political engagement has been investigated: 109
members of the Italian Parliament, 255 elected to
regional and local offices, 101 activists in extremist
groups, 155 activists of moderate parties and 1369
voters were administered self-report questionnaires
measuring traits, values and coping skills. Both
traits and values differ in the five groups, with local
and national politicians scoring higher in energy,
agreeableness and emotional stability and lower in
hedonism than extremists, activists and voters.
Traits and values were also related to coping with
glass-ceiling obstacles.

Selecting politicians: Individual differences as
predictors of electoral performance among UK
parliamentary candidates

Silvester, Jo Dept. of Psychology, City University

London, London, United Kingdom

There is growing interest in the possibility that
individual differences are associated with effective
political leadership. Validation of a multi-trait
multi-method assessment process for the Conserva-
tive Party was achieved by comparing candidate
scores at assessment with their performance during
the 2005 General Election. Critical thinking skills
(and to a lesser extent communication skills)
predicted the percentage swing and percentage of
votes achieved by candidates. Subsequent work
designing a selection process for the Liberal
Democrat Party raises issues about the need to
differentiate between assessing political candidates
on political values as well as behavioural perfor-
mance criteria.

IS-062: Intersensory interaction

Roberta Klatzky (chair)

The last decade has seen an exciting surge of
psychological research on interactions among
sensory modalities. This symposium invites an
international group of speakers to describe current
intersensory research from multiple perspectives.
Topics include how inputs from the senses are
combined in relation to statistically optimal inte-
gration, how attention is distributed between and
across modalities, and how sensory systems interact
in acquiring information about objects. Neurophy-
siological research will be described that addresses
how the physiological properties of individual
multisensory neurons and neural networks contri-
bute to intersensory interaction. Applications re-

lated to interactions across the senses will also be of
interest.

Cortex and midbrain conspire to synthesize
information from different senses in order to
mediate adaptive behavior
Stein, Barry Multisensory Research Group, Wake

Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA

Some neurons synthesize information from differ-
ent senses, thereby markedly enhancing their
sensitivity to external events and facilitating overt
behavior. This capacity is neither innate nor pre-
specified, nor is it present in every neuron receiving
cross-modal inputs. Rather, a specific circuit is
crafted based on extensive postnatal experience to
adapt the processes to the environment in which
they will be used. The specifics of the circuit; the
principles that normally govern it; the early life
experiences that give rise to these principles; and the
utility of the process for adapting behaviors to the
demands of the environment will be discussed.

Multisensory perception during locomotion
Ernst, Marc Multisensory Perception and ct, MPI for

Biological Cybernetics, Tuebingen, Germany

Souman, Jan Multisensory Perception &, MPI for

Biological Cybernetics, Tuebingen, Germany Frissen,

Ilja Multisensory Perception and ct, MPI for Biological

Cybernetics, Tuebingen, Germany

A multitude of sensory signals and perceptual
processes are involved in the control of human
walking. In return, also the human walking
behaviour has a profound effect on the way we
perceive the world. To investigate the interaction
between multisensory perception and locomotion
we constructed different locomotion environments
containing a treadmill and some visualization. We
focus here on the perception of visual motion and
the interaction with walking speed. In several
studies we found that motion perception is in-
creased for high visual speeds and decreased for low
visual speeds. The results will be discussed in terms
of multisensory integration.

The effect of non-informative, cross-modal
information on haptic spatial perception
Newell, Fiona Dept. of Psychology, Trinity College

Dublin, Dublin, Ireland Finucane, Ciara Psychology,

Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland Pasquallotto,

Achille Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin,

Ireland Chan, Jason Psychology, Trinity College

Dublin, Dublin, Ireland

We investigated the effects of noninformative vision
and audition on haptic memory for layouts of
objects. Participants first learnt a scene of objects
and were tested on their recognition of that scene
through touch only. We found better haptic
performance during the non-informative visual
condition than when participants were blindfolded.
Furthermore, visuo-spatial information was neces-
sary to enhance haptic memory performance. In
contrast to vision, non-informative audition was
not associated with an improvement in haptic
performance. Our findings suggest that spatial
cognition is multisensory and the relative precision
of spatial information in other modalities deter-
mines cross-modal spatial performance.

Neural correlates of multisensory integration
Vroomen, Jean Dept. of Psychology, Tilburg

University, Tilburg, Netherlands

Purpose: Electrophysiological (ERP) studies have
found that auditory neural activity (the N1-
component) induced by speech is suppressed when
speech is accompanied by concordant lip move-
ments. We examined whether this effect occurs with
audiovisual non-speech events. Results: The audi-
tory-evoked N1 was suppressed by the video of
natural actions like handclapping. This effect was
not influenced by whether the auditory and visual
information were congruent or incongruent. N1-

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suppression was absent, though, when the video did
not contain anticipatory motion. Conclusion:
Auditory N1-suppresion is not speech-specific, but
crucially depends on whether vision predicts when a
sound will occur.

IS-063: Cultural variations in
childrearing values and practices

Peeter Tulviste (chair)

Parental views regarding children and childrearing
have received considerable attention in develop-
mental psychology because of their importance in
understanding and explaining the variation in
people’s parenting behaviors. The main aim of the
symposium is to address the nature and extent of
cultural differences in general socialization values as
well as in more specific childrearing beliefs (e.g.
parents’ causal attributions concerning their chil-
dren’s academic achievement and normative beliefs
about aggression). The questions of how cultural
models of development are reflected in childrearing
values and to what extent socialization values
change over time along with the societal changes
will also be addressed.

Cultural variations in childrearing values and
practices

Tulviste, Peeter Dept. of Psychology, University of

Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

Parental views regarding children and childrearing
have received considerable attention in develop-
mental psychology because of their importance in
understanding and explaining the variation in
people’s parenting behaviors. The main aim of the
symposium is to address the nature and extent of
cultural differences in general socialization values as
well as in more specific childrearing beliefs (e.g.
parents’ causal attributions concerning their chil-
dren’s academic achievement and normative beliefs
about aggression). The questions of how cultural
models of development are reflected in childrearing
values and to what extent socialization values
change over time along with the societal changes
will also be addressed.

Continuity of mothers socialization goals across
cultures

Keller, Heidi Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany Schröder, Lisa Inst.

für Psychologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück,

Germany

Socialization goals define scripts for child rearing
practices. Cultural differences refer especially to the
emphasis put on autonomy and relatedness. This
study reports mothers socialization goals assessed
when their children were three months and three
years. Four cultural environments were selected
which can be assumed to differ with respect to the
emphasis put on autonomy and relatedness, urban
middle class families in Berlin, Germany, rural
subsistence based families from Gujarat, India, and
urban middle class families of Delhi, India and San
Jose, Costa Rica. The discussion refers to socializa-
tion as a long term project is adapted to contextual
variation.

How do parents explain their children’s success
and failure at school? Parental causal attributions
of primary school children

Natale, Katja Dept. of Psychology, University of

Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland

In the JEPS-Study 207 children and their parents
were followed up from kindergarten to 2nd grade.
The LGM results showed that especially highly
educated parents attributed their children’s success
increasingly to ability and decreasingly to teaching.
Further, when parents thought their children
succeeded because of ability, children’s subsequent
performance increased.

Parenting practices, beliefs concerning children’s
aggression and evaluations of primary school
children’s behaviour

Tropp, Kristiina Dept. of Education, University of

Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

Estonian and Finnish parents’ parenting practices,
approval of aggression, and reports about their
children’s problematic and prosocial behaviour
were studied. Sample: 230 Estonian, 150 Finnish
7- to 8-year old children, their parents and teachers.
A child’s behaviour was assessed by teachers and
parents with the same original questionnaire. A
modified version of the NOBAGS (Huesmann &
Guerra, 1997) was used for studying beliefs, and
items from the APQ (Shelton et al., 1996) for
studying parenting practices. Differences in pre-
ferred parenting practices and the approval of
aggression emerged between Estonian and Finnish
parents. Parenting profiles were associated to
behaviour ratings.

Socialization values and cultural change: A
comparative study of Estonia and Sweden

Tulviste, Tiia Dept. of Psychology, University of Tartu,

Tartu, Estonia

The present study addressed socialization values of
mothers of adolescents in Estonia – a country in
transition – to those in Sweden. One hundred sixty
four ethnic Estonians, 95 Russian immigrants in
Estonia, and 149 Swedish mothers living in Sweden
filled in the Child-Rearing Goals Questionnaire.
The study found mothers to be similar in emphasiz-
ing characteristics related to benevolence and self-
direction the most. In comparison with the Swedish
mothers, mothers residing in Estonia stressed
simultaneously the conformity values (being polite,
respecting elders, etc.), attached a greater signifi-
cance to being smart and hard-working, while not
valuing self-confidence as highly as the Swedes.

The mutual influence of social class and their
own children on Brazilian parents’ child-rearing
values

Tudge, Jonathan Dept. of Human Development,

University of North Carolina, Greensboro, USA Lopes,

Rita Inst. of Psychology, U. F. Rio Grande do Sul,

Porto Alegre, Brazil Piccinini, Cesar Institute of

Psychology, U. F. Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre,

RS, Brazil Sperb, Tania Inst. of Psychology, U. F. Rio

Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

Data were gathered on 45 Brazilian parents’ child-
rearing values when their children were 3, 36, and
72 months. Middle-class parents were more likely to
value autonomy and less likely to value conformity
at each age than were their working-class counter-
parts. However, when their children were 36
months the parents from both classes were sig-
nificantly less likely to value autonomy and valued
conformity more than at other times. Our data
suggest that the parents’ relatively abstract values
while their children were babies were influenced by
their developing children but that thereafter a
process of mutual adaptation between parents and
children occurred.

IS-064: Motivational structure:
Theory, measurement,
applications

Iva Stuchlikova (chair)

The motivational structure refers to the individual’s
pattern of goal-striving.The symposium will intro-
duce the concept of motivational structure, its
theoretical roots, development and validation of the
measurement tools and its applications in addictive
disorders treatment. The identification of adaptive
or maladaptive motivational patterns will be
discussed and interventions for changing motiva-
tional structure will be presented.

Motivational structure and its relations to some
personality variables

Stuchlikova, Iva Dept. of Psychology, University of

South Bohemia, Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic

Man, Frantisek Dept. of Psychology, University of

South Bohemia, Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic

There is a consistency in a way people choose their
goals and strive for them. This pattern was labeled
motivational structure and could be operationalized
via idiotetic tools evaluating the person’s current
concerns. The indices of motivational structure are
relatively stable and can be seen as habitual
variables. Their relations to some potential relevant
personality variables (social desirability, trait anxi-
ety, level of autonomy, Big five personal factors)
were investigated. The results show that the relation
of personality factors and motivational structure
are moderated by social desirability and level of
autonomy.

Volitional and emotional correlates of the
motivational structure questionnaire

Baumann, Nicola Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Trier, Trier, Germany

The Motivational Structure Questionnaire (MSQ)
showed theoretically consistent relationships with
self-report measures of self-regulation (state versus
action orientation), depression and anxiety. In
addition, MSQ indices captured motivational dif-
ferences between wishes, duties, and intentions.
Furthermore, MSQ indices predicted actual goal
enactment. Consistent relationships were also found
for implicit, non-reactive measures of self-infiltra-
tion (i.e., false self-attribution of externally con-
trolled goals or activities) and alienation (i.e.,
difficulties to perceive and enact emotional prefer-
ences). The experimental data suggest that specific
motivational structures are associated with voli-
tional inhibition and/or self-inhibition. In sum,
findings contribute to the validity of the MSQ.

Motivational restructuring

Cox, W. Miles Dept. of Psychology, Bangor University,

Bangor, United Kingdom Klinger, Eric Dept. of

Psychology, University of Minnesota Morris, Morris,

USA Fadardi, Javad S. Dept. of Psychology, Ferdowsi

University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Islamic Republic of

Iran

Sufferers of addictive disorders and many other
kinds of psychological disturbance show maladap-
tive patterns of motivation, which significantly
cause or contribute to the disorder. The following
will be included in this presentation: (a) an
assessment instrument (the Personal Aspirations
and Concerns Inventory) that identifies maladap-
tive motivational patterns, and (b) interventions for
changing those patterns. The latter include Sys-
tematic Motivational Counseling (an individual
therapy), Zielaktivierung und Zielklärung [Goal
Activation and Clarification] and the Life Enrich-
ment and Advancement Programme (group inter-
ventions), and a computerized intervention (for self-
help). Results obtained with the assessments and
interventions will also be presented.

The big two: Getting deeper into motivational
structure and attentional bias

Fadardi, Javad S. Dept. of Psychology, Ferdowsi

University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Islamic Republic of

Iran Cox, W. Miles Dept. of Psychology, Bangor

University, Bangor, United Kingdom

We will present the results of our recent study that
investigated the relationships among motivational
structure (adaptive vs. maladaptive), attentional
bias for alcohol-related stimuli, and alcohol con-
sumption. The results of our study (a) supported
previous evidence on the importance of both
maladaptive motivation and alcohol-attentional
bias in predicting drinking behaviour and (b)
suggested the independence of motivational struc-
ture and alcohol-attentional bias in predicting the

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amount of alcohol consumption. The importance
and application of the results for both assessment
and intervention will be discussed.

Individual and combined effects of information-
enhancement and goal-setting on improving
motivational structure

Shamloo, Zohreh Dept. of Psychology, Ferdowsi

University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Islamic Republic of

Iran Shamloo, Zohreh S. Dept. of Psychology,

Ferdowsi University of Mashad, Mashad, Islamic

Republic of Iran Cox, W. Miles Dept. of Psychology,

Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom

Motivational structure affects people’s success or
failure at goal pursuits and their mood regulation
(e.g., by using chemicals). We will present results
showing that manipulations (enhancement-infor-
mation; goal-setting) that increase sense of control
and intrinsic motivation also improve individuals’
motivational structure. There were four experimen-
tal conditions: No-Intervention; Goal-Setting; In-
formation-Enhancement; both Goal-Setting and
Information-Enhancement. Task-specific versions
of the Personal Concerns Inventory (PCI), Shapiro
Control Inventory, and Intrinsic Motivation In-
ventory were administered. On post-test PCI
adaptive motivation, the groups were ordered as
follows: Combination > Information- Enhance-
ment > Goal-Setting > No-Intervention. The
improvement was maintained at a 45-day follow-
up.

IS-065: Diverse methodological
challenges in cross-cultural
research

Barbara M. Byrne (chair)

Psychological research that focuses on cross-cultur-
al comparisons has increased considerably during
the last decade. Of particular import is its
popularity within mainstream psychology. Thus,
cross-cultural research can no longer be considered
the sole domain of experts trained in this area.
Paralleling this growth has been an equally notable
expansion of advances in quantitative psychology
related to measurement, statistics, and research
design. These advances bear importantly on studies
of cultural differences. The intent of this sympo-
sium is twofold: (a) to heighten awareness to
methodological complexities associated with cross-
cultural research, and (b) to elucidate how these
methodological advances can address cross-cultural
comparisons.

Comparing people from different cultural
backgrounds

Bartram, Dave Research Dept., SHL Group Ltd.,

Thames Ditton, United Kingdom

Within the context of organisations seeking to
make comparisons between people coming from
different national or cultural backgrounds on the
basis of their personality scores, the issue of criteria
for aggregation of samples across cultures is
discussed. This raises the questions of: What is
meant by ‘culture’? How can it be operationalized?
Some key issues are identified including evidence
supporting construct and structural equivalence of
scales across samples; the impact of DIF on scale
scores; the need to control the demographics of
different samples; and the need to avoid general
biases associated with instrument formats and
modes of administration.

Challenges of globalization vs. indigenous
measures

Cheung, Fanny M. Dept. of Psychology, Chinese Univ.

of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, People’s Republic

of : Hong Kong SAR

With globalization, there is increasing use of
personality assessment across cultures. Imported

tests are often used in countries where few local
instruments are available. I will address the basic
problems of test translation and adaptation in
personality assessment, bilingual equivalence, and
implications on test interpretation when using
imported tests. While well adapted imported tests
allow cross-cultural comparison on universal con-
structs, the problem of gaps in culturally relevant
dimensions remains. I will illustrate good practices
in test translation and in development of indigenous
measures with examples from the Chinese MMPI-2
and the Cross-Cultural (Chinese) Personality As-
sessment Inventory (CPAI).

Threats to cultural validity in clinical assessment
Leong, Frederick T.L. Dept. of Psychology, Michigan

State University, East Lansing, USA

Borrowing from Campbell and Stanley’s (1966)
concept of threats to validity, the lack of cultural
validity in clinical diagnosis and assessment can be
also conceptualized to be due largely to a failure to
recognize or a tendency to minimize cultural factors
among researchers and clinicians. Illustrated with
the case of Asian Americans, the following factors
may serve as the sources of threats to cultural
validity in clinical assessment: (a) pathoplasticity of
psychological disorders, (b) cultural factors influen-
cing symptom expression, (c) therapist bias in
clinical judgment, (d) language capability of the
client, and (e) inappropriate use of diagnostic and
personality tests.

Cognitive biases in cross-cultural research
van de Vijver, Fons Dept. of Psychology, Tilburg

University, Tilburg, Netherlands

Cross-cultural psychologists show five cognitive
biases which impede progress in the field: (1) a lack
of balance between uncritical acceptance and
rejection of observed cross-cultural score differ-
ences; (2) a Euro-American dominance in the
methods used, the theoretical orientations adopted,
and the topics chosen to study; (3) methodological
preconceptions (e.g., insufficient concern for
equivalence of instruments); (4) a paradigmatic
organization of cross-cultural research; (5) a lack of
attention for measurement of the cultural context of
the study.

Ethical issues related to cross-cultural research
Oakland, Thomas Dept. Educational Psychology,

University of Florida, Gainesville, USA

Psychological research, including that conducted
cross-culturally, is subject to both legal and ethical
standards in those countries in which research is
conducted. Ethics codes may help define acceptable
procedural and methodological issues associated
with research. Procedural issues include confidenti-
ality, protection from harm, informed consent,
plagiarism, and publication credit. Methodological
issues include and are not limited to competence in
conducting cross cultural research. The purpose of
this presentation is to summarize information on
ethical issues associated with conducting cross-
cultural research.

IS-066: Bicultural self and social
change

Sik-Hung Ng (chair)

The confluence of cultures resulting from cultural
contact has accelerated in recent decades under the
influence of globalisation and the spread of
information technology. Individuals with bicultural
(or multicultural) knowledge are on the rise in
numbers and social influence, many of whom have
also developed bicultural selves beyond the mere
acquisition of knowledge about other cultures. This
symposium reports theoretical and applied studies
of biculturals, their self-concepts and issues of
psychological integration, language and behaviour-
al decisions.

Social identities, bicultural selves and perceived
social change

Ng, Sik-Hung Dept. Applied Social Studies, City

University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, People’s

Republic of : Hong Kong SAR Kim, Jung-Sik

Fairhaven College of Interdisc, Western Washington

University, Bellingham, Vatican City State

Since its reunification with China in 1997, Hong
Kong SAR has experienced various significant
changes. This paper summarises studies to show,
first, that people who perceived the changes to be
fast preferred single identities (‘‘I am a Chinese’’, or
‘‘I am a Hongkonger’’) over dual identities (e.g., ‘‘I
am a Chinese but also a Hongkonger’’). This
correlation was mediated by perceived social
uncertainty as predicted. Second, social identities
correlated positively with biculturality. Biculturals
who were strong in both Chinese and Western
selves, when compared to others who were strong in
only one self or none, embraced multiple identities
more strongly.

Indigenous identity, language and social change:
Some considerations from Bolivia and Canada

Sachdev, Itesh Oriental and African Studies,

University of London, London, United Kingdom

In the Americas, indigenous peoples, who are
effectively bicultural, are referred to by a variety
of group labels, though few studies have explored
their self-categorisations. In this paper the relation-
ship between self-categorisation and language was
explored amongst 198 members of 3 indigenous
communities in Bolivia and Canada. Survey data,
on self-categorisations, bilingual behaviour and
attitudes, revealed systematic associations. Specifi-
cally, whereas colonially imposed categorisations
were associated with the status quo, self-determined
categorisations were seen as the harbingers for
social change. Overall, the survival of indigenous
peoples depends on self-determined categorizations
in their appropriate socio-structural and temporal
contexts.

Biculturals, conformity motives and decision
making

Briley, Donnel Marketing Dept., University of Sydney,

Sydney, Australia

Prior research suggests that biculturals shift the
values they espouse depending on cues such as
language. The paper examines whether the effects
of language extend to a potentially less malleable
domain, behavioural decisions. Studies of Hong
Kong biculturals found that language manipulation
(Cantonese vs. English) increases tendencies to
choose compromise options in a product decision
task, endorse associated decision guidelines, defer
decision making in problems where it can be
postponed, and endorse decision guidelines that
advocate caution rather than decisive action. A
motivational explanation of these effects was
confirmed.

The individual- and social-oriented chinese
bicultural self: Testing the theory

Lu, Luo Dept. of Business Administrati, National

Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

A Chinese bicultural self theory (individual- and
social-orientation) was proposed and tested in a
series of five studies. The social-orientation is
rooted in traditional Chinese conceptualization of
the self, while the individual-orientation is rooted in
the Western culture but brought in through social
change. A total of 977 students in Taiwan were
tested. The individual self aspect was related to
individualism, independence, individualistic moti-
vation, and subjective well-being, whereas the social
self aspect was related to collectivism, interdepen-
dence, social motivation, holistic thinking, inter-
personal harmony and a communal orientation.
The bicultural self model was thus generally
supported.

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IS-067: Development of
psychological and biological
resources in children at risk

Maria Cristina Richaud (chair)

In this symposium problems concerning children at
risk by poverty and by cultural changes due to
emigration, will be presented. Characteristics of
biological and psychological resources of children
at poverty will be shown. At the same time, the
effects of intervention strategies and temperament
or innate self control over reinforcement of attach-
ment, executive functions and social skills will be
analyzed. With respect to children that have
emigrated to a different country of that of origin,
differential impact of child-rearing styles, depend-
ing on the culture of origin, over prosocial and
aggressive behaviour will be studied.

How to reinforce psychological resources in
children at risk by poverty

Richaud, Maria Cristina Buenos Aires, Argentina

Theoretical support for an intervention proposal to
reinforce psychological resources in children at
poverty is developed. Results referring to the effects
of a curriculum integrated program are presented.
The sample was made up of 100 children, both
sexes, from a state school, randomly selected from
schools under poverty level. The control group –
‘not at risk’– was formed by children attending a
middle class school. The results obtained through a
before and after design with control group support
the premise that reinforcing the child’s resources
lowers menace perception and ensures more suc-
cessful coping and that discontinuity in the inter-
vention produce a resources weakening.

Hostility, neglect and permissiveness in parent-
child relation: Influence in behavioural
development

Mestre, Vicenta Psicologia Basica, Universidad de

Valencia, Valencia, Spain Samper, Paula Psicologia

Basica, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain Tur,

Ana Psicologia Basica, Universidad de Valencia,

Valencia, Spain Latorre, Angel Psicologia Basica,

Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain Cortés,

Maite Psicologia Basica, Universidad de Valencia,

Valencia, Spain

Hostility, neglect and permissiveness within the
family have a negative effect on the child’s
psychological and behavioural development. This
paper aims to confirm the impact of this family
climate on children in populations from different
cultures. 2788 subjects with a mean age of 12.15
years filled the Child’s Report of Parent Behaviour
(Schaefer, 1965; Samper, Cortés, Mestre, Nácher
and Tur, 2006), the Prosocial Behaviour Scale, the
Physical and Verbal Aggression Scale (Caprara and
Pastorelli, 1993; Del Barrio, Moreno and López,
2001) and the Inventory of Empathy for Children
and Adolescents (Bryant, 1982). The findings show
a differential impact of child-rearing styles depend-
ing on gender, age and culture of origin.

Parental disciplining practices, sympathy and
prosocial behaviors among Mexican American
and European American families

Carlo, Gustavo Dept. of Psychology, University of

Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA Knight, George Dept. of

Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ,

USA

Parental inductions are associated with positive
morality and punitiveness is associated with nega-
tive morality. However, these relations might vary
across ethnic groups and social behaviors and
sympathy might mediate these relations. Partici-
pants were 322 adolescents (212 Mexican Amer-
icans; M age = 10.9 years; 50% girls). Students
completed measures of disciplining practices, sym-
pathy, and prosocial behaviors. Correlations

showed that inductions were related positively to
sympathy, dire, emotional, anonymous, and com-
pliant but not significantly related to altruism or
public helping. Punitiveness was related negatively
to sympathy and altruism, and positively to public
helping. Discussion will focus on prosocial devel-
opment among US Latinos.

Personality role in resilience promotion in
children at risk by poverty
Lemos, Viviana CIIPME, CONICET, Buenos Aires,

Argentina

As part of a research and intervention project which
attempts to foster affective, cognitive, and linguistic
resources in at-risk children due to extreme poverty
backgrounds, this study assess the role of child
personality and its modulatory role in the strength-
ening of some of these resources, as related to the
resilience construct. One hundred children —who
attend one of the 1,000 most socially vulnerable
schools in Argentina— took part in the study.
Results —consistent with the theory on the
subject— show that personality traits may function
as positive (e.g. extraversion and a more controlled
temperament) or negative catalysts (e.g. neuroti-
cism) of the intervention, allowing for interventions
adjusted to the dispositional profile of children.

Development of psychosocial resources of
vulnerable children in Brazil
Koller, Silvia Helena Dept. de Psicologia, Univers. Fed.

do Rio Grande, Porto Alegre, Brazil Dell’Aglio, Débora

Dept. de Psicologia, Univers. Fed. do Rio Grande,

Porto Alegre, Brazil Poletto, Michele Dept. de

Psicologia, Univers. Fed. do Rio Grande, Porto Alegre,

Brazil Siqueira, Aline Dept. de Psicologia, Univers.

Fed. do Rio Grande, Porto Alegre, Brazil Lieberknecht

Wathier, Josiane Dept. de Psicologia, Univers. Fed. do

Rio Grande, Porto Alegre, Brazil

This study investigated risk and protective factors
of 297 impoverished 7-16 year old children, both
sexes, comparing those living at home (G1, n= 142)
to sheltered (G2, n= 155). Sheltered children
informed higher scores on stressing life events
inventories, and negative emotions, and depression
scales (p ,0,001). No group and sex differences
were found on life satisfaction, positive emotions,
and social networks (p >0,05), but negative emo-
tions (girls scored higher; p,0,05). In spite of the
poverty and adversities, some resilience processes
were identified on the higher scores of protective
factors.

IS-068: Psychosocial risk analysis
and prevention at work

Jose M. Peiro (chair)

The world of work is experiencing important
transformations in a global economy and in a
complex and multi-cultural, connected, and tech-
nological society. Demographic and value changes
in these multicultural societies are also inducing
changes in organizations. These changes are raising
emergent risks at work of a psychosocial nature.
They also posit new challenges and opportunities
for work and organizational psychology. The aim
of this symposium is to present theoretical models
and empirical evidence which support relevant
contributions Work and Organizational Psychology
is making to improve work places and organiza-
tions in order to promote safe and healthy people in
healthy organizations.

Emergent psychosocial risk conditions in current
work places: Evaluation and prevention
strategies

Korunka, Christian Fakultät für Psychologie,

Universität Wien, Wien, Austria

Changes in the society and the organizations in
Western countries result in continuously changing
working conditions of employees. The aging work

force, increasing customer demands, a comeback of
Taylorism, new form of work contracts and an
increasing permeability of the work-life interface
are only few examples of the wide range of ‘‘new’’
psycho-social risks. Theoretically and empirically
well-developed frameworks exist in Industrial and
Organizational psychology to describe and evaluate
these changes from a perspective of human work
design. It is argued that these frameworks should be
used to evaluate the abovementioned new risk
conditions. Examples of these evaluations will be
given.

Psychosocial risks at work and their prevention in
Finland
Lindström,, Kari Psychology, Finnish Institute of

Occupat., Helsinki, Finland

Psychosocial risks at work can be monitored at
national level using survey methods. At the
organizational level, common approaches consti-
tute surveys on work climate and task-level
methods based on the observation of risks at work.
Results gained through these methods may be used
for improvements in organizational development,
job redesign, and change management. National
level interventions comprise policy making and
national action programmes. A holistic approach
combining these actions has been formed based on
the healthy organization model, a multilevel inter-
vention approach. The results of these interventions
are evaluated from the perspective of future
challenges, learning, expected results, and context.

Stress prevention and management in the
workplace: Concepts, findings and desiderata
Semmer, Norbert Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Bern, Bern, Switzerland

For many, changing work characteristics seems a
‘‘natural priority’’ for stress prevention. Never-
theless, person-related interventions are dominant,
and their effectiveness has been shown. Changing
work characteristics has yielded mixed results, due
partly to the complexity of the social systems
involved, and to implementation problems. Com-
mon features of successful include a thorough
analysis, a participative approach, and management
support. Improvements cannot be expected in all
parameters, and may be restricted to certain
subgroups of participants. Methodological im-
provement should focus not only on design issues
but also on careful, quantifiable documentation of
the project. Person-focused and organization-fo-
cused approaches should be combined.

Beliefs, accident analysis, risk perception and
prevention
Kouabenan, Rémi Psychology, UFR SHS, University

of Grenoble 2, Grenoble Cedex 9, France

Psychological studies carried out on accidents have
demonstrated the value of taking into account the
systems of values and beliefs of subjects non-
initiated in safety matters, in the understanding of
risk-taking and the explanation of accidents
(Kouabenan, 1998; Cadet & Kouabenan, 2005;
Helmreich & Merritt, 2001). This perspective is
particularly crucial in this era of globalization
where organisation become more and more large,
and when workers from different backgrounds are
relocating, and increasingly complex technology is
being used. In this paper, we would examine the
way laypeople, perceive risks and explain accidents
and the possible influence of their systems of values
and beliefs on the efficiency of safety measures and
campaigns.

Cross-cultural perspectives on coping with work-
family conflict
Tetrick, Lois Dept. of Psychology, George Mason

University, Washington, DC, USA Gonzalez-Morales,

M. Gloria Dept. of Psychology, George Mason

University, Fairfax, VA, USA

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Considerable research has been conducted examin-

ing the conflict that can arise from the demands of

both work and family. Work and organizational

psychology, primarily based on research in the

USA, has characterized work-family conflict as

arising from time-based, strain-based, and beha-

vior-based conflicts and it has been demonstrated

that work-family conflict can have negative con-

sequences for employees and their families. How-

ever, little work has been done to understand how

individuals cope with work-family conflict and

whether coping mechanisms extend across cultures.

We will report the results of a cross-cultural

approach (United States and Spain) to examine

work-family conflict and coping mechanisms.

Psychosocial risk prevention: An approach from
positive psychology

Peiro, Jose M. Dept. of Social Psychology, University

of Valencia, Valencia, Spain Rodriguerz, Isabel Dept.

of Social Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia,

Spain

Psychosocial risk analysis and prevention may

largely benefit from the long tradition and the

contributions made by research on stress in general

and more specifically on work stress. However,

research on stress has mainly focused on distress

phenomena and its negative consequences. Re-

cently, Nelson and Simmons (2003) have defined

eu-stress as ‘‘a positive psychological response to a

stressor, as indicated by the presence of positive

psychological states’’ (p.104). Thus, new questions

arise in stress research and its analysis certainly will

contribute to improve the present psychological

armamentarium for risk assessment and prevention.

In the present paper we will analyze this issues and

we will provide some empirical evidence on them.

IS-069: Negotiation theory and
negotiation practice: Bridging the
divide

Peter Carnevale, Kwok Leung (chair)

We address the divide between theory and practice

of negotiation in Australia, China, Spain, Turkey,

The Netherlands and elsewhere. Important aspects

of the theory-practice divide include issues of trust

(Olekalns and Smith), fundamental conceptions of

negotiation affected by culture (Zhang and Liu), the

context of integrative agreements (Ismet & Beriker),

the challenges of co-mediation (Martinez-Pecino,

Munduate, Medina & Euwema), and how negotia-

tors deal with complex constituencies who send

mixed signals (Steinel & De Dreu). This will be

followed by some distinctly pithy, insightful dis-

cussant comments that tie it all together by Leung

and Carnevale.

The moves you make: Sense-making in
negotiation

Olekalns, Mara Melbourne Business School,

University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia

Negotiators receive a steady stream of information

from their opponents. Because this information

provides important clues about the other party’s

goals and motives, negotiators use it to update their

own strategic approach. Over the last decade, we

have investigated how what negotiators say (or

don’t say) shapes both their relational and sub-

stantive outcomes. Three themes emerge from our

research. First, unexpected events are pivotal to

outcomes. Second, trustworthiness shapes decisions

to deceive the other party. Finally, many of the

relationships we identify between strategic behavior

and outcomes are context-dependent.

Differences in negotiation mentality between
Chinese and American

Zhang, Zhixue Guang Hua School of Management,

Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

There are more and more business negotiations
occurring between American—the largest devel-
oped country, and China—the largest developing
country. It has been widely reported that business
negotiations between the two large economic
entities often ended with misunderstanding and
impasses. The barriers to the business negotiations
between the two countries arise from the funda-
mental differences in the mentality between Chinese
and American negotiators. To examine the differ-
ences, we asked part-time MBA students from both
China and America to answer a semi-structured
questionnaire and a survey. Both qualitative and
quantitative data show significant differences be-
tween Chinese and American in the conception of
negotiation.

Integrative bargaining strategies in the Turkish
finance sector: Theory, practice and context of
integrative agreements

Beriker, Nimet Arts and Social Sciences, Sabanci

University, Istanbul, Turkey

In this study we investigate real-life business
negotiations conducted in the Turkish financial
sector in order to achieve a fine tuned picture of
real-life integrative agreements. For this purpose,
we collected 6 narrated negotiation cases, and
analyzed the outcomes of negotiations on the basis
of distributive and integrative divide, and looked at
the nature of the integrative outcomes by using
Pruitt’s classification of integrative agreements. In
addition, we investigated the relationship among
negotiation processes, bargaining styles, and the
outcomes of negotiations. The findings showed
that, almost in all cases negotiations ended with
integrative agreements, and showed more compli-
cated patterns than what has been described in
Pruitt’s categories.

Mediating in teams: Opportunities and
challenges

Munduate, Lourdes Dept. of Social Psychology,

University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain

Mediating in teams or co-mediation may present
different characteristics and challenges compared to
mediations conducted by a single individual. In
contrast to negotiating teams, where there is ample
literature that allows giving advices to negotiators,
practitioners in mediation may feel the need for
scientific research that traces bridges between
theory and practice and let them know how to face
specific demands for mediation teams. We present
an observational study of real mediation cases,
analyzing how different mediation teams faced
different challenges and situations and the out-
comes they achieved.

When constituencies have opposing factions

Steinel, Wolfgang Social and Organiz. Psychology,

Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands

We examined how people negotiate on behalf of a
constituency in which opposing factions send
different signals. Experiment 1 showed that repre-
sentatives follow the majority of their constituents,
yet competitive (but not cooperative) minorities
could challenge the majority’s influence. Experi-
ment 2 replicated this finding across different
decision rule conditions. Competitive minorities
were influential, no matter whether the group
would decide unanimously or with majority vote.
Experiment 3 showed that competitive members
had more influence than cooperative members, even
when factions were equally large. We conclude that
the influence of a minority faction in intergroup
negotiation depends on the specific content of the
faction’s message, and its strategic implications.

IS-070: Couple and family
dynamics in the mirror of
experience and behaviour
sampling method

Meinrad Perrez (chair)

The main purpose of the symposium is to give a
representative insight into the current psychological
research on couple and family dynamics on the base
of ambulatory assessment methods. Different var-
iants of behavior sampling and of multi-method
approaches will illustrate new possibilities to study
couple and family processes under daily life
conditions with repeated measures from both
parents and children, and from couples. Methodo-
logical strengths and limits of this research
approach outside the confinements of laboratories
and questionnaires will be discussed.

Emotional lives of mothers, fathers and young
children: Are they connected?

Rönkä, Anna Family Research Center, University of

Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland Malinen, Kaisa Family

Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä,

Finland Lämsä, Tiina Family Research Institute,

University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland Tolvanen,

Asko Family Research Institute, University of

Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland

The objective of this study was to analyze if parents’
and young children’s daily moods are related. Data
on 107 families was collected during a one-week
period in November 2006 using different kinds of
diaries. Parents answered ten structured questions
about their mood and interactions three times a day
by mobile diary, sending text messages. More
detailed information about daily events and inter-
actions was gathered by means of paper-and pencil
diaries. A child diary gathering data on children’s
mood and interactions were filled in by parents and
day care personnel. Multi-level modeling was used
to analyze the data gathered from three family
members.

A new approach to the study of couple and family
dynamics: Zeroing in on a week in the life of a
family

Repetti, Rena Dept. of Psychology, University of

California, Los Angeles, USA

Data from the Alfred P. Sloan Center for the
Everyday Lives of Families at UCLA will illustrate
a novel approach to studying the dynamics of
family life. The study uses a variety of repeated
measures data that were collected from both
parents and children: diary measures of mood and
stressors (taken at scheduled points during the day),
samples of cortisol (taken at the same points each
day), and daily video tapes of family interaction.
The integration of self-reports with biological
samples and naturalistic observations of family life
presents both opportunities and challenges for
family and couple researchers.

Self-esteem and the coregulation of emotions in
married couples’ daily life

Schoebi, Dominik Dept. of Psychology, University of

California, Los Angeles, USA Perrez, Meinrad Dept. of

Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg,

Switzerland

The study investigates interpersonal coregulation of
affect in marital relationships, and how self-esteem
affects these processes. In two studies, 655 dual-
earner couples participated in an electronic diary
procedure. Both partners reported on their affect,
their expectancies and their perceptions of the
partner’s affect, several times per day over the
course of a week. The results suggest that men’s low
self-esteem shapes how affective experience are
transmitted between spouses. Moreover, low self-
esteem moderated within-person patterns of asso-
ciations between expectancies about the partner’s

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affect and reports of marital distress at night. These
patterns predicted change in relationship satisfac-
tion across 3 years.

Emotional transmission in couples under stress

Bolger, Niall Dept. of Psychology, Columbia

University, New York, USA Lida, Masumi Dept. of

Psychology, Kent State University, Kent, USA Stadler,

Gertraud Dept. of Psychology, Columbia University,

New York, USA Paprocki, Christine Dept. of

Psychology, Columbia University, New York, USA

Shrout, Patrick Dept. of Psychology, New York

University, New York, USA

Close relationships are defined as those where one
partner’s psychological states and behaviors have
the capacity to influence those of the other. We
investigated this process of emotional transmission
in couples under stress. Participants were 216
couples where one partner was preparing to take
a legal certification test typically experienced as
highly stressful. They provided daily diary reports
of emotional states for 44 days surrounding the
event. Examinees’ angry mood was related to
partners’ angry mood on the same day. However,
emotional transmission diminished as the examina-
tion approached and rebounded afterwards. Cou-
ples differed considerably in the strength of
transmission.

Mood synchronization in family-members’ daily
lives

Cook, William L. Centre for Psychiatry Research,

Portland, USA Wilhelm, Peter Department of

Psychology, University Fribourg, Fribourg,

Switzerland

Reciprocity of negativity is one of the most
ubiquitous findings in the family dynamics litera-
ture. Reciprocity can produce positive correlations
in dyad members’ moods, but other factors such as
trait-based similarity can too. If processes of
reciprocity explain mood similarity, family-mem-
bers’ moods should be higher synchronized when
they are together than when apart. To test this
hypothesis we analyzed time-series diary data of 96
families with adolescent children. Family members’
moods were more similar when they were together
than when apart. This difference was partially
explained by conflict (reciprocity of negativity).

The design and psychometrics of ambulatory
assessment

Pawlik, Kurt Inst. für Psychologie I, Universität

Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

Ambulatory assessment (AA) methods are devised
to study human behavior outside the confinements
of laboratory or other experimenter-designed con-
ditions of observation. Different from classical
‘‘stationary’’ interindividual difference assessment,
AA also captures intraindividual sources of varia-
tion (with respect to states, settings etc.). AA
enables a researcher to draw upon these sources
of variation (and their correlation and interaction!)
so as to meet chosen criteria of ecological repre-
sentativeness. Principal study designs of AA will be
presented and discussed with respect to strengths
and weaknesses. This will be followed by a
taxonomy of psychometric standards and illustra-
tive sample results from the presented papers.

IS-071: Learning in context:
Constructing knowledge through
sociocultural mediated activity

Néstor Roselli (chair)

This symposium aims to present the most recent
developments in theory and research on learning
from a sociocultural framework. Many concepts
developed inside this approach have already been
incorporated to the background of educational
discourse. Meanwhile, in recent times new topics

have arisen: the computer supported collaborative
learning, the sociocultural view of the executive
functions, the semiotic function of the teaching
strategies, the distribution cognition systems, the
communities of practice, the creative and motiva-
tional support of learning, and the new kind of
subjectivity emerging in a high technological world.
The symposium is particularly focused on these
recent topics.

Teaching strategies as instruments of semiotic
mediation
Roselli, Néstor Faculdad de Education, CONICET /

UNER, Rosario, Argentina

Teaching strategies are not only the way to learn
culture; they are cultural instruments by themselves.
In this way, they have a semiotic effect on learning
and the mental construction of knowledge. This
presentation focuses on the cognitive and affective
effects of three teaching modalities: classical-expo-
sitive, participative-guided and peer-collaborative.
These effects concern the linguistic formulation of
knowledge, the permanence in memory, the transfer
to concrete situations, the links to other concepts
and fields, and the motivation and attitude disposi-
tion of learners. Results are discussed from the
sociocultural approach, regarding specially the
different models of teacher-student interaction
involved in each strategy.

The subjective processes and their significance in
learning: Unfolding consequences from an
historical-cultural approach in psychology
González Rey, Fernando Luis Centro de Ciencias da

Vida, PUC-Campinas, Brasilia, Brazil

This presentation focuses on one interpretation
about Vygotskys work which has not been common
among Vygotskys followers in Western Psychology:
the consequences of the emotional-cognitive and
emotional symbolical unities of psyche for the
analysis of psychological processes. Fantasy, emo-
tion, feelings and personality received a prior
attention from Vygotsky. Starting from an histor-
ical-cultural view of subjectivity, this presentation
discusses how learning is affected by those symbo-
lical – emotional consequences of child’s social life,
which in some cases ‘‘paralyzed’’ their socialization
into the school and also his cognitive capacities,
which are inseparable of the subjective configured
student’s personalities resulting from their social
histories

Cognitive education: Sociocultural mediated
activity for learning problems remediation
Rodrı́guez Arocho, Wanda Dept. of Psychology,

University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico

In their seminal works on the historical, cultural
and social foundations of cognitive development
Lev S. Vygotsky and Alexander R. Luria empha-
sized the role of mediation in learning. In spite of
the fact that remedial education and cognitive
rehabilitation was a main area of concern for both
of them, this aspect of the sociocultural framework
has not received the attention it deserves until very
recently. In this presentation we discuss the basic
principles of rehabilitation and remediation from a
sociocultural perspective and examine their applica-
tion in an intervention designed to address learning
difficulties, specifically reading problems, in ele-
mentary school children.

Collaborating in virtual learning environments:
Conversation vs. product elaboration tasks
Mauri, Teresa Psicologı́a Evolutiva, Universidad de

Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Onrubia, Javier

Psicologı́a Evolutiva, Universidad de Barcelona,

Barcelona, Spain

The aim of our paper is to study collaboration
processes in two different instructional activities in
a text-based asynchronous environment with uni-
versity students. Two activities on the same content

have been registered: a conversation forum and a
collaborative writing task. Results show differences
between the two activities related with how students
manage the task, how common knowledge is
established and how students assist each other both
in management and knowledge construction pro-
cesses. These results are discussed from a socio-
cultural view of learning in virtual environments

Looking at education reform projects from a
socioconstructivist approach to knowledge

Bravo Vick, Milagros Graduate Studies in Education,

University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico

Moreno, Mary Annette Graduate Studies in

Education, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan,

Puerto Rico

The Puerto Rico Collaborative for Excellence in
Teacher Preparation, and the Puerto Rico Math
and Science Partnership (Josefina Arce, PI; NSF-
sponsored) have as its ultimate goal improvement
of student science and mathematics learning. The
first tackles transforming teacher preparation pro-
grams and the second teacher professional devel-
opment and school culture. Both involve scientists,
mathematicians and educators working in commu-
nities of learning and practice that integrate basic
principles of the sociocultural framework and
related research-based approaches on how people
learn. We present its major processes and results
and analyze them from a socioconstructivist per-
spective addressing some original central concepts
and recent developments.

The influence of different cultural settings in the
modes of discourse and ways of thinking

Cubero Pérez, Mercedes Psicologı́a Experimental,

Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain

We started from a theoretical perspective in which
the activity settings are related to the use of
different discourse genres and different ways of
thinking. From this perspective, an empirical study
was conducted. Individuals from two different
levels of education, three different generations,
and from the two sides of the border area between
Tamaulipas-Texas participated in the study. They
solved a task of concept formation in which they
had to answers formal and informal questions
about the concept of border area. Similarities and
differences between the participants were inter-
preted in terms of the hypothesis of the hetero-
geneity of verbal thinking.

IS-072: Achievement motivation
and achievement attribution
among Asian students: Insights
from qualitative data

Allan B.I. Bernardo (chair)

Most theories of achievement motivation and
achievement attribution have been developed from
research involving learners in Western educational
systems. Asian psychologists have investigated how
these theories apply to learners in Asian educational
contexts. This symposium features papers that use
qualitative data to determine how meanings,
processes, and factors influencing achievement
motivation and attribution in Asian students may
be similar to or different from Western students.
The papers shall highlight how meanings, processes,
and factors need to be understood with reference to
the students’ particular cultural meanings and
practices, and how theories could take into account
the cultural dimensions of achievement.

Academic achievement and the role of the self
and relationship

Muramoto, Yukiko International Graduated School,

Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan

In an open-ended questionnaire, Japanese under-
graduates were asked to recall their positive and

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negative life events and make attributions. Most

participants mentioned their academic success and

failure and made self-effacing attributions for them.

At the same time, they expected that others who are

significantly related to them would make internal

attributions for their success more than for their

failure. Especially they tended to believe that others

would emphasize their effort as the most important

cause of the success. The quantitative analysis in

our subsequent research further examined the

meaning of effort among Japanese and the role of

the self and relationship in achievement attribution.

How do future goals affect academic motivation
and learning? A qualitative study with
Singaporean secondary school students

McInerney, Dennis OER, Nation. Institute of

Education, Singapore, Singapore Liem, Arief

Darmanegara National Inst. of Education, Nanyang

Technological Univers., Singapore, Singapore

This study examines how secondary school stu-

dents’ future goals are related to their academic

motivation and learning at school. A hundred

Singaporean students were randomly selected for

an interview that probed their future goals,

perceived utility value of schooling, immediate

achievement goals, and learning. This qualitative

information was analysed to search for cultural

themes related to the abovementioned psycho-

social components and their dynamic interactions

in affecting student motivation. Parents’ and

teachers’ views about their roles in students’ future

goals and motivation were also investigated. The

findings are discussed in relation to the socio-

cultural and educational contexts of Singapore.

Cultural models of achievement of Singaporean
Malay and Chinese students

Chang, Weining C. Division of Psychology, Nanyang

Technological Univers., Singapore, Singapore

The present project aims at identifying (1) the

meaning of achievement, its related (2) achievement

goal conceptualization and (3) their relationships to

parental philosophies concerning their desired out-

comes for their children. It is proposed that a

cultural model of achievement motivation can be

identified through parents’ goals and expectations

of the child. These goals and expectations will in

turn guide parents’ interaction with the child.

Through these interactions a cultural model is

developed. Children might internalize these cultural

models as their own internal working model of

achievement

Motivation and amotivation: Conceptions of
Filipino students

Bernardo, Allan B.I. Counseling and Edu. Psychology,

De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines Salanga,

Maria Guadalupe C. Counseling and Edu. Psychology,

De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines Aguas,

Karla Marie C. Counseling and Edu. Psychology, De La

Salle University, Manila, Philippines

Many psychological theories of motivation have

defined the important categories of students’

purposes for learning (motivation) and their rea-

sons for not being motivated in their studies

(amotivation). Do these categories adequately

describe the dimensions of Filipino students’

motivation and amotivation? Using a questionnaire

with open-ended questions, we asked 713 Filipino

students to describe what motivates them to achieve

in school and what factors cause them not be

motivated. The core ideas in the responses were

categorized. The results reveal some categories that

converge with those in existing theories, and some

new ones, including some that describe personal

instrumental motivations.

(Tentative) European American and Taiwanese
mothers’ conversations with their children about
school learning

Li, Jin Dept. of Education, Brown University,

Providence, USA Fung, Heidi Institute of Ethnology,

Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan Liang, Chi-Han

Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica, Taipei,

Taiwan Resch, Jennifer Education Department, Brown

University, Providence, RI, USA Luo, Lily Education

Department, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA

Lou, Lucy Education Department, Brown University,

Providence, RI, USA

Children develop learning beliefs under the influ-
ence of parental socialization. One important form
of socialization is daily talking between parents and
children about learning. We examined how Eur-
opean American (EA) and Taiwanese mothers
addressed learning with their children. We recorded
167 mother-child conversations about an incidence
of the child’s good learning attitude/behavior.
Analysis of conversational styles revealed that EA
mothers guided for self-discovery of past achieve-
ment whereby Children were led to recount and to
feel positive about themselves. Taiwanese mothers
guided for self-betterment from past achievement.
Children were steered to construct the strategies
that they could use in the future.

IS-073: Child rights in South Asia:
Psychosocial aspects

Murshida Ferdous Binte Habib (chair)

A large majority of the children, all over the world,
are not properly treated according to the CRC.
Therefore, the researcher attempted to know the
situation of child rights practice in some developing
countries of South Asia. It was found that the
nature, causes, and magnitude of exploitation varies
in different forms in different countries but it causes
serious damages to psychosocial development of the
children. However, some children are getting better
treatment where Zakah system is being practiced
than those who do not have the advantage. Finally
some recommendations are made to uplift child
rights situation in these countries.

Child rights and mentally retarded children in
Bangladesh

Sultana, Sabina Dept. of Psychology, University of

Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh

With the dissemination of knowledge about mental
retardation people are becoming conscious about
the preventive measures about it. The researcher
found that the span of life of retarded people,
special school, social acceptance etc. have increased
significantly during last few years. But most of the
people are not yet aware of rights of mentally
retarded as children. Therefore, these children are
being deprived from their basic rights and are facing
lot of sufferings. They do not get any social welfare
benefit even. Finally some suggestions were recom-
mended to make the situation of child rights better
for mentally retarded children.

Child rights and child labour in Bangladesh

Habib, Murshida Ferdous Binte Dept. of Psychology,

University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh

Children of this sub- continent have to work hard
to earn, even their own bread, though there are
many laws related to child labour. In this study
attempts have been taken to explore the child
labour situation in Bangladesh from child right
perspectives. It was found, in most of the cases, that
the employers without being aware of child rights
have treated the children engaged as labourers
cordially. The employers in rural areas are more
caring to their child labourers compared to their
urban counterparts. Lack of education and aware-
ness has been identified as important reasons in
violating child rights.

Child rights and girls of Bangladesh
Habib, Farzana Quobab Binte Business

Administration, University of Kebangsaang, Bangi,

Malaysia Quoquab binte Habib, Farzana Business &

Management, University of Kebangsaang, Bangi,

Malaysia

Protection of consumer rights is a new dimension in
some of the countries of South Asia. Children are
considered a significant market to the business
world. But their rights as a consumer is not
practiced or protected properly. In this study child
rights have been investigated from consumer rights
perspective. The situation is better in Malaysia,
Thailand, and Singapore than that of in Indian sub
continent. In Bangladesh people are hardly aware
of their consumer rights let alone child rights as
consumers. Finally some recommendations have
been made for the development of consumer rights
protection in these countries.

Child rights and education in Bangladesh
Haq, Enamul Dept. of Psychology, University of

Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh

Having proper education is a basic right of children.
It is also included in MDGs. The scenario is
somewhat promising in Bangladesh in this sector.
Not only the government but also some NGOs have
come forward with the mission of providing
education. Therefore, underprivileged children are
also getting the opportunity to have education
along with the children of solvent families. But they
are having non- formal education. The study found
that the number of girls taking education is higher
than that of the boys. The percentage of children
having education is increasing but the figure is
neither significant nor satisfactory.

Rights of the children as consumers
Saha, Nitai Dept. of Psychology, Rajshahi College,

Rajshahi, Bangladesh

Girls are more vulnerable to be abused physically
and psychologically as compared to boys in South
Asia. Although the articles in CRC and other laws
are equally applicable to girls as it is for boys they
are not properly treated. This study tried to reveal
condition of girls in Bangladesh from child right
perspectives. The maltreatment from the family and
others hinders their mental development and causes
various problems. In recent years few measures
have been taken to make the situation better which
added little contribution. Some other suggestions
have been made in this study to make the situation
better.

IS-074: Authenticity in the
communication of emotion

Pierre Gosselin (chair)

Although we often regulate our emotional expres-
sions, authenticity is a key factor in successful social
transactions, not only in the context of intimate
relationships but also in the context of political and
artistic performances. In this symposium, contribu-
tors will discuss the continuity between genuine,
regulated and simulated expressions, identify the
parameters that are central to perceived authenti-
city within a public performance, and report new
data on the cultural aspects of smile authenticity.
Finally, developmental evidence pertaining to the
perception of smiles and to the understanding of
real and apparent emotions will be presented.

The presentation of emotion in everyday life
Scherer, Klaus R. CISA, Universität Genf, Genf,

Switzerland

Calling dichotomous distinctions between "real-life,
authentic" and "acted, stereotypical" displays into
question, a Goffmanian analysis of emotion ex-
pression is suggested. Just as Goffman argued that
we continuously "present" our idealized self as
actors on the interactional stage, we suggest that,

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with the rare exception of sudden, spontaneous
"affect bursts", we almost always monitor and
regulate our emotional expressions (and the emo-
tions themselves) in line with strategic intentions
and normative constraints. In consequence, there
are no sharp boundaries between authentic, regu-
lated, and acted emotions but rather a continuum.
Implications for research are discussed on the basis
of recent data.

Performing authentic emotions on the political
and operatic stages: Multimodal analyses of
synchrony
Mortillaro, Marcello Dept. of Psychology, University

of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland Goudbeek, Martijn

Dept. of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva,

Switzerland Dael, Nele Dept. of Psychology,

University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland Mehu,

Marc Dept. of Psychology, University of Geneva,

Geneva, Switzerland

Authenticity is a key-factor for successful commu-
nication in many performance domains. In this
contribution we propose that synchronous activa-
tion of multiple modalities lies at the heart of
perceived authenticity of a public performance.
Two different instances are presented. First, poli-
tical discourse is considered through the example of
the last French presidential debate. Second, stage
performance is investigated through the compar-
ison of different opera singers. Analyses of voice,
face and body movements are used to explain the
perceived authenticity of performers. The discus-
sion of the multimodal approach to authenticity
and synchronization will be central to our con-
tribution.

Cultural aspects of smile authenticity
Thibault, Pascal Dept. of Psychology, UQAM,

Montreal, Canada

Duchenne smiles are postulated to be markers of
authentic enjoyment, but it is still unknown whether
this is the case universally. In this study, Gabonese,
Chinese and French-Canadians rated the authenti-
city of smiles differing in intensity and Duchenne
marker presence. Participants from these cultures
posed authentic and non-authentic smiles, which
were FACS coded and judged by decoders from the
same groups. Absence of Duchenne markers
increased perceived inauthenticity, but only for
French-Canadian smiles decoded by French-Cana-
dians. The posed smiles varied in intensity and
presence/absence of the Duchenne marker. The
Duchenne marker does not seem to function as
such in some non-Western contexts.

Children’s perception of enjoyment smiles
Gosselin, Pierre Dept. od Psychology, University of

Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada Perron, Mélanie Department

of Psychology, LaurentianUniversity, Sudbury,

Canada

Children’s knowledge of the distinction between
enjoyment and nonenjoyment smiles was investi-
gated by presenting participants with short video
excerpts of smiles. Enjoyment smiles differed from
non-enjoyment smiles by greater symmetry and by
appearance changes produced in the eye region by
the orbicularis oculi action. The results indicate that
6- and 7-year-old children have the perceptual
abilities to detect these differences and are able to
interprete them with above chance level accuracy.
Sensitivity was higher for the symmetry of the
smiles than for the appearance changes produced in
the eye region and improved in later childhood.

Children’s understanding of real and apparent
emotions
Perron, Mélanie Dept. of Psychology, Laurentian

University, Sudbury, Canada Gosselin, Pierre Dept. of

Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada

We investigated children’s understanding of real
and apparent emotions between the ages of 5 and

10 years. Participants were read stories designed to
elicit display rules and asked to predict the facial
expressions the protagonists would make to hide
their emotions. Five- and 6-year-olds were found to
have an implicit understanding of the difference
between real and apparent emotions. However, they
had more difficulty understanding the simultaneity
of real and apparent emotions and were less likely
to think that apparent emotions might mislead an
observer.

IS-075: Self-regulation and health:
Perspectives from social and
personality psychology

Bärbel Knäuper, Christine Stich (chair)

This symposium presents current theory and
research on self-regulation of health cognitions
and behaviors. The discussion will highlight current
conceptual and methodological challenges in this
field and explore directions for future research.

Cortisol, negative affect, sleep, and health

Wrosch, Carsten Dept. of Psychology, Concordia

University, Montreal, Canada

This longitudinal study examined whether health
effects of cortisol level would emerge particularly
among older adults who experience high levels of
negative affect or exhibit poor sleep. High cortisol
was associated with increases in physical symptoms
among older adults who experienced high levels of
negative affect and poor sleep. By contrast, cortisol
level did not predict changes in physical symptoms
among older adults who experienced either low
negative affect or efficient sleep. This suggests that
cortisol secretion are particularly likely to contri-
bute to older adults’ physical symptoms if they co-
occur in the context of other emotional and
behavioral problems.

Health behavior and successful aging: Interplay
of mental resources and self-regulation

Ziegelmann, Jochen Inst. für Psychologie, Freie

Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany Lippke, Sonia

Health Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin,

Germany

Objectives: To model motivational and volitional
processes of health behavior change in individuals
with differing degrees of mental resources. Meth-
ods: 368 individuals in rehabilitation completed
questionnaires assessing the amount of physical
activities performed pre-rehabilitation and 36
months thereafter as well as motivational and
volitional variables. Mental resources were assessed
with the mental component score of the SF12.
Results: Analyses revealed different motivational
and volitional patterns in individuals with differing
degrees of mental resources. Conclusions: The
motivational and volitional processes seem to
depend on mental resources. This demonstrates
the need for specific interventions tailored to those
resources.

Smoking-specific compensatory health beliefs
and smoking behaviour in adolescents

Radtke, Theda Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland Scholz, Urte Inst. für

Psychologie, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland

Keller, Roger Inst. für Psychologie, Universität Zürich,

Zürich, Switzerland Hornung, Rainer Inst. für

Psychologie, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland

Objective: Compensatory Health Beliefs (CHBs)
are beliefs that negative consequences of an
unhealthy behaviour can be compensated for by
engaging in a different healthy behaviour. Method:
A newly developed questionnaire for smoking-
specific CHBs in adolescents was tested for its
validity and reliability as well as its predictive value
for smoking behaviour in a sample of 187
adolescents aged 14-19 years. Results: We found

first evidence for the reliability and validity of the
smoking-specific CHB scale. Moreover, the con-
struct proved useful in predicting adolescent smok-
ing behaviour. Conclusions: CHBs provide one
possible explanation why adolescents fail to change
their smoking behaviour.

Prototype-distancing and the theory of planned
behavior: Prediction of quitting in women and
men

Dohnke, Birte Center for Gender in Medicine, Charite

Berlin, Berlin, Germany Weiß-Gerlach, Edith

Department of Anaesthesiology, Charite Berlin,

Berlin, Germany Spies, Claudia D. Department of

Anaesthesiology, Charite Berlin, Berlin, Germany

To integrate prototype perception, gender, and
theory of planned behaviour (TPB). Distancing
from the typically male smoker should support
quitting beyond TPB variables. A cross-sectional
and a longitudinal study were conducted with 298
and 183 smokers, respectively. Prototype perception
was assessed by desirable masculine traits and
similarity to the self-concept. High masculinity
and high dissimilarity contributed to the prediction
of quitting intentions over and above TPB variables
in women. Study 2 confirmed this finding regarding
quitting intentions and attempts at 4-weeks follow-
up. Health promotion targeting women should
facilitate distancing from the male smoker in
addition to strengthen evidence-based social-cogni-
tive factors.

Trying to restrain: Unsuccessful weight
regulation is related to paying more attention to
food

Stich, Christine Dept. of Psychology, McGill

University, Montreal, Canada Knäuper, Bärbel Dept.

of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada

Leigh Lyons, Chrystal Dubé, Laurette Faculty of

Management, McGill University, Montreal, Canada

Inhibitory control (IC) is defined as the ability to
inhibit on-going or pre-potent actions. We propose
the idea of food-specific IC and investigated its
relationship to self-reported weight fluctuation
(WF) as indicator of the ability to regulate weight
using a newly developed food-specific stop-signal-
task. If food-specific IC exists then individuals with
lower food-specific IC should report higher WF. As
expected results show that individuals with higher
WF paid significantly more attention to food
pictures and had shorter stop-signal-delays than
individuals with low WF. Moreover, high WF
individuals more often failed to inhibit responses to
food than to non-food pictures.

IS-076: Eye movements in reading:
Experiments, models, and corpus
analyses

Reinhold Kliegl (chair)

Current research on eye movements in reading is
based on experiments manipulating specific words
in sentences, on analyses of eye movements includ-
ing all fixations during reading of sentences or
paragraphs, and on computational models of eye-
movement control. Presentations of new results
relating to these three lines of research are presented
in this symposium.

The role of computational models and
experimental data in understanding eye
movements during reading

Rayner, Keith Dept. of Psychology, University of

California, San Diego, CA, USA

Some influential computational models of eye
movement control during reading have recently
been proposed. I will review these different models
focusing primarily on the E-Z Reader and SWIFT
models. Some recent research findings will be
presented to illustrate the value of these models. I

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will also discuss the role that these models play in
furthering our knowledge base about the control of
eye movements in reading, as well as the role of
experimental and corpus based data in this domain.
My primary argument will be that the models and
data need to go hand in hand in furthering our
understanding.

Raednig wrods with jmulbed ltetres
Liversedge, Simon Dept. of Psychology, University of

Southampton, Southhampton, United Kingdom

I will report data from three eye movement
experiments that investigated how people process
text with jmulbed ltetres (letter transpositions). We
manipulated externality, distance and position of
transposition, and whether transpositions were of
consonants, vowels, or both. Also, in one experi-
ment parafoveal preview of transposed text was
available and in another it was not. We obtained a
number of key results, however, the primary finding
was that external word beginning transpositions
were maximally disruptive (regardless of the avail-
ability of preview). The results as a whole will be
considered in relation to letter position encoding in
word recognition during reading.

Reading and ocular dominances
Shillcock, Richard Dept. of Informatics, University of

Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom Roberts,

Matthew Dept. of Informatics, University of

Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Reading is more effective with two eyes than with
one. This fact begs the question of the interaction of
the two eyes. How does the brain coordinate the
reading-related eye-movements of the two eyes, and
what are the implications of the fact that the two
eyes frequently do not fixate conjointly on the text?
We present new data and theory to show the varied
and task-dependent nature of ocular dominances,
the importance of reading direction and the fact
that the brain evolved to cope with the unitary
perception of scenes in depth.

Limited parallel word processing during reading
Radach, Ralph Dept. of Psychology, Florida State

University, Tallahassee, USA Inhoff, Albrecht

Psychology, State University of New York,

Binghamton, USA Glover, Lisa Dept. of Psychology,

Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA

Models of continuous reading differ on two
dimensions, the extent to which reading behavior
is controlled by visuomotor vs. cognitive forces and
whether word processing proceeds in a strictly serial
or a more parallel fashion. We present evidence
from paradigms probing the spatial and temporal
extent of concurrent word processing. Eye move-
ment contingent image manipulations were used to
completely or temporarily restrict availability of
information on a parafoveal word n+1 or n+2 while
fixating on n. Results indicate that while there is
temporal overlap in the processing of consecutive
words, the spatial extent of this parallel processing
appears quite limited.

Broadening the scope of eye-movement research
in reading: Oral reading and proof reading
Laubrock, Jochen Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany Bohn, Christiane

Psychology, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany

Most eye-movement research in reading deals with
silent, comprehension-motivated reading. We ex-
tent the scope and impose constraints on reading
models by presenting empirical results on how the
eye movement system adapts to different task
demands. First, we provide data on a different
output system and show how the eye-voice span
available from oral reading protocols is modulated
by textual variables. Second, we simulate reading
with an external pacemaker (someone reading
something to you) by asking listeners to read along
a recorded voice with electronically varied speed.

Third, we analyze eye movements of proof-readers,
who place relatively little emphasis on comprehen-
sion.

Reading strategies and their implementation in
the SWIFT model of eye-movement control

Kliegl, Reinhold Inst. für Psychology, Universität

Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany

Differences in reading strategies (by instruction and
by individual habits or dispositions) have been the
hallmark of early eye-movement research but were
largely limited to global characteristics (e.g., skip-
ping and regression rate, fixation durations). Linear
mixed-effect models allow the simultaneous assess-
ment of effects of text characteristics and both
instruction effects and individual differences in
reading strategy. We illustrate this procedure with
analyses of a large corpus of reading eye move-
ments. In addition, we present how individual
differences in reading strategies are implemented
in SWIFT, a computational model of eye-move-
ment control, and how they promote the further
development of this model.

IS-077: Restoration and restorative
environments

Terry Hartig (chair)

With its concern for excessive demands on adaptive
resources, stress research has long proved helpful
for mapping relations between environment and
health. In recent years, researchers and practitioners
have also come to value a complementary body of
work that is primarily concerned with restoration of
depleted adaptive resources. By directing attention
to variations in restoration processes and the
environments where they occur, that body of work
provides another perspective on problems in
adaptation. The presentations in this symposium
address some of the concerns of the restoration
perspective, in particular the arrangements in
everyday life that support versus thwart support
restoration.

The restoration perspective: Another view of
human adaptation

Hartig, Terry Inst. Housing and Urban Res., Uppsala

University, Gävle, Sweden

This presentation sets the stage for the symposium
by contrasting the restoration perspective with two
other, better known perspectives on human adapta-
tion, namely, the stress perspective and the coping
perspective. The three perspectives are contrasted in
terms of their theoretical and practical premises,
and interrelations among them are noted.

A longitudinal study on the benefits of recovery
experiences on job performance

Binnewies, Carmen Work &Organizational Psych.,

University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany

Sonnentag, Sabine Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany Mojza, Eva Inst. für

Psychologie, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz,

Germany

Recovery experiences during leisure time, such as
psychological detachment from work, mastery
experiences, and relaxation benefit employee health.
We assumed that recovery experiences also foster
job performance, because employees can increase
resources during recovery that benefit job perfor-
mance. Results from a longitudinal study over six
months with a sample of 358 employees showed
that mastery experiences were positively related to
personal initiative, and relaxation was positively
related to creativity. Psychological detachment was
associated with perceiving work as less effortful.
Unexpectedly, psychological detachment was nega-
tively related to creativity, personal initiative and
OCB. Recovery experiences were unrelated to task
performance.

Urban slums in South Asia: Residents’ prospects
for psychological restoration

Pandey, Janak Behav. and Cognitive Sciences,

University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India

The South Asian countries share harsh socio-
economic and environmental realities like high
population density, poverty, illiteracy, and inequal-
ities in living conditions, as well as cultural
characteristics like collectivism and hierarchical
social order. Massive rural to urban migration has
caused serious problems particularly in the cities,
where many people live in crowded slums. Together
with environmental problems and cultural charac-
teristics, South Asians probably share psychological
characterestics. This paper examines the percep-
tions and coping of slum dwellers in some South
Asian capital cities, including issues related to
where they find possibilities for psychological
restoration in a difficult everyday environment.

On-site evaluation of restorative environments:
The effect of actual place experience upon the
perceived restorativeness of natural and built
historical environments

Carrus, Giuseppe Cultural and Education Studies,

University of Rome, Rome, Italy Scopelliti,

Massimiliano Inst. Cognitive Sciences Tech., National

Research Council, Rome, Italy Bonaiuto, Marino Dept.

Social and Devel. Psych., Sapienza University of

Rome, Rome, Italy Romoli, Elisa Dept. of Education,

University of Roma Tre, Rome, Italy

Research on restorative environments consistently
has shown positive outcomes of nature experience.
However, assuming that actual environmental
experience plays a key role in whether restoration
can occur, it was predicted that actual immersion in
either natural or built/historical settings would
moderate the perceived restorativeness of different
types of environments: individuals immersed in
natural settings were expected to be more sensitive
to restorative qualities of nature, while individuals
immersed in built/historical environments were
expected to be more sensitive to restorative qualities
of artistic/historical buildings. A study (N = 153)
tested and supported these hypotheses. Theoretical
and practical implications are discussed.

Restoration in nature as a promoter of
conservation

Kaiser, Florian Human-Tech. Interct., University of

Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands

Do personal benefits from experiences in natural
environments, such as psychological restoration,
underlie people’s concern about the environment
and, ultimately, motivate people to act for environ-
mental conservation? Employing self-reports from
468 students, we examined the relationships be-
tween use of natural environments for restoration,
environmental concern, and conservation behavior.
Based on hierarchical regression analyses, we found
the use of nature for restoration to promote
environmental concern. Concern, in turn, predicted
conservation behavior; however, the degree of
mediation varied with the type of environmental
concern measure used. Apparently, psychological
restoration in nature motivates people to engage
more in environmental conservation.

IS-078: Pathways to health and
healing in diverse cultures

Elias Mpofu (chair)

Constructions of health within cultural commu-
nities influence the processes for its sustenance,
restoration and promotion. We explore resources
for well-being in five ecological settings: rural South
Africa, Botswana, post-civil war Liberia and
Rwanda, workplace environments in Australia
and Canada. Optimism explained the subjective
well-being in rural South Africans. Religiosity in
Botswana teenagers protected their health. Resi-

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lience transitioned survivors of civil war in Liberia
from survivors to helpers. Post-trauma appraisal by
survivors of Australian and Canadian industrial
accidents influenced their recovery and work
capacity. Pathways through which health and
healing are filtered or otherwise appropriated
influence subjective well-being.

Does religiosity predict health outcomes in
Botswana teenagers?

Mpofu, Elias Counselor Education and Reha., The

Penn State University, University Park, USA

Muchado, Jabulani Educational Foundations,

University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana

Moswela, Bernard Educational Foundations,

University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana Jensen,

Kipton Theology and Religious Studies, Univeristy of

Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana Tlhabiwe, Pinkie

Educational Foundations, Univeristy of Botswana,

Gaborone, Botswana

Objective. We investigated religiosity as a health
protective in Batswana teenagers from STIs and
alcohol abuse. Method. Two hundred and fifteen
teenagers completed the Botswana Youth Health
Survey (BYHS), which included measures of
religiosity/spirituality, STIs and alcohol abuse risk.
Logistic regression modeling was used to predict
health risk from STIs and alcohol abuse with
religiosity. Results. Religiosity was a valid construct
with Batswana teenagers. High religiosity scores
predicted lower risk for STIs and alcohol abuse in
Batswana teenagers. Conclusion. Religiosity influ-
ences STIs and alcohol abuse risk in Batswana
teenagers and should be considered in prevention
programming.

Prevention of post-concussional syndrome in
north american workers: The importance of early
intervention on vocational outcome

LeBlanc, Jeanne Private Practice, Vancouver, Canada

Objectives: Examination of the effectiveness of
early education and interdisciplinary intervention
to prevent Post-Concussional Syndrome in workers
after a concussion during employment. Method:
Two approaches to intervention (generalized
(N=26) versus individual (N=23)) were utilized, in
an outpatient clinic in Vancouver, British Colum-
bia. Return to work status was compared, (Fisher’s
Exact Test). Results: The individualized approach
resulted in significantly more returning to work or
having a planned return to work than the general
treatment (87% versus 58%, respectively, p = .024).
Conclusion: Early individualized and educational
approach, reinforcing abilities rather than deficits,
is an effective approach for most individuals post-
concussion.

Psychological predictors of work capacity:
Improving pathways to health for injured
workers

Matthews, Lynda Faculty of Health Sciences,

University of Sydney, Lidcombe, Australia Harris,

Lynne Faculty of Health Sciences, University of

Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia Cumming, Steven

Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney,

Sydney, NSW, Australia

Objectives: This study examined trauma-related
appraisals and posttraumatic responses of injured
workers to determine their usefulness in predicting
work capacity. Methods: Demographics, physical
function, psychological health, and perceptions of
work capacity were documented in 69 survivors
approximately 8-months post-accident. Multiple
regression identified predictors of work capacity.
Results: Occupation, physical function and PTSD
severity were associated with work capacity. While
PTSD severity and trauma-related appraisals were
correlated, appraisals were significant predictors of
work capacity independent of PTSD severity.
Conclusions: Targeting trauma-related appraisals
may improve work capacity, particularly if inter-

ventions that challenge appraisals are introduced
early in rehabilitation before they become well-
rehearsed and habitual.

Perceived health needs of elderly South Africans
in a rural area
Sodi, Tholene Dept. of Psychology, University of

Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa

Objectives: The aim of the study was to explore the
perceived health needs of a group of elderly South
Africans drawn from a rural community. Method:
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20
elderly people to gain insight regarding their
perceived health needs. Results: Whilst ageing for
some of the elderly people is associated with
physical ill health, loneliness and poverty, there
were also indications to suggest that this period
may be psychologically meaningful if understood
within a particular cultural context. Conclusion:
Culturally appropriate intervention strategies need
to be put in place to address the health needs of
elderly people.

Transcending trauma and relentless hope: Peer
support counselors, indicators of Posttraumatic
Growth (PTG) and what they carry
Vogel, Gwen Int. Center of Disast. Psych., Salus

World, Boulder, USA

Objective: An analysis of the impact of vocation on
psycho-social counselors with trauma histories.
Method: Appreciative Inquiry (AI) technique was
used with 22 counselors in post-war Liberia.
Particular emphasis was placed on indicators of
vicarious trauma, resiliency and post traumatic
growth (PTG). Results: A dimensional analysis of
narrative interviews with Liberian counselors’ un-
covered: 1) two dimensions of recovery that
prevented recurring symptoms of PTSD and, 2)
three mechanisms of resiliency that created perso-
nalized order and control. Conclusion: Established
mechanisms and experiences of PTG resulted in
significantly more reports of work satisfaction,
indicating a successful journey from victim to
survivor to provider.

Urgent mental health needs in Rwanda:
Culturally sensitive training interventions
Lopez Levers, Lisa Counseling Psychology, Duquesne

University, Pittsburgh, USA

Objectives: Rwanda has experienced the tragic
consequences of genocide (1994). While the Rwan-
dan government has done much to restore the
country’s infrastructures and civil society services,
the lingering psychosocial effects of the genocide
remain relatively unaddressed. An invited consulta-
tion assessed how need for intervention could be
translated into effective strategic planning. Meth-
ods: Consultative activities involved a situational
analysis, interviews and focus groups with relevant
actors, and other relevant data collection. Results:
Consultation outcomes supported the need for
culturally appropriate community-based trauma
recovery counseling. Conclusions: Results pointed
to the need for building capacity to deliver services
through appropriate training endeavors.

Counselling needs of adolescents and youth
living with HIV/AIDS in the Eastern Cape
Province, South Africa
Mayekiso, Tokozile Faculty of Arts, Nelson Mandela

Met. University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa

Objectives: Assessment of the counselling needs of
adolescents and youth living with HIV/AIDS.
Methods: Data was collected from a sample of 30
participants using semi-structured interviews. Re-
sults: Acceptance of diagnosis and condom usage
and deaths were some of the areas that were
reported by the majority of the participants.
Adolescents and youth were mainly concerned
about issues relating to death. In terms of the main
concern of family members of adolescents and

youth, all three groups were of the perception that
family members would be concerned about the
prospect of premature death of their loved one.
Conclusion: Counsellors need to provide the
adolescents and youth the space to express their
fears and to accept the HIV positive status.

IS-102: International perspectives
on the new draft of the Universal
Declaration of Ethical Principles for
Psychologists

Janel Gauthier (chair)

Since 2002, an international group is working under
the auspices of IUPsyS, IAAP, and IACCP to
develop a universal declaration of ethical principles
for psychologists. A draft declaration was released
for consultation in 2005. The purpose of the
symposium is to discuss the newly revised version
of the Draft Universal Declaration, its overall
significance and implications for individual psy-
chologists and psychology organizations, and how
best to use it for the international advancement of
ethics in psychology. The symposium includes
distinguished participants from Africa, Asia, Eur-
ope, the Middle East, North America, and South
America. Carola Brücher-Albers (Germany) will act
as Discussant.

African considerations for a universal declaration
of ethical principles for psychologists

Watts, Ann Medical Center, Entabeni Hospital,

Durban, South Africa

The relevance of the newly revised draft of the
Universal Declaration of Ethical Principles for
Psychologists for South African psychology will
be addressed within the context of its historical
complicity in supporting apartheid and its human
rights abuses. The appropriateness of definitions,
concepts and language contained in the Declara-
tion, as well as its significance for South Africa’s
multi-cultural psychological context will be dis-
cussed within the framework of South Africa’s
post-democracy Constitution, Bill of Rights, and
pertinent legislation. The Declaration’s relevance
for Africa and the majority world will also be
considered in terms of the challenges facing
psychology in these regions

The universal declaration of ethical principles for
psychologists: Guidelines for a plan of action

Farah, Adnan Jordan Psychological Society, Irbid,

Jordan

The proposed Universal Declaration of Ethical
Principles for Psychologists consists of a set of basic
ethical principles from which specific applications
can be drawn. It reflects what is expected from
psychologists at the personal, professional, and
global level. The reality of globalization requires
that we learn to embrace diversity and plurality
while fostering an innate sense of unity and
harmony. As psychologists, we must seek to equip
ourselves with the tools that will enable us to
comprehend our fellow human beings more pro-
foundly and to conduct ourselves in an appropriate
and universally acceptable manner, regardless of
particular ideology, race or religion.

South American perspectives on ethical
principles for psychologists

Ferrero, Andrea Dept. of Human Sciences, National

University, San Luis, Argentina

Most Southamerican psychology ethics codes in-
clude ethical principles that provide a moral
framework for professional practice. Sometimes,
those principles transcend national borders and
lead to regional agreements such as the Ethical
Principles Framework for Professional Practice of
Psychology in the Mercosur and Associated Coun-
tries, endorsed by six countries. Endorsing common

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ethical principles in Southamerica has strengthened
commitment for ethical behaviour in the psychol-
ogy community and helped some countries to
develop their own ethics code. We believe that the
proposed Universal Declaration of Ethical Princi-
ples could have similar positive effects and guide
psychologists worldwide toward highest profes-
sional and scientific ethical ideals.

Asian perspective on the proposed universal
declaration of ethical principles

Nair, Elizabeth Dept. of Psychology, Work & Health

Psychologists, Singapore, Singapore

This paper will review the extent to which practice
and research in Asian psychology can be in
alignment with a Universal Declaration of Ethical
Principles. Cultural nuances, ethnic beliefs, and
social norms for acceptable behaviour are disparate
across Asian countries. The paper will review the
language, terminology, and interpretations that
may pose difficulties for acceptance and adherence
in the Asian context. The Declaration has the
potential to move world psychology towards
acknowledging a shared perspective on ethical
principles for the profession across national bound-
aries. Effective procedures for translating these
Principles to Codes of Ethics in Asian countries
will be discussed.

The cultural dimensions of a universal
declaration of ethical principles for psychologists:
A European perspective

Lindsay, Geoff University of Warwick, Coventry,

United Kingdom

For the Declaration to have universal applicability,
ethical principles must either be uncontentiously
universal or ‘located’ and made relevant within a
cultural context. My position is the latter. This
requires specific attention to the cultural dimen-
sions when producing the Declaration. The Eur-
opean Federation of Psychologists Associations’
Meta-code of Ethics provides a template for EFPA
national associations when developing their codes.
The lessons learned from this process have rele-
vance to the present initiative and will be presented
as part of the process for making the Universal
Declaration optimally useful.

Viewing the universal through the lens of the
local: The universal declaration and the APA
ethics code

Behnke, Stephen Ethics Office, American

Psychological Ass., Washington, USA

This presentation will discuss the final revised draft
of the Universal Declaration of Ethical Principles
for Psychologists as it relates to the Ethical
Principles of Psychologist and Code of Conduct
(2002) of the American Psychological Association.
The presentation will explore the ‘‘universality’’ of
the final revised draft, and will discuss the relation-
ship between such universality and the cultural
underpinnings of a national ethics code which is, by
definition, written for a specific group of psychol-
ogists at a particular moment in time. The
presentation will examine the implications of the
Revised Draft for psychologists under the Amer-
ican Psychological Association ethics code.

S-058: The integration of scientific
knowledge: Ontological
knowledge and consciousness

Larissa A. Tsvetkova (chair)

Ontopsychological method as contribution to the
integration of the psychological knowledge with the
other sciences will be explained. The process of
development of many sciences and their practical
applications is directly connected to theoretical and
applied psychology. The result given is the change
of social role and the importance of psychology. In

particualr, the problem of knowledge and con-
sciousness and its psycho-social implications will be
highlighted. Applications and results in Russia,
Brazil and Europe will be discussed.

Ontopsychology in the strategic guidance to
develop the faculty of psychology, State
University of St. Petersburg, Russia
Tsvetkova, Larissa A. St. Petersburg University, St.

Petersburg, Russia

Current education for graduate and post graduate
studies at Faculty of Psychology of St. Petersburg
State University is characterised by integration of
humanistic and applied sciences. Strategic objective
is to study human person in all his/her different
aspects above all leader psychology. By leader it is
meant a person who chooses to have the leading
role for his/her life and works to improve social
environment. Faculty mission is to become a center
of integration of scientific research activity to
contribute to solve psychology task in social,
political and economic field. Interdisciplinary edu-
cational projects and interdisciplinary scientific
research are carrying out.

Ontological knowledge and consciousnss
Meneghetti, Antonio Dept. of Ontopsychology, A.I.O.,

NGO in UN Cons. Status, Rome, Italy

Aim of the work is to give contribution to one of
the topic of psychology: the critical problem of
knowledge. The three basic levels of elementary
perception: esteroceptive, proprioceptive and ego-
ceptive have been analysed, in particular the
extinction mechanisms as a result of a conditioning
generalization. Total phenomenological under-
standing and epochà (Husserl) can produce a
cmplete personal change in favour of the whole
existential development. Optimal egoceptivity
would be a decisional and operative compensation
in correspondent reflection to the total organismic.
Interdisciplinary research at St. Petersburg Uni-
versity, psychology faculty, ontopsychology chair
has been carried out.

The further reaches of the psychology of being:
Ontopsychology
Grishina, Natalia V . Dept. of Ontopsychology, St.

Petersburg University, St. Petersburg, Russia

In his essay Towards a psychology of being,
Maslow declared that Humanistic Psychology, the
third force was a groundwork for a fourth force. He
concluded that Sutich already had defined all this in
a word: Ontopsychology, but the scientist, who
could have indicated this process, was still missing.
We find ourselves to realize this fourth force,
announced by the most advanced international
psychology, founded by Meneghetti and formalised
in 2004 at the chair of ontopsychology, faculty of
psychology, Saint Petersburg State University. Our
contribution to realize an epistemic psychology as
interdisciplinary to all other sciences will be high-
lighted.

Responsibility and creative evolution: Prospectic
synthesis of instruments and application
Lacerda e Silva, Wesley ABO - F.O.I.L., Brazil, Sao

Paulo, Brazil

The object of ontopsychology is the psychological
experience; it individuates the causes that constitute
this experience and the elements that cansolve it. It
has indvidual and world positive vision: human
being as a responsible protagonist, based on a
virtuality which can attain personal growth. Diag-
nosis and intervention instruments as intercultural
approach will be described. Analysis of the
application in Russia, Brazil, Europe and China
will be discussed. Results highlights importance of
training approach based on identificaiton, isolation
and application of positive inner part (in-itslef) for
creative evolution independently from age, sex,
nationality.

The concept of authentication: Methodological
aspects and psycho-social implications

Dmitrieva, Victoria Dept. of Ontopsychology, St.

Petersburg University, St. Petersburg, Russia

Ego problem is not an easy question to solve, above
all for the frequency of a fictitious Ego, that is a
consciousness based on strong interpretative styles
of reality. This is to be found in most of the persons,
including many teachers, researchers and politi-
cians. Object of the paper is to describe the function
of the authentication counseling and its application.
Through case-histories the author will explain the
training method to: a)identify the semantic field;
b)isolate the verbalization of her/his in-itself;
c)apply the optimal or specified choice/action;
d)results: consciousness can reflect reality over-
coming stereotypes.

Ethical principles and political decision-making
across international boundaries
Argenta, Roberto Economics and Politics, Brazilian

Ass. Ontopsychology, Sau Paulo, Brazil

Ethics is the ethical person. We can define the
ethical choice as what best safeguards the indivi-
duality within the whole. Politics, in its essence, is
the art of centering the different situations and to
solve them in progress, at benefit within the whole.
Ideologies must not be saved as such, they must be
verified and followed only if they are functional to
social conviviality. Thus, it is a problem of
psychological matter. Training application in Brazil
Europe and Russia will be described.

S-059: Emotion: Development and
functions in adulthood and old age

Michaela Riediger, Ute Kunzmann (chair)

Recent life-span theories suggest that emotional
competencies remain stable or even improve during
the second half of life. Empirical evidence for age
differences as well as the functions of emotions
during adulthood and old age is, however, sparse.
This symposium brings together an international
group of researchers who investigate emotional
aging from different perspectives and by employing
various methodologies. Presentations deal with age
differences in emotional reactivity and emotion
regulation, motivational aspects of the emotion
system, and the interplay of cognition and emotion
during adulthood and old age. Methodologies
include experience sampling, measurement bursts,
experimental and long-term longitudinal designs.

Age-related differences in emotion regulation
effectiveness
Blanchard-Fields, Fredda Psychology, Georgia

Institute of Technolog, Atlanta, USA

In a dual task paradigm, older adults who were
instructed to regulate their emotions performed
better on a working memory task than those who
were instructed to maximize negative emotions.
Young adults who were instructed to regulate their
emotions performed more poorly on the working
memory task than those who were not instructed to
do so. Older adults’ emotion regulation may not
require as many cognitive resources. In a second
study instructing young adults to use strategies
typically used by older adults resulted in better
mood outcomes than for young adults’ sponta-
neous use of strategies in a No Instructions
condition.

Couplings of daily events and cognitive
performance: Is daily affect a mediator in younger
and older adulthood?
Brose, Annette für Bildungsforschung, Max-Planck-

Istitut, Berlin, Germany Schmiedek, Florian

Psychology, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin,

Germany Lindenberger, Ulman Zentrum für

Lebenserwartung, Max-Planck-Institut, Berlin,

Germany

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Exposure to events affects cognitive performance.

In the present study, 200 younger and older adults

were tested at 100 occasions. Central interest is

whether on a daily basis, affective correlates

(positive, negative affect) of minor and major

events are coupled with working memory perfor-

mance, e.g., because of suboptimal arousal. Older

as compared to younger adults are described to be

more motivated to regulate emotions, therefore

might direct attention to emotions instead towards

cognitive tasks. Contrariwise, performance might

be unaffected by affective fluctuations if emotion

regulation takes place habitually. Results are

discussed with regard to emotional development

and declining cognitive abilities.

Age differences in emotional reactivity: Cognitive
status makes a difference

Kunzmann, Ute Inst. für Psychologie I, Universität

Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany Richter, David Inst. für

Psychologie I, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

Recent evidence has suggested that older people

react with greater sadness and anxiety to funda-

mental age-related losses than younger adults. This

increase may be restricted to older adults with

relatively low cognitive resources - arguably because

down-regulating negative emotional reactions may

pose particular difficulties to them. This prediction

was supported in a study with 240 adults (age range

20 to 70), who watched films about existential age-

related losses and reported their emotional reac-

tions after each film. The evidence suggests that a

simultaneous consideration of cognitive and emo-

tional functioning will lead to a more comprehen-

sive understanding of the aging mind.

Me against myself: Motivational conflicts and
emotional development in adulthood

Riediger, Michaela Zentrum Lifespan Psychologie,

Max-Planck-Institut, Berlin, Germany

We report two studies on adult changes in the

prevalence and emotional consequences of everyday

motivational conflict experiences. Data were ob-

tained using diary and experience-sampling meth-

odologies. Both studies showed that emotional well-

being increased, while motivational conflict pre-

valence decreased with age, and that motivational

conflicts were associated with impaired emotional

well-being. Mediational analyses revealed that the

age-related decrease in motivational conflicts ac-

counted for age-related improvements in emotional

well-being. These findings were robust to control-

ling for age differences in everyday activities. This

suggests that motivational conflicts are among the

factors underlying the positive development of

emotional well-being into young old age.

Do age-related preferences in visual attention
facilitate affect regulation?

Isaacowitz, Derek Dept. of Psychology, Brandeis

University, Waltham, USA

Older adults report high levels of emotional control

and fairly positive mood profiles. Recent evidence

has suggested that older adults show preferences in

visual attention toward positive and away from

negative stimuli; it has been assumed that these

preferences facilitate successful mood regulation,

but no study to date has tested this directly. The

current study induced young and older adults into

various mood states, then assessed real-time

changes in mood along with eye tracking of

attentional preferences. While preferences were

activated most when a negative mood needed to

be regulated, whether the preferences actually

improved mood was less clear.

The dynamics of later life cognitive-emotional
development

Labouvie-Vief, Gisela Socio-Emotional Development,

University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

This paper discusses the function of emotions in
later life development and presents supporting data.
It proposes that suggest that changes in cognitive
function and homeostatic regulation stimulate
feelings of awareness of vulnerability. Whether
individuals can integrate those towards growth
and expansion or develop a sense of protective
self-constriction depends on already available cop-
ing resources. I discuss four completed and ongoing
studies that demonstrate these divergent patterns in
the context of attachment styles and their relation
to emotion regulation in the context of emotional
Stroop performance, dyadic discussion, and 12 year
longitudinal patterns of change in emotion regula-
tion strategies.

S-060: Decision-making in
experimental games: influence of
context, development, and culture

Michaela Gummerum, Monika Keller (chair)

This symposium explores sharing in two tasks from
experimental economics across development and in
different cultures. In Dictator Game a proposer is
requested to share a sum of money with an
anonymous receiver, who can only accept. In
Ultimatum Game the receiver can reject and then
nobody gets anything. We are interested in chil-
dren’s individual and group behavior in these
games, its relation to toher psychological variables,
and group negotiations about sharing. Behaviour
and psychological correlates were studied in pre-
school- and elementary-school children, adolescents
and adults in different cultures (European / Asian).
The results support the assumption of a simple
fairness heuristic across the life-span and reveal
processes how this norm is negotiated.

Prosocial sharing and social competence in
preschool children

Gummerum, Michaela School of Psychology,

University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom

This study investigates the relationship between
prosocial sharing in the dictator game and social
competence in a longitudinal sample of Canadian
preschool children. Participants either got training
in a social competence program or not (control
sample). They were interviewed individually on a
number of questionnaires measuring their social-
emotional development, and their social behavior
was rated by the day-care teachers. Prosocial
sharing was examined with the dictator game. The
longer children participated in the social compe-
tence program, the more they shared in dictator
game. Sharing was predicted by children’s empathy,
but not by their understanding of basic emotions.

Decisions and group discussions in dictator game

Keller, Monika für Bildungsforschung, Max-Planck-

Institut, Berlin, Germany Gummerum, Michaela

School of Psychology, University of Plymouth,

Plymouth, Devon, United Kingdom Takezawa,

Masanori Dep.of Social&Economic Psy, MPI Human

Development, Tilburg, Netherlands Canz, Thomas

The study interconnects behavioural game theory
and moral development. Sharing behaviour in
dictator game is analyzed in five different age
groups from childhood to adulthood, comparing
individual decisions and group negotiations for a
common decision. Quantitative results reveal equal
split as the dominant offer in all age groups,
however adults are least generous compared to all
other groups. Arguments in discussion were coded
according to different categories. Results reveal that
negative evaluation of others’ arguments had the
most salient effect for lower offers while fairness
arguments correlated positively with higher offers.

Implications of these results are discussed from the
perspective of behavioural economics and moral
development theory.

Formal analysis of children’s group discourse on
fairness: Application of mathematical group
decision making models in developmental data

Takezawa, Masanori Psychology and Society, Tilburg

University, Tilburg, Netherlands

A quantitative method to analyze moral group
discourse is presented. Instead of analyzing the
details of individual dialogues, mathematical func-
tional forms best describing the relationships
between individual opinions measured before the
group discussion and the group agreement is
estimated using the models of group decision
making processes developed in social psychology.
By analyzing the data reported by the other
presenters in this session, I demonstrate that such
highly abstract models allow us to quantify which
opinion (e.g., selfish or altruistic arguments) is
socially amplified or vanished in the course of
group discussion and nicely complement qualitative
discourse analysis.

Children’s prosocial behaviors and moral
emotions

Malti, Tina Hall-Mercer Laboratory, Harvard

University, Belmont, MA, USA

Objectives: The study’s aim was to investigate the
concurrent and longitudinal relations between
children’s prosocial behavior with sympathy and
moral emotion expectancies. Methods Participants
were 175 six-year-old children. Prosocial behaviors
and sympathy were assessed by different observa-
tional measures and self- and other-ratings. Emo-
tion expectancies were assessed by a moral
interview. Results Children’s prosocial behaviors
were concurrently and longitudinally predicted by
moral emotions, but the relations depended on type
of measure, informant, and gender. Conclusions
The findings support early links between children’s
prosocial behaviors and moral emotions and are
discussed in regard to early precursors of the moral
self.

How Chinese children play economic games

Zhu, Liqi Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of

Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China Keller,

Monika Max Planck Institute for Human, Max Planck

Institute for Human, Berlin, Germany

This study compares group decision-making beha-
vior of German and Chinese participants. As in the
study presented by Keller et al., children of 3rd, 6th,
8th grade and college freshman made an offer
individually and then negotiated a decision (video-
taped) as a group in both Dictator and Ultimatum
Game. Quantitative results reveal effects of culture
(Chinese participants give significantly more) and
gender (females in both cultures are more generous)
in Dictator but less salient differences in Ultimatum
Game. Furthermore, a comparison of the qualita-
tive analysis of arguments according to a coding
scheme developed for the German data will be
presented.

S-061: Integrating western
comparative psychological science
and indigenous environmental
science

Ethel Tobach, Regina Kressley (chair)

Development of new sciences addressing planetary
health and ecology of all species has made it
necessary for comparative psychology to examine
its theory and practice. Comparative psychologists
working with species in all parts of the world need
to learn the indigenous enviromental science of the
relation of people, animals, and ecology that has
served people in the countries in which comparative

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psychologists work. An integration of the two
knowledge sets, Western scientific comparative
psychology and indigenous enviromental practices
will be discussed by two comparative psychologists
of industrialized nations, Colombia (Ruben Ardila)
and Japan (Miki Takasuna) and two indigenous
scholars who hve been working in environmental
science (Diogenes Ampam Wejin [Peru] and Jacinta
Mimigari [Papua New Guinea]).

On animals, humans and culture: Comparative
psychology in Iberoamerica
Ardila, Ruben Dept. of Psychology, National Univ. of

Colombia, Bogota, Colombia

The native cultures of the Americas were integrated
with nature and the ecological systems in which
they lived. The behavior of animals was very
relevant for those original cultures. At the present
time comparative psychology has developed as a
scientific discipline in many countries of the world,
including Latin America and Spain, and their
findings could contribute to sustainable develop-
ment. The equilibrium between nature and culture
is a goal to which the science of animal behavior
could greatly contribute. Key words: comparative
psychology, native cultures, Latin America, Spain.

Development of comparative psychology in
Japan: An Asian point of view
Takasuna, Miki Dept. of Clinical Psychology, Tokyo

International University, Tokyo, Japan

The field of comparative psychology that exists in
Japan today has different aspects from Western
precursors in terms of its development. First, with a
background of Buddhism, which influenced the
general view of wildlife, Japanese did not delineate
a rigid boundary between humans and animals. It
was in 1887 that Darwinism was officially accepted
and with relative ease. Further, I will discuss post-
World War II influences on comparative psychol-
ogy in Japan and the inception of primate research.
For example, during the 1950s, neobehaviorism
became prevalent, and in 1967, the Primate
Research Institute at Kyoto University was estab-
lished.

Ancient Awajun practices in the use of natural
resources
Ampam Wejin, Diogenes Peru Conservation Group,

Lima, Peru

The heads of the clans worked for the community,
based on honesty and transparency; they guided the
community to develop the same mentality; thus
community loyalty was gained. The community
guided all to continue collective policies: ‘‘All for
one and one for all.’’ Our ancestors taught their
descendants how to treat all resources, e.g., plants
and animals. By having knowledge of animals, such
ants and frogs, they learned how to deal with their
resources. The ant builds a community. The frog
selects its food and conserves what it does not eat
for the next day. Today the indigenous commu-
nities are vulnerable because they do not control
necessary resources; they need to integrate new
technology with ancient indigenous skills.

The culture that was born of the sea and then
turned its back to it
Abugattas, Daniel Center for Environmental Sust.,

Universidad Peruana Cayetano, Lima, Peru

Lack of information about behavioural and psy-
chological relationships that Lima maintains with
its marine and coastal environment (ecosystems) is
a barrier to natural resource conservation and
sustainability. In addition, the lack of statistically
reliable and valid instruments to assess these is
critical. A psychometric instrument (a = 0.839) to
assess expectations of the future, attitudes, and
behaviours towards marine conservation was devel-
oped through a pilot assessment of the instrument
with local people. With the new and tested

psychometric instrument, scientists had information

to guide public awareness campaigns by knowing

the current perceptions, attitudes and behaviours

towards marine conservation in Lima. Objectives

for conservation were linked with behavioural

modification programs and recommendations re-

sulted to direct conservation efforts in populated

marine areas.

The people of Managalas Plateau and traditional/
cultural methods of environmental conservation

Mimigari, Jacinta NGO-Non Govern. Organization,

Partners with Melanesians, Port Moresby, Papua New

Guinea

Partners with Melanesians (PWM) is an environ-

mental NGO that works with indigenous rural

people of Papua New Guinea to protect the natural

environment, biological diversity, sustainable liveli-

hoods and cultural heritage in high value conserva-

tion areas. The people of Managalas have a special

relationship with the plants and animals in the

forest. They know their environment; the type of

ecosystems and the relationship among each, and

have always lived in harmony with their surround-

ings. However, the Managalas communities lack

knowledge about the consequences of industrialized

development for traditional practices that impact

their environment and livelihood. Solving this

problem calls for integrating recent and traditional

practices in protecting the environment so that all

can live in harmony with the environment.

S-062: Real-world psychology:
Lessons learned from applying
ambulatory assessment

Ulrich W. Ebner-Priemer (chair)

Symposium speakers have been gathered to demon-

strate innovative applications of ambulatory assess-

ment for capturing behavior, physiology, thoughts

and feelings during everyday life. Kubiak will

report on symptom perception and blood glucose

feedback in diabetes; Conner will present associa-

tions of the serotonin transporter gene with daily

stress reactivity; Mehl tracked moment-to-moment

ambient sounds to study participants’ social lives;

Peter Wilhelm assessed how well spouses know

their partners’ feelings; Frank Wilhelm examined

daily-life experience and symptoms related to

anxiety; and Ebner-Priemer investigated emotional

instability patterns in personality disorders. To-

gether, presentations support the significance of a

psychological science oriented towards real-world

behavior.

Ambulatory assessment at the interface of
psychology and genetics: An illustration with the
serotonin transporter gene

Conner, Tamlin S. Dept. of Psychology, University of

Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

Ambulatory assessment techniques are potentially

powerful tools at the interface of psychology and

genetics. In this talk, I will present research

combining ambulatory assessments with genotyp-

ing from saliva samples. Participants (N = 345)

were genotyped for variation in the serotonin

transporter gene. They also reported their feelings

daily over the Internet for 30 days. Participants

with the risky genetic variant reported greater

anxiety, particularly on high stressor days, com-

pared to low genetic risk individuals. No genetic

differences were found with traditional question-

naires. Findings suggest that ambulatory assess-

ments may be more sensitive than traditional

approaches for detecting some genetic vulnerabil-

ities.

Exploring symptom perception in diabetes
mellitus: Putting ambulatory assessment
techniques to clinical use

Kubiak, Thomas Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany Kulzer, Bernhard

Research Institute, Diabetes Center Mergentheim,

Mergentheim, Germany Hermanns, Norbert Research

Institute, Diabetes Center Mergentheim,

Mergentheim, Germany

In a set of studies, we investigated the use of hand-
held computer (HHC) based ambulatory assess-
ment methods for assessing symptom perception in
diabetes mellitus patients. Combined signal- event
sampling schemes were employed. In two studies
(N=20, N=87), our findings demonstrated the
added diagnostic value of our approach as com-
pared to relying solely on questionnaires. Further-
more, in Study 3 (N= 59), where we extended the
HHC procedure with a blood glucose / symptom
feedback function, we were able to observe
beneficial effects with regards to improving symp-
tom perception pointing towards novel, relevant
uses of HHC assessment in clinical care.

Anxiety in everyday life

Wilhelm, Frank H. Institute for Psychology, University

of Basel, Basel, Switzerland Pfaltz, Monique C.

Institute for Psychology, University of Basel, Basel,

Switzerland Michael, Tanja Institute for Psychology,

University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland Margraf,

Jürgen Institute for Psychology, University of Basel,

Basel, Switzerland

Anxiety is a fundamental emotion that evolved to
guide behavior under conditions of threat.
Although modern life is characterized by few
threats to life anxiety is exceedingly common.
Surprisingly little is known about the architecture
of anxiety in modern life. Using state-of-the-art
methods of ambulatory assessment we investigated
a wide range of experiential, physiological and
contextual variables during daily life in healthy
individuals and patients with anxiety disorders.
Results indicate that anxiety episodes in healthy
individuals are typically brief and mild, while
anxiety patients experience extended periods of
moderate to intense anxiety and are rarely free of
bodily symptoms.

Assessing affective instability in an emotionally
unstable personality disorder

Ebner-Priemer, Ulrich W. Inst. für Psychosomatiks, ZI

für Seelische Gesundheit, Mannheim, Germany

The study of psychopathology has witnessed rapid
advancements in laboratory research; however,
traditional methods are often unable to provide
information about psychopathology outside of
these settings. Affective instability is an essential
criterion for borderline personality disorder (BPD),
but empirical studies are spares and conflicting.
Using electronic diaries, we assessed repeatedly
affective states of 50 patients with BPD and 50
healthy controls during a 24-hour period of every-
day life. In contrast to previous studies, heightened
affect instability was exhibited in BPD and self-
injuries and skills were identified as emotion
regulation strategies. Results suggest the promise
of electronic diaries for clinical research.

Empathic inference and assumed similarity in
couples’ daily lives

Wilhelm, Peter Department of Psychology, University

Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland Perrez, Meinrad

Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg,

Fribourg, Switzerland

So far research on empathic inference has been
limited to short laboratory interactions. Therefore,
we investigated how well spouses know how their
partners are feeling during their daily lives. We
conducted two computer assisted diary studies with
95 and 77 couples. Spouses recorded their own
feelings and their partners’ feelings six times each

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day during an ordinary week. Results based on
multilevel analyses allow the following Conclusions:
In daily life spouses’ judgments of their partners’
feelings rely substantially on their own feelings
(assumed similarity). However, their inference is
quite accurate, even when assumed similarity is
controlled.

Eavesdropping on personality: A naturalistic
observation approach to studying individual
differences in daily life
Mehl, Matthias R. Dept. of Psychology, University of

Arizona, Tucson, USA

This talk provides an overview of a novel ambula-
tory assessment method called the Electronically
Activated Recorder (EAR). The EAR is a portable
audio recorder that periodically samples ambient
sounds from participants’ momentary environ-
ments. In tracking moment-to-moment ambient
sounds, it yields an acoustic log of a person’s day as
it naturally unfolds. As a naturalistic observation
method, it provides an observer’s account of daily
life and is optimized for the assessment of audible
aspects of participants’ social lives. The talk will
address conceptual and methodological issues
around the method, highlight recent empirical
findings, and discuss the method’s potentials for
personality research.

S-063: Molecular genetics of
individual differences

Marcus Ising, Burkhard Brocke (chair)

The increasing availability of high-throughput
genotyping methods provided a major boost for
the research on individual differences. We want to
summarize recent findings regarding molecular
genetics of personality traits and coping strategies,
stress response and emotional reactions. Further,
we will discuss methodological aspects of genetic
and environmental sources of variance for mental
and somatic functions. We will argue that the
molecular genetic findings of individual differences
are important sources to learn about the somatic
mechanisms underlying individual differences. Since
these differences can translate into disease vulner-
ability, these findings contribute also to our under-
standing of pathomechanisms in related disorders.

Molecular genetics in win cohorts
Busjahn, Andreas HealthTwiSt GmbH, Berlin,

Germany

Andreas Busjahn, HealthTwiSt GmbH, Berlin,
Germany Classical twin studies estimate genetic
variance (heritability) by comparing trait resem-
blance between monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic
(DZ) twins. Using the same logic, linkage analysis
in DZ is estimating the genetic variance explained
by a measured gene locus by comparing pairs
identical by descent 0, 1 and 2. Association analysis
in twin pairs results in stratification-free quantita-
tive estimates. Trait correlation can be dissected
into genetic and environmental correlation, result-
ing in genetic factors with enhanced power for gene
discovery. These methods will be discussed in the
context of studies on psychological and cardiovas-
cular traits from the Berlin twin register.

Genetic variation of serotonin function and
negative emotionality
Strobel, Alexander Allgemeine Psychologie II,

Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany Armbruster,

Diana Differentielle Psychologie, Technische

Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany Lesch, Klaus-

Peter Psychobiologie, Universität Würzburg,

Würzburg, Germany Brocke, Burkhard Differentielle

Psychologie, Technische Universität Dresden,

Dresden, Germany

To further elucidate the role of genetic variation of
serotonin (5-HT) function in the modulation of
Negative Emotionality (NE), healthy volunteers

were genotyped for functional polymorphisms in
the genes encoding the 5-HT1A receptor (5-HT1A),
the 5-HT-synthesizing enzyme tryptophan hydro-
xylase 2 (TPH2), and the 5-HT transporter (5-
HTTLPR) in three studies (N>284). We observed
associations of different measures of NE with 5
HT1A and TPH2 polymorphisms, but found no
association with 5-HTTLPR. In another study
(N=66), however, 5-HTTLPR was associated with
the acoustic startle response, an endophenotype of
NE. These findings highlight the significance of 5-
HT in modulation of individual differences in NE.

Polymorphisms in the angiotensin-converting
enzyme gene region are associated with coping
styles in healthy adults and depressed patients

Heck, Angela Molekulare Psychologie, Max-Planck-

Institut, München, Germany Lieb, Roselind

Epidemiology and Health Psycho, University of Basel,

Basel, Switzerland Pfister, Hildegard Molekulare

Psychologie, Max-Planck-Institut, München, Germany

Lucae, Susanne Molekulare Psychologie, Max-Planck-

Institut, München, Germany Erhardt, Angelika

Molekulare Psychologie, Max-Planck-Institut,

München, Germany Himmerich, Hubertus Psychiatry

and Psychotherapy, University hospital Aachen,

Aachen, Germany Horstmann, Sonja Molekulare

Psychologie, Max-Planck-Institut, München, Germany

Kloiber, Stefan Molekulare Psychologie, Max-Planck-

Institut, München, Germany Ripke, Stephan

Molekulare Psychologie, Max-Planck-Institut,

München, Germany Holsboer, Florian Molekulare

Psychologie, Max-Planck-Institut, München, Germany

Ising, Marcus Molekulare Psychologie, Max-Planck-

Institut, München, Germany

Objectives: Coping styles are affected in stress-
related disorders and angiotensin-converting en-
zyme (ACE) gene influences the vulnerability for
these disorders. We investigated whether ACE
polymorphisms are associated with coping styles.
Methods Using a candidate gene approach we
investigated 15 single nucleotide polymorphisms
(SNPs) and quantitative coping phenotypes with
data from the Munich Antidepressant Response
Signature project, including 541 mentally healthy
controls and 195 depressed inpatients. Results In
healthy controls, SNP rs8066276 and rs4305 were
associated with coping factors Distraction and
Devaluation/Defense, respectively. This effects
could be partly replicated in patients. Conclusions
These results suggest that ACE is involved in the
development of positive coping strategies.

Interaction effect of D4 Dopamine Receptor Gene
(DRD4) and Serotonin Transporter Promoter
Polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) on the stress induced
cortisol response

Armbruster, Diana Inst. für Psychologie II, Technische

Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany Müller, Anett

Institute of Psychology I, University of Technology,

Dresden, Germany Moser, Dirk Department of Neuro-

Behavioral, University of Trier, Trier, Germany

Brocke, Burkhard Differentielle Pers.-Psychol.,

Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

Kirschbaum, Clemens Institute of Psychology I,

University of Technology, Dresden, Germany

Serotonin and dopamine have been linked to stress
responsivity in animals. Here, we investigated the
impact of genetic variation of serotonin (5-
HTTLPR) and dopamine function (DRD4) on the
cortisol stress response in 84 adults. Saliva cortisol
was measured during and after the Trier Social
Stress Test. Carriers of the DRD4 7R allele were
found to exhibit lower cortisol responses. Addi-
tionally, a DRD4 by 5-HTTLPR interaction
emerged: 5-HTTLPR LA/LA homozygotes showed
smaller cortisol responses, if they possessed at least
one copy of the DRD4 7R allele. The results point
to independent and joint effects of these poly-
morphisms on stress responsivity.

Glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor
gene variants are associated with ACTH, cortisol
and cardiovascular responses to psychosocial
stress

Wüst, Stefan Inst. für Psychobiologie, Universität

Trier, Trier, Germany Kumsta, Robert Inst. für

Psychobiologie, Universität Trier, Trier, Germany

DeRijk, Roel H. Center for Drug Research, Leiden

University, Leiden, Netherlands Entringer, Sonja Inst.

für Psychobiologie, Universität Trier, Trier, Germany

van Rossum, Elisabeth F. C. Internal Medicine,

Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands de Kloet, E.

Ron Center for Drug Research, Leiden University,

Leiden, Netherlands Hellhammer, Dirk H. Inst. für

Psychobiologie, Universität Trier, Trier, Germany

Koper, Jan W. Center for Drug Research, Leiden

University, Leiden, Netherlands

Objectives: A chronic hypothalamus-pituitary-adre-
nal axis (HPAA) dysregulation is associated with
several stress-related pathologies. Methods: We
investigated if polymorphisms of corticosteroid
receptor (MR and GR) genes modulate HPAA
activity. Results: In males, MR180V carriers
showed enhanced cortisol and cardiovascular re-
sponses to psychosocial stress. In a sample of males
and females four GR gene polymorphisms were
assessed (ER22/23EK, N363S, BclI, 9beta). We
found significant associations between GR geno-
type and HPA axis stress responses and with ACTH
levels after dexamethasone administration. Further-
more, sex by genotype interactions were observed.
Conclusions: Our data suggest a sex specific impact
of corticosteroid receptor polymorphisms on endo-
crine stress responses.

Molecular genetics of individual differences:
What can we learn for related disorders?

Ising, Marcus Molekulare Psychologie, Max-Planck-

Institut, München, Germany Silja, Adena RG Genetics

of Depression, MPI of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany

Lucae, Susanne RG Genetics of Depression, MPI of

Psychiatry, Munich, Germany Siebertz, Anna RG

Molecular Psychology, MPI of Psychiatry, Munich,

Germany Depping, Anna-Mareike RG Molecular

Psychology, MPI of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany

Modell, Sieglinde Director Neuroscience,

Bristol.Myers Squibb, Munich, Germany Müller-

Myhsok, Bertram Statistical Genetic, MPI of

Psychiatry, Munich, Germany Holsboer, Florian

Director, MPI of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany

Patterns of personality traits, altered stress re-
sponse, and stress response regulation are discussed
as vulnerability markers for affective disorders.
Genetic factors contribute to individual differences
observed in these variables. We investigated per-
sonality traits, stress response, and stress response
regulation in healthy subjects with elevated risk for
depression and in subjects from the general
population. We observed genetic associations that
could be replicated in patients suffering from
depression. We conclude that the molecular genetic
investigation of disease related individual differ-
ences in healthy subjects is an important source to
learn about genetic factors contributing to the risk
for related disorders.

S-064: Social competence in
childhood and adolescence: Issues
in assessment and development

Karl-Heinz Arnold (chair)

The development of social competence is one of the
major outcomes of both the socialization within the
private sector of societal life (family, peers) and the
education received in schools and other educational
institutions. To determine the personal growth in
this competence is a matter of several areas of
psychological research. The symposium brings
together actual research results on the assessment
of social competence that contribute to the multi-
trait and multi-informant nature of the construct

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and that allow for its contextual analyses in terms
of group composition factors.

Multisource assessment of children’s and
adolescents’ social competence: Issues in
validity, consistency and concomitants

Junttila, Niina Centre for Learning Research,

University of Turku, Turku, Finland Vauras, Marja

Centre for Learning Research, University of Turku,

Turku, Finland

The paper discusses concomitants of children’s and
adolescents social competence, based on multi-
source assessment. First, we present the validity
and consistency indices of the scale and correlations
between the evaluators (self, peer, teacher, parent)
and between the social competence factors (co-
operating skills, empathy, impulsivity, disruptive-
ness). Second, we present structural equation
models of 10, - 13-, and 17-years old students’
(n=985, n=191, n=419, respectively) social compe-
tence related to aspects of school achievement,
socio-emotional well-being (self-esteem, loneliness,
social anxiety, burn-out, depression) and parenting.
The context-related effects and developmental
significance of social competence to children’s and
adolescents socio-emotional well-being will be
discussed.

Perception of children’s social competence in
Greece: Self-reports from students, teachers and
parents

Metallidou, Panayiota School of Psychology,

University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

Efklides, Anastasia School of Psychology, University

of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece Gonida,

Eleftheria School of Psychology, University of

Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece Vauras, Marja Dpt.

of Teacher Education, University of Turku, Turku,

Finland Junttila, Niina Dpt. of teacher Education,

University of Turku, Turku, Finland Dina, Fotini

School of Psychology, University of Thessaloniki,

Thessaloniki, Greece Dousi, Ioulia School of

Psychology, University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki,

Greece

This study examined the construct validity of the
Multisource Assessment of Social Competence
Scale (MASCS) produced in Finland on a Greek
sample of 4th graders. Participants were 161
students, 122 parents and 7 teachers. Principal
component analysis supported a two-factor solu-
tion representing the two main theoretical dimen-
sions of MASCS, namely, prosocial and antisocial
behavior, instead of the four-factor solution con-
firmed in the Finnish sample (cooperating skills,
empathy, impulsivity, and disruptiveness). The two
factors were found in all three sources of data,
namely students, parents, and teachers. The results
provide evidence for cultural and/or educational
differences between the two countries.

Assessing the self-concept of social competence
of primary school students

Lindner-Müller, Carola Inst. Bildungswissenschaften,

Universität Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany

Chudaske, Jana Institute of Education, Universität

Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany Hentschel, Martin

Institute of Education, Universität Hildesheim,

Hildesheim, Germany Arnold, Karl-Heinz Institute of

Education, Universität Hildesheim, Hildesheim,

Germany

Interacting in classrooms and receiving feedback on
social behavior, students get some impression of
their respective ability. According to the model of
Shavelson, this information contributes to the
development of the self-concept of social compe-
tence (SCSocComp) that was assessed by giving
about thousand students questions in the Harter-
format to reduce social desirability. Language
proficiency was tested by HSET. SDQ-ratings (self
and teacher report form) and sociometric indices
functioned as validation criteria. Indices of internal

consistency as well as a structural equation model

investigating convergent validity and a possible

moderator effect of language proficiency will be

presented.

Social competence in multi-ethnic elementary
schools: Looking beyond friendship measures

Fortuin, Janna Education and Child Studies, Leiden

University, Leiden, Netherlands Vedder, Paul Dept. of

Education, University of Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands

An important aspect of social competence is having

meaningful relations with peers. In contrast to the

research on friendship, relatively few studies have

described social interaction networks of children.

We studied both friendship and social interaction

networks within elementary school classes, while

focusing on the role that ethnic identity and ethnic

background play in the network processes. We

expected ethnic identity and ethnic background to

influence the networks. This was confirmed in half

of the classes in our current sample. Issues with

regard to integration in the classroom will be

discussed during the presentation.

Telling a richer story about relations between
child factors and social competence in
’Kindergarten’ and the transition to school period

de Rosnay, Marc School of Psychology, University of

Sidney, Sidney, NSW, Australia Lecce, Serena

Department of Psychology, University of Pavia, Pavia,

Italy Fink, Elian School of Psychology (A18),

University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia Fritz,

Kristina School of Psychology (A18), University of

Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia

There is a considerable literature linking young

children’s socio-cognitive understanding (SCU)

with their social competence in a (pre)school

setting. Relatively little is known, however, about

the influence of children’s empathic arousal (EA)

on their peer interactions; and the interplay between

SCU and EA has evaded investigation in the

context of children’s social competence. We present

data from three ongoing studies that investigate (1)

the relation between children’s SCU and their EA

to distress, and (2) the influence of these factors on

children’s social competence. Preliminary findings

indicate that higher SCU moderates the expression

of EA in socially adaptive ways

Social-information-processing as risk and
protective factor for antisocial behavior problems
in pre- and elementary school children

Beelmann, Andreas Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Jena, Jena, Germany Lösel, Friedrich Institute of

Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge,

United Kingdom Stemmler, Mark Department of

Psychology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld,

Germany Jaursch, Stefanie Instiute of Psychology,

Univers. of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany

The paper presents five-year-longitudinal data from

the Erlangen-Nuremberg Prevention and Interven-

tion Study. 600 preschooles were assessed according

to their social-information-processing competence

and its influence on social development in early and

late elementary school years based on parents and

teacher behavioral ratings. Results showed that

social-cognitive skills increased markedly within the

preschool years showing that this period is essential

for developing social-cognitive skills. In addition,

longitudinal analysis identified social-information-

processing as important risk and protective factor

for antisocial behavior problems in children. These

results are discussed in the light of previous research

and the designing of intervention measures for this

age group.

S-065: Right or left? Hemisphere
asymmetries in motivation and
self-regulation

Markus Quirin, Julius Kuhl (chair)

Motivation and self-regulation are indispensable
for the enactment of goal-directed behavior. This
symposium brings together different lines of current
research dealing with the engagement of the left and
right brain in motivation and self-regulation.
Findings will be presented on hemisphere asymme-
tries in approach-withdrawal motivation (Harmon-
Jones), power vs. affiliation motivation (Kuhl),
attention and self-regulation (Foerster), and im-
plicit vs. explicit representations of approach-with-
drawal emotions (Quirin). Not least, animal models
of asymmetry in approach-withdrawal motivation
will be presented (Vallortigara). Implications for
psychological models of motivation and self-regula-
tion will be discussed.

Asymmetrical frontal cortical activity and
approach-withdrawal motivation regulation

Harmon-Jones, Eddie Department of Psychology,

Texas A&M University, College Station, USA

Much research has suggested that the left and right
frontal cortices are asymmetrically involved in
approach and withdrawal motivational processes.
Conceptual models guiding this research have
assumed that approach vs. withdrawal motivation
is implemented in the left vs. right prefrontal cortex
(PFC), respectively. I will review research suggest-
ing, however, that it is the dynamic interplay of the
left and right PFC that is important for approach-
withdrawal motivation. Specifically, during ap-
proach motivational states, the left PFC is activated
and the right PFC is deactivated, whereas during
withdrawal motivational states, the right PFC is
activated and the left PFC is deactivated.

Levels of personality functioning and approach
versus avoidance systems: Opposing
hemispheric asymmetries for power and
affiliation motivation

Kuhl, Julius Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany

In a dot-probe paradigm drawing on visual half-
field presentations, we tested and confirmed the
hypothesis that power motivation activates the left
hemisphere being typically associated with ap-
proach motivation, and that affiliation motivation
activates the right hemisphere being typically
associated with avoidance motivation. In addition,
performance in a remote associate task being
associated with a right hemispheric advantage can
be facilitated or impaired depending on affiliation-
vs. power-related priming, respectively. The find-
ings are discussed with respect to a recent model of
levels of personality functioning that suggests an
evolutionary advantage of the relationships found
(Kuhl & Koole, 2007).

On the relation between scope of attention and
regulatory focus: Mediation by brain hemisphere
activation

Förster, Jens Dept. of Psychology, Universiteit

Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

Our research shows that a promotion, relative to
prevention, focus expands attentional scope on
both the perceptual and conceptual levels. These
effects were mediated by right hemisphere activa-
tion. Notably, our results suggest that it is the sheer
self-regulatory focus on desired versus undesired
end-states, as opposed to the elicitation of elated
versus tense arousal, that drives these effects of
motivational state on relative hemispheric activa-
tion and attentional scope. We will present theory
and recent results using both diverse measures of
scope of attention and diverse inductions of

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regulatory foci. Implications for neurobiological,
emotion and motivation theories will be discussed.

The IPANAT: An implicit measure for the
assessment of state and trait variation in
approach-avoidance motivation

Quirin, Markus Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany

Self-reports of motivational and affective processes
may be criticized for their validity. This is because
many of these processes are not consciously
accessible. Even if they are, individuals can easily
bias them, intentionally or unintentionally. A novel
measure, the IPANAT, will be introduced for the
assessment of implicit positive-approach vs. nega-
tive-avoidance representations. Data supporting
reliability and validity will be presented. Particu-
larly, a study will be reported where implicit but not
explicit representations of avoidance motivation
predicted right prefrontal activation in resting
electroencephalography. Implications for the use
of implicit measures in brain research on motiva-
tion will be discussed.

Cerebral asymmetry in emotional/motivational
behaviour in non-human species

Vallortigara, Giorgio Center for Brain/Mind Sciences,

University of Trento, Trieste, Italy

Evidence collected in different taxonomic groups
suggests a general pattern of cerebral lateralization
among vertebrates, with the right hemisphere
specialized to attend to novelty and execute rapid
responses, and the left hemisphere specialised to
categorize stimuli and control considered responses.
Some of these lateralized functions are manifested
as side biases that would be disadvantageous for
survival, as in the case of enhanced reactivity to
predators approaching on the animal’s left side,
which leaves prey more vulnerable to predators on
their right side. Evidence is discussed of how these
disadvantages may be counterbalanced by compu-
tational and social-ecological advantages.

S-066: International perspectives
on invasion, reconciliation, peace,
and security

Sherri McCarthy (chair)

The proposed symposium would include papers
from contributors to an international study of
citizens’ views on governmental aggression and
peace. Participants in all the represented countries
completed a mixed-methods (qualitative & quanti-
tative) survey in which they responded to items such
as ‘‘Children have the right to grow up in a world of
peace.’’ There were generally more than 100
respondents per country. In general support for
peace was high but respondents varied across
countries in perspectives concerning the rights of
governments to invade other countries, the possibi-
lity of peace, the nature of reconciliation, and the
meaning of security.

Perspectives on invasion: The United States,
Portugal and Germany

Barbosa, Mariana Dept. of Psychology, Universidade

do Minho, Braga, Portugal Machado, Carla

Psychology, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal

Matos, Raquel Psychology, Universidade Católica do

Porto, Porto, Portugal Zaveri, Tanvi International

Relations, Boston University, Boston, USA

Leembruggen-Kallberg, Elisabeth Azusa Theological

College, Free University, Nieuwegein, Netherlands

Participants from three countries (100 participants
per country) with different histories of involvement
in armed conflict—i.e., Portugal, the USA, and
Germany-provided quantitative and qualitative
responses to the PAIRTAS item: "Sometimes one
country has the right to invade another country".
An overall analysis of qualitative responses in the

sample as a whole showed that "self-defense" and
"humanitarian causes" appeared as major justifica-
tions in favor of war, whereas the search for non-
violent solutions and a concern with ulterior
motives (e.g., power, oil) appeared as major
arguments against invasion.

Perspectives on reconciliation in England,
Australia, Canada, India and the United States

Castanheira, Helena Dept. of Psychology, Boston

University, Boston, USA Borrelli, Scott Psychology,

University of Maryland, Europe, Malaga, Spain Puri,

Ellora Political Science, University of Jammu, Jammu

and Kashmir, India West, Doe Psychology, Boston

University, Boston, USA

Publications on reconciliation have been more
theoretical than empirical and few studies have
addressed lay people’s understandings of reconcilia-
tion. Open-ended definitions of reconciliation from
50 Canadian, 50 Australian, 50 English, 50 Indian,
and 100 American participants were coded into two
major categories– process and end-state–and sev-
eral subcategories. Chi squares revealed statistically
significant differences among countries in defini-
tional categories. For example, as compared with
other nationalities, Australians gave significantly
more responses defining reconciliation as a process
of forgiveness, while English participants gave
significantly more responses defining it as an end
state of peace and end of conflict.

Eastern perspectives on reconciliation: Israel and
Lebanon

de Sivilya, Helena Psychology, Emek Yezreel College,

Kibbutz Merhavia, Israel Yassour-Borochowitz, Dalit

Psychology, Emek Yezreel College, Kibbutz Merhavia,

Israel Youssef, Rouba Psychology, Boston University,

Boston, USA Tastle, William School of Business,

Ithaca College, Ithaca, USA Yalcinkaya, Alev

Psychology, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey

Turan, Feryal Psychology, Ankara Univerisy, Ankara,

Turkey

The Jewish-Palestinian conflict, and conflicts in
Turkey, continuing for over 100 years, have clearly
visible repercussions in Middle Eastern and Eur-
asian attitudes towards reconciliation. Quantitative
and qualitative responses from over 300 Israeli
citizens (Jewish and non-Jewish), Lebanese citizens
(Christian and Muslim), and Turkish citizens were
analyzed. An apology as a mechanism for reconci-
liation received moderate support at best. The
minority of the respondents who endorsed apology
view it as a first step for reconciliation, albeit
insufficient condition. The presentation will provide
the statistical data as well as elaborate on central
themes that have emerged from the qualitative data.

European perspectives on reconciliation and
peace: Serbia, Portugal and Sweden

Petrovich, Nebojsa Dept. of Psychology, Belgrade

University, Belgrade, Serbia Salmberg, Mathilde

Counseling & Psychiatric S, Georgetown University,

Washington DC, USA Zaveri, Tanvi International

Relations, Boston University, Boston, USA Machado,

Carla Psychology, University of Minho, Braga,

Portugal Matos, Raquel Psychology, Catholic

University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

Swedish, Serbian, and Portuguese participants’
responses on seven-point PAIRTAS scales addres-
sing children’s right to peace, everyone’s right to
peace, and the achievability of world peace were
analyzed and compared. Results have shown almost
complete agreement with the rights in all three
subsamples, but also a discrepancy between that
desired state and possibility of its realization.
Special attention in the presentation will be given
to the qualitative responses – participants’ explana-
tions of their degree of agreement. There are several
categories of obtained reasons (‘‘it’s a basic human
right’’, ‘‘human nature is selfish’’, etc) which appear
in all subsamples but in different percents.

Latin American perspectives on peace: Nicaragua
and Peru

Clinton, Amanda Dept. of Psychology, Universidad de

Puerto Rico, Rincon, Puerto Rico DeSouza, Eros

Psychology, Illinois State University, Normal, USA

Stevens, Michael Psychology, Illinois State

University, Normal, USA

The current study, which forms part of a larger
international project, addresses Nicaraguan and
Peruvian citizens’ opinions of peace. A sample of
200 citizens, 100 from each country, voluntarily
completed the seven-point PAIRTAS Peace Scale
regarding the right to and the possibility of peace.
Distinctions and commonalities between countries
were coded. Analyses of data indicated a pattern of
themes describing peace as the absence of war,
terror, and torture, in lieu of which personal and
social prosperity and harmony exist. Latin Amer-
ican data suggest that, having lived through war, its
absence is the definition of peace.

Perspectives on security in Russians, Russian
Americans and European Americans

McCarthy, Sherri Dept. of Psychology, Northern

Arizona University, Yuma, USA Medveda, Anna

International Relations, St. Petersburg University, St.

Petersburg, Russia Castanheira, Helena Psychology,

Boston University, Boston, USA Tochilnikova, Elina

Psychology, Boston University, Boston, USA Trosky,

Abram International Relations, Boston University,

Boston, USA Corgan, Michael International Relations,

Boston University, Boston, USA Malley-Morrison,

Kathleen Psychology, Boston University, Boston,

USA

Perspectives on security in Russians, Russian
Americans, and European Americans To assess
Russian American and European American per-
spectives on security, quantitative and qualitative
responses to two PAIRTAS items were analyzed:
‘‘It is important to support the government in time
of war’’ and ‘‘National security is essential for
individual and family security.’’ T tests revealed
that European Americans scored marginally sig-
nificantly higher than Russian Americans on the
importance of supporting the government in
wartime, and provided more arguments in support
of the statement that national security is essential to
personal/family security. Further analyses including
a Russian sample will be presented.

S-067: Inference from recognition:
Uncovering the mind’s adaptive
heuristics

Julian Marewski (chair)

The recognition heuristic is a simple strategy that
can yield highly accurate inferences about uncertain
events in the world. Inferences are based solely on
recognition—even when other information is
known. It is not surprising that it has stirred a
large amount of research. This symposium gives an
overview of current debates concerning the condi-
tions under which people use it, demonstrates how
this heuristic can be used to forecast the outcomes
of Wimbledon tennis matches and political elec-
tions, presents new findings concerning people’s use
of it, and examines the accuracy and use of a related
recognition-based heuristic, the fluency heuristic.

Inference from ignorance: An adaptive mental
tool?

Pachur, Thorsten Cognitive and Decision Science,

Universität Basel, Basel, Switzerland

The recognition heuristic is a prime example of
how, by exploiting systematic structures in the
environment, a simple inference rule can lead to
effective decision making. The heuristic requires
only little information and ignores probabilistic
cues beyond recognition. In this talk I will present
empirical evidence concerning two key predictions
of the recognition heuristic: (a) that in their

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decisions people use recognition adaptively, that is,
contingent on characteristics of the decision task,
and (b) that people use recognition noncompensa-
torily (i.e., that contradicting information is ig-
nored). Moreover, I discuss the boundary
conditions of the heuristic in light of these findings.

Predicting Wimbledon with mere player name
recognition
Scheibehenne, Benjamin Center for Adaptive

Behavior, Max-Planck-Institut, Berlin, Germany

Bröder, Arndt Allgemeine Psychologie, Universität

Bonn, Bonn, Germany

The outcome of actual Wimbledon tennis matches
was predicted by mere player name recognition.
Amateur tennis players and laypeople indicated
players’ names they recognized and predicted match
outcomes. Predictions based on recognition rank-
ings aggregated over all participants correctly
predicted 70% of all matches. These recognition
predictions were equal to or better than predictions
based on official ATP rankings and the seedings of
Wimbledon experts while online betting odds led to
more accurate forecasts. When applicable, indivi-
dual amateurs and laypeople made accurate pre-
dictions by relying on individual name recognition.
The study shows that simple heuristics can lead to
highly accurate forecasts.

Ignorance-based election forecasts
Gaissmaier, Wolfgang Max-Planck-Institut, Berlin,

Germany Marewski, Julian Zentrum Adaptives

Verhalten, Max-Planck-Institut, Berlin, Germany

‘Bad press is better than no press’, many a politician
might believe, reflecting the idea that being highly
recognized is important to be successful in demo-
cratic elections. Studying a wide range of elections,
ranging from the federal to the national level, we
investigated the relation between recognition and
electoral success more systematically. We found
that people can and do rely on mere recognition of
parties and candidates to successfully predict
election outcomes. People intuitively seem to put a
high weight on recognition, as it often even
outweighs highly predictive conflicting information
such as party affiliation.

Identification and success of using or not-using
the recognition heuristic
Pohl, Rüdiger F. Inst. Verhaltenspsychologie,

Universität Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany Hilbig,

Benjamin E. Center for Doctoral Studies, University of

Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany

The recognition heuristic is hypothesized to be a
frugal inference strategy assuming that inferences
are based on recognition alone. We propose an
index to identify true users of the heuristic
contrasting them to decision makers who incorpo-
rate further knowledge beyond recognition. The
properties and applicability of the proposed index
are investigated in the re-analyses of four published
experiments and corroborated by a new study
designed to remedy shortcomings of the reanalyzed
experiments. Applying the proposed index we
found that more knowledgeable participants made
use of additional information beyond recognition
and thereby achieved the highest proportion of
correct inferences.

Recognition revisited: The influence of valence,
conflicting cues, and non-size/dominance
settings
Vitouch, Oliver Inst. für Allgem. Psychologie,

Universität Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria Zdrahal-

Urbanek, Julia Dept. of Psychology, Universität Wien,

Wien, Austria

In the last years, the recognition heuristic has been
identified to be a domain-general guide for deci-
sion-making under uncertainty; fulfilling both the
requirements of existence (behavioral experiments)
and reliability (additional simulations). This paper

gives a condensed overview of three independent
experiments, demonstrating that the use of recogni-
tion information (1) is often intrinsically linked to
valence information, (2) can lead to a subtly graded
trade-off when conflicting cues are presented, and
(3) is not limited to size/dominance settings. Results
show that while the definition of the recognition
heuristic needs qualifying in some respects, its scope
can even be extended in others.

The fluency heuristic: A highly specialized tartle
heuristic?

Marewski, Julian Zentrum Adaptives Verhalten, Max-

Planck-Institut, Berlin, Germany Schooler, Lael Center

for Adaptive Behavior a, Max Planck Institute for

Human, Berlin, Germany

The fluency heuristic is a simple strategy. It bases
inferences on the speed with which information is
retrieved from memory. Other strategies base such
inferences on explicit knowledge. The mechanisms
for strategy selection between the fluency heuristic
and these knowledge-based strategies are unknown.
In computer simulations and experiments, we show
how human memory limits the situations in which
the fluency heuristic competes with knowledge-
based strategies for strategy selection: In contrast to
the recognition heuristic which is often used instead
of available knowledge, the fluency heuristic is most
likely relied on when a person is unable to recall
knowledge.

S-068: Advice and trust in decision
making

Matt Twyman (chair)

When a person wants to make a judgment or
decision, they may attempt to improve the quality
of their decision by taking advice. Such advice may
take a range of forms, including recommendations
for action, numerical quantities, or graphical
representations of data. The question of how such
information may be integrated, weighted, trusted,
or otherwise assessed before influencing one’s
judgment is the focus of a growing area of research.
The symposium will cover some of the key
applications of this research, from financial fore-
casts and consumer recommendations to risk
communication, change detection paradigms, and
studies of consensus.

On the appeal of vague financial forecasts

Budescu, David Dept. of Psychology, University of

Illinois, Champaign, USA Du, Ning Accountancy, De

Paul University, Chicago, USA

Management earnings forecasts are an important
source of information for investment decisions. We
examined earnings forecasts made by corporate
managers. We observed a clear preference, and
documented higher hit rates, for range forecasts.
Our analysis indicates that managers’ decisions
about the format of the forecasts are driven by their
perception of the imprecision of the situation. We
also investigated investors’ perception of forecasts.
Respondents were more confident when they
received range forecasts, and expected them to be
more accurate, informative and credible. These
results support the hypothesis that investors prefer
imprecise information if it matches the perceived
underlying vagueness.

Compatibility effects in the aggregation of
consumer recommendations
Maciejovsky, Boris Sloan School of Management,

MIT, Boston, USA Budescu, David Department of

Psychology, University of Illinois, Champaign, USA

Many websites provide consumers with product
information by displaying verbal reviews and
numerical ratings, assuming that consumers can
aggregate the information across both presentation
modes. Research on compatibility effects between
stimulus and response formats, however, suggests

that preference consistency is higher (lower) in cases

of compatible (non-compatible) formats, implying

that information aggregation across the two modes

is inefficient. The results of three experiments

confirm this conjecture. Information aggregation

and preference reversals were systematically af-

fected by the compatibility of the stimulus and

response format, especially for high variance

products. Decision makers were not aware of this

effect.

Determinants of trust in advice: Studies of the
effectiveness of risk communication

Harvey, Nigel Dept. of Psychology, University College

London, London, United Kingdom Twyman, Matt

Department of Psychology, University College

London, London, United Kingdom Harries, Clare

Department of Psychology, University College

London, London, United Kingdom

Siegrist et al (Risk Analysis, 2003) proposed a two-

route model of risk communication in which

communicative effectiveness depends on trust in

the advisor’s motives and trust in the advisor’s

competence. The model has received support from

questionnaire studies. We tested it behaviorally in

advice-taking experiments. Participants estimated

risk levels associated with various types of hazard

(transport, occupational, leisure, drug-taking) on

the basis of advice from a government agency and a

consumer organization. Greater reliance on an

advisor provided a behavioral measure of trust.

Results broadly support the two-route model but

some of its details are brought into question.

How much do people use advisors’ previous
accuracy when weighting advice from multiple
sources?

Reimers, Stian Dept. of Psychology, University

College London, London, United Kingdom Harvey,

Nigel Psychology, University College London,

London, United Kingdom Harries, Clare Psychology,

University College London, London, United Kingdom

When people receive quantitative advice from

multiple sources, they often have access to informa-

tion about advisors’ accuracy on previous occa-

sions, particularly when people receive advice from

the same advisors on many occasions. Regression-

based models show that people weight good

advisors more strongly than poor advisors. How-

ever, we have demonstrated this may be a statistical

artifact from using aggregation strategies such as

taking the trimmed mean. We investigate this by

varying the information a participant has available

about an advisor’s previous predictions. Results

show that people use different weighting strategies

when they have track-record information, suggest-

ing they do use such information.

Using time series information to detect change

Twyman, Matt Psychology, University College

London, London, United Kingdom Harvey, Nigel

Psychology, University College London, London,

United Kingdom Lagnado, David Psychology,

University College London, London, United Kingdom

Matyas & Greenwood (1990) showed that sequen-

tial dependence in a non-trended data series, as used

in certain graphical forms of advice, impairs

detection of a change in level. In noisy series, it

may be harder to detect changes in trended data,

because salience of the change is reduced. An

experiment investigated effects of sequential depen-

dence type and trended data on ability to detect

change. Type of sequential dependence, data trends

and judgment frequency are influences on the

efficacy of change detection in time series, but the

pattern of effects is more complicated than that

described by Matyas & Greenwood (1990).

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Illusory consensus of opinion and belief updating

Yaniv, Ilan Psychology, Hebrew University of

Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Choshen-Hillel, Shoham

Psychology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem,

Jerusalem, Israel Milyavsky, Maxim Psychology,

Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

In making advice-based decisions, an important cue
that guides people’s confidence is consensus of
opinion. Illusory consensus occurs when opinions
are obtained from interdependent sources. We
tested people’s accuracy and confidence in tasks
that required them to revise their initial judgment
on the basis of advice. The advisory opinions were
either independent or interdependent (a function of
the participant’s initial judgment). Decision makers
underestimated the detrimental effect of interde-
pendence and, thus, yielded to illusory consensus.
Specifically, they exhibited a confidence-accuracy
reversal such that they were systematically more
confident in their less accurate judgments. Implica-
tions for individual- and group-decision are drawn.

S-069: Individual differences in face
processing

Grit Herzmann (chair)

Face processing is one of the most important
human abilities. There are enormous differences in
face processing between people, ranging from
prosopagnosia, where learning and recognizing
new faces are highly impaired, to astonishing cases
of memory for faces over many years. In the
symposium we will try to answer the following
questions: In what way and to which extent do
people differ in their abilities to process faces? How
can individual differences be measured? Differences
between people with prosopagnosia and healthy
participants, between policemen and students,
between women and men, and individual differ-
ences within the general population will be dis-
cussed.

Developmental prosopagnosia and fractionating
the face processing system

Garrido, Lúcia Inst. Cognitive Neuroscience,

University College London, London, United Kingdom

Developmental prosopagnosia (DP) is a condition
in which individuals experience severe face recogni-
tion difficulties. They do not report any history of
brain damage or visual impairments that could
have caused those difficulties. Despite their impair-
ments in face recognition tasks, DPs’ performance
on other visual tasks is highly variable. Thus, the
study of DPs provides a great method to fractionate
the face and visual recognition system. Recent
evidence from DPs supports a dissociation of face
and object processing. We will also present evidence
suggesting the separation of mechanisms within
face processing, such as facial identity, facial
emotion and facial gender.

Variability in accuracy and confidence in face
matching

McNeill, Allan Dept. of Psychology, Glasgow

Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Megreya & Burton (2006) demonstrated wide-
ranging variability (50% to 95% accuracy) in a
simple face-matching task. Here we investigate
further what might drive this variability by compar-
ing accuracy and confidence levels for policemen
and students in a range of tasks: upright/inverted
face matching, Matching Familiar Figures Task,
and matching from CCTV. Accuracy was found to
be generally equivalent for both groups. However,
confidence levels differed in the face-matching
tasks. Here policemen were more confident than
students for upright faces, but not for inverted
faces. The implications of these findings will be
discussed from both applied and theoretical per-
spectives.

Sex differences in face recognition: The role of
attention

Herlitz, Agneta Dept. of Neurobiology, Karolinska

Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Rehnman, Jenny

Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet,

Stockholm, Sweden Lovén, Johanna Department of

Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm,

Sweden

Women are generally better than men at recogniz-
ing faces and are especially efficient at recognizing
female faces. Here, the reasons behind women’s
superior face recognition ability and own-sex bias
will be discussed. By manipulating participants’
perception of gender, and by hindering participants
to use their full attention when encoding faces, we
have investigated how attention and social categor-
ization affect men’s and women’s ability to
remember female and male faces. Our preliminary
results suggest that women show an own-sex bias
because they allocate more attention to female than
to male faces, resulting in higher memory perfor-
mance for female faces.

I thought I was prosopagnosic, but it turns out I
am just below average: Individual differences in
face recognition

Righi, Giulia Dept. of Cognitive Psychology, Brown

University, Providence, USA Tarr, Michael Dept. of

Cognitive Psychology, Brown University, Providence,

RI, USA

Face recognition abilities are considered homoge-
nous among normal subjects; similarly differences
in individual neural responses are not given much
diagnostic weight. Our approach combines fMRI
with: i) behavioral tasks sufficiently sensitive to
capture individual differences in face recognition; ii)
‘‘standard’’ measures of face processing, e.g., the
inversion and composite effects. Preliminary data
suggest that face recognition performance is nor-
mally distributed across the ‘‘normal’’ population,
and that individuals differ significantly from one
another on measures of face processing. These
behavioral data serve as covariates with fMRI data,
providing a theoretically meaningful method for
predicting the variability of neural responses to
faces.

Measuring face processing: Structure and
correlates of behavioral data

Kunina, Olga Inst. für Qualitätsentwicklung,

Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Wilhelm, Oliver Inst. für Qualitätsentwicklung,

Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Herzmann, Grit Inst. für Psychologie, Humboldt-

Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany Sommer,

Werner Inst. für Psychologie, Humboldt-Universität zu

Berlin, Berlin, Germany

The structure and correlates of individual differ-
ences in face processing were investigated with
broad task collections. In Study 1 (N=151) a
measurement model for face processing postulating
latent factors for Face memory, Face perception,
and Speed of face processing was established. In
Study 2 (N=209) a modified battery of face
processing tasks and indicators for fluid intelli-
gence, general memory, object recognition, and
clerical speed tasks were used to replicate and
extend the model. The results clearly support the
idea that the battery for face processing captures
unique abilities reflecting the speed and accuracy of
face memory and face perception.

Individual differences in face processing:
Psychophysiological indicators

Herzmann, Grit Inst. für Psychologie, Humboldt-

Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany Kunina, Olga

IQB, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Wilhelm, Oliver IQB, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin,

Berlin, Germany Sommer, Werner Inst. für

Psychologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin,

Germany

Event-related potentials are associated with distin-
guishable aspects of face processing and might serve
as indicators of individual differences in face
processing abilities. In an extensive study (N = 86)
we investigated the extent to which such individual
differences can be captured with the N170, differ-
ence due to memory, early and late repetition
effects, and the old/new effect. Latent factors for
the behavioral measures of face processing corre-
lated moderately with the repetition effects, the old/
new effect, and the N170 latency. Thus, individuals
with faster structural encoding and higher activa-
tion during recognition showed better face recogni-
tion performance.

S-070: Real-time monitoring of
nonlinear processes in
psychotherapy - A new approach
to evidence-based practice

Christoph Wölk, Günter Schiepek (chair)

In this symposium different ways of real time
monitoring (RTM) in psychotherapy are presented.
Some of them use paper-pencil-tests, others hand
held PCs or mobile phones (SMS) as input devices.
All systems generate a broad data basis for high
differentiated analyzing techniques, all monitoring
nonlinear dynamics of psychotherapeutic processes.
Empirical data applying these two-level-techniques
lead to an evidenced based practice in psychother-
apy.

Identifying nonlinear phase transitions and
critical instabilities by means of real-time
monitoring: A method for evidence-based
treatment control and the timing of fMRI-
measures during psychotherapy processes
Schiepek, Günter Inst. für Psychology, Universität

München, München, Germany Tominschek, Igor Inst.

für Psychology, Universität München, München,

Germany Hauke, Walter Inst. für Psychology,

Universität München, München, Germany Karch,

Susanne Inst. für Psychology, Universität München,

München, Germany Pogarell, Oliver Inst. für

Psychology, Universität München, München,

Germany Zaudig, Michael Inst. für Psychology,

Universität München, München, Germany

An internet-based system is used to visualize and
analyse patient’s self-ratings during psychological
treatment processes. The data input is done by
internet terminals or PDA, using different process
and outcome questionnaires. Daily ratings result in
valid and equidistant time series data. The time
series are analyzed by means of nonlinear measures
(dynamic complexity, recurrence plots, complexity
resonance diagrams, dynamic synchronization ana-
lysis), all being sensitive to dynamic nonstationar-
ity. The method helps for the control of treatment
processes, and for the timing of repeated fMRI
measures applied to identify the neural correlates
mental phase transitions during the psychotherapy
process.

SMS monitoring of subjective state in subjects
suffering from obsessive compulsive disorder,
trichotillomania and healthy controls

Wölk, Christoph Inst. für Psychology, Universität

Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany Onken, Rieke Inst.

für Psychology, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück,

Germany Brandt, Nadja Inst. für Psychology,

Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany

Seebeck, Andreas Inst. für Psychology, Universität

Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany

In a quasi-experiment three groups of subjects
(n=20 each): obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD),
trichotillomania and controls rated their subjective
state via SMS (mobile phone) over 4 weeks 3 times
per day. The hypothesis was, that this ambulatory
assessment led to a normalisation in the emotion-
ality of the two clinical groups. Results: The mean
values of the subjective state (i.e. mood, activities,

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physical and mental fitness) remained different
from the controls, but the variability of the ratings
sent per day systematically declined after four
weeks of monitoring. This is interpreted as a
normalization of the subjective state of both clinical
groups.

Real-time monitoring of OCD inpatient treatment

Aigner, Martin Inst. für Psychiatrie, Medizin.

Universität Wien, Wien, Australia Unger, Annemarie

Inst. für Psychiatrie, Medizin. Universität Wien, Wien,

Australia Demal, Ulrike Inst. für Psychiatrie, Medizin.

Universität Wien, Wien, Australia Lenz, Gerhard Inst.

für Psychiatrie, Medizin. Universität Wien, Wien,

Australia

Traditionally effects of psychotherapy have been
measured at the beginning and at the end of
therapy. A new method of measuring the effects
of psychotherapy takes the dynamic nature of
psychotherapy into account and allows us to grasp
phases of critical instability in order to gain a better
understanding of how psychotherapy works. Daily
evaluations in the course of an eight-week intensive
behavioural therapy were made. The evaluations
were administrated in an on-line computer program
called ‘‘synergetic navigation system.’’ The therapy
process can be displayed with SNS and can be
interpreted before the background of the theory of
self organisation.

Synergetic generic principles about nonlinear
processes in psychotherapy enable better
understanding of therapeutic factors

Mozina, Miran Faculty for Social Work, University of

Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia Kobal Mozina, Leonida

Faculty for Social Work, University of Ljubljana,

Ljubljana, Slovenia

According to Lambert’s meta analysis of therapeu-
tic factors the correlation between psychotherapeu-
tic techniques and outcome is relatively small
(around 5 %). Much more important are client’s
life or extratherapeutic (40%), common (35%) and
therapist’s factors (20%), which are neglected in the
classical Randomized Clinical Trial design. We
need a new frame of understanding and of doing
practice and research in psychotherapy. Synergetics
is one of possible new frames. The knowledge about
generic principles derived from synergetics enables
better understanding and research of the therapeu-
tic factors and that self-organized non-linear
processes of the therapeutic action are organized,
symplified and based.

Emotional learning in patients with borderline-
personality disorders

Remmel, Andreas Waldviertel, Psychosomatisches

Zentrum, Eggenburg, Austria Richarz, Britta

Psychosomatische Medizin, Waldviertel-Zentr. für

Psycho., Eggenburg, Austria Walter, Thomas

Psychosomatische Medizin, Waldviertel-Zentr. für

Psycho., Eggenburg, Austria Cynthia Mioczka-Distler,

Cynthia Psychosomatische Medizin, Waldviertel-

Zentr. für Psycho., Eggenburg, Austria Woeber,

Verena Psychosomatische Medizin, Waldviertel-

Zentr. für Psycho., Eggenburg, Austria Schütt, Astrid

Psychosomatische Medizin, Waldviertel-Zentr. für

Psycho., Eggenburg, Austria

Psychotherapy is a learning process, whereas a
system has to be open, secure, mildly stressed, and
well balanced between fluidity and stability. Pa-
tients with BPD show the opposite: their mental
states rapidly changing, being stressed with high
inner tension, feeling unsecure and avoiding emo-
tions. Treatment of BPD is highly effective, when
emotional learning is continuously being enabled
within psychotherapy. We present data of 25
patients, showing highly effective emotional learn-
ing during a 12 week-specialized inpatient treat-
ment. These empirical data have great an impact on
integrating different methods in building up emo-

tional learning and an evidence based treatment for
BPD.

S-071: Genes and cognition:
Lesson from the study of genetic
disorders with mental deficiency

Pierre Roubertoux (chair)

There is a longstanding debate on the genetic bases
of intelligence. The results from wide genome scan
with IQ indicate several linkages but no gene has
been identified. The study of genetic disorders with
cognitive deficits provide an alternative approach to
decipher the genes involved in cognition. Molecular
and clinical analyses with persons with extra
chromosomal region, deletion, or allelic mutated
forms have permitted to identify genes associated
with cognition. Animal models have provided
information on the neurobiological and molecular
pathways from gene to cognition. The aim is to
present a comprehensive view of the results in the
field.

Genes involved in cognitive disorders of trisomy
21 (down syndrome)

Roubertoux, Pierre Dept. of Medical Genetics,

INSERM, Marseille, France

The first cause of mental deficiency is Trisomy21
(TRS21) or Down syndrome that results from an
extra copy of chromosome 21 (HSA21). HSA21 has
been sequenced and the question is to decipher
which of the 285 genes carried by HSA21 are linked
with the cognitive profile of TRS21. The gene-
phenotype correlation has taken advantage of the
similarities between HSA21 and mouse chromo-
somes 16, 10 and 17. One region including 7 genes
and limited by Cbr1 and Cldn14 and two genes
(Dscr3 and Dyrk1a) are responsible of most of
brain and cognitive impairment seen in TRS21.

Atypical lateralities in persons with genetic
disorders and mental deficiency

Carlier, Michàle Dept. de Psychologie, Aix Marseille

Université, Marseille, France

It has been shown that mental disability is linked to
atypical laterality (with more non-right handedness
or more mixed-handedness in mentally deficient
populations) but it is not clear if this atypical
laterality is the consequence of mental impairment
or a specific feature of the syndrome itself. To
address with question it is necessary to compare
persons with different genetic disorders and mental
deficiency. Recent published data on persons with
Trisomy 21 and Williams Beuren syndrome suggest
that atypical laterality could be due to gene dosage
effect rather developmental disability

Genes and cerebellar disorders associated with
cognitive deficits

Goldowitz, Dan Dept. of Psychology, University of

Tennessee, Memphis, USA

The cerebellum is emerging from its role as a
computational machine toward a new role as the
conductor of a symphony orchestra. We have been
using genetic mutations that perturb cerebellar
development in very specific ways to dissect the
contributions that this strucure plays in motor and
cognitive learning. Our results suggest that there are
components of cerebellar function, as modeled in
the mouse, that are critical to higher function.

Cognitive-behavioral profiles of children with
subtelomeric deletions

Fisch, Gene Dept. of Psychology, NYU Bluestone

Clinic. Research, New York, USA Carey, John Dept

Pediatrics, University of Utah Medical Ctr, Salt Lake

City, USA Simensen, Richard Dept Genetics,

Greenwood Genetics Center, greenwood, sc, USA

Battaglia, Agatino Dept. of Neurology, University of

Pisa, Pisa, Italy Youngblom, Janey Dept. of Biology,

CSU Stanislaus, turlock, CA, USA

Cognitive-behavioral features of children with
subtelomeric deletions have not been systematically
assessed. We examined 27 children with either
del2q37, del8p23, del11q25, or 4p-, using a neu-
ropsychological battery to evaluate cognitive abil-
ity, adaptive behavior, emotionality, attentiveness/
hyperactivity, and autistic-like features. We found
an unusually high proportion of our sample (8/27 or
30%) could be diagnosed as autistic-like. In addi-
tion, each disorder was associated with a different
cognitive-behavioral profile. Children with de11q25
had significantly higher cognitive abilities, while
those with del4p16 were significantly lower. Adap-
tive behavior was significantly higher among
children with 11q25. Cognitive-behavioral profiles
also differed among the groups.

Gene-gene interactions modulate adult cognitive
development

Chicherio, Christian Zentrum Lifespan Psychology,

Max-Plank-Institut, Berlin, Germany Li, Shu-Chen

Center for Lifespan Psychology, MPI for Human

Development, Berlin, Germany Heekeren, Hauke R.

Berlin Neuroimaging Center, Charité Université

Medicine, Berlin, Germany Nagel, Irene E. Center for

Lifespan Psychology, MPI for Human Development,

Berlin, Germany von Oertzen, Timo Center for

Lifespan Psychology, MPI for Human Development,

Berlin, Germany Sander, Thomas Molecular

Medicine, Max-Delbrück-Center, Berlin, Germany

Villringer, Arno Bäckman, Lars Aging Research

Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden

Lindenberger, Ulman Zentrum für Lebenserwartung,

Max-Planck-Institut, Berlin, Germany

Gene-behavior association studies allow investigat-
ing how genetic polymorphisms affect individual
differences in cognitive lifespan development. In a
large-scale study, we tested whether relations
among adult age, dopamine, and cognition are
modulated by genetic variations. As predicted, we
found: (a) that age differences in executive functions
are modulated by a common val/met polymorphism
affecting the Catechol-O-Methyltransferase(-
COMT) enzyme degrading dopamine in prefrontal
cortex; (b) that COMT effects on cognition interact
with another common val/met polymorphism af-
fecting the brain-derived neurotrophic fac-
tor(BDNF), which is associated with medio-
temporal lobe associative memory processes. Re-
sults underscore the importance of gene-gene
interactions for understanding adult cognitive
development.

S-072: Behavioral finance

Ekkehard Stephan (chair)

Tax compliance, risk preference, and laypeople’s
understanding of the economy are topics of this
symposium. Kirchler and Wahl et al. show how
purely economic models of tax compliance may be
improved substantially by psychological explana-
tions. Mölders & Witte look at the perceived
fairness of Germany’s tax law. Bittner & Neumann
study predictors of risk taking by managers,
specifically implicit vs. explicit measures of risk
attitude. Epper et al. argue that hyperbolic dis-
counting of future payoffs may be explained by
nonlinearly probability weighting. Haferkamp and
Christandl et al. analyze differences between
experts’ and laypeople’s understanding of economic
processes and measures.

Why paying taxes? A review of tax compliance
decisions

Kirchler, Erich Inst. Wirtschaftspsychologie,

Universität Wien, Wien, Austria

Surveys, laboratory experiments and analyses of
aggregate data revealed ambiguous evidence with
regard to the standard tax behavior model. This

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presentation reviews various studies and concludes
that compliance decisions can only partly be
explained by the rational choice approach. Depend-
ing on the climate in a society, compliance bases on
two factors. In a climate of distrust, high power of
authorities is needed to enforce tax compliance and
increasing fines and audit probabilities may be an
effective tax policy. In a climate where taxpayers
trust the authorities of social psychological factors
gain importance. In this case, fines and audits can
corrupt tax morale.

Influence of participation and tax money use on
cooperation

Wahl, Ingrid Ökonomie und Psychologie, Universität

Wien, Wien, Austria Muehlbacher, Stephan

Ökonomie und Psychologie, Universität Wien, Wien,

Austria Kirchler, Erich Ökonomie und Psychologie,

Universität Wien, Wien, Austria

Is tax compliance, i.e., cooperation with the state,
influenced by participation opportunities and the
uses of tax money? In a public good experiment
(101 triads, N=303) we manipulated whether
participation was possible or not, and whether the
collected money would be returned to group
members or donated to charities. ANOVAs showed
that participation significantly increased coopera-
tion for own profit, but only when the group voted
for a risky option. Over time, cooperation de-
creased significantly more when group members
profited themselves. Results suggest that group
information – gained from voting and interaction
with other citizens – plays a role in tax compliance.

Germany’s income tax law: How justice is
implemented by the parliament

Mölders, Christina Inst. für Sozialpsychologie,

Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Witte,

Erich H. Inst. für Sozialpsychologie, Universität

Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

People’s compliance to pay taxes is assumed to rise
as their perceived taxation fairness increases.
Criticism on Germany’s income tax law generally
focuses on the countless exceptions made. We
examined whether these exceptions serve the higher
purpose of implementing justice and whether
people consider them to be fair. Basing our research
on the German parliament’s tax justifications, we
show that justice does not play the outstanding role
expected when exceptions are introduced. However,
taxpayers rate most of the exceptions to be more or
less just, although no structured pattern of their
judgement can be detected. A report on what
taxpayers consider to be a just tax rate will conclude
this talk.

Implicit attitudes towards risk taking in decision
making processes of managers

Bittner, Jenny Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Kassel, Kassel, Germany Becker, Johannes Inst. für

Psychologie, Universität Kassel, Kassel, Germany

Neumann, Tanja Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Kassel, Kassel, Germany

Indirect methods allow for the measurement of
unconscious attitudes, while direct methods are
used to measure reflective attitudes. Decision
making processes are assumed to involve both
implicit and explicit attitudes towards risk taking.
This study examined managers in middle-level
management positions to see whether implicit and
explicit attitudes towards risk are useful predictors
of realistic decisions. An Implicit Association Test
(IAT) was constructed to measure implicit risk
taking and compared to an explicit risk question-
naire in it’s influence on management decisions.
The IAT turned out to be the better predictor for
highly risky decisions. It can be concluded that
implicit attitudes towards risk strongly influence
managers’ decision making.

Financial decision making: The relationship
between time preferences and risk

Epper, Thomas Technology and Economics, Swiss

Federal Institute of, Zürich, Switzerland Schubert,

Renate Technology and Economics, Swiss Federal

Institute of, Zürich, Switzerland Fehr, Helga

Technology and Economics, Swiss Federal Institute

of, Zürich, Switzerland Bruhin, Adrain Technology

and Economics, Swiss Federal Institute of, Zürich,

Switzerland

Financial decisions vary in two dimensions: riski-
ness and time delay of payoffs. New theoretical
models, drawing on the idea that future payoffs are
inherently uncertain, show that the frequently
observed pattern of hyperbolic discounting is
compatible with a constant rate of time preference.
Specifically, hyperbolic discounting may be the
effect of nonlinear probability weighting, another
commonly observed regularity of average behavior.
Consequently, people who tend to weight objec-
tively given probabilities of risky outcomes non-
linearly, should also be prone to hyperbolic
discounting. Based on a laboratory experiment with
real monetary incentives, we demonstrate that, in
support of the theoretical prediction, individual
sensitivity to changes in probability and declining
discount rates are strongly correlated.

Views on the economy: Do economic laypeople
judge different from economic experts?
Haferkamp, Alexandra Ökonomie und Soz.-

Psychologie, Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany

Fetchenhauer, Detlef Dep. of econ. & social psy,

University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany Christandl,

Fabian Ökonomie und Soz.-Psychologie, Universität

Köln, Köln, Germany

It was measured how economic laypeople (N=1141
German citizens) and economic experts (N=80
professors of economics) judge on various political
reform measures. Our results reveal substantial
differences between these two groups. Experts judge
a measure favourable if it serves certain macroeco-
nomic goals (e.g., if it lowers unemployment or
creates economic growth). To the contrary, laypeople
mainly focus on the question, whether a certain
measure appears to be fair and just. We will show
that in these judgments laypeople are influenced by a
number of cognitive and moralistic biases (e.g., fixed
pie bias, status quo bias, do no harm heuristic).

The pitfalls of living in a linear world: How
laymen and experts underestimate the effect of
economic growth
Christandl, Fabian Ökonomie und Soz.-Psychologie,

Universität Köln, Köln, Germany Fetchenhauer, Detlef

Ökonomie und Soz.-Psychologie, Universität Köln,

Köln, Germany

In a series of four experiments it was examined, how
economic laymen and experts estimate long-term
effects of economic growth, what influences the
accuracy of their estimations, and which procedures
they use. Participants were either economic laypeople
or experts. The growth rates, incentives, and settings
were varied. One study used the ‘‘thinking-aloud
method’’. It was found that very different procedures
were used, and that most participants clearly under-
estimated the normative values. Experts provided
slightly better estimations. It is concluded that many
people lack the understanding of the dynamics
behind exponential effects. Further implications of
these findings are discussed.

S-073: Psychosocial resources and
health in later adulthood: Findings
from population based
longitudinal studies

Clemens Tesch-Römer, Susanne Wurm (chair)

Health and its development is a key topic in
psychology. Although there is an average decline
in health over the life span and especially in old age,

there are large variations in the health status
between individuals of the same age. Hence, the
role of personal and social resources for health
changes in adulthood is worth exploring. In
particular, the relation between psychosocial re-
sources and health behaviour seems to be crucial. In
the current symposium, findings from popu-lation
based longitudinal studies from Europe and the
United States will be presented.

The health-promoting effect of a positive view on
aging: Longitudinal findings from the German
ageing survey

Wurm, Susanne Altersfragen, Deutsches Zentrum für,

Berlin, Germany

Recent studies have shown that individuals’ view on
aging can affect (premature) mortality in later life.
This raises the question of which views on aging are
beneficial for physical and subjec-tive health. We
examined this question with the longitudinal data of
the German Aging Survey (N = 1,286, aged 40-85)
using SEM analyses. Individuals who viewed their
aging as ongoing development maintained better
health over a six-year period than those with a less
positive view. Moreover, viewing aging as ongoing
development was beneficial up to old age and even
re-mained beneficial in the wake of a health-related
critical life event.

Psychosocial resources and health in adulthood:
Findings from the Health and Retirement Study
(HRS)

Smith, Jacqui Inst. for Social Research, University of

Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA Antonucci, Toni Inst. for

Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

MI, USA Clarke, Philippa Inst. for Social Research,

University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI, USA Weir,

David Inst. for Social Research, University of

Michigan, Ann Arbor MI, USA

Theory suggests that personality, self-related be-
liefs, and social relationships have unique and
shared associations with health and well-being in
the second-half of life. Empirical investigations of
such proposals are rare in nationally representative
samples. In 2006, a module of psychosocial
measures was added to the Health and Retirement
Study (HRS). This addition complements ex-tensive
longitudinal data about trajectories of disability,
health, and economic well-being in co-horts born in
and prior to 1953. Multivariate analyzes indicated
that, beyond socioeconomic and demographic
factors, specific profiles of psychosocial resources
contributed to the classification of subgroups with
different levels of multimorbidity and subjective
well-being.

Effects of age on the associations between
personality traits and depression in later life

Steunenberg, Bas Dept. of Clinical Psychologie, Vrije

Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

Kerkhof, A.J.F.M. Dept of Clinical Psychology, Vrije

University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

Beekman, A.T.F. Dept of Clinical Psychology, Vrije

University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

Deeg, Dorly Dept of Clinical Psychology, Vrije

University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

Several models about the relationship between
personality and depression have been proposed.
We investigated whether personality traits in later
life still have a direct or a moderator effect on the
level of depressive symptoms. We hypothesized that
these effects were affected by aging it-self or by age-
related deteriorations. Analyses were performed on
the community-based sample of elderly aged
between 55-85 years of the Longitudinal Aging
Study Amsterdam (LASA), followed during the last
15 years. Results and Conclusions: Personality
stays, even in old age, an important prognostic
factor for depression.

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Pathways into chronic disease: Findings from the
interdisciplinary longitudinal study of adult
development (ILSE)

Jopp, Daniela Institute of Gerontology, Heidelberg

University, Heidelberg, Germany Schmitt, Marina

Marina, Schmitt Institute of Psychology, Heidelberg

University, Heidelberg, Germany

The development of chronic diseases represents an
important research topic. The present study in-
vestigated the impact of psychosocial resources on
disease development in middle and old age. Based
on 600 participants of the Interdisciplinary Long-
itudinal Study of Adult Development (ILSE) who
were investigated at three measurement occasions
(T1-T3: 12 years), we explored the role of resources
(e.g., sociodemographic and cognitive characteris-
tics, social network, personality, and control beliefs)
with respect to the occurrence of major groups of
chronic diseases (e.g., cardiovascular illness, sen-
sory-motor limitations, and metabolic diseases).
Differential predictive patterns were found which
are discussed in the framework of resource theory.

Social inequality, psychological resources and
health in adulthood: Findings from the German
ageing survey

Herbrich, Ina für Gerontologie, Deutsches Zentrum,

Berlin, Germany Tesch-Römer, Clemens Deutsches

Zentrum Gerontologie, Berlin, Germany

Consistently, it has been shown that lower socio-
economic status (SES) is related to worse health. It
has been proposed that psychosocial factors func-
tion as mediators or moderators within this
relationship. Models have been developed incor-
porating these factors into a larger framework and
it has been suggested that the mechanisms under-
lying the SES-health association might be age-
specific. Data from the German Ageing Survey
(Nbaseline_1996 = 4,838, 40-85 years) will be used
to investigate psychosocial and other mediating
factors within the SES-health relationship as well as
their differential impact in the second half of life.

S-074: Psychology and
globalization: Past, present and
future

Adrian Brock (chair)

The term, ‘globalization’ is rarely out of news. It
can have many meanings but it is sometimes used to
denote the expansion of psychology around the
world, often to places with cultures that are very
different from the Euro-American culture in which
it arose. This process began in the nineteenth
century but technological innovations since World
War II have served to accelerate it. In this
symposium, psychologists from six different coun-
tries will discuss various aspects of the relationship
between psychology and globalization. They in-
clude some of the most prominent figures in history
of psychology, theoretical psychology and interna-
tional psychology.

Impact of globalization on U.S. psychology

Stevens, Michael Dept. fo Psychology, Illinois State

University, Normal, USA

Although psychology is international in origin, the
discipline as situated in the U.S. grew increasingly
isolated and parochial during the latter half of the
20th century. The dynamics of globalization have
recently challenged the ethnocentrism and hege-
mony of U.S. psychology. This paper will highlight
noteworthy worldwide trends in psychology and
more closely examine emerging conceptual models,
research methods, applied practices, and ethical
guidelines that are compelling a re-evaluation of the
strengths and limitations of U.S. psychology. The
paper concludes by posing questions about the
future identity of U.S. psychology, including the
training of U.S. psychologists.

Psychology in cultural contact zones: Indigenous
psychologies in India and the Phillipines

Pickren, Wade Dept. of Psychology, Ryerson

University, Toronto, Canada

A decade ago, Dutch psychologist Hubert Hermans
wrote about the polyvalence of cultural transmis-
sions at the confluence of contrasting cultures,
intimating that culture is to be understood as
dynamic, fluid, and permeable. Hermans labeled
these points of confluence, cultural contact zones.
Using this construct as a point of departure, this
paper examines post-WWII developments of psy-
chology in India and the Philippines and explores
the implications of cultural contact zones for the
future of psychology.

Collaboration between psychologists and
traditional healers: The South African case

Brock, Adrian School of Psychology, University

College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland Louw, Johann Dep. of

Psychology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch,

South Africa

Health services are beyond the reach of many
citizens of developing countries, either due to the
inability of governments to fund them or the
inability of individuals to pay, but many of these
countries have an untapped resource in traditional
healers. South African writers have been arguing
for collaboration between psychologists and tradi-
tional healers for over thirty years. These views
have long had the support of the World Health
Organisation. In spite of this, we were unable to
find any examples of genuine collaboration. The
reasons for this situation and the prospects for the
future will be outlined and discussed.

Psychology goes ‘GLOCAL’: Psychology’s
adventure in Turkey as a case in point

Gulerce, Aydan Dept. of Psychology, Bogazici

University, Istanbul, Turkey

This presentation departs from a picture of
psychology’s ‘development’ in Turkey that is caught
up between the direct influence of international
relations and global sociopolitical dynamics and the
enduring historical, religious and cultural dis-
courses. Against the common modernist develop-
mental view of this ‘arrest’ as deviance (from
Western norms), or the lack of a truly indigenous
psychology as something to be realized, it seeks
some insights in divergent historical accounts, not
only for alternative theories and practices to the
hegemonistic psychology, but also for possible
revisions of its metatheoretical core in the hands
of self-reflexive psychologists.

The lasting past of academic colonialism

Staeuble, Irmingard Inst. für Psychologie, Freie

Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Academic colonialism was not only an integral part
of colonial domination; it outlasted the achievement
of political autonomy. What Euro-American aca-
demics celebrate as ’internationalisation’ of social
science means for academics in Asia, Latin America
and Africa that they are faced with a Eurocentric
order of disciplines in which the definition of
problem areas, methods of research and standards
of excellence remain defined by the West. This
phenomenon will be analysed in terms of the
imbalanced power structure of international aca-
demic knowledge production, with a focus on
intellectual relations of dependency in Third World
psychology and social science.

S-075: Workplace bullying:
Antecedents, consequences and
interventions (Part I)

Uwe Rose (chair)

Workplace bullying, often labeled by other names
like psychological aggression, harassement and

mobbing targets a wide range of behaviour at the
workplace. Therefore the starting point for the
symposium comments on construct validity of
workplace bullying. Inferences one can legitimately
make from the current operationalizations will be
focus of the longitudinal study presented first. This
is followed by presentation of empirical studies
targeting aetiological aspects of bullying like work-
ing conditions or conflict style. The final presenta-
tions will concentrate on interventions and
organizational measures against bullying in institu-
tions.

On construct validation of bullying at work:
Personal and organisational preconditions
Eisermann, Jens Industr. und Socialpsychologie,

Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Assumptions on antecedences of bullying at work
are deduced from a causal model in terms of
exposures, demands and strains at work. Two
organizations of civil services in Germany are
examined regarding personal and organisational
features in a cross lagged panel design. We test
assumptions of how patterns of personal and
organisational variables correlate with subsequent
bullying by means of stressors and how features
serve as protective resources. There are different
patterns with respect of two different indicators of
bullying: self-designation and LIPT31. This should
be considered in prevention of bullying and after-
care for persons affected by bullying.

Towards a job characteristics approach to explain
workplace bullying
Notelaers, Guy Dept. of Psychology, Katholieke

Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

It is the intent of this paper to investigate a range of
task-related antecedents of bullying. In this respect,
we use Warr’s (1987; 1994) framework of environ-
mental features to formulate hypotheses on the
relationship between task-related antecedents and
workplace bullying. This framework invites testing
relationships between task-related antecedents and
workplace bullying simultaneously, which in addi-
tion allows to investigate the relative importance of
various task-related antecedents while taking into
account a number of socio-demographic variables.
A particular strength of this study compared with
earlier studies relates to the large and very
heterogeneous sample as well as to the use of
well-established, valid and reliable measurement
instruments.

From conflict escalation to workplace bullying: A
dual concern theory oriented analysis
Baillien, Elfie Dept. of Psychology, Katholieke

Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Notelaers, Guy

Dept. of Psychology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven,

Leuven, Belgium de Witte, Hans Department of

Psychology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven,

Belgium

We investigated the moderating effect of specific
conflict management styles based on the Dual
Concern Theory (Pruit & Rubin, 1986; Thomas,
1992; Van de Vliert, 1997). We assumed a stronger
relationship between conflicts and bullying when
‘forcing’ and ‘avoiding’ are dominant. The relation-
ship between conflicts and bullying will be weaker
when ‘problem solving’ and ‘accomodating’ are
dominant. Hypotheses were investigated within 20
Flemish organizations (N = 5062). Results show a
significant contribution from the interactions ‘con-
flict frequency – forcing’, ‘conflict frequency -
problem solving’, and ‘conflict frequency – accom-
odating’. In these cases, hypotheses were confirmed.

How do working conditions affect bullying
Roscher, Susanne Arbeits-, und Org.-Psychologie,

Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

The present study investigates the assumption that
poor working conditions serve as a risk factor for

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bullying. 848 employees in three German hospitals
answered a survey questionnaire. Several analyses
compared employees evaluations of their work
environment in departments with high and low
levels of bullying. In order to obtain objective
results, this study included the rating scores of
bullied and non-bullied employees in the same work
settings. Results showed significant departmental
differences in the working conditions which re-
mained, even when the bullied employees were
removed from the statistical analysis. The results
indicate that working conditions affect the occur-
rence of bullying.

Occupational mobility and bullying
de Costanzo, Elisabetta Arbeit-, und Org.-

Psychologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany

This study targets different personal resources and
organisational characteristics related to bullying at
workplaces with frequent foreign assignement.
Mental health is included as a correlate of exposi-
tion to antisocial behaviour. A questionnaire was
submitted to employees of an administration in
Italy and abroad. Changes of social relationships
abroad increase the risk of being affected by
bullying.

Anti-bullying policies in Finnish municipalities:
Contents and recommended procedures
Salin, Denise Dept. of Management, Swedish School

of Economics, Helsinki, Finland

The aim of this study was to examine the contents
of written anti-bullying policies. In line with
recommendations provided by researchers (e.g.
Richards & Daley, 2003) the documents typically
included a definition of bullying, statements about
the unacceptability of bullying and advice to
targets. In contrast, there was a lack of advice to
alleged perpetrators, little information on investiga-
tion procedures and contact persons were seldom
named. Identical sentences were used in many of the
documents, indicating that the process might be
driven by imitation rather than by individual
organisational needs, which may have a negative
effect on effectiveness.

S-076: Emotions and emotional
representations

Christian Kaernbach, Sylvia D. Kreibig (chair)

Emotions have been explained by a number of
different theoretical approaches. Two divergent
underlying conceptualizations can be identified
therein: On the one hand, the search for discrete
emotional response patterns within the basic emo-
tions camp, based on the conception of emotions as
evolutionary adaptations to prototypical ecological
situations; on the other hand, the aim for reducing
the complexity of emotional manifestations by
identifying a limited number of abstract dimensions
of emotions, primarily derived from the study of
subjective feelings. The present symposium com-
pares these views, presents recent research, and
explores to which extent these approaches may
inspire each other.

Emotional experience: Are dimensions helpful?
Kaernbach, Christian Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany

Since Wundt (1896) it has been popular to describe
emotional experience according to a certain number
of dimensions, which often include valence and
arousal. This talk argues that dimensional models
of emotional experience may not help in under-
standing the underlying mechanisms. A comparison
is drawn against dimensions of gustatory experi-
ence. Data are presented concerning the dimen-
sional representation of gustatory experience, and
the latter is confronted with what is known on the
basic tastes. While this comparison is inspiring
fruitful search for the next stage of gustatory

processing, too little is known on basic emotions
to profit from a similar comparison.

Pleasant and unpleasant music: fMRI and
peripheral physiological studies
Koelsch, Stefan Dept. of Psychology, University of

Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom

This paper will present studies on emotional
processes during listening to pleasant and unplea-
sant music, with musical stimuli evoking similar
"arousal". fMRI data show that stimuli with
positive emotional valence elicit activity in a dorsal
aspect of the amygdala (which is functionally and
anatomically connected with the ventral striatum
and the orbitofrontal cortex), whereas stimuli with
negative valence elicit activity in the central
amygdala (which is connected with the hippocam-
pal formation, the parahippocampal gyrus, and the
temporal pole). Peripheral physiological data show
that the valence of music modulates heart rate,
breathing rate, and heart rate variability.

Goosebumps and electrodermal activity as
indicators of emotional arousal
Benedek, Mathias Inst. für Psychologie, Universität zu

Kiel, Kiel, Germany Kaernbach, Christian Inst. für

Psychologie, Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany

While electrodermal activity (EDA) is known as a
sensitive indicator of general arousal, the phenom-
enon of goosebumps is believed to accompany the
strong experience of a specific emotional quality.
The development of an optical recording system
allows for the objective and continuous assessment
of goosebump intensity. In the present study
goosebump intensity, EDA and subjective feedback
were recorded while participants listened to a
selection of emotionally moving audio tracks. The
correspondence pattern of goosebumps and EDA
corroborates the notion that goosebumps may
assess an emotional quality that can not be fully
explained on the more basic level of general arousal.

A discrete or dimensional affective landscape?
Evidence for emotion discreteness from a
multiple-response-levels analysis of film-induced
fear and sadness
Kreibig, Sylvia D. Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Genf, Geneva, Switzerland Wilhelm, Frank H.

University of Basel, University of Basel, Basel,

Switzerland Roth, Walton T. Department of

Psychiatry, Stanford University, Stanford, USA Gross,

James J. Department of Psychology, Stanford

University, Stanford, USA

The affective space model predicts emotional
response differentiation along the dimensions of
valence and arousal. The present study examined
two negatively valenced emotional states, fear and
sadness, matched on both dimensions. According to
the tested model, the investigated emotions would
be expected to affect emotional responding simi-
larly. To test this hypothesis, 34 subjects viewed two
sets of 10-min film clips inducing fear, sadness, and
a neutral emotional state. Emotion was assessed on
four response levels: feelings, expressions, physiol-
ogy, and behavior. Results indicate differential
responding for fear and sadness across response
levels. We discuss implications of findings for
models of emotion.

Arousal modulates affective evaluation
Weinreich, André Inst. für Psychologie, Humboldt-

Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Studies that examined the effects of stimulus
valence and arousal on direct and indirect measures
of evaluative processing suggest that stimulus
arousal plays an important role in human affective
evaluation. The experiments presented here extend
the knowledge on valence-arousal interaction by
manipulating the prime stimulus arousal in a
conceptual replication of the affective priming
paradigm according to Murphy & Zajonc (1993).

Findings show that the arousal level modulates the
prime stimulus’ affective impact on evaluative
judgment of the target. These results are discussed
in the light of predictions of recent theoretical
assumptions about the influence of arousal on
information processing.

Distance effects in differential conditioning and
choice reaction tasks

Angstmann, Steffen Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany

We compare differential conditioning to choice-
reaction tasks. Participants were exposed to a series
of tones varying in pitch. One of the tones was the
critical one. Participants were to respond to this
tone by pressing a special key (choice reaction) or
the critical tone was followed by a mild electric
shock (differential conditioning). We measured
reaction time and electrodermal activity for the
non-critical stimuli as a function of the pitch
distance to the critical stimulus. The distance effect
shows a similar pattern for both paradigms. These
results are discussed in the scope of the low-road /
high-road model of LeDoux.

S-077: How relationships influence
health: From large scale
epidemiology to daily process
research to interventions

Gertraud Stadler (chair)

Relationships play an important role in health
status and behavior. Five presentations offer new
insights into the behavioral processes that mediate
this role. The first presents data from a large
epidemiological study of how social isolation
influences health behavior in men. The second
looks at social interactions and health behavior in
cardiovascular patients. The next two focus on
social interactions and health in everyday life in
healthy adults and diabetes patients. The fifth
reports results of a couple intervention on behavior
change in prostatectomy patients. The discussant is
an expert in psychometrics and biostatistics with
extensive experience in health research.

Family support and risk factors of coronary heart
disease in middle-aged men

Julkunen, Juhani Dept. of Psychology, University of

Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Igna, Cornel Dept. of

Psychology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

Vanhanen, Hannu Finnish Heart Association, The

Finnish Heart Association, Helsinki, Finland

We aimed to explore the relationship of family
support and marital status to risk factors of
coronary heart disease (CHD). A sample of
middle-aged men (N=1005) participated. A self-
report questionnaire was used to assess the atmo-
sphere among family members. Strong family
support was associated with being physically active,
infrequent alcohol use, and non-smoking. Living
alone was related to physical inactivity, heavy
drinking, and smoking. For men some key indica-
tors of CHD risk are associated with living alone,
or if men are married, with low family support. The
direction of causality remains unclear. Men living
alone deserve special attention in preventive trials.

Two facets of social interactions: Social support
and social undermining in health behavior
change

Dohnke, Birte Center for Gender in Medicine, Charite

Berlin, Berlin, Germany Nowossadeck, Enno

Rehabilitation Sciences, Charite Berlin, Berlin,

Germany Plonait, Sabine Rehabilitation Sciences,

Charite Berlin, Berlin, Germany Müller-Fahrnow,

Werner Rehabilitation Sciences, Charite Berlin, Berlin,

Germany

We aimed to examine the sex-specific importance of
social support and social undermining regarding

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exercise using the health action process approach
(HAPA). A cross-sectional and a longitudinal study
were conducted in which 108 and 300 cardiac
patients participated, respectively. Patients assessed
received social support and social undermining
from partners and friends. The results indicate that
social undermining is more predictive of exercise
over and above HAPA variables, particularly in
women. Study 2 provides predictions of exercise at
6-month follow-up. The role of both social influ-
ences will be discussed under consideration of stage
of change, source, and sex.

Intimacy and psychosomatic symptoms in daily
life

Stadler, Gertraud Dept. of Psychology, Columbia

University, New York, USA Bolger, Niall Dept. of

Psychology, Columbia University, New York, USA

Paprocki, Christine Dept. of Psychology, Columbia

University, New York, USA Iida, Masumi Dept. of

Psychology, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA

People who are happy in their intimate relation-
ships show better health than people who are
unhappy. How does this effect come about on a
day-to-day level? Both partners in 294 couples
completed daily diaries over a 30-day period during
which one partner prepared for a stressful examina-
tion. To the extent that examinees felt emotionally
and physically closer to their partner on a given
day, they had lower psychosomatic symptoms. This
result held over and above the effects of state
anxiety, trait emotional stability and prior day’s
symptoms. These results confirm the role of daily
intimate relationships in health symptoms.

Determinants of support provision from spouses
of type 2 diabetic patients

Lida, Masumi Dept. of Psychology, Kent State

University, Kent, USA Stephens, Mary Ann Parris

Dept. of Psychology, Kent State University, Kent, OH,

USA Franks, Melissa M. Karmanos Cancer Institute,

Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA Rook, Karen

S. Dept. of Psychology, University of California, Irvine,

CA, USA Salem, James, K. Endocrinology, Kent State

University, Kent, OH, USA

In intimate relationships, coping with serious
chronic illness, like Type 2 diabetes, can be a
relationship stressor. This paper examines support
for patients’ dietary choices provided by caregivers
(N = 85) using 24-day electronic diaries. We
hypothesized that daily patient factors (e.g., symp-
tom severity), caregiver factors (e.g., spouses’ stress
levels), and relationship factors (e.g., interaction
quality) each contribute to support provision. We
found that recipients’ symptom severity, spouses’
positive mood, and positive relationship interaction
were important predictors of support provision.
Implications for future research and theoretical
models of dyadic coping are discussed.

Dyadic planning as an interactive self-regulatory
strategy in health behavior change: A study with
prostatectomy patients and their spouses

Burkert, Silke Inst. für Medizin. Psychologie, Charité

Berlin, Berlin, Germany Knoll, Nina Medical

Psychology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin,

Germany Gralla, Oliver Urology, University Hospital,

Cologne, Germany

Along with other social-cognitive variables, plan-
ning with a partner (dyadic planning) was investi-
gated as a predictor of the implementation of pelvic
floor exercise. Data of 110 prostatectomy patients
and their spouses were assessed at three times up to
6 months postsurgery. Couples were randomly
assigned to dyadic versus individual planning
groups. Variables assessed included pelvic-floor
exercise, planning, action control, and social sup-
port. Positive effects of dyadic planning on patients’
pelvic-floor exercise were mediated by action
control and support. Including a partner in the

planning process should enhance self-regulation
and health behavior change.

S-078: Modern concepts in basic
research on obsessive-compulsive
disorder (OCD)

Norbert Kathmann (chair)

OCD is a disabling disorder with unclear etiology
and pathogenesis. However, research has revealed
promising models and hypotheses. This symposium
exemplifies modern approaches in basic research on
OCD. Animal models map brain regions involved
in OCD-like mechanisms (Joel). Family studies
support the role of genetic factors but also show the
need for subtyping OCD (Wagner). Brain imaging
studies look at the role of fronto-striatal and limbic
brain regions (Kaufmann). Cognitive-behavioral
mechanisms like the paradoxical effect of checking
on certainty try to explain symptom maintenance
(van den Hout). Analysis of memory performance
suggests that confidence rather than memory per se
is disturbed in OCD (Moritz). Finally, action
monitoring appears to be another prominent locus
of cognitive dysfunction (Endrass).

What can we learn from animal models of
obsessive-compulsive disorder?

Joel, Daphna Dept. of Psychology, Tel Aviv

University, Tel Aviv, Israel

Objectives: To use animal models of obsessive-
compulsive disorder (OCD) to promote under-
standing of neural mechanisms, etiology and
therapy of OCD. Methods: Several animal models
were used to map brain regions whose high
frequency stimulation exerts an anti-compulsive
effect; test the autoimmune hypothesis of OCD;
test the role of ovarian hormones in OCD. Results:
Stimulating subthalamic nucleus and nucleus ac-
cumbens exerted an anti-compulsive effect. Immu-
nizing rats with a Streptococcal extract tended to
induce compulsive behaviors. Estradiol exerted an
anti-compulsive effect. Conclusions: Results are in
agreement with data from OCD patients and
provide the basis for new therapeutic approaches.

Familiarity and genetics of OCD

Wagner, Michael Inst. für Psychiatryie, Universität

Bonn, Bonn, Germany Grabe, Hans Dept. Psychiatry,

Univ Greifswald, Stralsund, Germany Pukrop, Ralf

Dept. Psychiatry, Univ. Köln, Köln, Germany

Rampacher, Friederike Dept. Psychiatry, Univ. Bonn,

Bonn, Germany Ruhrmann, Stephan Dept. Psychiatry,

Univ. Köln, Köln, Germany Falkai, Peter Dept.

Psychiatry, Univ Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

Maier, Wolfgang Dept. Psychiatry, Univ. Bonn, Bonn,

Germany

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a clinically hetero-
genous disease of unknown etiology. The risk for
OCD is increased about fourfold in first degree
relatives of OCD cases. Molecular genetic findings
are inconsistent, results from the first whole genome
association analysis (> 1000 cases vs. NIMH
controls, 1 MB Affymetrix) are expected for 2008.
We will review family and recent genetic findings in
OCD, and highlight current attempts to parse the
clinical heterogeneity into psychological subtypes or
dimensions in order to better identify genetic and
environmental factors contributing to the develop-
ment of OCD.

Functional brain imaging of fronto-striatal and
limbic brain areas in OCD

Kaufmann, Christian Dept. of Psychology, Humboldt-

Universität, Berlin, Germany Simon, Daniela Inst. für

Klin. Psychologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin,

Berlin, Germany Kathmann, Norbert Dept. of

Psychology, Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, Germany

Neuroanatomic models of OCD emphasize an
imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory pathways

within the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical
circuits. The disease is likely to be associated with
dysfunctions of thalamic, striatal, and orbitofrontal
regions resulting in deficient inhibitory effects.
These brain regions are also involved in reward
processing which may be altered in OCD. This is in
line with clinical impressions that patients are more
sensitive to punishment and negative feelings. We
present brain imaging data supporting the notion
that anticipated reward and loss-avoidance is
cortically mediated. OCD patients were relatively
more sensitive to losses and less sensitive to
rewards. However, there is no general activation
abnormality in the reward circuitry.

Paradoxical effects of compulsive perseveration

van den Hout, Marcel Dept. of Psychology, Utrecht

University, Utrecht, Netherlands

Obsessive compulsive patients distrust their mem-
ory for checked events and they repeat the checking
in order to increase memory confidence. Repeated
checking however has paradoxical effects: it de-
creases memory vividness, detail and confidence.
The observations were made in a series of experi-
ments in our lab and succesful replications were
reported from Canada, the USA and Austrralia.
This suggests that compulsive perseveration is a
counter productive manouevre that serves to
maintain and increase uncertainty. The main
findings will be presented, theoretical explanations
will be suggested and applications to other forms of
obsessive uncertainty (e.g. uncertainty about per-
ception) will be discussed.

Memory and metamemory performance in
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): Time to
forget the forgetfulness hypothesis of OCD?

Moritz, Steffen Inst. für Psychiatrie, Universität

Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Jelinek, Lena Dept

Psychiatry, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

The memory deficit hypothesis of obsessive-com-
pulsive disorder (OCD) suggests that some OCD
symptoms may be accounted for by deficits in
memory accuracy or confidence. The present study
aimed to provide a fair test of its various formula-
tions: (1) memory dysfunction in OCD is ubiqui-
tous (2) memory dysfunction is seen for non-verbal
but not verbal material and (3) memory dysfunction
affects confidence rather than accuracy. 43 OCD
patients and 46 healthy controls were tested on the
Picture Word Memory Test, which provides several
parameters for nonverbal and verbal memory
accuracy and confidence. Replicating earlier work,
samples displayed similar performance. None of the
different formulations of the memory deficit
hypothesis was supported.

What is wrong with action monitoring in patients
with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

Endrass, Tanja Inst. für Psychologie, Humboldt-

Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany Kathmann,

Norbert Inst. für Psychologie, Humboldt-Universität

zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Patients with OCD repeat actions due to uncer-
tainty about their correctness. We aimedat specify-
ing cognitive mechanisms and neural underpinnings
of these symptoms. Event-related brain potentials
(ERPs) were used to assess action monitoring
processes after errors and correct responses in
OCD patients and control subjects. Significance of
errors was manipulated by monetary consequences.
Response-locked ERP-amplitudes to correct as well
as to erroneous responses were larger in patients.
Amplitudes increased during risky actions in con-
trols but not in patients. The source of this action
monoring-related brain potential is probably lo-
cated in the anterior cingulate cortex. OCD patients
show inflexible and overactive action monitoring.
This may be caused by chronically hyperactive
fronto-striatal loops in the forebrain.

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S-079: Wellbeing and coping in
couple relationships: A
longitudinal approach

Katrin Spiegler, Dorothea E. Dette-Hagenmeyer

(chair)

Throughout the family life cycle, couples need to
efficiently cope with a variety of stressors to
maintain high well-being. This symposium provides
a forum for five longitudinal studies that focus on
inter- and intrapersonal processes in couples’
relationships. Specifically, the studies examine the
role of emotions in the process of coping, the
mediating role of marital and non-marital stress for
interpersonal well-being, actor and partner effects
of coping on marital quality, work and family
variables affecting individual well-being on an
individual and dyadic level, and parents’ specific
coping strategies during marital conflicts with
children’s social and school adjustment.

Coping with restrictions in the family life cycle
and relationships with marital satisfaction

Burkhardt, Martina Stuttgart, Germany Reichle,

Barbara Pädagogische Psychologie, Päd. Hochschule

Ludwigsburg, Ludwigsburg, Germany

Relationships between attributions, emotions, cop-
ing and marital satisfaction were investigated long-
itudinally. Four waves were conducted with initially
n=190 parents of three months-olds and n=105 at
the last assessment 13 years later. Participants
completed questionnaires assessing their marital
satisfaction, attributions, emotions (anger, resent-
ment, hopelessness, and sadness), and coping with
restrictions experienced in the course of their family
life cycle. Structural equation modeling showed the
critical role of emotions in coping with experienced
restrictions for the prediction of marital satisfac-
tion.

Daily stressful experiences, marital processes and
the development of personal and interpersonal
well-being

Schoebi, Dominik Dept. of Psychology, University of

California, Los Angeles, USA Perrez, Meinrad Dept. of

Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg,

Switzerland Bradbury, Thomas N. Dept. of

Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA,

USA

The study investigates longitudinal effects of daily
marital and non-marital stress on personal and
interpersonal well-being, and the moderating role of
marital processes. In two studies, more than 300
dual-earner couples participated in electronic diary
procedures. On the basis of diary and longitudinal
questionnaire data (two years later), the results
showed that relationship external stress spilled over
into marital interactions and specific patterns of
marital interactions predicted longitudinal increase
in depressive symptomatology. Moreover, in a
sample of 172 couples, we examined the relevance
of marital interactions for longitudinal course of
depressive symptomatology over the first 12 years
of marriage.

Strategies in coping with daily hassles and their
contribution to marital

Dette-Hagenmeyer, Dorothea E. Inst. für Pädagog.

Psychologie, Pädag. Hochschule Ludwigsburg,

Ludwigsburg, Germany Reichle, Barbara Educational

Psychology, University of Education, Ludwigsburg,

Germany

Successful coping has often been shown to heighten
well-being, especially in couples’ relationships. We
tested the longitudinal effects of coping with daily
hassles on marital quality using structural equation
modelling on dyadic longitudinal data from 215
heterosexual German couples. As expected, positive
coping was followed by an increase in marital
quality, and dysfunctional coping was followed by a

reduction in marital quality. Moreover, in addition
to strong actor effects we found strong support for
equally important partner effects on marital qual-
ity. Results are discussed with respect to the existing
literature.

Wellbeing and partnership quality in working
couples: A diary study

Spiegler, Katrin Inst. für Entw.-Psychologie,

Universität Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany Kracke, Bärbel

Inst. für Entw.-Psychologie, Universität Erfurt, Erfurt,

Germany

A longitudinal approach was applied to investigate
influences on individual wellbeing. The aim was to
show that wellbeing is also influenced by variables
on a dyadic level. Answers to daily experiences in
the work and family domain have been collected
from 71 working couples over 14 consecutive days.
Results of hierarchical multivariate level modelling
demonstrate that on an individual level satisfaction
with home life and partnership quality are asso-
ciated with higher wellbeing whereas work related
variables are not. On the dyadic level being
moderately satisfied with the division of housework
and childcare is related to less wellbeing.

Transmission of marital conflict on the social
adaptation of elementary school children

Franiek, Sabine Pädagogische Psychologie, Päd.

Hochschule Ludwigsburg, Ludwigsburg, Germany

Reichle, Barbara Inst. für Bildungspsychologie,

Pädag. Hochschule Ludwigsburg, Ludwigsburg,

Germany

Differential relations of marital quality and parents’
specific coping strategies during marital conflicts
with children’s social and school adjustment were
investigated longitudinally over six months. A
sample of 151 couples with elementary school
children completed the Hahlweg (1996) Partnership
Questionnaire, a newly developed instrument asses-
sing coping with conjugal conflict, and a short
version of the child behavior checklist. For 53
children, teachers assessed children’s school adap-
tation and achievement. Structural equation mod-
eling showed direct and indirect effects of marital
conflict.

S-080: Cognitive and socio-
emotional changes in four year
olds: Are they manifestations of a
common underlying process?

Norbert Bischof (chair)

Toward the end of the fourth year several seemingly
unrelated competences emerge, among them level-II
perspective taking (theory of mind), the use of a
temporal buffer to anticipate non-actual motiva-
tional states (mental time travel), the consolidation
of gender constancy, and a differentiation of
children’s affective attitude toward their parents.
The symposium deals with experiments demonstrat-
ing age-independent correlations between the fea-
tures named and examines the hypothesis that these
correlations are due to a special mechanism
enabling the subject to reflect upon frames of
reference. Moreover, new methodologies in the
investigation of emotional consequences of cogni-
tive development shall be discussed.

Frame-of-reference awareness as a key to the
developmental changes occuring around age four

Bischof, Norbert Bernried, Germany

"Frame of reference" is a construct introduced by
Gestalt theorists to account for the essentially
relative character of apparently absolute phenom-
ena. While mostly inconspicuous, its functioning
can under certain conditions be reflected upon. This
capacity for frame-of-reference awareness is as-
sumed to be specifically human and owing to a
mechanism that is responsible for the synchronous

development of several seemingly unrelated cogni-
tive and emotional competences around age four,
among them a theory of mind. It will be argued that
the adaptive funcion of this mechanism is not
primarily "common-sense mentalism" but a new
and more efficient motivational priority manage-
ment strategy.

Gender constancy and time comprehension in
early childhood
Zmyj, Norbert Inst. für Psychologie, Max-Planck-

Institut, Leipzig, Germany

Gender constancy requires the concept of an
identical Self extending from the past into the
future. Therefore, the development of gender
constancy and of time comprehension should
coincide. This hypothesis was tested with 53
children aged 3 to 5 years. In the gender constancy
task, participants watched a video showing the
cross-dressing of a boy and a girl and were asked
about their beliefs regarding the permanency of the
protagonists’ apparent sex changes. Time compre-
hension was tested by comparing hour-glasses of
different duration. Both competences correlated age
independently (rSpearman=.48, p,.001).

The re-organization of familiar attachment
structure in three to five year olds, as tested with
a projective doll-play technique
Groh, Eva-Maria Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

München, München, Germany Schubert, Johanna

Inst. für Psychologie, Universität München, München,

Germany

Following a Lewinian suggestion, we hypothesized
that frames of reference control not only percep-
tual, but also affective issues, particularly children’s
experience of their family "atmosphere". With
frame-of-reference awareness developing, children
should realize that parental perspectives diverge,
which may cause transient uneasiness. To test this
hypothesis we invited 104 children (aged 3 to 5) to
play with dolls in a three-dimensional landscape
offering ample opportunities to express social
relations through interactive and spatial behavior.
A computer-based evaluation of the play styles,
validated by parental interviews, clearly confirmed
our expectation. The findings offer an alternative to
Freud’s allegation of an "Oedipal" crisis.

Quantifying quality: How to teach the computer
to interpret and evaluate a projective test
Kappler, Gregor Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

München, München, Germany

"Qualitative" categorizations based on the clinical
evaluation of children’s play are notoriously non-
objective. In order to ensure that all subjects in the
experiment reported by Groh & Schubert were
evaluated equally, without sacrificing the subtlety
of intuition, this intuition was transformed into a
computer program. First, the concrete play events
were protocolled in a syntactically simplified formal
language. Next, this protocol was evaluated by an
expert system calculating semantic fingerprints for
every play. Finally, a neural network detected
patterns within these fingerprints, thus assigning
the children to psychologically meaningful play
style categories. The methodology of this procedure
will be discussed.

Perspective taking, mental time travel, gender
constancy and child-parent-relationship in four
year olds: How they connect
Bischof-Köhler, Doris Inst. für Psychologie,

Universität München, München, Germany

Three studies with 183 children (aged 3 to 5) yielded
highly significant correlations around .6 (age-
independently, .4) between the onset of theory of
mind (false belief, perspective taking), time com-
prehension, the ability to delay gratification, plan-
ning for the future, gender constancy, and socio-
emotional uneasiness indicating an alienation of the

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other-sexed parent. Contrary to the present em-
phasis on the domain-specific modularity of cogni-
tive capabilities the remarkable correspondence,
both onto- and phylogenetical, of these features
suggests re-considering the existence of domain-
general mechanisms. The nature and possible
evolutionary function of such mechanisms will be
discussed.

S-081: New directions in cross-
cultural psychology

Astrid Podsiadlowski (chair)

Cross-cultural psychology seeks to address a
possible ethnocentric bias when psychological con-
cepts are investigated within one (mostly Western)
culture and transferred to other cultural groups.
This symposium will highlight psychological con-
cepts that have rarely been the object of research in
cross-cultural psychology including ethnic groups
that have often slipped the focus of attention. This
symposium shall contribute to our understanding of
culture and its impact on individual’s attitudes and
preferences by introducing six relatively new con-
structs from a cross-cultural perspective covering a
wide range of topics. Future directions in cross-
cultural research and its implications will be
discussed.

The functions of music across cultures
Boer, Diana School of Psychology, VUW, Wellington,

New Zealand Fischer, Ronald School of Psychology,

VUW, Wellington, New Zealand

Music has many psychological functions: It can
affect individuals emotionally (Juslin & Sloboda,
2001), cognitively (Levitin, 2006), socially (Ren-
tfrow & Gosling, 2003), and their self-identity
(Hargreaves & North, 1999). In this presentation
we will propose a holistic model of functions of
music listening. Based on a qualitative study
(N=222 from 29 countries) the model was con-
ceptualized and a scale measuring functions of
music was constructed. The scale measuring func-
tions of music listening was validated across multi-
ple cultural samples. Cross-cultural universalities of
music as well as differences in its functions and
implications for future research will be discussed.

Cross-cultural perspectives on environmental
attitudes
Milfont, Taciano L. School of Psychology, Victoria

Univ. of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand

Hawcroft, Lucy J. Department of Psychology,

University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

There has been an increase in cross-cultural studies
of environmental attitudes (EA) over the last 10
years. These studies have generally taken either an
individual-level or cultural-level approach. Indivi-
dual-level studies focus on cross-cultural variations
in the relationship between individuals’ levels of EA
and other individual-level variables. Cultural-level
studies focus on cross-cultural variations in the
relationship between nations’ levels of EA and
other cultural-level variables. This paper presents a
critical review of these studies. The review shows
that there is considerable variation in the causes and
correlates of EA across cultures. Implications for
further cross-cultural research on EA are discussed.

Moral values in different cultures
Vauclair, Melanie School of Psychology, Victoria

Univ. of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand

Morality and values are conceptually linked
through their mutual concern with obligation and
ideals. Thus, values may provide ideals influencing
people’s belief about what they regard as right or
wrong. We assessed moral values by measuring the
extent of feeling guilty if a value is violated. We
hypothesize that respondents from collectivistic
cultures feel guiltier after violating ‘conformity’
and ‘tradition’ values as they represent an ‘ethic of

community’. We assume that these self-restraining
values are also related to a less permissive attitude
regarding issues of personal and sexual morality.
This is tested with samples from New Zealand,
Brazil, and Germany.

The meaning and dynamics of intergroup
forgiveness in Western and Asian contexts

Hanke, Katja School of Psychology, VUW, Wellington,

New Zealand Liu, James H. School of Psychology,

VUW, Wellington, New Zealand

Forgiveness could function as a facilitator of
reconciliation and sustainable peace in post conflict
societies (Roe, 2007). The present study employed a
culture-sensitive model of intergroup forgiveness
consisting of representational (e.g. perception of
conflict), psychological (e.g. attributions) and pro-
cess-oriented factors (e.g. seeking vs. rejecting the
need of forgiveness). Participants of third genera-
tion after World War 2 (East-Asian vs. Western
European countries) will be compared in terms of
their propensity to forgive the victimizing nation.
Furthermore, we will compare the perceived costs
and benefits of forgiveness from both sides (victim
vs. victimizer). First results, implications and future
directions will be discussed.

Critical thinking about critical thinking: How does
it relate to culture?

Lun, Vivian School of Psychology, Victoria University,

Wellington, New Zealand

The cultivation of critical thinking ability is
considered one of the essential aspects of university
education. However, previous research on interna-
tional education noted some potential challenges
involved in teaching critical thinking to students of
diverse cultural backgrounds, such as that critical
thinking being ‘‘Western based’’ concept or that
Asian cultures endorse less critical thinking in
education. In this presentation, cross-cultural re-
search involving comparison between Asian and
Western cultures will be reviewed. Moreover, the
proposition of analytic versus holistic thinking in
the cross-cultural psychology literature will be
discussed in relation to its implication on the
relationship between critical thinking and culture.

Collectives in collectivism: Relational and group
collectivism of four ethnic groups in the New
Zealand context

Podsiadlowski, Astrid Wien, Austria

Brewer and Chen (1997) argue for a conceptual
confusion about the meaning of in-groups as a
target of collectivism and postulate a need to
distinguish between relational and group collecti-
vism when measuring this dimension of cultural
variation on an individual level. This paper presents
findings from two studies with Maori, New Zealand
European, Pacific Island and Chinese participants.
If we distinguish between the items according to
their content analysis of the scales used, their
conceptual model is supported. Additional variance
is explained and results show the predicted effects
adding to the body of available international and
intra-national multiethnic data.

S-082: Participative organizational
culture, ethical climate and
democratic enterprise structures

Wolfgang G. Weber (chair)

The frame concepts organizational culture, ethical
work climate, and organizational democracy repre-
sent practice-oriented examples of interdisciplinary
work research. Partially, they emerged through
organizational psychologists’ references to cultural
studies, ethics, and political science. Between these
concepts interrelations exist, e.g. interventions to
improve organizational ethical climate or to pro-
mote democratic decision-making in workgroups

interact with basic beliefs and traditional value
orientations of managers and employees. Referring
to organizational culture, climate, and democracy
current analysis instruments, intervention concepts,
and empirical findings relating to outcome variables
(e.g. innovation activities, social responsibility, role
conflicts, socio-moral atmosphere) will be pre-
sented. Furthermore, theoretical problems will be
considered.

Ethical aspects of organizational culture, climate
and procedural justice reconsidered

Weber, Wolfgang G. Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria Pircher-Verdorfer,

Armin Institute of Psychology, University of

Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria

This theoretical-methodological contribution (con-
ceptual review excerpts) compares research on
ethical aspects of organizational climate, culture,
or procedural/interactional justice is referring to -
foundation within psychological theories (e.g.
moral development, social exchange) - foundation
within moral philosophy (justice or discourse ethics,
human rights, economistic utilitarianism) - theore-
tical problems (reification of socially constructed
economic ‘laws’ and organizational norms; neglect
of conflicting interests; anthropomorphizing) -
methodological problems (discrepancy: constructs
vs. superficial operationalizations) Combining ap-
proaches inherent to considered concepts of orga-
nizational culture, climate, and justice that can
contribute to solve such problems, research propo-
sals will be presented (e.g. stronger reference to
interdisciplinary basic theories).

A look on ethical programs and innovation
climate in German companies

Eigenstetter, Monika Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Jena, Jena, Germany Löhr, Albert Lehrstuhl für

Sozialwissenscha, IHI Zittau, Zittau, Germany

It is not clear how ethical programs (e.g. ethical
codes) are effectively implemented in German
companies yet. Nor is it known how these programs
correlate with ethical work climate (EWC, Victor &
Cullen 1988), affect innovation climate or attitudes
and behavior of employees. In a pilot study 132 of
600 personal managers participated. Ethical codes
show no correlations with attitudes or behavior but
with subscales of EWC. As predicted, they correlate
with Commitment, OCB and counterproductive
work behavior. EWC subscales ‘‘team spirit’’ and
‘‘social responsibility’’ are related to innovation
climate, confirming studies that innovation corre-
sponds with participative organizational culture.

Sociomoral atmosphere and democratic value
orientations in enterprises with different levels of
structurally anchored participation

Unterrainer, Christine Inst. für Psychologie,

Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria Höge,

Thomas Institute of Psychology, University of

Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria Weber, Wolfgang G.

Institute of Psychology, University of Innsbruck,

Innsbruck, Austria

This study examines effects of structurally anchored
organizational democracy on perceived sociomoral
atmosphere and on employees’ prosocial, demo-
cratic behavioral orientations. Data result from the
ODEM research project. Within this project, 30
small and medium sized enterprises from Austria,
North Italy, Germany, and Liechtenstein (542
participants) were surveyed with questionnaires,
interviews and document analyses. Based on
organizational criteria, eight types of enterprises
were derived and pooled into three groups of
organizational democracy (no democracy – medium
democracy – high democracy). Multivariate group
analyses show significant differences between those
groups in parts of their prosocial and democratic
behavioral orientations and in sociomoral atmo-
sphere.

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Culture of participation and its effects on
employees

Horsmann, Claes S. Arbeits-, Organis.-Psychologie,

Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany Martins, Erko

Organiz.& Business Psychol, University of Rostock,

Rostock, Germany Pundt, Alexander Organiz.&

Business Psychol, University of Rostock, Rostock,

Germany Nerdinger, Friedemann Organiz.& Business

Psychol, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany

This contribution describes the empirical develop-
ment of the ‘‘Organisational Culture of Participa-
tion‘‘ (OCP) concept, which is useful for studying
systems of employee participation holistically.
Based on qualitative research in eight companies,
three types of OCP were identified, which may be
distinguished by the actors dominating the partici-
pation systems: (1) leader-promoted, (2) employee-
promoted and (3) institution-promoted OCP. Re-
sults from two quantitative studies indicate that
work attitudes and innovative behaviour of em-
ployees differ between types. Implications for future
research and corporate practice will be discussed.

Works councils in organizational innovations:
Role conflicts and potential strategies of
resolution

Stracke, Stefan Arbeits,- und Org.-Psychologie,

Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany Nerdinger,

Friedemann W. Arbeits,-Organis.-Psychologie,

Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany

The objective of a qualitative study in 14 companies
was to analyse the involvement of works councils in
processes of change: What are the particular
preconditions to strengthen the competitiveness of
companies and to take into account the interests of
the employees at the same time? The analysis shows
that works councils have to adopt different roles
resulting from requirements/expectations of the
company/management, the workforce and the
members of the works council itself which are in
part contrary. The quality and significance of role
conflicts of works councils will be discussed, and
strategies to solve them will be presented.

S-083: Breaking the habits:
Individual characteristics, team
climate, leadership and
organizational system as
antecedents of workplace
innovation

Diana Krause (chair)

Despite the voluminous body of research on
organizational innovation, the understanding of
innovations in organizations still remains under-
developed. The objective of this symposium is
therefore to address gaps in the current literature
by presenting new insights and findings on the
antecedents and consequences of innovations using
different approaches at the individual, team, and
organizational level. The results of a meta-analysis
conducted in the Netherlands and several single
studies conducted in Canada, Germany, Switzer-
land, and the U.S. suggest that self-efficacy,
motivation to change, facets of leadership, and
team climate are the most powerful predictors of
innovative behaviors.

Conflicts in scientific and economic innovation
processes

Scholl, Wolfgang Organiz. and Social Psychology,

Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany

In a study on innovation processes in the fields of
Nano and Gene Technology it was hypothesized
that collaborative conflict management would have
positive consequences on knowledge growth, action
capability, and effectiveness whereas a contending
style would have the opposite consequences. It was
also explored whether there are differences in this
respect between scientific institutes and private

firms. N = 300 active researchers and developers
answered our questionnaire. The main hypotheses
were supported. No major differences between
science and economy were found. Top researchers
also used more often problem solving. Implication
of these results will be discussed.

Individual characteristics of the innovator and
leadership as stimuli for innovative behaviors at
work
Krause, Diana Dept. of Social Science, University of

Western Ontario, London, Canada

To further understand innovative behaviors at
work, two survey studies were conducted in
Canadian organizations of different sizes and
sectors. Results of Study 1 (N = 286 managers)
explored the individual characteristics of the
innovator and found that self-efficacy and intrinsic
motivation to innovate are more important for
innovative behaviors (e.g., idea generation/testing
and implementation) than other individual char-
acteristics. With respect to leadership as stimuli,
Study 2 (N = 340 managers) confirmed, as
hypothesized, main effects of delegative-participa-
tive leadership and consultative-advisory leadership
on the implementation of innovations.

What drives innovative behavior in
organizations?: A meta-analysis at the micro- and
meso-organizational level of analysis
Hülsheger, Ute Regina Dept. of Psychology,

University Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands

Anderson, Neil 2Universiteit van Amsterdam Bu,

Amsterdam, Netherlands Salgado, Jesus Uni.

Santiago de Compostella,, Santiago de Compostella,

Spain

One of the most frustrating features of the
voluminous body of research into the antecedents
of innovation is that effect sizes are varying in
direction and magnitude, making it difficult to get a
clear picture of the differential impact of predictor
variables. The aim of the present study was
therefore to summarize existing research quantita-
tively and to compare the influence of predictors at
the individual- and team-level of analysis. The
meta-analysis included 200 studies and revealed
that individual variables like personal initiative and
self-efficacy and team variables like team climate
and transformational leadership are the most
powerful predictors of innovative work behavior.

Leadership and organizational system influences
on employees’ inspiration and organizations’
performance
James, Keith Industrial and Organizational, Portland

State University, Portland, USA Lahti, Ken PreVisor,

Inc., Portland, USA

The impact of transformational leadership on
performance at the individual, group, and organi-
zational level has recently been the center of major
lines of work on leadership and organizational
strategy. However, no model has been proposed or
tested of how leadership comes together with
organizational system operations to influence em-
ployees’ vision, inspiration and, through it, organi-
zational outcomes. We developed an integrative
leadership and system model. Results of two
quantitative studies (N = 1,662; N = 70) indicate
that model factors are significantly related to levels
of inspiration; and that levels of inspiration are
significantly related to expert-rated and objective
organizational performance.

Organizational learning climate to learn from
errors, transformational leadership and
workplace innovation
Kluge, Annette Organisationspsychologie, Universität

St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland Schilling, Jan

RWTH Aachen, Inst. für Psychol, Aachen, Germany

Organizational learning from errors at work should
be systematically fostered to support workplace

innovation. In parallel, it is widely accepted that
transformational leadership supports employees’
strive for innovation, excellence and continuous
learning. Given that, we investigated the relation-
ship between charismatic goal orientation, passive-
avoidant leadership, management-by-exception,
and components important for organizational
learning from errors (namely error-related leader-
ship behaviors, support of other team members,
task characteristics, organizational values) in three
studies conducted in Swiss manufacturing organi-
zations. Among other things, results of a stepwise
regression analysis supported the dominant impact
of charismatic goal orientation on all four learning
components.

S-084: Recent perspectives on the
development and treatment of
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
(PTSD)

Birgit Kleim (chair)

Recent research has increased our understanding of
factors involved in the development and main-
tenance of PTSD, and has started to explore
mechanisms of change in PTSD treatment. Much
of this research focuses on individual differences in
information processing, the resulting difficulties,
and on how these can be approached in treatment.
The presentations in this symposium focus on
factors involved in the emergence of PTSD and
on those involved in its successful treatment. Recent
findings of studies using various methods in a range
of different trauma populations (journalists, road
traffic accident, assault and torture survivors) will
be described.

Witnessing trauma in the newsroom: Everyday
exposure to violent film scenes and
posttraumatic intrusions in TV journalists
Weidmann, Anke Psychotherapie u. Somatopsych.,

Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Papsdorf, Jenny Psychotherapie u. Somatopsych.,

Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Journalists working in TV newsrooms frequently
watch film scenes depicting traumatic events. It is
unclear whether they subsequently experience in-
trusive memories and psychological distress. We
conducted an online survey with 81 German news-
journalists regularly working with those images.
Sixty percent reported recurring intrusions and
rated them as moderately to severely distressing.
Intrusion characteristics were similar to those of
clinical cases. Furthermore, the extent of intrusive
re-experiencing and avoidance was significantly
predicted by self-reported distress with regard to
film exposure. Thus, newsroom workers can be
considered as a potential risk group for secondary
traumatic stress.

Trauma memory characteristics in PTSD: Testing
the disorganisation hypothesis
Ehring, Thomas Dept. of Clinical Psychology,

University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

Weidmann, Anke Dept. of Psychology, Humboldt

University, Berlin, Germany Gerger, Heike Dept. of

Psychology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld,

Germany Ehlers, Anke Inst. of Psychiatry, University

of London, London, United Kingdom

Objectives: The study aimed to test the hypothesis
that trauma memory disorganization is involved in
the development of PTSD. Method: Different
indices of trauma memory disorganization were
assessed in two samples of road traffic accident
(RTA) survivors (total N = 248). Results: There
was some indication showing that the trauma
memory is more disorganized in PTSD patients
than controls and that this is especially true for
‘hotspots’ in the trauma memory. However, results
differed greatly according to the measures used.
Conclusions: Despite preliminary supporting evi-

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dence, the results suggest that important modifica-

tions of the disorganization hypothesis are neces-

sary.

Social cognition in PTSD: Two studies on
empathy and social exclusion

Nietlisbach, Gabriela Int. für Psychopathologie,

Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland Maercker,

Andreas Inst. für Psychopathologie, Universität

Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland

Objectives: Trauma survivors with PTSD often

show significant psychosocial impairments. In two

studies, we (1) assessed differences in social percep-

tion and empathy, and (2) experimentally investi-

gated social exclusion with a ball tossing game to

test social exclusion as a possible maintenance

factor for PTSD. Methods: A sample of trauma

survivors with PTSD (N=16) and healthy controls

completed various empathy tests (1) and partici-

pated in the experiment (2). Results: Individuals

with PTSD showed less empathy in questionnaire

measures and in objective empathy tests. Conclu-

sions: Our results support the assumption of lower

empathy in individuals with PTSD following the

experience of trauma.

Cognitive mediation during cognitive therapy for
PTSD

Kleim, Birgit Dept. of Psychiatrie, King’s College

London, London, United Kingdom Grey, Nick Center

for Anxiety Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, London,

United Kingdom Hackman, Ann Psychiatry, Oxford

University, Oxford, United Kingdom Wild, Jennifer

Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United

Kingdom Ehlers, Anke Inst. of Psychiatry, University

of London, London, United Kingdom

Objectives: Cognitive Therapy for PTSD (CT,

Ehlers & Clark, 2000) has been shown to be

effective, but there is yet little empirical evidence

on the hypothesized mechanisms of change. We

tested the hypothesis that change in appraisals

characteristic for PTSD mediate symptom reduc-

tion with treatment, and that appraisal change

precedes symptom change. Methods: We analysed

weekly measures from CT sessions. Results: Pre-

liminary analyses suggested that change in cognitive

appraisals from initial assessment to mid-treatment

mediate symptom reduction with CT from by the

end of treatment. Conclusion: Symptom reduction

in cognitive PTSD therapy can be explained by

cognitive change during therapy.

Efficacy and feasibility of CBT biofeedback in
traumatised migrants

Knaevelsrud, Christine Research, Center for Torture

Victims, Berlin, Germany Karl, Anke School of

Psychology, University of Southampton,

Southampton, United Kingdom Denke, Claudia

Charite Virchow-Clinic, Department of

Anaesthesiology, Berlin, Germany Müller, Julia

Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Zürich,

Zürich, Switzerland

Background: Somatoform pain disorder (SPD) and

PTSD are frequently seen in migrants. We exam-

ined the efficacy and feasibility of a short-term

CBT-biofeedback (BF) approach focusing on trau-

ma-related pain. Method: We treated 11 migrants

suffering from SPD and PTSD with BF. Before and

after treatment and at 3 months follow-up psychia-

tric status, pain related conditions and psychother-

apy toleration was assessed. Results: We found

significantly increased cognitive and behavioral

pain-related coping and significant reduction of

heart rate reactivity to stressful and painful

diagnostic conditions after treatment and at fol-

low-up. Conclusion: Findings are in support of BF

intervention for management of trauma-related

pain.

S-085: Emotions in language
processing

Annekathrin Schacht (chair)

Emotional stimuli tend to involuntarily draw

attentional resources and elicit preferential and

sustained processing, possibly caused by their high

intrinsic relevance. This symposium focuses on the

processing of emotional aspects of written or

spoken language and its neurophysiological sub-

strates. Results will be presented from intracranial

recordings during emotional prosody encoding and

from different reading paradigms using event-

related potentials, ranging from single words to

complex sentences. Further, different effects of

positive and negative emotional valence on memory

performance are investigated. In a final section the

presented data will be summarized and integrated

by a discussant.

The synchronized brain in emotional prosody
decoding

Grandjean, Didier Dept. of Psychology, University of

Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

How are emotionally salient events perceived and

represented by our central nervous system? How do

neuronal assemblies interact to allow humans to

have appropriate adaptive responses to cope with

unexpected situations? Local field potentials (LFPs)

obtained by intracranial recordings in humans can

be studied using recent methods in order to better

understand distributed neural networks involved in

emotional prosody decoding. The quantification of

neuronal synchrony of LFPs now allows us to

measure how the neuronal activities of distant brain

regions interact dynamically during the perception

of emotionally relevant events. Evidences of amyg-

dala and orbito-frontal neuronal coupling will be

discussed.

Detecting and remembering emotional words

Kensinger, Elizabeth Dept. of Psychology, Boston

College, Chestnut Hill, USA

Emotional words are detected and remembered

more often than nonemotional words. However, the

valence of the words (whether pleasant or unplea-

sant) influences the processes that support these

enhancements. Negative words seem to capture

attention, resulting in poorer memory for words

presented in proximity to those negative words.

Detection of positive words, by contrast, results in

no detrimental effects on memory for surrounding

words. In fact, detection of positive arousing words

seems to broaden attention, making people more

likely to notice and remember other words pre-

sented in close temporal proximity to the positive

words.

Emotional connotation in spontaneous word
processing

Kissler, Johanna Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany

When people read sequences of words varying in

emotional connotation, event-related potentials

(ERPs) to the pleasantly and unpleasantly arousing

words differ from ERPs to the neutral ones.

Distinct effects are found at functionally different

stages in the processing stream: An early posterior

negativity is reliably enhanced during reading of

emotionally arousing words, possibly reflecting

facilitation of lexical access. Second, the late

positive potential (LPP) is also enlarged to emo-

tionally significant words, but it displays a more

variable pattern, often with an advantage for

pleasant contents. The emotional modulation of

the LPP during reading is paralleled by subsequent

incidental memory performance.

Contributions of emotional valence and arousal
to visual word processing in sentences: Central
and peripheral psychophysiological indicators
Bayer, Mareike Inst. für Psychologie, Humboldt-

Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany Schacht,

Annekathrin Department of Psychology, Humboldt-

University at Berlin, Berlin, Germany Sommer,

Werner Department of Psychology, Humboldt-

University at Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Dimensional models describe emotions as a func-
tion of valence and arousal. In event-related
potentials (ERPs), both pictorial and verbal emo-
tional stimuli elicit effects in the Late Positive
Complex (LPC), but so far it remains unclear, to
what extent these effects are attributable to emo-
tional valence or arousal. In the present study,
subjects performed a semantic decision task on
sentences with neutral, syntactically correct initial
sentence parts, and negative and neutral verbs at
the final position. Irrespective of valence, pure
arousal affected early stages of word processing but
not the LPC, an effect that seems to be unreported
as yet.

Emotion in word and face processing: Early and
late cortical responses
Schacht, Annekathrin Inst. für Psychologie,

Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Sommer, Werner Department of Psychology,

Humboldt-University at Berlin, Berlin, Germany

For the first time we directly compared emotion
effects in word and face processing on event-related
brain potentials (ERPs). Participants performed
lexical decisions on emotionally positive, negative,
and neutral verbs, and decisions on the integrity of
happy, angry, and neutral faces. Two emotion
effects were found in both domains: Enhancements
of a Late Positive Complex were seen at compar-
able latencies but with different scalp distribution,
indicating contributions of domain-specific brain
systems. Still earlier emotion effects, apparently
arising in domain-general brain systems occurred
much faster for faces than words corroborating
more rapid access to emotional meaning in faces.

S-086: Minority stress in mental
health of lesbians, gay men and
bisexuals: A cross-cultural
perspective

Ilan Meyer, Theo Sandfort (chair)

Minority stress theory suggests that lesbians, gay
men, and bisexuals (LGB) are exposed to more
stress related to stigma, prejudice, and discrimina-
tion than their heterosexual counterparts and that
this stress leads to more health problems among
LGBs. However, little research has examined
minority stress cross-culturally. Yet, only in cross-
cultural comparisons can the unique aspects of the
social environment stand out. Our symposium
addresses this gap in research by bringing together
researchers who study cultures that vary in the level
of acceptance of homosexuality and legal protec-
tions afforded LGBs. We critically assess cross-
cultural differences and commonalities in minority
stress and health.

Cultural and structural determinants of
acceptance of homosexuality: A cross national
comparison
Sandfort, Theo Psychiatry, Columbia University, New

York, USA

Although worldwide acceptance of homosexuality
is increasing, there are substantial differences in the
acceptance of homosexuality between countries.
Based on the World Values Survey and additional
data sources, we compared over 40 countries.
Acceptance of homosexuality could be predicted
by the extent to which countries have values
favoring self-expression versus group survival and
secular versus traditional values. These value

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patterns have been shown to be strongly informed
by economic development. Countries in which
tolerance had increased over recent decades showed
less uncertainty avoidance. These findings challenge
our thinking about how to further acceptance of
homosexuality in less fortunate situations.

Minority stress and quality of life in Flemish gays,
lesbians and bisexuals
Vincke, John Dept. of Sociology, Voorzitter Vakgroep

Sociologie, Gent, Belgium von Lengerke, Thomas

Med. Psychologie (OE 5430), Medizin. Hochschule

Hannover, Hannover, Germany

Objectives: To investigate the impact of internalised
homophobia, stigma consciousness and being dis-
criminated at work as indicators of minority stress.
Methods: On line survey of 2921 respondents. Male
(66.5%). Age distribution : , 26yrs 42%, 27-45 yrs
43.7%, > 45% 14.3%. 70% finished higher education
(university 29.2%; non university 39.9%). We used
analysis of variance and multiple regression analy-
sis. Results: Internalised homophobia (beta – 0.191;
0.307), stigma consciousness (beta -0.208; 0.309)
and experience of discrimination (beta -0.172;0.228)
lead to a perception of bad physical health and
depression. Conclusions: Internal and external
stressors related to minority status result in lower
experienced levels of quality of life.

Relationship problems, sexual violence and
health care needs: A comparison between Dutch
lesbian, gay, bisexual and heterosexual
individuals
Kuyper, Lisette Research Department, Rutgers Nisso

Groep, Utrecht, Netherlands

Objective Assuming that sexual minority stress
leads to sexual health problems, we examined
whether LGBs (lesbians, gays and bisexuals) have
more relational stress, experiences with sexual
violence, and health care needs than heterosexuals.
Method Data from a population survey (n = 4285)
on sexual health in the Netherlands is used to test
the differences between LGBs and heterosexual
persons. Results LGBs had more frequently experi-
enced sexual violence, reported more relational
stress, and had a higher need for health care than
heterosexuals. Conclusion Probably due to minor-
ity stress, Dutch sexual minorities have more sexual
health problems than their heterosexual counter-
parts.

The unbearable comfort of privacy: Experiences
of transparent closet in Slovenia
Kuhar, Roman Faculty of Arts - Sociology, University

of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

The paper is based on the research on everyday life
of gays and lesbians in Slovenia (N=443) which
showed that for gays and lesbians public space
often functions as a panopticon, where the threat of
violence, even if manifested only in the form of
subtle regulating processes (meaningful looks,
stares or whistles), contributes to self-control and
mimicry. Similarly when an individual comes out in
the family, the information is often noted but
pushed aside, establishing a transparent (or family)
closet with implicit expectations that ‘‘this subject’’
should not be discussed. In both cases a form of
‘‘privatization’’ of homosexuality takes place con-
tributing to stress situations, discussed in the paper.

Factors affecting vulnerability to depression
among South African gay men and lesbians
Nel, Juan Centre for Applied Psychology, University

of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa Polders, Louise

Psychology, University of South Africa, Pretoria,

South Africa

Risk factors consistently cited in the literature on
depression among gay men and lesbian women
were examined in this Masters study to determine
their ability to predict vulnerability to depression.
Data was collected from 385 participants who self-

identified as lesbian or gay in metropolitan
Gauteng, South Africa, using a purposive quota
sampling technique to ensure representation across
age, gender, race and socio-economic status lines.
Multiple regression analysis indicated that lowered
self-esteem and more frequent experiences of hate
speech were the only significant predictors of
vulnerability to depression. The regression model
accounted for 21.7% of the variance in vulnerability
to depression scores.

Social stress and mental health outcomes in
lesbians, gay men and bisexuals: Divergences
and commonalities in cross-cultural perspectives

Meyer, Ilan Mailman School of Publ. Health, Columbia

University, New York, USA

Results from Project Stride, a study of minority
stress regarding sexual orientation, race/ethnicity
and gender in 524 NYC lesbian, gay men, and
bisexuals (LGB). Hypotheses: disadvantaged social
position is related to excess exposure to social stress
and increase in rates of mental disorders. The
evidence is mixed, supporting social stress predic-
tion sometimes (e.g., regarding social stress expo-
sure among blacks and Latinos) but contradicting it
in other instances (e.g., regarding rates of disorders
of black and Latino LGBs). I will discuss the
implication of this and other research presented in
the symposium to minority stress theory.

S-087: Towards an
interdisciplinary understanding of
aesthetic emotions

Winfried Menninghaus, Klaus R. Scherer (chair)

The symposium is aimed at reviewing and redirect-
ing recent research on the distinctive features of art-
related emotions. While current research on the
topic receives only marginal attention within the
fields of psychology, philosophy,and the neurocog-
nitive sciences, and moreover lacks interdisciplinary
cooperation, the symposium will bring together
psychologists with scholars from philosophical
aesthetics, rhetoric, and literary studies. Papers will
focus on the crucial – and mostly unresolved –
question of how to demarcate ’’real‘‘ emotions,
’’represented‘‘ emotions, and, most importantly, the
specific kind of ’’aesthetic emotions‘‘ elicited by the
artistic representation itself.

Psychology and the art: Perception, cognition
and fluency?

Leder, Helmut Inst. für Psychologie, Universität Wien,

Wien, Austria Jacobs, Arthur Bildung und

Psychologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany

A recently proposed psychological model aims at
specifying the cognitive and emotional processes
involved in processing of art (Leder, et al., 2004).
Concerning aesthetic emotions the model claims
that changes of affect and emotion can occur at any
processing stage eventually resulting in strong
positive aesthetic emotions. We discuss how the
possible emotions elicited by the processing of
artworks are in accordance with psychological
approaches of affect and emotion. Moreover, we
present results from experimental studies in which
effects of fluency in aesthetic appreciation were
investigated, and give an outlook on paradigms that
might contribute to solve the open questions.

Cold narrators: Modern fiction and the power of
unspoken emotion

von Koppenfels, Martin Fak. für Ling. und Literaturw.,

Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany

Modern fiction is rich in instances of indirect
emotional communication. The wide-spread phe-
nomenon of ’’cold‘‘ narrative yielding strong
emotional effects in the reader can be considered
on various levels: first, historically, in its relation to
a dominant emotional discourse; second, from a

functional, and thirdly, from an aesthetic point of
view. The paradox of ’’non-verbal‘‘ emotional
transactions taking place in the exclusively verbal
medium of literary narrative raises questions
concerning the nature of textual emotions: How
are they negotiated between text, reader and
society? Can we call them ’’fictional‘‘ in the same
way we speak about fictional plots or characters?

Prolegomena to a theory of aesthetic ’feelings’ in
the wake of Aristotle and Kant

Menninghaus, Winfried Comparative Literature, Freie

Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Starting with Aristotle’s account of the pleasure
taken in the tragic mimesis of uxoricide or parricide
–, apparently paradoxical features have haunted
theories of aesthetic emotion. The paper will argue
that most accounts of these theories fail to system-
atically maintain two key distinctions: first, the
basic differences between real emotions and their
artful simulation, and, secondly, Aristotle’s and
Kant’s indications that aesthetic pleasure must
primarily be accounted for in purely dimensional
terms, with interplays of represented discrete
emotions serving to promote such pleasure. Im-
plications for notions of ’’catharsis‘‘, ’’affect con-
version‘‘, and other functional hypotheses will be
discussed.

Aesthetic vs. utilitarian emotions in listening to
music

Scherer, Klaus R. CISA, Universität Genf, Genf,

Switzerland

Research on emotional reactions to music has been
limited by an excessive reliance on basic emotion
models. While some program music may iconically
represent fear or anger, these basic emotions will
rarely be elicited as they are "utilitarian" in the sense
of serving situationally appropriate adjustment
functions. It is suggested that psychological re-
search on affective reactions to music should focus
on subtler forms of emotion and specifically the
"aesthetic" emotions which are generally neglected
by established emotion theories (largely due to
hypocognition and the lack of readily available
verbal labels). The theoretical analysis is illustrated
with research examples.

On the relationship between curiosity and affect
in Euripides’ Bacchae

Schlesier, Renate Inst. für Religionsstudien, Freie

Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany

In approaching the relationship between curiosity
and affect in ancient Greek tragedy, one encounters
an immediate problem: there are no synonyms for
the terms curiosity and affect in ancient Greek
language, at least before the emergence of philoso-
phical theories of emotion. On the other hand,
curiosity as a phenomenon is clearly exhibited in
some Greek tragedies, as an intellectual and
emotional behavior which leads to serious con-
sequences. This issue will be addressed in the
contribution.

S-088: Media as a go-between
nature and nurture

Frank Schwab, Dagmar Unz (chair)

Since the 1980ies evolutionary thinking is more and
more of note in psychology, not only focussing on
cognitive processes, but also broaching the issues of
art, aesthetics, media, literature and entertainment.
Sherry (2004) criticized traditional "media effects"-
theories for their nature blindness and described
them as "learning-only approaches" thus asking for
an integration of biological, neurological and
genetic aspects in media research. The panel
addresses the question to what extend the media
can be analyzed as a go between nature and
nurture. The contributions refer to traditional and

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new media, to processes of media selection and
reception, and to media effects.

The neurophysiology perspective in media
psychology
Weber, Rene Dept. of Communication, University of

California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA Sherry, John

Communication, Michigan State University, East

Lansing, USA

In this presentation, we argue for an updating of the
ontology and epistemology of our field to better
reflect current advances in scientific thought. To
this end, we advance an approach to media and
communication science that embraces a neurophy-
siological perspective and includes a move toward
‘why’ explanations based on probabilistic relation-
ships, dynamic systems theory, evolutionary expla-
nations, an emphasis on emergence, and openness
to exploratory and descriptive research. We de-
scribe such a perspective for those not familiar with
this approach, enumerate key distinctions, provide
an introduction to the methodologies used, and give
examples of current work in this vein.

Digit Ratio (2D:4D) and theatre movie selection
and preferences
Schwab, Frank Medien und Organ.-Psychologie,

Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany

Unz, Dagmar C. media & organ. psychology, Saarland

University, Saarbruecken, Germany

The presentation addresses the question to what
extend the darwinian architecture of human nature
- especially sex and hormonal aspects - influences
media selection and preferences. Two studies use
digit ratio (2d:4d) as a marker of prenatal
concentrations of sex hormones. A field studie (N
= 116), examines the influence of digit ratio on
movie selection. A survey (N = 200), uses sex, digit
ratio and sex roles as predictors for genre prefer-
ences. Congruent with evolutionary explanations,
the results show an influence of sex and hormonal
aspects, thus arguing against "learning only"
approaches in media psychology.

Reception of frightening movies
Suckfüll, Monika Universität der Künste, Berlin,

Germany

The reception of fear arousing movies is a popular
form of entertainment even though fear is a
negative emotion in every day life. To systematize
the complex processes of reception I differentiate
three analytic levels: a phylogenetic, an ontogenetic
and a situational level. Evolved psychological
mechanisms can help to explain the reception of
frightening movies in several ways. My main
hypothesis is that inhibiting the expenditure of
energy on costly behavioural responses in a
situation, in which the existence of threats is
ambiguous, has an adaptive function. First results
of an empirical study testing parts of the model are
reported.

Differences in experience of 2 D and 3 D movies
Tan, Ed Dept. of Communication, University

Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands Visch,

Valentijn Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva,

Switzerland

Differences in experience of 2 D and 3 D movies An
experiment is reported in which immersiveness of
the projection of a movie is varied. Categorisation,
emotion and aesthetic impression were the depen-
dent variables. The results show that with increas-
ing immersion, self-reported experience of the
movie tends to unify, with various components
becoming indistinguishable. They may illustrate the
determination of experiencing paradigm scenarios
by nature vs. nurture. The most "realistic" viewing
condition may offer the best opportunity for
developing adaptive functions like hunting and
escaping (Steen & Owens, 2001). In the most
immersive condition, the movie triggers interest

and an explorative response, while aesthetic judg-
ments loose their analytic character. Alternative
explanations are discussed in the paper.

Social reactions to virtual agents: Evolutionary
foundations

Krämer, Nicole Inst. für Sozialpsychologie, Universität

Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany

Embodied conversational agents are expected to
facilitate future human-computer-interaction since
they draw on human communication mechanisms.
This, however, does not only lead to increased
usability but also to unwarranted social reactions
on the part of the human user. Several explanations
for these reactions have been proposed that range
from misunderstandings and superficial demand
characteristics of the experimental situation to the
argument that users are social animals that cannot
help but mindlessly react socially to social cues.
Drawing on evolutionary theory, a review on recent
research (including three own studies) will be given
that provides empirical evidence for the latter thesis.

S-089: New research concepts of
modeling and measuring change
in clinical psychology and
psychotherapy

Wolfgang Lutz (chair)

Recently several approaches have been developed
to improve the empirical bases of psychotherapy. It
seems not enough, that a treatment approach has
shown to be efficient, the question about the
effectiveness under routine conditions as well as
how change happens are getting important. Several
topics about the appropriate research methods,
design and measurement issues will be discussed in
that panel. Alan Kazdin is presenting about the
mediators and mechanisms of change. Jutta Joor-
mann investigates cognitive and psychobiological
indicators of change, Werner Wittmann will present
on cost-effectiveness, Franz Caspar on the respon-
siveness of therapists, Ferdinand Keller on growth
mixture modeling and Wolfgang Lutz on new
methods to predict change under routine care
conditions.

Mediators and mechanisms of psychotherapy:
Changes are needed in the focus and design of
psychotherapy research

Kazdin, Alan E. Dept. of Psychology, Yale University,

New Haven, USA

Remarkable advances have been made in clinical
research. Nevertheless, after decades of research, we
cannot provide evidence-based explanations for
how or why even our most well-studied interven-
tions produce change, that is, the mechanism(s)
through which treatments operate. This presenta-
tion will convey why the study mechanisms is
critical, the requirements for demonstrating me-
chanisms rather than correlates of change, and
promising lines of basic and treatment research.
Two areas will be illustrated that are often
considered to explain why therapy produces change
(e.g., therapeutic alliance, changes in cognitions).
Changes needed in conceptualizing mechanisms of
change, the types of studies completed, and design
and data evaluation methods will be highlighted.

The impact of cognitive-behavioral interventions
on cognition, stress reactivity and emotion
regulation in social anxiety disorder

Joormann, Jutta Dept. of Psychology, University of

Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA LeMoult, Joelle Dept. of

Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL,

USA Tran, Tanya B. Dept. of Psychology, University of

Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA D’Avanzato, Catherine

Dept. of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral

Gables, FL, USA

Recent models emphasize the importance of inte-
grating research on psychological and biological
factors of emotional disorders. Although previous
studies have investigated the role of individual
differences in psychophysiological and neuroendo-
crine responses to stressors in depression and
anxiety disorders, few studies have used these
measures to investigate the impact of psychological
treatments. In this project, we assessed HPA-axis
reactivity and psychophysiological responses to a
stress task in combination with measures of
interpretive biases to evaluate the efficacy of a
cognitive-behavioral group treatment for social
anxiety disorder. Pre-post measures of stress
reactivity and emotion regulation were compared
to more established self-report and observational
outcome measures. Our findings support the
usefulness of an integrative psychobiological assess-
ment of treatment outcome.

Growth mixture models
Keller, Ferdinand Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie,

Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany

Objective: An early prediction of individual treat-
ment courses may allow early decisions for ade-
quate interventions. Methods: Growth mixture
modelling (GMM) assumes that there is not only
one growth curve with persons having individual
differences in level but subgroups who exhibit
different trajectories. Results: The method will be
illustrated with longitudinal data sets, e.g. the
Treatment of Adolescent Depression Study (request
for data is in progress), with special emphasis on the
question of how early it is possible to classify
patients into ‘‘problematic’’ classes. Conclusion:
GMM is a promising approach to identify and
predict clusters of change.

Reliability of measuring change via in-session
ratings
Caspar, Franz Dept. für Psychologie, Universität Bern,

Bern, Switzerland

Some patients don’t fit standardized treatments for
reasons of comorbidity or context variables. In such
cases, therapist responsiveness to the individual
situation is needed. Some authors (e.g. Beutler)
hold that maximizing treatment effects beyond the
possibilities of standardized treatment includes in
general a certain extent of therapist responsiveness.
Therapist responsiveness is, although clinically
desired, a methodological problem. It spoils, for
example, direct correlations between process vari-
ables and outcome. If different patients need
different degrees of therapist directivity, a mislead-
ing zero correlation between directivity and out-
come may result. Several possibilities of dealing
with responsiveness will be described and discussed.

Cost-effectiveness
Wittmann, Werner W. Inst. für Psychologie,

Universität Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany

Change in health related outcome measures is very
well documented by research and meta-analysis.
What is less known are the specific causal mechan-
isms, how cost-effective different interventions are,
and what the cost-benefit effects are, given outcome
measures with monetary impact. The idea of how to
compute an effect size (ES) measured at the break-
even point is presented. This concept can be applied
a-priori to any intervention study and tells how
much change must be produced to balance the
costs. Once the real ES is known, the return on
investment (ROI) can be estimated as the quotient
of the real ES by the break-even one. Examples are
shown to demonstrate the monetary benefits.

New trends in patient-focused psychotherapy
researchLutz, Wolfgang Inst. für Psychologie,

Universität Trier, Trier, Germany

Background: All clinical services require decision
making i.e., modifications based on diagnostic

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configurations and on an ongoing assessment of
progress. Objective: Using concepts from avalanche
research, this paper presents a strategy to disag-
gregate datasets into homogeneous subgroups to
get optimal individual profiles to track patients in
psychotherapy. Methods: The paper is based on
data of approximately 1000 patients in outpatient
psychotherapy treated with different treatment
modalities in three federal states of Germany by
349 therapists. Results: A feedback system about
the course of treatment was developed to support
clinical decisions. Conclusions: Implications of this
prediction and feedback model for supporting
treatment decisions as well as possibilities of sharing
specific clinical knowledge to improve clinical
services are discussed.

S-090: Interplay of physical and
psychological factors and their
impact on health issues

Tanja Zimmermann (chair)

This symposium illustrates the interplay of psycho-
logical and physical factors and their impact on
health issues regarding pregnancy, cancer and
couples, and burn injury. First the demand of
psychological counselling in obstetric inpatients
treated to prevent preterm birth was examined.
Second changes of quality of life in breast cancer
patients were demonstrated. Third the impact of
body image in breast cancer patients on psycholo-
gical functioning and relationship issues will be
demonstrated. Fourth, in reducing marital stress
emotional and physical reactions of couples during
a dyadic coping task will be examined. Finally
psychosocial variables in providing valuable infor-
mation for physical and mental health and quality
of life after severes burninjuries will be discussed.

Psychological liaison counseling in obstetric
inpatients treated to prevent preterm delivery

Ditzen, Beate Inst. für Psychologie, Universität Zürich,

Zürich, Switzerland Hunkeler, Carol Inst. für

Psychologie, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland

Zimmermann, Roland Forschungsabt. Geburtshilfe,

Universitätsspital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland Ehlert,

Ulrike Inst. für Psychologie, Universität Zürich, Zürich,

Switzerland

Demand of psychological counseling (PC) in
obstetric inpatients treated to prevent preterm birth
was determined. We characterized standard inter-
ventions and treatment success in those women
receiving PC. We analyzed medical records and
psychological treatment protocols of 326 obstetric
inpatients receiving PC between 2002 and 2007. If
available, duration of pregnancy, birth weight and
APGAR scores were analyzed as variables indicat-
ing treatment success. Medical data were unrelated
to demand/ receipt of PC. Treatment rationale and
methods of PC focused on emotion regulation and
reduction of anxiety. Data on treatment success are
currently analyzed and will be presented at the
conference.

Quality of life of breast cancer patients at follow-
up and the impact of demographic, oncological
and psychological factors

Härtl, Kristin Psychosomatische Abteilung,

Universitätsfrauenklinik, München, Germany Müller,

Marianne Psychosomatische Abteilung,

Universitätsfrauenklinik LMU, München, Germany

Sommer, Harald Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität,

Universitätsfrauenklinik, München, Germany

Reinecker, Hans LS Klinische Psychologie, Universität

Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany Friese, Klaus Ludwig-

Maximilians-Universität, Universitätsfrauenklinik,

München, Germany

We examined changes of quality of life (QoL) in
breast cancer patients at follow-up and the impact
of demographic, oncological and psychological
factors. 236 women with primary diagnosis of

breast cancer completed the questionnaires after
surgical treatment, 6 and 12 months postoperative.
QLQ-C30 questionnaire, HADS, Life orientation
questionnaire and nonparametric tests were used.
QoL scores improved over time, but impairments in
terms of anxiety, body image and sexual function-
ing were still observed. Younger patients were more
likely to be distressed. Operation modality, tumor
prognostic factors, living situation, being married
seemed to play a minor role, whereas optimism is
strongly linked with QoL. The importance of
subjective versus objective predictors of QoL in
women with breast cancer is discussed.

Am I still beautiful? Body-image in women with
breast cancer

Zimmermann, Tanja Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany Heinrichs,

Nina Inst. für Psychologie, Universität Bielefeld,

Bielefeld, Germany Huber, Birgit Psychosomatik,

Universität München, München, Germany

Herschbach, Peter Psychosomatik, Universität

München, München, Germany

Women with breast cancer have to address medical
and psychological issues. These issues converge in
the area of body image which appears to be related
to their overall well-being, and their partners’
attitudes towards their bodies influence the wo-
men’s own views of their bodies. We evaluate
whether body image is impacted by surgery and
chemotherapy. Is a mastectomy more difficult for
younger women because of the premium placed on
physical beauty for younger women in society? We
also report the degree to which women’s body
image is related to their overall psychological well-
being and relationship quality and how they think
their male partners perceive their body.

Psychological and physiological reactions of
couples

Schaer, Marcel Inst. for Family Research, University of

Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland

Previous studies revealed that couples’ heath is
associated with their coping with stress. To improve
dyadic coping, the way how couples deal with
stressors together, Bodenmann (2004) developed
the 3-phase-method. This method trains couples
how to address emotion-centred communication
skills and how to mutually support each other
(exchange of dyadic coping). The aim of this study
is to examine physical and emotional reactions
during the 3-phase-method to detected specific
reactions of both partners during the intervention.
Results reveal higher emotional and physiological
reactions, and more empathic reactions in women
compared to men. Further implications of the study
are discussed.

Predictors of quality of life after severe burn
injury

Renneberg, Babette Berlin, Germany Ripper, Sabine

Brandverletzten Zentrum, BG Unfallklinik,

Ludwigshafen, Germany Seehausen, Annika

Brandverletzten Zentrum, Unfallkrankenhaus Berlin,

Berlin, Germany

Objectives: To investigate the predictors for ability
to work and quality of life one year after a severe
burn injury. Methods: Socio-demographic, medical
and psychological variables were assessed during in-
patient treatment for the burn injury, at 6-months
und 1 year follow-up. Data from 103 patients were
available for all three assessments. Results: Severity
of burns and depressive coping during acute care
predicted ability to work one year later. Further-
more, quality of life was mainly predicted by
psychosocial factors assessed during the hospital
stay. Conclusions: Psychosocial variables provide
valuable information for physical and mental health
and quality of life after severe burn injuries.

S-091: Values, community,
engagement and burnout:
International perspectives

Michael Leiter (chair)

Research in Europe (Spain, Switzerland, Italy) and
Canada considers models of job burnout in terms of
organizational characteristics. An integrative theme
for the session is the concept of person/organization
fit. The presentations consider the implications of
findings for positive constructs, specifically work
engagement. SEM analyses identify common
themes across the international samples. The
session emphasizes the congruence of personal
and organizational values as a major determinant
of worklife quality. Presentations also examine
distinct models for managers in contrast to point
of care providers. The sessions consider the
implications of the findings for interventions to
enhance the quality of worklife.

The role of value congruence in the burnout
process

Maslach, Christina Dept. of Psychology, University of

California, San Francisco, USA

Italian health care providers (N=2688) completed
surveys of burnout and perceptions of worklife.
Structural equation modeling (SEM) confirmed a
central role for value congruence for all three
aspects of job burnout (exhaustion, cynicism, and
inefficacy). The analysis confirmed a mediating role
for exhaustion in the relationship of workplace
qualities with cynicism and with inefficacy. The
results are discussed in the context of a compre-
hensive model of job burnout. The presentation
discusses implications for value-based interventions,
as well as the importance of clear professional
values for providers and a well articulated and
implemented organizational vision.

Distinct predictors of burnout for health care
managers and point of care providers

Leiter, Michael COR&D, Acadia University, Wolfville,

Canada

Managers (N=219) and point of care providers
(N=2337) from Italian hospitals complete surveys
of burnout and areas of worklife during a health
care regionalization process. Managers reported
more positive evaluations on all measures. The
relationships among the measures differed signifi-
cantly between the two groups. A series of SEMs
confirmed that for point of care providers, value
congruence and fairness played a more important
role in predicting exhaustion and cynicism. Further,
negative social environment among workgroups
were associated with a much greater vulnerability
for burnout. The presentation considers implica-
tions for management training and leadership
among hospital personnel.

Personal and organizational paths to burnout:
Implications for interventions

Greenglass, Esther Dept. of Psychology, York

University, North York, Canada

Burnout is defined in terms of emotional exhaus-
tion, depersonalization and lack of personal accom-
plishment. Emotional exhaustion is most responsive
to stressors. The role of efficacy beliefs in burnout is
not clear. Lack of personal accomplishment does
not have a strong relationship with depersonaliza-
tion or emotional exhaustion. Rather than one
path, there may be two paths to burnout, a
cognitive one associated with the individual is
manifested in lack of personal accomplishment
and an emotional path reflected in a sense of
overload resulting in emotional exhaustion and lack
of organizational support. Depression may be a
mediator between the paths. These observations
have implications for interventions to alleviate the

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deleterious effects of burnout at both the organiza-
tional and personal levels.

Worklife predictors of burnout in Spanish doctors
and nurses

Gascón, Santiago Medicina Legal, Universidad de

Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain Martı́nez Jarreta, Begoña

Medicina Legal, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza,

Spain

Hospital-based nurses (N=832) and doctors
(N=603) in Spain completed a survey of job
burnout, areas of worklife, and management issues.
Analysis of the results provided support for a
mediation model of burnout that depicted employ-
ees’ energy, involvement, and efficacy as intermedi-
ary experiences between their experience of worklife
and their evaluation of organizational change. The
study confirmed a structured pattern of relation-
ships among the areas of worklife. It supported a
central role for first-line supervisors in employees’
experience of worklife. Of the areas of worklife,
workload received the most diverse ratings, with
significant differences noted between men and
women and between doctors and nurses. Female
doctors evaluated supervision significantly more
negatively than did other participant groups.

Work empowerment, engagement and burnout

Laschinger, Heather School of Nursing, University of

Western Ontario, London, Canada Wong, Carol

School of Nursing, Univ. of Western Ontario, London,

Canada Finegan, Joan PSUCHOLOGY, Univ. of

Western Ontario, London, Canada

We tested a model derived from Kanter’s work
empowerment theory linking staff nurse empower-
ment to their perceived fit with 6 areas of worklife
and work engagement/ burnout in a cross-sectional
survey of 322 randomly selected staff nurses in
Ontario hospitals. Fifty-three per cent reported
severe levels of burnout. Overall empowerment had
an indirect effect on emotional exhaustion through
nurses’ perceived fit in 6 areas of worklife. The final
model fit statistics revealed a good fit (x2 = 32.4, df
= 13, GFI = 0.97, IFI = 0.97, CFI = 0.97,
RMSEA= .07. These findings have implications in
the current nursing shortage.

Job engagement and burnout: Opposite poles or
correlates?

Schulze, Beate Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland

Objectives: Occupational psychology is currently
experiencing a positive turn. Interventions are being
re-framed to aim at building engagement rather
than preventing burnout. Job engagement is defined
as the opposite pole of burnout. In contrast, high
job commitment is among the risk factors for
burnout. Methods: Data were collected as part of
an online survey among service professionals (n=
400). Results: Analysis is ongoing. It explores the
role of engagement in preventing and/or contribut-
ing to burnout, and the mediating factors at play.
Conclusion: Understanding the benefits and risks of
engagement is essential to promoting occupational
health and sustainable performance.

S-092: Spatial cognition: New
approaches to assessing and
explaining individual differences in
spatial cognition (Part I)

Judith Glück, Claudia Quaiser-Pohl (chair)

Current research on individual differences in spatial
cognition shows two new developments: First, new
technologies are increasingly being used for ecolo-
gically valid assessment. Second, predictors of
spatial performance are conceptualized in a dy-
namic way, including interactions of biological and
environmental predictors. This symposium brings
together researchers using a variety of assessment
methods, including real-life tasks, virtual-reality

tasks, and tasks using moving stimuli. Performance
predictors include age, gender, experience, strate-
gies, executive functioning, and hormonal status.
The goal of the symposium is to gain a deeper
understanding of how predictor variables relate to
one another and to different aspects of spatial
performance.

Spatial tests and spatial activity: How do they
contribute to spatial orientation in familiar macro
environments?
Popp, Michael Luft- und Raumfahrtt, Universität der

Bundeswehr, Neubiberg, Germany Neidhardt, Eva

Inst. für Psychologie, Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt,

Germany

From many studies we know that preschool
children are able to point to locations they cannot
see, as for example to the starting point of the path
they have just walked. Are spatial tests and spatial
orientation in macro environments based on
common abilities? Spatial tests show small but
consistent effects on spatial orientation perfor-
mance. Studies postulate correlations between
macro orientation experience and spatial test
performance. The contributions of spatial abilities
and of spatial experience to spatial orientation
measures are discussed.

Map understanding: Developmental marker in
childhood, marker for neurological impairment in
adulthood?
Peter, Michael Anton-Proksch-Institut, Wien, Austria

Glück, Judith Entwicklungspsychologie, Alpen-Adria-

Universität, Klagenfurt, Austria Beiglböck, Wolfgang

Anton-Proksch-Institute, Anton-Proksch-Institute,

Vienna, Austria

A new test of map understanding was constructed
based on developmental models of spatial ability
and representational understanding. In a sample of
3- to 9-year-old children, performance patterns
confirmed the construction rules, and results
showed correlations to measures of general cogni-
tive development. The test may also be a useful
screening of executive functioning in adults. First
results of an MRI study of alcohol-addicted
patients with organic psychosyndrome, compared
to a healthy reference population, are presented.

Components of variance in neural networks of
spatial cognition
Jordan, Kirsten Inst. für Medizin. Psychologie,

Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

Wüstenberg, Torsten Inst. für Medizin. Psychologie,

Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

Environmental and biological factors change the
performance and behavior in complex spatial
cognition tasks. We were interested in the common
neural networks of spatial cognition and the impact
of those factors on the neural networks. We
conducted various fMRI-studies examining differ-
ent influencing factors in spatial cognition like sex
differences, experience, training, strategies and
sexual hormones. The parietal cortex and the
motor/premotor areas constitute the invariant part
of this network mainly manipulated by biological
factors. The whole network of spatial cognition
involves brain regions in the frontal, temporal,
parietal and occipital lobe mainly manipulated by
environmental factors.

Virtual teacups, cubes and head-mounted
displays: The development of a dynamic spatial
test in augmented reality
Strauß, Sabine Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria Strasser, Irene Inst. für

Psychologie, Universität Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt,

Austria Csisinko, Mathis IMS, Vienna University of

Technolog, Vienna, Austria Kaufmann, Hannes IMS,

Vienna University of Technolog, Vienna, Austria

Glück, Judith Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria

In a cooperation of psychologists and software
engineers, we are developing a new spatial test:
Using augmented reality, items can be presented in
actual 3D. Items consist of cube figures to be
mentally rotated and assembled. In a first study, 40
items, constructed according to pre-defined rules,
were evaluated (N=240), and verbal strategy
reports were collected. Results confirm the validity
of the construction rules. In addition, gender
differences and strategy descriptions were related
to item characteristics and performance level. Based
on these findings, we are currently developing an
adaptive training in order to eventually assess status
and learning potential.

Sex-specific solution strategies in spatial tasks
Schönfeld, Robby Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany Leplow, Bernd Inst.

für Psychologie, Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle,

Germany

We utilized two spatial navigational tasks using
desktop virtual environments. Place learning abil-
ities which require the construction of a cognitive
map were assessed with a computerized Morris
water task. Spatial updating abilities by means of
path integration were assed using a compass
pointing task. Age differences with younger subjects
outperforming the elderly were always seen in both
navigation tasks throughout many of our studies
whereas sex differences only occurred in place
learning. Further investigations have shown that
spatial solution strategies interact with gender in
that older subjects used more non-spatial strategies
and more females than males behaved like the
elderly.

Individual and sex differences in solution
strategies when facing dynamic spatial tasks
Rubio, Victor Dept. de Psicologı́a, Universidad

Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Contreras, Marı́a

José Dept. Psicologı́a Básica, UNED, Madrid, Spain

Santacreu, Jose Departamento de Psicologı́a,

Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

Individual and sex differences in performance
quality and speed as well as in the response patterns
employed emerge when individuals perform spatial
tasks. Nevertheless, neither educational differences
nor performance factors have fully explained this
effect. The aim of this research is to identify the
different response patterns used by individuals
when performing a dynamic spatial task such as
the Spatial Orientation Dynamic Test (SODT-R).
We analyze the relationships between strategy/
response effectiveness and the frequencies with
which men and women use these strategies. Future
applications would provide an effective method for
training in order to improve spatial performance.

S-093: Innovations in
organizations

Eva Bamberg, Liudmyla Karamushka (chair)

Summary Within the symposium, innovations
within different organizations are discussed. We
focus especially on those factors that are a risk or a
help for innovation and change. In a first step a
study is presented that deals with the topics which
are associated with the term innovation. In a second
step studies on the role of the customer in the
innovation process are outlined. In a third step we
present studies that deal with factors that influence
innovations in organizations. On the background of
these studies innovation-related interventions can
be evaluated.

What do people in organizations have in mind
when they talk about innovation?
Martins, Erko Inst. Organisationspsychologie,

Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany Pundt,

Alexander Organizational Psychology, University of

Rostock, Rostock, Germany Horsmann, Claes S.

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Organizational Psychology, University of Rostock,

Rostock, Germany Nerdinger, Friedemann W.

Organizational Psychology, University of Rostock,

Rostock, Germany

Company stakeholders seem to value innovation,
regardless of their particular interests. However, it
is completely unclear what these stakeholders think
of when using the term ‘innovation’. To address this
question, we conducted 40 semi-standardized inter-
views with leaders, works councillors, and HR
managers from eight different companies. We asked
company representatives for the topics they associ-
ate with the term ‘innovation’ and what they refer
to as ‘innovative’. Results indicate that innovation
is often associated with new product development
or the improvement of procedures or technologies.
Besides that, creating value for the customer seems
to be an important topic associated with innova-
tion.

Innovativeness and customer orientation of
firms: Friends or foes?

Kindermann, Andrea Hamburg, Germany

Taking a systems theory perspective neither innova-
tion nor customer orientation come easily to an
organization that is built on continuity and a
certain amount of conformity. Psychologically one
might expect difficulties to combine necessary
motivational traits. Also role conflicts could arise.
A quantitative study in nine small enterprises
showed, that – while there are no negative
correlations between indicators for innovativeness
and customer orientation – one need to pay more
attention to the fact that innovativeness and
customer orientation ask for similar, usually scarce
resources. The resulting conflicts must be solved on
the organizational level. They cannot be delegated
to the employees.

Facilitating innovation and change in
organizations

Bamberg, Eva Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Dettmers, Jan

Department of Psychology, University of Hamburg,

Hamburg, Germany Marggraf-Micheel, Claudia

Department of Psychology, University of Hamburg,

Hamburg, Germany Stremming, Saskia Department

of Psychology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg,

Germany

With members of trade organizations a training
programm was conducted; the aim of the training
was to enhance the inclusion of customers in the
innovation process. Between the sessions of the
training, the participants had to conduct meetings
with the staff. Results of the evaluation study show
that the training was useful for the participants. The
training had slight effects on factors that influence
innovations but it had no effects on the number of
innovations that took place in the organization.

Building innovation management teams in
organizations

Karamushka, Liudmyla Organizational Psychology,

Institute of Psychology, Kyiv, Ukraine Fil, Alena Lab.

of Organiz. Psychology, Institut of Psychology, Kiev,

Ukraine

Objectives: To find out distinctive features of
innovation management teams in educational
organizations. Methods: The investigation was
done on 236 educators using Karamushka & Fil
questionnaire. Results: 1. Occurrence of innovation
management teams in organizations was low
(29.15%). 2. Employees’ teamwork motives corre-
lated with age: a) those younger 30 were most
position- (r,0.05) and prestige-oriented (r,0.01);
b) those aged 31-40 were most oriented toward
maintaining the organization’s competitiveness
(r,0.01); c) those aged 55-60 were most adapta-
tion-oriented (r,0.01). 3. Females were more
position (r,0.05) and innovation-oriented
(r,0.001) than men. Conclusion. The findings can

be helpful in creating innovation management
teams.

Factors that hamper innovative processes in
educational organizations

Ivkin, Vladimir M. Lab of Org. Psychology, Institute of

Psychology, Kyiv, Ukraine Karamushka, Lyudmila Lab

of Org. Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Kyiv,

Ukraine

Objectives: To find out factors that hamper
innovative process in educational organizations
Methods: The investigation was done on 358 school
principals and teachers in 2007 using a specially
designed questionnaire and statistics. Results: 1.
Factors which reduce effectiveness of innovations
were grouped as follows: a) inadequate considera-
tion of employees’ interests; b) employees’ poor
understanding of innovation contents and aims; c)
organizational and material factors; d) inadequate
care about employees’ psychological health. 2.
Organization-centered motives prevail over the
employee-centered motives (p,0.001; p,0.01)
Conclusion: To make innovations effective educa-
tion managers should take into account employees’
interest and engage them in innovation process.

Organizational openness: Risk or success factor
for innovations?
Hagenah, Meike Dept. of Org. Psychology, Humboldt

University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany Scholl,

Wolfgang Dept. of Org. Psychology, Humboldt

University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany

The willingness to engage in an open dialog is said
to be critical to promote innovations (e.g.
Hauschildt, 2004; 2007). 30 interviews with re-
searchers and developers showed that the necessity
of openness is recognized, but that it stands in
conflict with the fear of losing competitive advan-
tage. In a follow-up study (N=224) we explored
how openness is taking shape in science and
economy. Additionally, we used data from patent
and publication indices to test the hypothesized
positive relation between openness and several
indicators for innovation success. Results indicate
a positive relationship between openness and
general as well as personal success.

S-094: Self-regulatory strength and
ego depletion: A decade later

Alex Bertrams (chair)

In 1998, for the first time the strength model of self-
control was empirically confirmed and the term ego
depletion was established for a state of reduced self-
control power. Since then, a number of studies
based on or related to the strength model have been
carried out. The symposium addresses new research
directions and newest findings regarding self-
regulatory strength: Underlying physiological pro-
cesses (Matt Gailliot), differentiation from other
processes (Brandon Schmeichel), extension to deci-
sion making and risk behavior (Alexander Unger),
and several possibilities to build regulatory strength
(Megan Oaten, Alex Bertrams & Oliver Dickhäu-
ser).

Ego depletion and cognitive load: What’s the
difference?
Schmeichel, Brandon J. Department of Psychology,

Texas A&M University, College Station, USA

Both cognitive load and ego depletion undermine
self-control. Do they operate via the same mechan-
ism? The current experiment indicates they do not.
Sixty-six women either did or did not perform a
self-control task prior to a test of pain tolerance.
Participants who performed the self-control task
persisted less on the pain test. Participants also did
or did not carry a cognitive load during the pain
test. Participants persisted longer on the pain test
under cognitive load. Hence cognitive load and ego
depletion had independent and opposite effects on

pain tolerance, demonstrating that load and deple-
tion operate via distinct mechanisms.

Influence of ego-depletion on risk-behavior
Unger, Alexander Inst. für Angw. Wissenschaften,

Universität Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany

Ego-depletion theory postulates a cognitive re-
source, necessary for self-regulation, including
decision-making. In study 1 we analyzed the
influence of ego-depletion in an investment scenar-
io. Two alternative hypotheses were considered: 1.)
A general decrease in risk-behavior independent of
risk-proclivity. 2.) Depleted persons rely more on
their risk-proclivity. In study 2-3, the subjects had
to edit a time-measurement, to test if depleted
subjects are more risk-averse, if the risk-behavior
was established without requirement of demanding
cognitive processes. We consider a mediation of
subjective time-perception-change (Vohs & Schmei-
chel, 2003) and test alternative hypotheses about
the effectiveness of time-perception-change.

Increasing self-control capacity by regular
complex thinking
Bertrams, Alex Nürnberg, Germany

Success in self-control and complex thinking (e.g.,
logical reasoning, reading comprehension) depends
on a resource comparable to the strength of a
muscle. This regulatory strength can be boosted by
regular self-control effort. In several studies, we
examined whether frequent complex thinking also
increases self-control capacity. As predicted, need
for cognition (that is associated with regular
complex thinking) was positively related to self-
control capacity. This relation was robust across
different samples (undergraduate students, high-
school students). In addition to this cross-sectional
support, the presentation will also address the
question of causality between complex thinking
and self-control capacity using longitudinal data.

S-095: Prosocial behaviors in
adolescence across cultures

Asiye Kumru, Maria Rosario de Guzman (chair)

Prosocial behavior is valued in all cultural commu-
nities and for that reason is a central part of
socialization process. Cultural values and socializa-
tion practices might promote/accent moral motives
deemed particularly substantial to specific cultures.
This symposium will bring together five research
teams from the UK, USA and Turkey who use a
cultural approach to study prosocial development.
The presentations discuss the continuity/disconti-
nuity issues and parental ethnotheories regarding
prosocial behavior, a range of factors that promote
different forms of prosocial behaviors, and provide
an integrated model of maternal peer management
and adolescent prosocial behavior with self-disclo-
sure as intervening variable in adolescence.

Continuities and discontinuities in prosocial
behaviour, disruptive behaviour and intellectual
ability from early childhood to adolescence

Hay, Dale F. Dept. of Psychology, Cardiff University,

Cardiff, United Kingdom Pawlby, Susan Perinatal

Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United

Kingdom

The aim of the paper is to examine prosocial
behaviour from childhood to adolescence. The
children of 171 mothers recruited in pregnancy
were assessed for prosocial and disruptive beha-
viour, and IQ, at 4, 11 and 16 years of age.
Individual differences in prosocial behaviour were
stable from 11 to 16, and negatively related to
disruptive behaviour at both time points. Coopera-
tion at 4 predicted low rates of disruptive behaviour
in adolescence, and higher IQ at 16, even when
controlling for early cognitive ability. Early co-
operativeness may foster more general opportu-
nities for learning

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Beliefs about children’s prosocial behaviors and
the parenting practices that promote them: A
study of Mexican- and European-American
mothers’ ethnotheories

de Guzman, Maria Rosario Dept. of Psychology,

University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USA

The current study examines parental ethnotheories
regarding children’s prosocial behaviors and the
parenting practices that promote them. A total of
60 mothers of young adolescents participated in one
of six focus groups in the United States. Three
groups were composed of Mexico-born, Spanish-
speaking Mexican-Americans; two groups of US-
born, English-speaking Mexican-Americans; and
one of European-Americans. In addition to group
discussions, participants free-listed their responses
on paper. Materials were coded using a Grounded-
Theory approach, and results indicate both simila-
rities and differences in themes across groups.
Patterns reflect shared and unique expectations
and socio-cultural contexts, and highlight the
interplay between parenting and culture.

Prosocial behaviors: The ifferential roles of
individual, interpersonal and parental variables in
Turkish early and middle adolescents

Kumru, Asiye Dept. of Psychology, Abant Izzet Baysal

University, Bolu, Turkey

This study explores the differential roles of em-
pathy, self-perception of behavioral conduct,
friendship quality dimensions, parental ideologies,
behavioral/psychological control, and attachment.
Participants were 555 adolescents and their parents
in Turkey. Results indicated that empathy, support
of friendship, parent’s positive ideology and beha-
vioral control predicted proactive prosocial beha-
vior; Self-perception of behavioral conduct
(negatively), companionship and conflict dimension
of friendship, parent’s negative ideology and
psychological control predicted proactive prosocial
behavior; Parent attachment predicted positively
both types of prosocial behaviors. Finally, for girls
support and negative ideology and for boys conflict,
attachment and psychological control were more
important predictors of prosocial behaviors.

The relations between parenting practices and
prosocial behaviors in Mexican American early
adolescents

Carlo, Gustavo Dept. of Psychology, University of

Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA

Scholars are interested in identifying parenting
practices that are predictive of social behaviors.
Based on prior theory and research (Eisenberg,
1986; Staub, 1979), social rewards, experiental
learning, moral conversations, and discursive com-
municative practices were expected to be positively
related to prosocial behaviors. Material rewards
were expected to be weakly or negatively associated
with prosocial behaviors. Participants were 322
adolescents (212 Mexican Americans; M age = 10.9
years; 50% girls). Students completed a measure of
parenting practices and of prosocial tendencies.
Correlational analyses showed general support for
the hypotheses. The findings suggest the need to
examine different forms of prosocial behaviors.

S-096: The developmental
significance of peer groups

Beate Schwarz (chair)

Peer groups are important developmental contexts
of children and adolescents for the acquisition of
specific skills, attitudes and behaviors and for their
well-being. The objective of the six studies in the
symposium is to investigate which specific char-
acteristics of peer groups affect the development of
school-aged children and adolescents. With respect
to the outcome variables a major focus is on social
integration, problematic behavior, engagement and
motivation in the school setting. The perspective is

extended to peer group effects on school-to-work
transitions and well-being. Gender differences and
other sources of influence such as families and
teachers are considered.

With a little help from their friends: Within-clique
interpersonal harmony as a predictor of
children’s dominance position in the peer group
Olthof, Tjeert Faculty of Psychology and Educ, VU

University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

Lam, Anna Developmental Psychology, VU University

Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands Aleva, Liesbeth

Developmental Psychology, Utrecht University,

Utrecht, Netherlands Goossens, Frits A. Dpt of Special

Education, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam,

Netherlands Van der Meulen, Matty Developmental

Psychology, Groningen University, Groningen,

Netherlands Vermande, Marjolijn Psychosocial

Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht,

Netherlands

Hawley (1999) argued that children who use both
coercive and pro-social strategies to influence other
children are most likely to obtain dominance within
their peer group. We hypothesized that dominance
would also depend on the quality of children’s
interpersonal relationships within their clique, i.e.,
the group of peers they hang out with. Children’s
(N = 1008) strategy use, dominance (perceived
popularity and resource control) and clique mem-
bership, were measured using peer nominations.
Within-clique interpersonal harmony was measured
using ‘liking’-ratings that children gave each other.
Membership of a harmonious clique actually was
related to dominance, even when controlling for
strategy use.

What makes a popular woman? Social
dominance strategies and social integration in
early adolescence
Ittel, Angela Fakultät für Pädagogik, Bundeswehr

Universität München, Neubiberg, Germany

Girls and boys use a variety of strategies to obtain
and maintain their social status within the peer
group. Girls are assumed to exhibit more pro-social
behaviours while boys are assumed to use more
coercive strategies. In this study we used a peer
rated measure of social integration and strategies to
obtain once social status within the class context.
Well integrated boys and girls used more pro-social
strategies. Well integrated girls used more relational
aggressive strategies while less well integrated girls
used more aggressive and manipulative strategies.
Discussion will consider the genderspecific mean-
ings of social integration within the peer network.

Peer group influences on sixth graders’ school
motivation and achievement
Kindermann, Thomas Dept. of Psychology, Portland

State University, Portland, USA

Peer effects on academic motivation were examined
in the entire cohort of 366 sixth graders in a small
town. Peer groups were assessed using Socio-
Cognitive Mapping; as an indicator of motivation,
classroom engagement was measured using teacher
reports (87% participation rate). Peer groups were
moderately homogeneous in terms of engagement.
Despite member turnover across the school year,
groups maintained their motivational composition.
Engagement levels of students’ groups in fall
predicted changes in students’ motivation over
time. The magnitude of effects was small, but
evidence for peer influences persisted when effects
of peer selection and teacher and parent involve-
ment were controlled.

Peer group influences on fifth graders’ reading
motivation
von Salisch, Maria Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany Philipp, Maik Dept. of

Education, Leuphana University Lueneburg,

Lueneburg, Germany Gölitz, Dietmar Dept. of

Education, Leuphana University Lueneburg,

Lueneburg, Germany

Although family and school factors affecting

children’s reading motivation are known, little is

known about the influence of their peer group’s

attitude towards reading. Therefore N = 501 fifth

graders attending three different tracks of German

schools filled in questionnaires about family reading

climate, school motivation, reading motivation and

behavior and answered questions on a newly

constructed questionnaire about their peer group’s

attitude towards reading (alpha = .80). Hierarchical

regressions suggest that their peer group’s attitude

towards reading predicted fifth graders’ reading

motivation above and beyond gender, school track

(ability level), familiy reading climate, and school

motivation, especially among girls.

Peer support in the preparation of the school-to-
work transition

Kracke, Bärbel Inst. für Entw.-Psychologie, Universität

Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany

The transition from school to work is a major

challenge for adolescents. To prepare this transition

they have to collect a lot of new information in

situations which they might not have experienced

before (e.g., job centers, internships). The present

study addresses the role of peers for adolescents

information seeking regarding occupations in 240

15 year-old adolescents. Results show that girls

more often talk about occupational issues with their

friends than boys. For both genders holds that the

perception of ones friends as being supportive in

exploration situations correlates positively with

more general occupation related information seek-

ing behaviors.

Associations between antisocial friends,
friendship quality and adolescents’ adjustment

Schwarz, Beate Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Basel, Basel, Switzerland Walper, Sabine Dept. of

Education, University of Munich, Munich, Germany

The study investigated the effects of contact with

antisocial friends, quality of the relationship with

the best same-sex friend and their interaction on

adolescents’ internalizing and externalizing beha-

vior. Self-report data of N = 314 adolescents from

Germany (51% girls; 66% from separated, 34%

from intact families) with a mean age of 15.50 years

(SD=1.68) were analyzed across a 1-year period.

Regression analyses revealed only effects of anti-

social friends but not of friendship quality on

change in adjustment. Interaction effects showed

that the negative effects of antisocial friends were

pronounced when the relationship with the best

friend was of high quality.

S-097: Gender and career
prospects: Charting women’s
paths through the labyrinth

Sabine Sczesny, Alice H. Eagly (chair)

To achieve career success, women navigate a

labyrinth of impediments. Among these impedi-

ments are stereotypes dictating that women lack the

qualities needed for success. Occasional failures

damage the self-esteem of women more than men.

Motherhood ideology encourages women to accept

a disproportionate share of domestic responsibility.

In the workplace, women have work that is either

unchallenging or impossibly difficult and risky.

Nevertheless, women’s careers have become more

successful. Also, cultural shifts have eroded the

perceived incongruity between the characteristics of

women and those of leaders. Nevertheless, there is

no room for complacency about the challenges that

women continue to face.

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Effects of gender schemata on women’s math
and science career choices

Cherney, Isabelle D. Dept. of Psychology, Creighton

University, Omaha, USA

The gender disparity in the fields of science,
technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM
fields) has received renewed attention. The purpose
of this study was to explore how gender schemata
can explain some important aspects of this female
underrepresentation. A survey was administered to
921 adolescents and young adults. The findings
showed that, besides several gender-based differ-
ences in personality and motivation, women also
had more inaccurate representations of what
science is and their prior experiences suggest that
patterns of socialization which shape the male
gender role are more conducive to success in the
academic and professional culture in the physical
sciences.

Failure-as-an-asset

Stahlberg, Dagmar Inst. für Sozialpsychologie,

Universität Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany

In two studies it is shown that only members of
high-status groups (i.e., men and students of
business administration) but not members of low-
status groups (i.e., women and students of teaching
profession) react with an increase in state self-
esteem after their own alleged poor performance in
a fictitious intelligence test. This Failure-as-an-
Asset (FA-) effect is only observed when the high-
status ingroup (i.e., men) is outperformed by a low-
status outgroup (i.e., women). In this case, a poor
performance indicates high ingroup prototypicality.
Our experimental data support this idea that high
ingroup identification of high-status group mem-
bers mediates the reported FA effect.

Viewing women’s career progression through
the lens of motherhood ideology

Dikkers, Josje S.E. Management and Organisation,

Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam,

Netherlands van Engen, Marloes Human Resource

Studies, University of Tilburg, Tilburg, Netherlands

Vinkenburg, Claartje Management and Organisation,

Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam,

Netherlands

Differential career progression of women and men
in organisations may be explained by motherhood
ideology: social norms about what it means to be a
mother and appropriate behaviours for mothers.
This ideology ranges from traditional (maternal
sacrifice) to contemporary (shared childcare).
Motherhood ideology influences career patterns
and outcomes of women and men through the
(implicit) expectations and decisions of supervisors
and human resources staff. We studied the relation-
ship between motherhood ideology of supervisors
and HR staff, the utilization of family-friendly
arrangements, and subjective and objective career
outcomes of women and men. Data were collected
in a variety of Dutch organisations.

Think-manager-think-male? Perceptions of
managers, men and women in the past, present
and future

Bosak, Janine Inst. für Psychologie, Universität Bern,

Bern, Germany Sczesny, Sabine Psychology,

University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland Diekman,

Amanda Psychology, Miami University, Oxford OH,

USA

The image of a successful manager is more
congruent with the stereotype of men than with
the stereotype of women. A decrease in this
perceived incongruity between the female gender
role and leadership roles might follow from a
change in these roles. To investigate the dynamics
of managerial sex-role stereotyping, management
students of both sexes judged a target group (men/
women/executives) in a specified year (1950/present/
2050) with regard to gender-stereotypic leadership

traits. Altogether, our findings concerning stereo-
types about managers, men, and women of the past,
present, and future indicate a less traditional
projection of leadership as times moves on.

Through the labyrinth: How women encounter
and overcome impediments to their career
success

Eagly, Alice H. Dept. of Psychology, Northwestern

University, Evanston, USA

Women’s career success and labor force participa-
tion have been steadily increasing in Western
nations. Nevertheless, women’s careers still lag
behind men’s careers. This talk frames the obstacles
that women face as a labyrinth of complexities and
impediments. This metaphor captures the situation
of contemporary women in Western nations far
better than the familiar glass ceiling metaphor. This
labyrinth theme incorporates the analyses featured
in the five talks that preceded this integrative
presentation. Also described is a new meta-analysis
that shows the partial erosion over time of one of
the impediments that women face: The ‘‘think
manager—think male’’ phenomenon.

S-098: Towards defining
counselling psychology in the
global context

Richard Young (chair)

Counselling psychology is a recognized field of
scientific inquiry and professional practice in many
countries. In other countries, similar practices and
domains of inquiry are known by other names. As a
discipline and field of practice, it is influenced by
and/or influences developments in psychology,
cultural differences, and the emerging global con-
text. This symposium highlights the challenge of
defining counselling psychology by examining its
development of in three countries, China, France,
and Greece, and proposing two different conceptual
frameworks that can be used to identify common-
alities across national borders and between cultures.

Current directions and future directions for
counselling psychology in Greece

Malikiosi-Loizos, Maria Early Childhood Education,

University of Athens, Athens, Greece

The current status and future directions for
counselling psychology in Greece will be presented.
The presentation will focus on topics such as the
identity of counselling psychology in Greece, its
strengths and weaknesses, opportunities for devel-
opment, objectives and strategies for its advance-
ment. It will be based on SWOT analysis. Its
strengths include the rapid growth of professional
and research activity. Weaknesses include the small
recognition counselling psychology has compared
to clinical psychology and the lack of a clear
professional identity. Opportunities concentrate
around the possibility to start graduate programs
in counselling psychology and to incorporate
counselling psychology services in education and
many employment organizations.

How to develop counselling psychology in
France?

Guichard, Jean INETOP, CNAM, Paris, France

This presentation, based on a review of various
reports, surveys, etc., aims at giving an overview of
the French situation regarding counseling and at
pondering diverse means to improve it. The
situation appears paradoxical: the number of
counselors is high and still increasing. But, these
counselors work in different domain and they don’t
think of themselves as belonging to a same family.
This is probably due tot the fact that their training
(when any) is heterogeneous. A clear identification
of ‘‘counseling psychology’’ as an academic subject
along with the creation of professional and

scientific associations could be ways to improve
the current situation.

Counselling and clinical psychology: The
differentiated dilemma in training and practice in
China

Hou, Zhi-Jin Dept. of Psychology, Beijing Normal

University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Counseling psychology and clinical psychology
belong to two different but related disciplines in
western countries. In US, they are in two separated
professional divisions in APA. However, in other
countries like China, either counseling or clinical
psychology is still in its starting stage. The
combination of counseling and clinical psychology
in training and practice is very popular in the
author’s observation. In this paper, the author with
report the results from the survey of the perception
of counseling and clinical psychology with students
in psychology department in order to see how they
view these two related discipline.

Social justice: A model for international
counselling psychology

Sinacore, Ada Educ. and Counselling Psychol., McGill

University, Montreal, Canada

Counselling psychology with its focus on diversity
and social justice offers research and knowledge
that is salient in an international context. Social
justice models require an analysis of the distribution
of resources within society and how that distribu-
tion results in the advantaging and disadvantaging
of different groups of people. While these models
have focused predominately within societies, they
are easily expanded to provide an analysis of the
distribution of resources between societies. The goal
of this paper is to discuss the theoretical founda-
tions of social justice models and their application
to the development of an international definition of
counselling psychology.

The contribution of action theory to defining
counselling psychology in the global context

Young, Richard Counselling Psychology, University of

British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Valach, Ladislav

Klinik Schossli, Universtat Zurich, Oetwil a.S.,

Switzerland

Objectives: To describe how action theory can
contribute to defining counseling psychology in the
global context. Methods: A range of challenges
facing counseling psychology are described, includ-
ing cultural and national differences, the tension
between theory and practice, and the prevalence of
global psychological issues. These problems are
analyzed from an action theory perspective, in
which the centrality of goal-directed, joint action is
highlighted. Results: Counseling psychology can be
understood as culturally related discourse grounded
conceptually in action theory and methodologically
in the action-project method. Conclusions: Action
theory provides a suitable means to uncover
implicit approaches to defining counseling psychol-
ogy.

S-099: Psychology and torture -
Prohibition, prevention and
reparations

Nora Sveaass (chair)

The symposium will focus on different aspects of
psychological practice and psychology. The ethical
challenges will be discussed, especially in times of
crises, conflict and threat of terror. Torture is
gendered, and a number of serious violations
related to gender are now considered acts of torture.
This will be addressed. Ways of assessment and
documentation of signs and consequences of torture
will be presented, together with outlines of psycho-
logical rehabilitation and social integration in the
aftermath of torture. Psychologists and their work

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with reparations after serious human rights viola-
tions is an important issue, and it will discussed
with a focus on health and mental health aspects of
reparation.

Psychological values and ethics in a context of
threats to international human rights law

Sveaass, Nora Ref Health and Forc Migration, NKVTS,

Oslo, Norway

Psychological knowledge has been misused in the
context of torture for years. It is a challenge for
psychologists to work against all forms of torture.
In the wake of the "war against terror", psycholo-
gists’ participation in interrogation of terror sus-
pects has been debated. Reports from human rights
organisations and from political and military
sources indicate that psychological methods are
systematically used in interrogation in ways that
may anount to torture. The relationship between
interrogation, CIDT and torture will be explored,
as well as role and position of psychologists, and
our codes of ethics in relation to this problem.

Gender-based torture and psychology

Patel, Nimisha Medical Foundation, University of East

London, London, United Kingdom

The use of torture, against both men and women, in
‘peacetime’, in war and in the ‘war on terror’ is
considered specifically in relation to gender. Sexual
torture of women, a tool of terror and oppression,
is understood within the context of the historical
devaluation, marginalization and discrimination of
women, violence against women, the feminization
of the ‘other’, the degradation and positioning of
women as passive victims without agency. Against
the backdrop of developments in international
human rights law, this paper critiques psychological
approaches to theorizing and working with rape
and other forms of sexual torture, from a human
rights perspective.

Torture survivors and rights - tortured asylum
seekers in Europe: The truth and its (professional)
consequences

Bittenbinder, Elise Germ Ass. Psy-centres Refugees,

BAFF, Berlin, Germany

Health professionals working with victims of
torture often produce reports for the asylum
process. But professional trauma discourse is
ambivalent on determining truth in this context.
Whereas the perspectives of trauma victims are
generally seen as possessing a special truth, this
assumption does not apply to torture victims
seeking asylum in Europe. Clinical knowledge
about trauma is used to justify decision-making
and political processes. However, asylum remains
primarily a political and social question—and not a
question of diagnostics or treatment methods. At
the same time medical or psychological reports may
influence the debate. Here professionals face a
dilemma.

Challenges on documentation of torture for
asylum applications

Ozkalipci, Onder Program Unit, IRCT, Copenhagen,

Denmark

Wide range of different practices in asylum
applications exists in Europe such as medical and
psychological examinations from having no value
on or being influential on asylum decisions.
Research examples of medical documentation
practice of torture allegations during asylum
applications from different EU countries, simila-
rities between EU countries and non democratic
regimes on documenting torture and different
training project initiatives for using Istanbul Pro-
tocol standards on asylum application and re-
searches will be discussed.

Detention, asylum and social integration
Schlar Ozkalipci, Caroline Dept. of Psychology,

Impact Positif, Geneve, Switzerland

Long time imprisonment has to be considered while
analyzing social integration of the asylum seeker.
While proceeding psychological documentation
long imprisonment in history should receive special
interest. Geneva is one of the important cities of
Switzerland with huge number of asylum seekers
and internationals. Despite the international re-
sponsibilities of Swiss government, human tragedies
cant be prevented. Long time imprisonment,
asylum and social integration will be analyzed with
their connection with each other. Possible ap-
proaches for strengthening social well being of
asylum seekers will be discussed with special stress
on long time imprisonment and social integration.

S-100: How do values affect
behavior? Let me count the ways

Lilach Sagiv (chair)

In this symposium we aim to show the multiple and
complex paths through which values affect beha-
vior. Six studies, presenting data from six countries,
combine to exemplify some of these processes.
Values impact behavior directly (Levontin), espe-
cially when rendered accessible (Sagiv & Grant).
Values also affect behavior through more complex
mechanisms: The relationships of values to beha-
vior are sometimes moderated by personal attri-
butes (Caprara et al). Values also interact with
other personal attributes (Vauclair) and with
contextual characteristics (Roccas & Amit) to affect
behavior. Finally, individuals are ambivalent to-
ward targets with conflicting values (Gebauer et al).

Values and resistance to change
Levontin, Liat School of business administrat, The

Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel

This study examined the relations between personal
values (Schwartz,1992) and resistance to change
(RTC, Oreg, 2003). Studying 131 students, we
hypothesized and found that RTC correlated
positively with stimulation and self direction values,
that reflect openness to new ideas and experiences
(r= -.40, -.21, respectively; p,.05) and negatively
with tradition, conformity and security values, that
reflect a preference for maintaining the status quo
(r= .29, .17, .34, respectively; p,.05). When entered
to a regression, values explained 21% of the
variance in RTC (F(5,125)=6.72; p,.001). Also as
expected, values correlated most strongly with the
routine-seeking aspect of RTC.

From pro-social values to pro-social behavior
Sagiv, Lilach School of Business Administr., Hebrew

University, Jerusalem, Israel

Benevolence values reflect concern and care for the
welfare of others and were found to correlate with
pro-social behavior. In the current research we
present a 30-minute intervention designed to
enhance the importance of benevolence values. In
Study 1 (US, N=37), participants in the "benevo-
lence" condition attributed higher importance to
benevolence values than participants in the control
condition (t=2.15; p,.01). Study2 (Israel, N=56)
replicated this finding and examined the behavioral
consequences of the intervention: Following the
‘‘benevolence’’ intervention, 47% of participants
agreed to volunteer in a pro-social organization
compared to 24% only in the control group (x=4.68,
p,.01).

Prosocial agency: Values and self-efficacy beliefs
as determinants of prosocial behavior

Caprara, Gian Vittorio Dept. of Psychology, Univers.

of Rome ’La Sapienza’, Rome, Italy

A variety of personal determinants may contribute to
individual’s tendency to behave prosocially. The
present study extend previous findings attesting to

the contribution of values and self efficacy beliefs to
prosocial behavior. Italian adults filled out self-
report questionnaires aimed at evaluating values,
affective and social self-regulatory efficacy beliefs;
also two relatives and two friends evaluated the
target subject’s prosocial behavior. Findings corro-
borate the posited conceptual model in which self-
reported values and self-efficacy beliefs in the domain
of affect regulation and social relations, operate in
concert to promote prosocial behavior as resulting
from both self evaluation and others’ evaluation.

Linking moral values to self-control: The moral
personality as a moderator

Vauclair, Melanie School of Psychology, Victoria

Univ. of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand

Our study examines the relationship between moral
values and self-control as moderated by moral
chronicity. The latter is defined as the chronic
accessibility of moral schemata indicating moral
personality. Self-control refers to the ability to
override immediate impulses to conform to socially
desirable standards instead of pursuing selfish goals.
We hypothesized that the preference for moral values
relates to self-control but only for moral chronics.
This was confirmed for ’conformity’ values in a
sample of 166 New Zealand students. Moral chronics
also showed higher levels of self-control than moral
non-chronics. Implications for linking moral values
to moral action are discussed.

The role of personal and group values in
explaining identification with groups

Roccas, Sonia Education and Psychology, Open

University of Israel, Raanana, Israel Amit, Adi

Jerusalem, Israel

We tested the hypothesis that the relationship of
personal values to identification with a group
depends on the values emphasized by that group.
Study 1 included three samples (US, Switzerland &
Israel). Participants reported their personal values
and their identification with four prototypical
groups that differ in their values. Findings indicate
that identification depends on the congruency
between personal and group values. In Study 2
Israeli participants reported their values and their
perception of the values emphasized by real-life
groups. Findings indicate that perception of group
values moderates the relationships between perso-
nal values and identification.

Value structure and ambivalence

Maio, Gregory R. School of Psychology, Cardiff

University, Wales, United Kingdom Gebauer, Jochen

School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff,

United Kingdom

Three laboratory experiments, using psychology
students as participants, tested whether people are
more ambivalent towards target persons who
simultaneously endorse structurally incongruent
values (e.g., helpful and successful) than towards
target persons who endorse structurally congruent
values (e.g., helpful and forgiving). Regression
analyses revealed that structural incongruence
predicted ambivalence, even after controlling for
incongruence due to valence of the values. Media-
tion analyses revealed that conscious perception of
structural incongruence mediated this effect. This
research is the first that identified a source of
ambivalence other than valence incongruence of the
attributes of an attitude object.

S-101: Psychology of mental
health: An Asian perspective on
affectivity, stages of change and
coping

Ai-Girl Tan (chair)

The symposium of ‘‘psychology of mental health’’ is
proposed as well-being, health, affectivity, coping

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and help seeking have attracted attention of
professional and lay Asian communities. Specifi-
cally this is true in both Singapore and Malaysia
societies. The roles of mental health professionals
such as psychologists have recently be enhanced
and revived. Five papers are presented in this
symposium; each examines the reliabilities and
validity of measures (e.g., affectivity, coping, stages
of change and decisional making) used in different
clinical and social contexts, and/or the relations
between the measures. The studies in their small
ways contribute to the understanding of mental
health behavior of Asians living in fast-pace,
modernized, and relatively affluent societies.

Psychology of mental health: An Asian
perspective on affectivity, stages of change and
coping

Tan, Ai-Girl Psychological Studies, Nanyang Techn.

University, Singapore, Singapore Tan, Sooyin

Psychological Studies, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore,

Singapore Chou, Chih-Chin Dept of Psychology,

University of Arizona, USA, USA

A total of 120 rehabilitation patients rated theri
affectivity and meaning of life. The reliabilities of
the measures were high, more than .7. Exploratory
and confirmatory factor analyses were employed to
establish validity of the measures. Positive correla-
tions were observed between Positive Affect, Sub-
jective Happiness, Satisfaction with Life and the
Presence of Meaning of Life (.37 and .46, p ,.01),
and between Negative Affect and the Presence of
Meaning of Life (MoL_P) (.-.31, p ,.01).

Exploring stages of change of two Asian samples

Chou, Chih-Chin Dept. of Psychology, University of

Arizona, USA Tan, Ai-Girl Psychological Studies,

Nanyang Techn. University, Singapore, Singapore

Tan, Sooyin Nanyang Technological Uni,

Psychological Studies, Singapore, Singapore Ting,

Steven Independent Researchers, Simei Centre,

Singapore, Singapore Too, Martha Independent

Researcher, Simei Centre, Singapore, Singapore

TThe Stages of Chang e (SoC) Questionnaire was
administrated to 120 mental health patients and 595
high school students in Singapore. Using the
principal component analysis, varimax or oblimin
rotation, factor structures of SoC of the two groups
were compared. For both groups, Cronbach’s
Alphas of the stages of change were high, ranged
between .72 and .80. Cluster analysis showed that
mental health patients can be grouped into four
clusters: Pre-contemplation, contemplation, action
and maintenance, but only three for the high school
student group. Discussion on the suitability of the
use of SoC with reference to contextual specificity is
highlighted.

Coping behavior of HIV/AIDS patients

Teoh, Chloe Psychological Studies, Nanyang Techn.

University, Singapore, Singapore Tan, Sooyin

Psychological Studies, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore,

Singapore Tan, Ai-Girl Psychological Studies,

Nanyang Techn. University, Singapore, Singapore

A total of 595 students in Singapore participated in
a study on making a decision (pro and con) to
change their gaming behavior. Two measures were
adopted: Decisional balance scale (DBS, pro and
con) and Task-Specific Efficacy Scale (TSES,
symptom management, help-seeking, family and
school). Their factor structures were examined
using the principal component, oblimin/varimax
orientation. All scales were with high Cronbach’s
Alpha reliabilities. DBS_con correlated with one
sub-scale of TSES (symptom management, .18,
p,.01), but DBS_pro with all sub-scales of TSES
(.11-.16, p,.01). Discussion on the suitability of the
use of DBS with reference to the context of gaming
behavior is highlighted.

Positive affect and coping

Chin-Chin, Chia Psychological Studies, Nanyang

Techn. University, Singapore, Singapore Tan, Ai-Girl

Psychological Studies, Nanyang Tech. University,

Singapore, Singapore

Based on Lazarus and Folkman’s (1984) coping
theory and Fredrickson’s (1998) theory of positive
emotions, a study was conducted to explore the
relation between coping strategies and affect. 123
year two and 182 year three Singapore student
nurses completed the Ways of Coping scale and
PANAS experienced for clinical or academic
stressors. Results showed adaptive strategies were
correlated positively with positive affect (p,.01);
less adaptive strategies with negative affect (p,.05,
p,.01). Positive reappraisal and social support
predicted positive affect (p,.001). Student nurses in
clinical stress used more problem-focused strategies
and likely benefited more from the upward spiral of
positive emotions.

S-102: Spatial cognition: Individual
and gender differences in mental
rotation (Part II)

Claudia Quaiser-Pohl, Judith Glück (chair)

The study of individual differences in mental-
rotation ability, especially of gender differences in
mental-rotation test performance has a long tradi-
tion in psychological research. There are still many
open questions, however, with regard to the factors
influencing their emergence and their course of
development. The papers of the symposium, on the
one hand, deal with different factors responsible for
performance differences in the Mental Rotation
Test (e.g. the response format). On the other hand,
papers are presented that analyze the origins of
individual differences in mental rotation in child-
hood more properly from a developmental perspec-
tive.

Sex differences in mental rotation: Now you see
them, now you don’t

Peters, Michael Dept. of Psychology, University of

Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada

Sex differences are reliably observed when cube
stimuli of the Shepard and Metzler type are
presented in the Vandenberg & Kuse mental
rotation (MR) paradigm. In contrast, when the
same stimuli are presented pair-wise, sex differences
in performance are either not observed or quite
small. This observation prompts an interpretation
of the cause of sex differences in MR that places less
emphasis on differences in spatial ability and more
emphasis on sex differences in approaching mental
rotation tasks.

The solution strategy as an indicator of the
developmental stage of mental-rotation ability of
pre-school children

Quaiser-Pohl, Claudia Inst. für Pädag. Psychologie,

Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany Rohe, Anna

Department of Psychology, University of Siegen,

Siegen, Germany

The development of mental-rotation ability has
been studied with the Picture Rotation Test with
N=565 pre-school children (aged 4;0 to 6;11). By
qualitative and quantitative analyses (Latent-Class-
Analysis) six solution strategies were identified
which were further classified in appropriate, semi-
appropriate and non-appropriate strategies. The
relationship between performance level, age, and
strategy usage proved the strategy to be an
indicator of the developmental stage of mental
rotation. In addition, the results of a training study
are reported showing that the solution strategy and
thus the development of mental rotation in pre-
school children can be influenced successfully by
different forms of training.

Gender differences in the mental rotation test: An
effect of response format?

Glück, Judith Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria Fabrizii, Claudia Dept.

of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

Gender differences in the Mental Rotation Test
(MRT) are larger than gender differences in
response time-based measures of mental rotation.
One possible reason is the response format of the
MRT, where two responses are chosen from four
alternatives. This format may induce extensive
cross-checking in individuals with low spatial self-
confidence. In a study with 288 students, an MRT
version was used where 0 to four alternatives could
be correct. Gender differences were significantly
smaller than in the original MRT, but only when
the standard time limit was used. Thus, subtle
factors such as item presentation can affect gender
differences markedly.

Do 9 years-old already show the well-known
(male superiority) gender effect in a classical
mental rotation test?

Vorstius, Corinna Inst. für Exp. Psychologie,

Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany Jansen-

Osmann, Petra Institute of Exp. Psychology, Heinrich-

Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany Heil, Martin

Institute of Exp. Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-

University, Duesseldorf, Germany

This study focused on the age, at which the well-
known gender effect – favoring males – in mental
rotation performance develops. Two groups of
children with a mean age of 9.3 and 10.3 years
and adults answered the classical mental rotations
test (MRT, Peters et al., 1995). 10.3 years old
children and adults showed the expected large
gender effects (Johnson & Meade, 1987), whereas
the 9.3 years old children did not, although effect
sizes indicate a small to medium effect. Possible
reasons for these differences will be introduced and
a consecutive planned study will be presented.

Lateralized brain activation during mental
rotation is not ontogenetic, but determined by
familiarity

Lange, Leonie F. Inst. für Exp. Psychologie,

Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany Heil,

Martin Institute of Experimental Psyc, Heinrich-Heine-

University, Duesseldorf, Germany Jansen-Osmann,

Petra Institute of Experimental Psyc, Heinrich-Heine-

University, Duesseldorf, Germany

Recent publications suggest that there is a devel-
opmental-based change of lateralization of brain
activity during mental rotation from left to
bilateral. One explanation might be the amount of
familiarity with the stimuli material, i.e. adults
might be more familiar with letters than children.
To test this, ERPs of 3 agegroups (7-8, 11-12 and
adults) were measured during mental rotation with
animal drawings. Children’s left lateralization ob-
served with characters was not replicated. Instead, a
left lateralization for adults was found. Probably,
adults are not as familiar with the drawings as
children. This might have caused the left laterality.

S-103: Social power and political
skill in politics and organizations

Gerhard Blickle (chair)

The analysis of power in politics and organizations
is a promising field of applied psychological
research. The symposium will deal with the effective
and ineffective social power strategies, facework in
political discourse, perception of politics in organi-
zations, political skill (interpersonal influence,
social astuteness, networking ability, impression
management), and the consequences on social
conflict and the implementation of innovation in
organizations. Data from field studies in organiza-
tions, discourse analyses, and theoretical contribu-
tions will be presented. Political skill is seen as a

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resource to constructively use social power, i.e.,
create trust, neutralize stress, deal constructively
with conflicts, and implement successfully organi-
zational change.

A critical incident approach to the analysis of
power/ interaction in political confrontation
Raven, Bertram Los Angeles, USA

The critical incident technique is applied to effec-
tiveness of social power strategies. Using as our
tools the Bases of Power and the Power/Interaction
Model, we examined intensively three such critical
incidents: one successful–Hitler’s influence on
Austrian Prime Minister Kurt von Schuschnigg;
one ultimately successful–Winston Churchill’s at-
tempts to influence President Franklin Roosevelt
during World War II; one questionably successful–
Harry Truman’s attempts to restrain General
MacArthur from dangerous aggressive action in
the Korean War. These analyses not only help to
clarify the power/interaction process, but provide
support for the theory with indications for mod-
ifications, extension, and further development.

Face and facework in political discourse
Bull, Peter Dept. of Psychology, University of York,

York, United Kingdom

The focus of this paper is on the extent to which
political discourse can be understood in terms of the
concepts of ‘‘face’’ and ‘‘facework’’. A series of
analyses of British politicians have been conducted
by the author in three distinctive genres: political
speeches, televised political interviews, and parlia-
mentary question time. Overall, it will be argued
that face and facework are central preoccupations
of politicians and central to an understanding of
political discourse. It will be further argued that the
results of these analyses are highly relevant to our
understanding of political language in organiza-
tions.

Internal politics in the academia: Theoretical and
empirical analysis of its relationship with social
capital and job performance
Vigoda-Gadot, Eran School of Political Science,

University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel Talmud, Ilan Dept. of

Sociology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel Peled,

Aviv Department of Sociology, University of Haifa,

Haifa, Israel

The prime goal of this study was to examine
perceptions of organizational politics (POPS) as
viewed from the scholarly chair of faculty staff in a
public university. POPS and individuals’ social
capital (i.e., trust, social support and reciprocity,
and social tradeoffs) are hypothesizes to be related
with job performance (i.e., job satisfaction, organi-
zational commitment, stress and strain, and burn-
out). We surveyed 142 junior and senior faculty
members of a large public Israeli university and
tested three competing models of direct and indirect
relationships. Major results, based on Structural
Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis indicate that
the direct model is superior to any other alternative.

Antecendents and consequences of political skill:
A longitudinal investigation over two years with
newly hired employees
Blickle, Gerhard Bonn, Germany Ferris, Gerald

Department of Management, University of Florida,

Talahasse, USA

Political skill has been demonstrated to predict
important work outcomes, to facilitate the effec-
tiveness of influence tactics, and to neutralize the
dysfunctional effects of stressors on strain reac-
tions.The present study reports on longitudinal data
gathered from newly hired employees over the
course of two years testing hypotheses regarding the
dispositional and developmental experience ante-
cedents, career-related consequences, and media-
tion of these antecedents and outcomes by political
skill. Implications of these results, strengths and

limitations, and directions for future research are
discussed.

The impact of wielded power on idea generation
and implementation of innovations

Krause, Diana Dept. of Social Science, University of

Western Ontario, London, Canada

The purpose of this presentation is to propose a
framework that explains the effects of wielded
power on idea generation and the implementation
of process innovations (e.g., introduction of a new
project management approach, performance ap-
praisal system). Two studies have been conducted
to provide preliminary evidence for the validity of
the model. Confirmatory factor analyses in study 1
did not support the distinction between 11 bases of
power as proposed by Raven et al. (1998). Study 2
supported the higher functionality of soft power
bases compared to harsh power bases for both, idea
generation as well as implementation.

Conflicts and political skill in organizations

Solga, Marc Inst. für Psychologie, Universität Bonn,

Bonn, Germany

In their meta-analysis, De Dreu and Weingart
(2003) showed intragroup conflict to be negatively
correlated with group member’s subjective well-
being as well as with team performance. Among
others, Jehn and Bendersky (2003) called for
research on variables moderating the afore men-
tioned relationships. Linking research on in-
tragroup conflict and political skill – two fields of
research with little connection to date – this
presentation approaches the role of political skill
as a neutralizer, or even ameliorator, of intragoup
conflict’s detrimental effects on well-being and team
performance.

S-104: Do infants have a theory of
mind?

Beate Sodian, Diane Poulin-Dubois (chair)

Recent research has addressed infants’ ability to
attribute knowledge, including false beliefs, to other
people. This symposium presents new and conver-
ging findings, based on visual attention and
interactive research paradigms, suggesting that
infants become increasingly competent in taking
others’ knowledge and beliefs into account when
making sense of their behavior. The papers address
lean and rich interpretations of these findings,
asking whether infants’ competencies are based on
mental state attribution and therefore truly indicate
that they possess an early form of folk psychology.

Understanding of knowledge/ignorance in one-
year-olds

Carpenter, Malinda Evolutionary Anthropology, Max-

Planck-Institut, Leipzig, Germany

We demonstrate in a series of studies that 1-year-
old infants use their understanding of knowledge/
ignorance to make sense of others’ behavior and to
communicate appropriately. For example, 12-
month-olds point differently for knowledgeable
and ignorant adults. Fourteen-month-olds know
not just which objects are known to adults but also
what particular experiences adults have had with
the objects – but only if infants have shared some of
those experiences with the adults. Finally, in
progress studies suggest that 14-month-olds imitate
differently based on the competence of the demon-
strator and that young children may demonstrate
understanding of false belief in a helping paradigm.

Who knows best? Infants selectively attribute
knowledge to others

Poulin-Dubois, Diane Dept. of Psychology, Concordia

University, Montreal, Canada Chow, Virgina Dept. of

Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada

This study examined whether 16-month-olds use

the past reliability of a person’s looking behavior in

their attribution of true beliefs. Infants were

administered a Search Task in which they observed

an experimenter show excitement while looking

inside a box that contained either a toy (Reliable

Looker) or was empty (Unreliable Looker). Infants

were then administered a True Belief Task in which

the experimenter searched for the toy in a location

that was congruent or incongruent with her belief

about its location. Results indicated that only

infants in the Reliable Looker condition looked

longer at the incongruent display.

Early understanding of false belief: Rule-based or
mentalistic?

Traeuble, Birgit Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany Marinovic, Vesna

Inst. für Psychologie, Universität Heidelberg,

Heidelberg, Germany Pauen, Sabina Inst. für

Psychologie, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg,

Germany

The idea that even young infants might appeal to

others’ mental states (Onishi & Baillargeon, 2005) is

challenged by authors who propose that infants’

responses in nonverbal false belief tasks might be

based on an behavioural rule that "actors look for

an object where they last saw it" (Ruffman &

Perner, 2005). The behavioural-rule argument is

tested by using a balance-beam apparatus that

allows the actor to manipulate the location of an

object without watching it. This allows a decoupling

of the seeing-searching relation in false belief tasks.

The data of 50 15-month-olds will be presented and

discussed.

False belief understanding in 18-month-olds’
anticipatory looking behavior: An eye-tracking
study

Neumann, Annina Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

München, München, Germany Thoermer, Claudia

Inst. für Psychologie, Universität München, München,

Germany Sodian, Beate Inst. für Psychologie,

Universität München, München, Germany

The ability to predict people’s actions based on

their beliefs is a critical feature of a Theory of Mind.

While recent looking-time studies claim false-belief

understanding in infants as young as 15.5 months,

belief-based action prediction has not yet been

shown below the age of 24 months. In the present

study we applied eye-tracking to analyse 18-month-

olds’ performance in a non-verbal false-belief

paradigm. We found evidence for correct anticipa-

tion of the protagonist’s action. Further, we provide

evidence that infants did not use simple rule-based

strategies, such as ‘‘agents search for an object

where they last saw it’’.

Infants’ understanding of false beliefs about the
location, identity and properties of objects

Scott, Rose M. Dept. of Psychology, University of

Illinois, Champaign, USA Baillargeon, Renee Dept. of

Psychology, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA

Recent work suggests that infants in the second

year of life can attribute to others false beliefs about

objects’ location. Do these findings truly represent

an understanding of false belief? If so, this under-

standing should not be limited to objects’ location:

infants should also be able to reason about other

types of false beliefs, just as older children do. Here

we present experiments demonstrating that by 18.5

months, infants can attribute false beliefs about

objects’ identity and internal properties. Together

with previous results, these findings suggest that by

the second year infants already possess a robust

understanding of false belief.

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S-105: Portrait of contemporary
adolescence: An attempt to
explore and explain young
people’s value, attitudes,
behaviours and coping in everyday
life

Siu-Fung Lin (chair)

Adolescents today live in a technologically ad-
vanced society and are facing stressors new to the
earlier generations. This is an attempt to explore a
new portrait of contemporary young people. A
range of behaviours was chosen for discussion on
their decision makings and attitudes on choices of
idol worship, sexual behaviours, internet and video
game use; suicide attempt and on stress coping.
Attributes including personality, self-efficacy and
parenting style towards these decisions will be
explored. The effect of dispositional optimism on
daily hassles and young people’s mental health
appears to be a stress-buffering strategy.

Optimism moderates the impact of hassles on
mental health in Hong Kong Chinese
undergraduates
Lai, Julian Dept. of Psychology, City University of

Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, People’s Republic of :

Hong Kong SAR

The moderating effect of dispositional optimism on
the link between daily hassles and mental health
was investigated in a group of 234 Chinese under-
graduates in Hong Kong. Optimism was measured
by a Chinese version of the revised Life Orientation
Test (Lai et al., 2005), which had been shown to be
represented by a single factor using confirmatory
factor analysis in a separate sample of 750 Hong
Kong Chinese (RMSEA = 0.038, NNFI = 0.924,
and CFI = 0.955). Results of multiple regression
analyses showed that more optimistic participants
fared better than their less optimistic peers under
stress.

S-106: Emotion regulation and
mindfulness

Matthias Berking (chair)

The concepts of ‘‘emotion regulation’’ and ‘‘mind-
fulness’’ have gotten increasingly popular in recent
years among practitioners and researchers in the
field of clinical psychology. This development has
taken place in spite of the fact there are still
comparatively few studies that a) try to clarify the
nature of these concepts, b) investigate their
importance for mental health and treatment out-
come and c) evaluate different interventions de-
signed to improve emotion regulation or enhance
mindfulness. Thus, the goal of this panel is to
address these questions and present studies that
help to understand how useful these concepts can
be for improving outcome in psychotherapy.

Lower levels of mindfulness in currently and
formerly depressed patients
Heidenreich, Thomas Inst. für Psychologie,

Fachhochschule Esslingen, Esslingen, Germany Steil,

Regina Psychosomatic Medicine, CI of Mental Health,

Mannheim, Germany Michalak, Johannes

Department of Psychology, University Bochum,

Bochum, Germany Pommersheim, Karin Department

of Psychology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt,

Germany Baum, Corinna Department of Psychology,

University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany Bohus,

Martin Psychosomatic Medicine, CI of Mental Health,

Mannheim, Germany

Objectives: To examine whether patients suffering
from major depressive disorder (MDD) show lower
levels of mindfulness compared to healthy controls.
Methods: SCID-diagnosed currently depressed pa-
tients, formerly depressed patients and healthy
community controls were compared using the

Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS).
Results: Both currently and formerly depressed
patients show significantly lower levels of mind-
fulness than healthy controls. Additional analyses
revealed moderate to high correlations of mind-
fulness with depressive symptoms. Conclusions:
Lower levels of mindfulness can not only be
detected in currently depressed patients but also in
formerly depressed patients. Mindfulness might be
an important target for increasing emotion regula-
tion in depression.

Does mindfulness change the way people walk?

Michalak, Johannes Inst. für Klin. Psychologie, Ruhr-

Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany Troje,

Nikolaus Psychology, Qeens’s University Kingston,

Kingston, Ontario, Canada Schulte, Dietmar

Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum,

Germany Heidenreich, Thomas Psychology,

Hochschule Esslingen, Esslingen, Germany

Objectives: (1) Do dynamic gait patterns of
currently and formerly depressed patients differ
from never depressed people (2) Does mindfulness-
based cognitive therapy (MBCT) normalize gait
patterns of formerly depressed patients? Methods:
Gait patterns of 30 formerly depressed patients
participating in MBCT, 14 currently depressive
inpatients and 30 never depressed participants were
analyzed by fourier-based descriptions and compu-
tation of linear classifiers. Results: Gait patterns of
currently depressed patients and formerly depressed
patients differ form never depressed people. MBCT
has some normalizing effect on the way patients
walk. Conclusions: Mindfulness might change
proprioceptive-bodily feedback important in the
generation of depressive states.

The role of emotion suppression in vulnerability
to depression: Results of two experimental
studies

Ehring, Thomas Dept. of Clinical Psychology,

University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

Bösterling, Andrea Dept. of Psychology, Universit of

Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany Schnülle, Jewgenija

Dept. of Psychology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld,

Germany Fischer, Silke Dept. of Psychology,

University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany Tuschen-

Caffier, Brunna Dept. of Psychology, University of

Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

Objectives: Depression vulnerability has been sug-
gested to be related to emotion suppression and a
lack of emotion acceptance. Our studies aimed to
test this hypothesis experimentally. Method: Re-
covered depressed and never depressed individuals
were randomly assigned to the induction of emotion
suppression or a functional emotion regulation
strategy (study 1: reappraisal; study 2: acceptance)
before undergoing a negative mood induction.
Results: Recovered depressed individuals showed
emotion suppression as their dominant response to
the mood induction and benefited less from
functional strategies than controls. Conclusions:
The studies provide preliminary experimental evi-
dence for a role of dysfunctional emotion regulation
in depression-vulnerable individuals.

Emotion suppression in borderline personality
disorder: An experience sampling study

Chapman, Alexander Dept. of Psychology, Simon

Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada Rosenthal, M.

Zachary Cognitive Behavioral Research, Duke

University, Durham, NC, USA Leung, Debbie

Department of Psychology, University of Washington,

Seattle, WA, USA

Objective: Examine the effects of emotion suppres-
sion in the natural environment among individuals
with borderline personality (BPD) features. Meth-
ods: Participants who were high (n = 30) and low (n
= 39) in BPD features observed or suppressed their
emotions and monitored their emotions, impulsive
urges, and behaviours over four days. Results:

High-BPD participants reported greater negative
emotions and stronger urges to engage in impulsive
behaviours. For low-BPD participants, suppression
led to higher negative emotions. Among high-BPD
participants, suppression led to higher positive
emotions and lower urges. Conclusion: Findings
indicate negative effects of emotion suppression for
low-BPD but not high-BPD participants.

Can we enhance the effectiveness of today’s
psychological interventions by adding an
intensive emotion regulation skills training?

Berking, Matthias Dept. of Psychology, University of

Washington, Washington, USA Reichardt, Alexander

Psychology, University of Bern, Bern 9, Switzerland

Pejic, Tanja Psychology, University of Giessen,

Gießen, Germany Dippel, Alexandra Psychology,

Vogelsberg Clinic, Grebenhain OT, Germany Franz,

Caspar Psychology, University of Bern, Bern 9, USA

Objectives: Deficits in general emotion regulation
skills have been shown to be important for the
development and maintenance of mental disorders.
Thus, adding an intensive training of these skills to
empirically validated treatments should further
enhance treatment outcome. Methods: 289 patients
suffering from diverse mental disorders were
randomly assigned to (inpatient) cognitive beha-
vioral therapy (CBT) or to CBT plus an intensive
training of emotion regulation. Results: Patients in
the skills training condition showed greater im-
provements with regard to affect, emotion regula-
tion skills, and depression. Conclusions: Adding an
intensive emotion regulation skills training to
empirically validated treatments can enhance treat-
ment outcome.

S-107: Adaptive goal adjustment
and well-being

Christel Salewski, Manja Vollmann (chair)

Adaptive goal adjustment in life situations that
endanger goal attainment has been recognized as an
important aspect of self-regulation. The aim of the
symposium is to gather current research focussing
on two aspects of goal adjustment, namely goal
disengagement and goal reengagement. The impor-
tance of goal disengagement and reengagement
with regard to psychological and physical well-
being is examined in different life domains. The
studies include subjects undergoing life transitions,
participants in an occupational rehabilitation pro-
gram, and patients with chronic/life-threatening
illnesses. Both facets of adaptive goal adjustment
contribute differentially to well-being, together with
other variables such as optimism and illness
representations.

Goal adjustment and well-being: Does the
attainability of goals matter?

Salewski, Christel Rehabilitation Studien, FH

Magdeburg-Stendal, Stendal, Germany Vollmann,

Manja Psychological Assessment, Universität

Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany

Objectives: The study aims at analyzing the
relationship between adaptive goal adjustment and
well-being in persons facing and not facing un-
attainable life goals. Method: In two studies with
111 participants in an occupational rehabilitation
program and 200 students, dispositional optimism,
goal adjustment and three health-related outcomes
were assessed. Results: In both groups, goal
reengagement explains significant amounts of
variance of well-being. Additionally, goal disen-
gagement was import for persons undergoing an
occupational rehabilitation program. Conclusion:
Depending on actual experiences with unattainable
goals, the two components of goal adjustment are
differentially predictive of well-being in the two
groups.

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Does goal adjustment moderate the relationship
between optimism and well-being?

Vollmann, Manja Psychological Assessment,

Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany Salewski,

Christel Psychology of Rehabilitation, University of

Applied Sciences, Stendal, Germany

Objectives: The aim of the present research was to
examine whether the relation between optimism
and health-related outcomes are mediated by
adaptive goal adjustment (i.e., disengagement and
reengagement). Method: In two studies with 111
participants in an occupational rehabilitation pro-
gram and 200 students, dispositional optimism,
goal adjustment and three health-related outcomes
were assessed. Results: In both samples, the
relationship between optimism and health-related
outcomes was partially mediated by goal-reengage-
ment. Conclusion: The effect of optimism on health
outcomes seems to be influenced, at least to some
extent, by the ability of optimists to set new goals.

Goal adjustment profiles and well-being
trajectories during a life-span transition

Haase, Claudia CADS, Universität Jena, Jena,

Germany Silbereisen, Rainer K. Inst.

Entwicklungspsychologie, Universität Jena, Jena,

Germany

Objectives: This longitudinal study examined well-
being trajectories of young adults with different
profiles of goal adjustment (i.e., disengagement and
reengagement) during a life-span transition. Com-
bining disengagement with reengagement was
expected to be most adaptive. Method: We followed
523 university graduates in a 4-wave longitudinal
study until one year after graduation. Data was
analyzed using latent growth curve modeling.
Results: Well-being trajectories were most favorable
for individuals with high goal disengagement and
high goal reengagement. Selective goal disengage-
ment was associated with unfavorable trajectories.
Implications: Adaptive goal adjustment requires
both disengagement and reengagement, particularly
during life-span transitions. Selective goal disen-
gagement is maladaptive.

Goal disengagement and goal reengagement
among multiple sclerosis patients: Relationship
to wellbeing and illness representation

Neter, Efrat Dept. Behavioral Sciences, Ruppin

Academic Center, Emeq Hefer, Israel Litvak, Anat

Dept. of Behavioral Science, Tel-Aviv Jaffa College,

Tel-Aviv, Israel Miller, Ariel Department of Neurology,

Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel

Objectives: The study examines whether goal
adjustment is related to well-being, illness repre-
sentation and disease characteristics in a clinical
population of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients.
Methods: 101 MS patients participated. Question-
naire tapped goal adjustment, anxiety, depression,
purpose in life, illness intrusion, illness perception
and background variables. Results: Significant
results emerged only on depression, where an
interaction between goal disengagement and re-
engagement was uncovered. Participants high on
disengagement and low on re-engagement were
more affected by depression. Unexpectedly, the
least depressed are those low on both disengage-
ment and re-engagement. Implications: Differences
between healthy individuals vs. patients’ popula-
tions are discussed.

Goal adjustment and well-being in cancer
patients: The role of prognosis

Fleer, Joke Graduate School for Health, UMC

Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands Ranchor, Adelita

V. Graduate School for Health Res, UMCG, RB

Groningen, Netherlands

Objectives. Assess how goal adjustment and in-
trusive thoughts relate in cancer patients with
different prognoses. Measurements. Goal Disen-
gagement (GD)/Goal Reengagement (GR) Scale;

Intrusion Scale of the Impact of Event Scale.
Results. In patients with an unfavorable prognosis
more intrusive thoughts related to lower levels of
GR; in patients with an uncertain prognosis they
related to lower levels of GD. No significant
relations were found in patients with a favorable
prognosis. Implications. Different adjustment stra-
tegies might be beneficial for cancer patients with
different prognoses. Findings will be interpreted
using theoretical frameworks of Martin and Tesser
(1996) and Wrosch et al. (2003).

S-108: Psychology in the Arab
world

Uwe Gielen, Ramadan A. Ahmed (chair)

This symposium reviews the state of selcted areas of
psychology in the Arab world. Ramadan Ahmed
and Uwe Gielen present a general overview of
psychology in Arab countries, Maan A. Bari Saleh
discusses clinical psychology in Yemen, Jasem Al-
Khawajah analyzes the applications of cognitive
therapy in Kuwait, Ahmed Megreya presents an
overview of cognitive psychology, Uwe Gielen
introduces a proposal to establish an institute of
Arab psychology, and Juris Draguns presents an
integrative discussion of these papers from an
international and regional perspective.

The state of psychology in the Arab world
Ahmed, Ramadan A. Dept. of Psychology, Kuwait

University, Kaifan, Kuwait Gielen, Uwe Dept. of

Psychology, St. Francis College, Brooklyn Heights,

USA

We critically review the state of psychology in the
Arab world by tracing its history, describing
prevailing research interests, comparing its situation
to the situation in other developing countries,
tracing some of the existing Arab psychology
associations, describing psychology’s pedagogic
situation, outlining available professional and pub-
lishing opportunities, noting psychology’s generally
weak public image, and mentioning some recent
efforts to connect psychology more closely to Islam.
We conclude that Arab psychologists need to
achieve a number of specified goals before their
discipline can be said to constitute an intellectually
convincing and socially effective force for profes-
sional education and training, and for positive
social change.

Clinical psychology and counseling in Yemen
Saleh, Maan A. Bari Dept. of Behavioral Sciences,

Aden University, Aden, Yemen

In Yemen, general and clinical psychology took
root in the 1970s. This paper highlights psychol-
ogy’s history in Yemen, including the developmen-
tal origins of clinical psychology and its
implementation as an applied science in hospitals,
private clinics, and accredited university programs.
Related issues in the field are discussed: legislation,
assessment, therapeutic teams, and capacity build-
ing. Two established Yemeni counseling services are
highlighted: the Hotline for Psychological Aid and
the Aden School Counseling Program. Both pro-
grams offer services from a community orientation
in order to support abused women and children.
Finally, the role of Yemeni clinical psychologists at
the national, regional and international levels is
discussed.

Using cognitive therapy in Kuwait
Al-Khawaja, Jasem A.M. Dept. of Psychology, Kuwait

University, Kaifan, Kuwait

In the 1950’s, psychoanalytic theory and therapy
constituted the only approaches to the treatment of
psychological disorders in the Arab countries.
Subsequently, a number of Arab psychologists
began to examine alternative theories in psychol-
ogy, finding that there are different treatment
methods for psychological disorders. In this paper,

cognitive psychotherapy will be presented as one
treatment method for psychological disorders in
Kuwait with the help of five case studies. It is
suggested that many concepts in cognitive therapy
are supported by Islamic ideas especially when
adapted to culturally specific behaviors. This is the
reason why many cases treated by this method
progress successfully.

Cognitive psychology in the Arab countries

Megreya, Ahmed M. Dept. of Psychology, Menoufia

University, Menoufia, Egypt

This paper focuses on the history of cognitive
psychology in Arab countries: its beginnings,
development, and present status. The paper also
discusses the main research areas in Arab cognitive
psychology which show that some topics in
cognitive psychology, such as cognitive styles, have
received extensive attention by Arab psychologists
while other topics have received little or no
attention. Suggestions for improving the status of
cognitive psychology in Arab countries will be
discussed.

Proposal to establish institute of Arab
psychology

Gielen, Uwe Dept. of Psychology, St. Francis College,

Brooklyn Heights, USA

Although psychology in the Arab countries has
steadily developed, it has nevertheless fallen behind
in relation to some other economically, politically,
and culturally emerging regions of the world. In
order to strengthen the presence of psychology in
the Arab world, it is proposed that an Institute of
Arab psychology be established. The institute could
organize conferences, workshops, and courses in
psychology and overlapping areas of endeavor,
serve as a model for establishing a research culture,
support interdisciplinary cooperation in the context
of joint research projects, train researchers and
practitioners of psychology, and periodically pub-
lish a survey of Arab psychology.

S-109: The social psychology of
avatars and agents: Real life effects
of virtual communication

Sabine Trepte, Nicole Krämer (chair)

Avatars and agents have become the major forms of
media access to virtual environments. Avatars are
virtual representations of people, e.g. in computer
games. Players can create their avatars according to
their needs and the requirements of the game.
Agents are human-like embodiments designed to
assist the users in virtual communication. Via an
avatar or agent a player can elicit all kinds of social
interaction. Thus, communication between user and
avatar or agent evolves to a new form and it has
potential effects on user identity as well as on the
experience of virtual communication.

The effects of social avatars and emotional
valence on facial muscle movements in an
immersive virtual environment

Eric, Vanman Dept. of Psychology, University of

Queensland, Brisbane, Australia Philipp, Michael

Department of Psychology, University of Queensland,

Brisbane, Australia

This research explored the effectiveness of measur-
ing facial muscles that are elicited in virtual
environments containing avatars. In two studies,
participants viewed positive and negative pictures in
a virtually rendered environment. Depending on
condition, they were either seated in the virtual lab
alone or with two human avatars. The two studies
differed in the extent to which the avatars were
made salient. Surface electrodes recorded brow and
cheek electromyography throughout the experi-
mental sessions. Analyses revealed responses to
the pictures consistent with previous studies in real-

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world settings. Moreover, these affective responses

were augmented in the presence of the avatars.

The impact of nonverbal signs transmitted by
avatars on collaborative performance

Allmendinger, Katrin Industrial Engineering,

Fraunhofer-Institut, Stuttgart, Germany Guadagno,

Rosanna Psychology, University of Alabama,

Tuscaloosa, USA Blascovich, Jim Psychology,

University of California, Santa Barbara, USA Beall,

Andrew Psychology, University of California, Santa

Barbara, USA

In our experiment, dyads were asked to play a

modified game of dominos in an immersive

collaborative virtual environment. The availability

of rendered head movements and the presence of a

virtual pointer were varied. The results show that

when participants were able to augment their

discussion via the use of a virtual pointer, their

performance was higher than in the condition

without pointer. Head movement information did

not impact the number of correct responses

suggesting that it was a too broad source of

direction information in this context. The study

shows that not merely adding channels helps

optimizing virtual collaboration.

Keep smiling: An embodied agents impact on
users evaluation and smiling behavior

Sommer, Nicole Sozialpsychologie, Universität

Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany Krämer, Nicole

Inst. für Sozialpsychologie, Universität Duisburg-

Essen, Duisburg, Germany Kopp, Stefan Artificial

Intelligence group, University Bielefeld, Bielefeld,

Germany Becker, Christian Artificial Intelligence,

University Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany

Recent studies demonstrate that people show social

reactions when interacting with virtual agents.

Although they would consciously evaluate this

behavior as inappropriate, they e.g. behave in a

socially desirable way, show increased cooperation

or apply human-like communication forms. Within

the present study we analyzed whether humans

reciprocate an agents smile. In a between subjects

design, 104 participants conducted a ten-minute

small talk conversation with an agent that either did

not smile, engaged in casual smiles or displayed

frequent smiles. Results show that people did not

only evaluate the smiling agent more favorably but

that they themselves smiled more frequently.

Competition or coping: The effects of task
structure and satisfaction with life on the choice
of avatar features

Trepte, Sabine Inst. für Medienpsychologie,

Medienschule Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

Reinecke, Leonard Media Psychology, Hamburg

Media School, Hamburg, Germany Behr, Katharina-

Maria Media Psychology, Hamburg Media School,

Hamburg, Germany

In a 2(competitive game vs. non-competitive game)

x 2(high vs. low satisfaction with life) quasi-

experiment the effects of task structure and

satisfaction with life on the choice of Avatar

features were investigated. 483 participants read

descriptions of 6 computer games and designed an

Avatar for each game by choosing from a set of

personality characteristics. Participants designed

their Avatars according to game requirements in

case of the competitive games and in line with their

own personality in case of the non-competitive

contexts. Participants with low satisfaction with life

show a tendency to compensate for own deficits by

creating idealized Avatars.

Avatar creations and individual goals: An
empirical investigation of avatar designs and
user motivation in second life
Misoch, Sabina Soziologisches Seminar, Universität

Luzern, Luzern, Switzerland

One of the most important questions regarding user
representation using avatars is to analyse why users
represent themselves in a special manner and to
determine the conscious aims underlying these
representations. Previous studies have shown a
tendency towards representations using human
avatars that correspond to (stereotype) images of
maleness and femininity – and thus the ideal of
beauty prevalent in our culture. To identify a
correlation between the proxy designs employed
and the individual goals underlying these avatar
creations, the data analysis from a current study
(visual data analysis; qualitative interviews) about
self-representation in Second Life will be presented.

S-110: Interplay between
epistemological beliefs and
different media during learning
processes

Elmar Stahl, Dorothe Kienhues (chair)

There exists growing empirical evidence that
learners’ epistemological beliefs, i.e. their beliefs
about the nature of knowledge and knowing, are
important predictors for learning processes and
outcomes. Also, learners’ beliefs depend on their
experiences within learning scenarios. Media like
textbooks, instructional films, or the Internet are
essential components for learning. Therefore it is
reasonable to assume that learners’ epistemological
beliefs should affect and should be affected by
different kinds of media. Nevertheless little research
exists about this interplay. This symposium aims to
present current studies giving evidence that episte-
mological beliefs are highly related to the use of
media

Epistemological thinking of sixth graders during
online learning
Barzilai, Sarit Snunit Center, Hebrew University of

Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Zohar, Anat School of

Education, Hebrew University of Jerusalem,

Jerusalem, Israel

The Internet fundamentally changes the ways in
which information is accessed and organized, thus
requiring a better understanding of how students
gather, evaluate, and integrate information online.
The purpose of this study is to characterize the
epistemological thinking of students as they learn
online. The study uses an epistemological under-
standing questionnaire (Kuhn et. al, 2000) and
thinking aloud during two open-ended online tasks,
followed by retrospective interviews (Hofer, 2004).
Participants are 42 Israeli sixth graders. Preliminary
results show that epistemological thinking plays a
key role in online learning processes. The study
analyzes the interplay between epistemological
metacognition and strategic performance.

The interplay between students’ scientific
epistemological beliefs and science learning in
internet-enhanced environments
Tsai, Chin-Chung Graduate School, National Taiwan

University, Taipei, Taiwan

Numerous educational psychologists highlight the
importance of epistemological beliefs, but little
research has addressed the role of epistemological
beliefs in student learning in Internet environments.
By gathering research data from some high school
students in Taiwan, this study found that students
with more sophisticated constructivist-oriented
scientific epistemological beliefs (SEBs) tended to
benefit more from online science learning environ-
ments. Moreover, students with more constructivist
SEBs tended to express not only more higher-level
conceptions of science learning, but also those of

Internet-based learning; they perceived learning
science or Internet-based learning as ‘‘understand-
ing’’ and ‘‘seeing in a new way,’’ rather than
‘‘memorization.’’

Epistemological analyses of educational
materials: Elementary school books and curricula
in English, science and mathematics
Haerle, Florian Educational Psychology, University of

Nevada, Las Vegas, USA Bendixen, Lisa Educational

Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA

The aim of this presentation is to demonstrate how
epistemic messages of school books and curricula
can influence the epistemic climate of elementary
classrooms; how knowledge is portrayed by tea-
chers and experienced by students in classrooms.
We argue that epistemic messages of educational
materials can influence (1) the beliefs of students
about knowledge and knowing and (2) the beliefs of
teachers about knowledge, teaching, and assess-
ment. Our claims stem from research in US and
German elementary classrooms (4th & 6th Grade).
The study encompassed a variety of methods, such
as document analysis, interviews with teachers and
students, and classroom observations.

Impact of epistemological sensitization and
context on source preferences
Porsch, Torsten Psychologisches Institut III,

Universität Münster, Münster, Germany

The critical evaluation of sources of information is
an important element of critical thinking, which has
become all the more important since the Internet
has become an important source of information on
many topics. This study examines the impact of
epistemological beliefs and search context on source
evaluation. After an epistemological sensitization
high school students rated several sources (e.g.
Internet, books, and teachers) in the context of a
homework task and in the context of a personal
problem. Results show that the impact of episte-
mological beliefs on source preference is moderated
by the context of information search.

Effects of different kinds of representational
formats on epistemological judgements
Stahl, Elmar Medieninstiut, Pädagog. Hochschule

Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

Learners with little prior knowledge in a discipline
can refer to the reliability of the source to judge the
certainty and validity of information. This study
examines whether the representational format also
effects epistemological judgements so much, that
information presented in more concrete representa-
tions like film is seen as more certain and valid than
information presented in more abstract representa-
tions like texts. Students received the same content
presented as a film, a text-picture-combination, a
text or a short abstract and made epistemological
judgements. Results are discussed in relation to the
interplay between epistemological beliefs, media
and information processing.

FP-074: Heuristics and frequency
estimation

Children’s understanding of cognitions and
emotions: A longitudinal study on the links
between theory of mind and metacognition
Lecce, Serena Dept. of Psychology, University of

Pavia, Pavia, Italy Zocchi, Silvia Psychology,

University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy Palladino, Paola

Psychology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy Pagnin,

Adriano Psychology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy

This longitudinal study aims at exploring the links
between children’s metacognition and their ToM,
comparing beliefs vs. emotions and controlling for
vocabulary. 71 children (Time1: mean age 120.7,
SD=6.5; Time2: mean age 131.59, SD=5.9) were
tested for vocabulary, ToM and metacognition.
Correlational analyses showed a positive associa-

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tion between children’s understanding of cognition
and their metacognition at both times also control-
ling for vocabulary. Furthermore, children’s under-
standing of cognition significantly predicted their
later metacognition over and above language and
metacognition at T1 (F (4,66) = 10.99; p , .01).
Overall, our results extend the literature on
children’s knowledge about the mind.

Probability communication with verbal
expressions: The role of directionality
Honda, Hidehito Human System Science, Tokyo

Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan Yamagishi,

Kimihiko Human System Science, Tokyo Institute of

Technology, Tokyo, Japan

People often communicate probability information
with verbal phrases (we call verbal probabilities,
VPs). Literature has shown that VPs have a feature
called ‘‘directionality.’’ We explored the role of the
directionality in communication of probability
information. We hypothesized that, in the commu-
nication of uncertainty with VPs, a speaker would
choose the directionality on the basis of his/her
reference point for a situation. Results from two
experiments suggested that reference points influ-
enced speaker’s choice of the directionality of VPs
in communicating probability, and that listeners
made accurate inferences about speaker’s reference
point on the basis of the directionality being used.

Conjunction ‘Fallacies’ with natural frequency
formats and ratings: Bayesian logic
von Sydow, Momme Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

Bayesian logic (BL) is proposed as a rational model
explaining conjunction fallacies (CFs). The prob-
ability judgment P(Girls from the Linda school
become bank tellers) , P(Girls from the Linda
school become bank tellers who are feminist)
involves a CF. P(A&B) can never be larger than
P(A). BL calculates the posterior probability that a
frequency pattern is generated by ‘probability
tables’, corresponding to (probabilistic) logical
connectors. BL takes distributions into account
and predicts CFs under particular conditions. In
two studies we used contingency tables and a rating
format – nonetheless, we obtained CFs and double
CFs as predicted by BL.

Simplicity of simple heuristics: The role of the
central executive
Gula, Bartosz Inst. für Pychologie, Universität

Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria Vitouch, Oliver

Department of Psychology, Klagenfurt University,

Klagenfurt, Austria

In the simple heuristics approach (Gigerenzer et al.,
1999) decision models describing probabilistic
inferences from memory have been promoted.
Adding to previous work by Bröder & Schiffer
(2006) the empirical validity of these models was
addressed in two studies. First, the think aloud
technique was used to assess the kind and number
of cues participants spontaneously use. The results
support the notion of one-reason and recognition-
based decision making. Second, the impact of the
central executive (tapped by a tone monitoring
task) on strategy selection was assessed in a dual
task paradigm. The results suggest that participants
switch to simpler strategies under cognitive load
conditions.

The influence of criterion knowledge on the
recognition heuristic
Hilbig, Benjamin E. Universität Mannheim,

Mannheim, Germany Pohl, Rüdiger F. Lehrstuhl für

Psychologie III, University of Mannheim, Mannheim,

Germany Bröder, Arndt Allgemeine Psychologie 2,

University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

The recognition heuristic (RH) assumes that people
make inferences based on recognition in a non-
compensatory fashion. This assumption has been

questioned by several studies. However, some of
these findings have been refuted by the argument
that they could stem from conclusive criterion
knowledge which renders a heuristic decision
obsolete. In an experiment with 81 participants
making inferential choices between pairs of cities we
show that one specific type of criterion knowledge
indeed influences participants’ non-use of the RH.
However, we also replicate findings which clearly
contradict the RH while strictly controlling for such
criterion knowledge.

An analysis to information search processes of
female mate choice

Liu, Yongfang Dept. of Psychology, East China

Normal University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of

China Su, Lina Department of Psychology, East China

Normal University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of

China

A experiment was conducted to examine the
information search processes of female mate choice
using information board technique.The subjects
were 68 unmarried women.Results show that:(1)
the numbers of male candidates affect time of
decision-making, depth of information processing
and pattern of information search;(2) Subjects
prefer to search information based on alterrnatives
instead of cues;(3) The degree of the subject‘s
satisfaction for search results did not improve due
to increase of the number of male candidates and
decision time;(4) personality, health state and
responsibility of male candidates are the 3 key
factors in the female mate choice.The conclusation
of the research is that female mate choice is a
bounded rational search process.

FP-075: Stereotypes, prejudice and
discrimination

Stereotypes of physically and speech disabled
persons as detected with partially structured
attitude measures

Stern, Steven Johnstown Campus, University of

Pittsburgh, Johnstown, USA Mullennix, John

Johnstown Campus, Psych, University of Pittsburgh,

Johnstown, PA, USA Flaherty, Mary Johnstown

Campus, Psych, University of Pittsburgh, Johnstown,

PA, USA Grounds, Benjamin Johnstown Campus,

Psych, University of Pittsburgh, Johnstown, PA, USA

Hutchison, Erica Johnstown Campus, Psych,

University of Pittsburgh, Johnstown, PA, USA

Steinhauser, Elizabeth Psychology, Florida Institute

of Technolog, Melbourne, FL, USA

Partially Structured Attitude Measures (PSAM,
Vargas, et al., 2004) are measures of implicit
attitudes in which ambiguous statements are inter-
preted differently by participants depending upon
existing attitudes. In a series of studies we sought to
refine the method, use the method to examine
stereotypes of the speaking and physically disabled,
and to validate by comparison to other measures.
We found evidence that participants stereotyped
speech disabled and physically disabled persons as
asexual, unappealing, dependent, entitled, isolated,
and unemployable. Further, we found evidence that
type of disability affected stereotyping, and that
stereotypes were most evident for people with both
disabilities.

Imagine being an outgrouper: The impact of
perspective taking on intergroup helping
intentions

Bilewicz, Michal Psychology, Warsaw University,

Warsaw, Poland

People are more willing to help those who belong to
their own group than to the outgroup. Research on
perspective-taking has shown that many forms of
ingroup favoritism disappear when people take
perspective of the outgroup. The current research
explores the possibility of increasing the level of
intergroup helping by a perspective-taking manip-

ulation. Experiments performed in Poland demon-
strated that Polish participants who were made to
imagine that they became members of an outgroup
(perspective-taking manipulation) were more will-
ing to help outgroup members. The moderating role
of perceived power is discussed in the context of the
perspective-taking theory.

Stereotypes and identity: Romanians and
European Union citizens

Glaveanu, Vlad-Petre Faculty of Psychology,

University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania

The study focuses on the stereotype representations
persons from Bucharest have regarding Romanians
and European Union citizens as well as the degree
in which they embrace the European citizenship
after January 2007. The research included a sample
of 466 persons from Bucharest and followed a
methodology inspired by the social representations
prototypical-categorical technique. The results are
discussed considering previous research as well as
social psychology theories: social identity, system
justification and social creativity. The main conclu-
sion, with great practical relevance, is that respon-
dents put an obvious psychological distance
between the two groups revealed by the dissim-
ilarity in associated attributes.

‘‘The Germans will never forgive the Jews for
Auschwitz’’: Does group-based guilt predict
positive intergroup attitudes?

Imhoff, Roland Inst. für Sotialpsychologie, Universitöt

Bonn, Bonn, Germany Erb, Hans-Peter Social

Psychology, Helmut-Schmidt University, Hamburg,

Germany

Collective guilt, an aversive emotional reaction on
ingroup atrocities, is commonly associated with
positive phenomena such as the motivation to make
amends. However, sociologically oriented authors
have postulated the opposite. Theories of secondary
anti-Semitism assume that feelings of guilt lead to
more outgroup aggression toward the (historical)
victims. 4 studies (total N = 432) were conducted to
test whether guilt is a better predictor for positive
intergroup attitudes than regret and responsibility.
Regret predicted less negative views of the victim
group, whereas guilt had no such relation. The
results question the positive effects implied in the
literature on collective guilt.

Generalised attitude of young adults towards
Moslems

Kerimova, Izumrud Moscow, Russia

This research presents findings from an empirical
investigation of the stereotypes that people hold
towards Moslem. Purpose: investigation of the
differences in perception of the general image of
typical Moslem and typical local Moslem. Methods:
associative test, attitude analysis method, 60
participants (Moscow students, 20-25). Results:
stereotypes of typical Moslem and typical local
Moslem differ according to the criteria of general-
ization and vector of relation. The image of typical
Moslem is positive and has a single meaning (high
level of generalization) though the stereotype of the
typical local Moslem is negative and has various
meanings (low level of generalization).

FP-076: Stress and coping

Gender and negative affectivity effects on
stressor appraisal and coping selection: A test of
the differential vulnerability hypothesis

Bradley, Graham Dept. of Psychology, Griffith

University, Gold Coast, Australia Eaton, Rebecca

Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia

To investigate the role of gender and negative
affectivity in stressor appraisal and coping selection,
exposure to stressors was controlled by requiring
the 216 participants to rate the stressfulness of
identical hypothetical scenarios. As predicted,

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females rated the scenarios as more stressful than

males, and perceptions of stressfulness increased

with negative affectivity. In terms of coping

selection, females endorsed emotion-focused strate-

gies more than males, even when perceived stress-

fulness was controlled. NA predicted selection of

both emotion- and avoidance-focused coping,

although only the latter remained significant con-

trolling for stressor appraisals. Implications for the

prediction and management of stress are discussed.

Social support in cyberspace and appraisal of
coping with cancer

Seckin, Gul Sociology and Anthropology, University

of Maryland, Baltimore, USA

Objective: This presentation will provide a discus-

sion of a research that examined the associations

between cancer patients’ appraisal of coping with

their illness and receipt of social support in cyber-

space through participation internet cancer support

groups. Methods: An internet survey was con-

ducted with 350 cancer patients. Bivariate and

multiple regression analyses were performed to

examine the data. Results: A significant associa-

tions were found between illness appraisal, psycho-

logical well being and receipt of online support.

Discussion: Results suggested that social support,

even if it is in cyberspace, plays an important role in

illness appraisal and psychological well-being.

Emotional disclosure buffers the negative effect
of motive-incongruence on health

Schüler, Julia Department of Psychology, University

of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Job, Veronika Inst. für

Psychologie, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland

Fröhlich, Stefanie Department of Psychology,

University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany

Brandstätter, Veronika Department of Psychology,

University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

In two cross sectional studies the beneficial effect of

emotional disclosure on health was examined with

respect to motive-incongruence as a hidden stressor.

It was assumed that emotional disclosure would

help individuals with incongruence between their

implicit and explicit affiliation motive to buffer the

negative effects of this incongruence. Both studies

confirmed the hypothesis. In Study 1 (N = 93)

participants with a motive incongruence used less

medication when they practiced emotional disclo-

sure. Study 2 (N = 51) revealed the same result

pattern for somatization. The role of emotional

disclosure for the resolution of intrapersonal con-

flict is discussed.

Stressors, coping strategies and stress level
among adolescents in West Java Indonesia

Mansoer, Winarini Psychology, University of

Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia Mansoer, Wilman

Dahlan Psychology, University of Indonesia, Depok,

Indonesia Herwina, Mila Psychology, University of

Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia

Aim of this study was to examine stressors, coping

strategies and stress levels among adolescents.The

results showed that the greatest stressor among the

whole participants and middle adolescents was

problems in parent-child relationship, while the

greatest stressor among early adolescents was

relationships with peers. Among the whole partici-

pants and early adolescents, active coping, avoid-

ance coping, emotion-focused coping, acceptance

coping, and religious-focused coping strategies had

significant contribution on stress level. Among

middle adolescents active coping and religious-

focused coping strategies had the negative con-

tribution on stress level. Avoidance coping, emo-

tion-focused coping, and acceptance coping

strategies had positive contribution on stress level.

Adult attachment and ways of coping with stress

Khoshnevis, Elaheh Dept. for Psychology, Islamic

Azad University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran

This study examined how adult individuals cope
with stress as a function of their attachment style
(God attachment, parental and adult attachment).
Data were gathered from 195 adult individuals
(university student from Tehran University) in-
cluded measures of attachment to God, attachment
to adults, ways of coping and whom the respondent
would turn to in times of stress. Adults’ God,
parental and adult attachment security was posi-
tively related to positive ways of coping and
negatively related to negative ways of coping such
as escape-avoidance. Attachment insecurity was
positively related to negative ways of coping.

Disaster psychosocial support; Mental health
services in SAARC countries: A synthesis

Satapathy, Sujata PPCCI, NIDM, New Delhi, India

Bhadra, Subhasis Disaster Mental Health, American

Red Cross, New Delhi, India

Commonalities and differences in approaches and
practices in disaster psychosocial and mental health;
nature of services - curative, preventive or promo-
tive; post-disasters service delivery; trained man-
power; service providers; institutional funding
mechanisms for project/program implementation;
and major constraints were critically analyzed.
Findings highlighted the prevalence of project
based ad-hoc approach in service provisions;
absence of proper institutional mechanism with
mandatory guidelines; grossly inadequate trained
manpower; weak community based referral system;
inadequate psychological need assessment; and ad-
hoc funding sources. Nevertheless, a strong trend
has also emerged to integrate this into disaster
policy, planning, relief and rehabilitation services;
seek regional cooperation in capacity building; and
to build a community-based disaster psychological
service delivery system.

FP-077: Speech and reading
comprehension

The effect of a learning strategies programme on
the cognitive process of comprehension

Bilimória, Helena IEP, Universidade do Minho, S.

Mamede de Infesta, Portugal Almeida, Leandro Inst.

de Educação e Psicologia, Universidade do Minho,

Braga, Portugal

The intent of this investigation is to illustrate the
effects of a learning strategies programme –
SABER – on the comprehension process. Within
an experimental design, with two assessment mo-
ments: pre, post-test, and two groups: experimental
and control, we applied the AME scale (Vasconce-
los & Almeida, 2000) to both groups (60 7th grade
students) at both assessment moments; SABER was
applied between the assessment moments on the
experimental group. A repeated measures analysis
indicates positive effects of SABER on comprehen-
sion: F(1, 58) = 12, 184; p=0,001). The program was
validated to train comprehension skills.

Development of reading skills in second
language learning and teaching

Bojovic, Milevica Cacak, Serbia

Institution: Faculty of Agronomy, Cacak Reading
as a language skill is an aspect of language
performance and achieving competence in second
language learning. Reading comprehension is an
objective of reading process, product of reading a
particular text. Complexity of reading process in
second language learning is presented by describing
and analyzing models and types of reading, reading
techniques, strategies and activities aiming at
improving reading skills in usual second language
situations or in reading for academic purposes.
Adopting a range of reading styles in a second
language necessary for successful interaction with

authentic texts implies more efficient second lan-
guage reader and learner.

Evaluating the effects of age and noise on spoken
word identification using eye-tracking

Pichora-Fuller, M. Kathy Dept. of Psychology,

University of Toronto, Mississauga, Canada Ben-

David, Boaz Dept. of Psychology, University of

Toronto, Mississauga, Canada Chambers, Craig

Psychology, University of Toronto, Mississauga,

Canada Daneman, Meredith Psychology, University

of Toronto, Mississauga, Canada Reingold, Eyal

Psychology, University of Toronto, Mississauga,

Canada Schneider, Bruce A. Psychology, University of

Toronto, Mississauga, Canada

Most speech tests measure accuracy of word
identification without revealing how the listener
processes incoming speech as the word unfolds.
Eye-tracking provides an on-line measure of speech
processing. Here, eye movements were recorded as
older and younger adults followed spoken instruc-
tions, presented in quiet or noise, that referred to
displayed pictures. We measured the extent to
which listeners momentarily considered (fixated
on) the target picture (e.g., candle) relative to a
phonologically similar alternative sharing onset
(candy) or rhyme (e.g., sandal). Both groups
identified targets highly accurately, but older adults
considered alternatives to a greater extent, espe-
cially onset alternatives in noise.

Methodology of system-and-activity approach to
reading researches within INLOKKS teaching
technology as the basis for the projects of A. A.
Leontiev International Reading Institute

Usacheva, Irina Leadership, Leontiev International

Reading, Moscow, Russia

One of the main activities of the International
Reading Institute is the development of the
programs based on INLOKKS technology (infor-
mational, logical, rhetorical and communicative
culture of the specialist.) The following projects will
be discussed at the Congress: - system-and-activity
approach to understanding of reading; - speech and
thinking development of students; - system of
teacher training at the International Reading
Institute, and others.

The role of orthography and phonology in
reading Chinese sentence

Ren, Guiqin Institute of Psychology, Beijing, People’s

Republic of China Han, Yuchang psychology,

Liaoning normal university, Dalian, People’s Republic

of China Yang, Yufang Institute of Psychology,

Institute of Psychology, Beijing, People’s Republic of

China

Objectives: to explore the role of orthographical
and phonological codes in Chinese lexical access in
sentence context. Methods: two eye tracking
experiments were conducted and Chinese single
character words were selected as the targets.
Results: In the high-constraint sentence context,
the first fixations made on both the homophonic
and graphically similar targets were higher than on
the congruent targets. In the low-constraint sen-
tence context, the gaze durations and total fixations
made on the homophone targets were lower than on
the controls Conclusions: The role of orthography
and phonology of Chinese words in lexical access
depends on the prior sentential context.

FP-078: Pain

Psychological risk factors for recurrent pediatric
headache

Morris, Lisette Klinische Psychologie, GEM-Institut

für Psychologie, Göttingen, Germany Gaßmann,

Jennifer Klinische Psychologie, GEM-Institut für

Psychologie, Göttingen, Germany Heinrich, Marion

Klinische Psychologie, GEM-Institut für Psychologie,

Göttingen, Germany Kröner-Herwig, Birgit Klinische

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Psychologie, GEM-Institut für Psychologie, Göttingen,

Germany

Psychological risk factors for the development of
recurrent pediatric headache were investigated in a
longitudinal study. Postal questionnaires assessing
these factors and headache frequency were sent to
8800 families with a child aged 7 to 14 (year 1).
Twelve months later all responding families were
questioned again (year 2). Using logistic regression
analyses the following variables (assessed year 1)
were identified as predictors for the development of
weekly headache (year 2): gender, anxiety/depres-
sion, outward expression of anger, aggressive
coping strategies and aggressive behavior. Implica-
tions for treatment and prevention will be dis-
cussed.

Families in pain: 6-months prevalence of
headache, back pain and abdominal pain within
families for parent and child

Steur, Hester Klin. Psych. u. Psychotherapie, GEM-

Institut für Psychologie, Göttingen, Germany Morris,

Lisette Klin. Psych. u. Psychotherapie, GEM-Institut

für Psychologie, Göttingen, Germany Gaßmann,

Jennifer Klin. Psych. u. Psychotherapie, GEM-Institut

für Psychologie, Göttingen, Germany Heinrich,

Marion Klin. Psych. u. Psychotherapie, GEM-Institut

für Psychologie, Göttingen, Germany Kröner-Herwig,

Birgit Klin. Psych. u. Psychotherapie, GEM-Institut für

Psychologie, Göttingen, Germany

The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of
headache, back pain and abdominal pain within
families. Questionnaires were sent to a randomly
drawn regional sample of 8800 households with a
child aged seven to fourteen. Descriptive statistics
showed that in 84.4% of the families, at least one
member has had headaches. This corresponds to
98.6% and 92.6% for back and abdominal pain,
respectively. The prevalence of multiple pains is
highest for the mother. Associations between the
parent’s pain and that of the child are significant for
all locations. The highest association is found
between mother and child.

Identification, measurement and efficacy of
different modalities of headache treatment

Tanwir, Shahida 210-B, Lahore, Pakistan Najam,

Najma Applied Psychology and Psychol, Punjab

University, Lahore, Pakistan

Objectives: To compare the efficacy of various
modalities of headache treatment. Method: Head-
aches sufferers (N=37: ages 15-55) diagnosed with
Migraine /Tension Headaches were recruited from
hospitals, underwent diagnostic clinical examina-
tion. Those who met criteria (Ad hoc Committee
For The Classification of Headaches (1962)) were
referred to the clinical psychologist assessment and
treatment. Pre and post assessments using Inter-
view, MPQ, Faces test, Rating scales, medication
index and subjective report of pain were carried out.
All participants underwent six weeks of interven-
tion in their respective groups. Conclusion: Sig-
nificant differences were found among treatment
groups indicating implications for headache inter-
ventions.

Psychopathologies in migraine and tension
headaches sufferers

Tanwir, Shahida 210-B, Lahore, Pakistan Najam,

Najma Applied Psychology and Psychol, Punjab

University, Lahore, Pakistan

Objectives: The present research investigated the
underlying psychopathologies leading to headaches.
Methods: 100 participants, 15-55 years diagnosed
with Migraine/ Tension Headaches were recruited
from hospitals. Only those fulfilling the criteria (Ad
hoc Committee for the Classification of the head-
aches (1962) were referred to the Clinical Psychol-
ogist for psychological assessment. CCEI was used
to measure underlying psychopathology. Rating
scales and other pain assessment were also adminis-

tered Results: Significantly higher levels of depres-
sive psychopathology., free floating anxiety,
hysteria and somatic scales were found in headache
patients. These findings shed light to help headache
patients and the clinicians to achieve effective
management of headaches.

Chronic pain: Study of structure and
determinants of cognitive and emotional illness
representations

Marchetti, Elise GRC University of Nancy 2, Nancy

Cedex, France Batt, Martine Lorraine, GRC University

of Nancy 2, Nancy, France Trognon, Alain Lorraine,

GRC University of Nancy 2, Nancy, France

Objective: Study cognitive and emotional represen-
tations of the chronic pain patients about their pain
and the influence of demographic and medical data.
Methods: 215 subjects completed questionnaires
about demographic, professional, social, pain data
and the revised Illness Perceptions Questionnaire.
Correlations, mean comparisons and multiple
regressions were performed. Results: Gender, pain
severity, pain localisation, work status, relationship
with healthinsurance influence representations
about pain. The more the participants have a non
coherent pain perception, the more severe they
assess the pain consequences on their life, the more
they have negative emotions. To conclude, clinical
outcome of these data will be discussed.

Rehabilitation after amputation:
Psychotherapeutic intervention module in Indian
scenario

Srivastava, Kalpana Dept. of Psychiatry, Armed

Forces Medical College, Pune, India Saldanha, Daniel

Department of Psychiatry, Armed Forces Medical

College, Pune, India Ryali, V.S.S.R. Department of

Psychiatry, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune,

India Goyal, Sunil Department of Psychiatry, Armed

Forces Medical College, Pune, India

Objectives: To propose an effective psychothera-
peutic intervention module (PIM) for rehabilitation
of amputees in Indian setting. Methods: Limb
amputees were randomly assigned to PIM (n=90)
and treatment-as-usual (TAU) groups (n=83). PIM
group was given six therapy sessions focusing on
Reassurance, Ventilation, Acceptance of self, Ther-
apeutic milieu & Reintegration. All subjects were
evaluated on Carroll-Rating-Scale-for-Depression
(CRSD), State-Trait-Anxiety-Inventory (STAI),
Amputees-Body-Image-Scale (ABIS), and Impact-
of-Event-Scale (IES) before & after two months of
therapy. Results: PIM group showed significant
reduction in scores on CRSD, STAI, ABIS and IES
whereas TAU group showed reduction only on
ABIS. Conclusion: Proposed module was highly
efficacious in alleviating distress.

FP-079: Memory and cognition

The function of positive and negative memories

Rasmussen, Anne Scharling Dept. of Psychology,

University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark Berntsen,

Dorthe Psychology, University of aarhus, Aarhus,

Denmark

The paper examines directive, social and self-
functions of autobiographical memory as a function
of the emotional valence of the remembered events.
We expected positive memories to be rated higher
on social and self-function than negative memories,
and negative memories to be rated higher on
directive function. 136 undergraduates (115 fe-
males, average age 25.7 years) participated as part
of a psychology course. The analysis was paired-
sampled t-tests. The hypotheses were supported,
although there was only a statistical trend for the
results concerning self-function. Positive memories
serve important social and self-functions. Negative
memories direct thought and behaviour and prevent
future mistakes.

The effect of state anxiety on processing
efficiency and performance effectiveness on
reading span test

Moradi, Alireza Dept. of Psycohlogy, Tarbiyat

Moallem University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran

Cheraghi, Fereshteh Psycohlogy, Tarbiyat Moallem

University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran

The main aim of this study is to investigate the
effect of state anxiety on processing efficiency and
performance effectiveness on working memory
task. 35 high anxious and 28 low anxious university
students participated in this study. Measurement of
task accuracy was taken as an indicator of
performance effectiveness. Time taken to complete
task and mental effort were taken as measurements
of performance efficiency. The results indicated
significant differences between two groups on task
accuracy, rating of mental effort and rating of time
for Reading Span task. These findings are in line
with Eysenck and Calvo’s processing efficiency
theory.

Rumination is associated with increased reliving
in negative autobiographical memories

Kirkegaard Thomsen, Dorthe Department of

Psychology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark

Rumination has been related to poorer recall of
specific memories and may be expected to be
associated with less emotional reliving of memories.
This was investigated in three studies, where
students completed rumination-questionnaires, re-
called positive and negative memories and rated
memories on emotional reliving. In studies 1 and 3,
correlations showed that higher degree of rumina-
tion was related to increased reliving in negative
memories (rs(76 and 125)=0.20 and 0.21, ps,0.10
and 0.05). The higher emotional reliving suggests
that ruminators have not emotionally processed
their negative memories and indicate that rumina-
tion may not always hinder recall of specific
memories

Effect of glucose ingestion on recognition
memory for emotionally arousing stimuli

Sunram-Lea, Sandra Psychology, Lancaster

University, Lancaster, United Kingdom Brandt, Karen

Psychology, University of Keele, Keele, United

Kingdom

Previous data suggest that glucose administration
facilitates recognition memory that is accompanied
by recollection of contextual details and episodic
richness. Research on emotion and memory has
shown the presence of an emotional enhancement
effect such that emotional stimuli are more
memorable than their more neutral counterparts.
This paper discusses whether the recognition
memory facilitation effect associated with glucose
would emerge for emotional material that already
benefits from a memory advantage. The results
suggest that the additive effect of glucose ingestion
and a rise in glucose levels due to the emotional
nature of the stimuli shifts the previously observed
dose-response curve.

Investigating cognitive mechanisms underlying
the modality effect in multimedia learning

Fürstenberg, Anne Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany Rummer, Ralf

Psychology, Saarland University, SB, Saarbruecken,

Germany Schweppe, Judith Psychology, Saarland

University, SB, Saarbruecken, Germany

When learning with text and pictures, why does
auditory text presentation lead to better learning
outcome than visual text presentation? For theore-
tical reasons, we doubt that this is due to written
text and pictures causing an overload in visual
working memory. Two experiments tested alter-
native explanations in line with current working
memory research. The results suggest that it is
rather aspects of sensory processing (e.g. eye
movements) than a matter of working memory

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capacity that yield the auditory advantage. We infer

that this advantage is highly restricted with regard

to the materials features and to the succession of

text-picture presentation.

Reference frames in spatial navigation: Human
brain dynamics is influenced by path complexity

Müller, Markus Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

München, München, Germany Gramann, Klaus

SCCN, UC San Diego, San Diego, USA

Two experiments analyzed brain dynamics accom-

panying path integration based on distinct reference

frames. Participants, preferentially using an allo-

centric or an egocentric reference frame, traversed

virtual tunnels of varying path complexity. Tunnels

contained either one turn, two turns into the same,

or two turns into opposite directions. At the end of

a passage participants indicated their momentary

position relative to the starting point (point to

origin). ICA was used to identify spectral perturba-

tion patterns underlying distinct reference frames.

The results demonstrate an influence of path

complexity on spectral activity in distinct brain

areas dependent on the reference frame used.

FP-080: Work-family-interface:
Balance, conflict, facilitation

A new framework model for research on work-
family conflict

Haun, Sascha Inst. for Psychologie, Mainz University,

Mainz, Germany Dormann, Christian Institute of

Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz,

Germany

A review of the literature on work-family conflict

(WFC) reveals that the concept is rooted in

organizational stress theory. However, most com-

mon conceptualizations and measures have several

shortcomings that have already been identified and

criticized in other areas of organizational stress

research. We will discuss common flaws like

conceptual overlap, item overlap and the lack of

objective measurement, which may spuriously

inflate correlations among WFC, its antecedents

and its consequences. We base our claims on

empirical evidence and propose a new framework

model for future research on WFC.

Associations of work-life-balance with objective
and subjective work characteristics and health

Morling, Katja Work&Organizational Psychology,

Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany

Roesler, Ulrike Work&Organizational Psycho, Philipps

University Marburg, Marburg, Germany Hoffmann,

Katja Work&Organizational Psycho, Philipps

University Marburg, Marburg, Germany Rau, Renate

Work&Organizational Psycho, Philipps University

Marburg, Marburg, Germany

The study investigated how work-life-balance

(WLB) influences the association between objec-

tively and subjectively measured work character-

istics and health outcomes (e.g. blood pressure, vital

exhaustion). Hierarchical regression analyses in a

sample of 360 employees from 3 industry sectors

(health and financial services, public administra-

tion) confirmed the importance of WLB. WLB was

significantly associated with health outcomes above

and beyond work characteristics as assessed by the

Job-Demand-Control-Model and the Effort-Re-

ward-Imbalance-Concept. Additional variance ex-

plained by WLB ranged between 2.4% for systolic

blood pressure and 25.4% for vital exhaustion.

Mediator analyses indicated that work-life-balance

mediates the relation between job demands and

health.

The work-family facilitation among Thai nursing
staff

Tengpongthorn, Chatsaran Guildford, United

Kingdom McDowall, Almuth Psychology, University

of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom

Thai female nurses are assumed to experience
Work-family conflict, because they are responsible
for both family matters and the elderly support,
while they are expected to maintain the long-term
relationship with their organizations. So how to
balance loyalty to and the demands of the family on
the one side and the loyalty to and demands of the
organization on the other side was investigated.
Twenty-six nurses in 3 university hospitals were
interviewed. By using Template Analysis, the
preliminary result show that notions in line with a
collectivist culture appear to facilitate the interface
of work and families; where work is also experi-
enced as a ‘family’.

Modelling multiple causes of work-family
balance: Application of a formative measurement
approach

Ellwart, Thomas Schule für Angew. Psychologie, Uni.

für Angew. Wissensschaft, Olten, Switzerland

Konradt, Udo Institute of Psychology, University of

Kiel, Kiel, Germany Hoch, Julia Institute of

Psychology, Uniiversity of Technology, Dresden,

Germany

Previous reflective measures of work-family balance
(WFB) focus on outcome-related variables such as
conflict or satisfaction. This study introduces a
formative measurement approach that emphasizes
on distinct and relevant causes of imbalanced life
domains. The formative WFB scale was evaluated
in two samples of 698 and 2210 participants.
Formative indicators assessed work, family, and
time demands. Partial Least Squares analyses
indicated that the formative scale has convergent
and content validity and predicts reflective WFB, as
well as satisfaction. Formative indicator weights
also provide information about the specific impact
of each cause. Conclusively, formative scales
provide an innovative and complementary alter-
native for research.

A longitudinal test of the job demands-resources
model in Australian university staff

Boyd, Carolyn Psychology, University of South

Australia, Adelaide, Australia Winefield, Anthony

Psychology, University of South Australia, ADELAIDE,

Australia Bakker, Arnold Institute of Psychology,

Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam,

Netherlands

A longitudinal test of the Job Demands-Resources
Model (Demerouti et al., 2001) was conducted in a
sample of Australian academic staff (n = 796).
Using structural equation modelling, job demands
(work pressure, work-home conflict) and job
resources (autonomy, fairness, trust in supervisors)
at Time 1 (2000) were used to predict psychological
strain and organizational commitment at Time 2
(2003). As expected, Time 1 demands and resources
predicted Time 2 strain and commitment, respec-
tively. However, Time 1 commitment also predicted
Time 2 resources, suggesting that strong organiza-
tional identification may exert a lasting effect on
staff perceptions of working conditions.

Work-family conflict and employees’ well-being:
The moderating effects of job characteristics

Karimi, Leila Research and Development, Helen

Macpherson Institute, Melbourne, Australia

This study aimed at examining the effects of work-
family conflict on the perceived wellbeing of
employees, after controlling for job-characteristics.
The participants of the study consisted of Iranian
employees from a variety of organizations. The
effects of three dimensions of the job-strain model
and six forms of work-family conflict (WFC) on
affective wellbeing were assessed. The results of

canonical correlation and hierarchical multiple
regression analysis revealed that strain-based WIF
along with the job characteristic variables (i.e.
supervisory support, job-demands, and job control)
make a significant contribution to the prediction of
an employee’s affective wellbeing, particularly their
job satisfaction. Implications and recommendations
are made regarding future research and interven-
tions in the workplace.

FP-081: Memory processes II

Motivation for weight loss affects recall from
autobiographical memory in dieters

Johannessen, Kim Berg Dept. of Psychology,

University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark Berntsen,

Dorthe Psychology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus,

Denmark

Two studies examined the connection between
motivation and autobiographical memories. We
expected memories recalled in response to dieting-
related cue words to be more central to the person’s
identity and life story and to contain more body
and weight related elements for dieters than for
non-dieters. We expected no differences on mem-
ories recalled in response to neutral cue words.
Study 1: 29 normal/overweight dieters and 48 non-
dieters participated. Study 2: 18 obese dieters and
19 non-dieters participated. We conducted repeated
measures tests. The hypotheses were supported,
which support the concept of current concerns and
the theory of the working self.

Evidence for the memorizing effort heuristic:
Fluency effects on judgments of learning and
study times

Undorf, Monika Inst. für Psychologie III, Universität

Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany Cüpper, Lutz Chair

of Psychology III, University of Mannheim,

Mannheim, Germany

Koriat, Ma’ayan, and Nussinson (2006) proposed
the memorizing effort heuristic to account for the
negative correlation of judgments of learning
(JOLs) and study times typically observed in self-
paced learning. Although several empirical findings
are compatible with this heuristic, there is a lack of
direct evidence for it. We report two experiments in
which memorizing effort was reduced by experi-
mental manipulations that are known to enhance
processing fluency, i.e., visual clarity (experiment 1)
and priming (experiment 2). As predicted by the
memorizing effort heuristic, elevated processing
fluency resulted both in a decrease in study time
and in an increase in JOLs.

Adaptive memory updating in the musical realm

Strauß, Sabine Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria Vitouch, Oliver

Department of Psychology, University of Klagenfurt,

Klagenfurt, Austria

The perception of extremely accelerated versions of
familiar pieces of music affects judgments about the
original musical tempo. Similar effects have recently
been shown for pitch shifts. We here focus on the
stability of this ’’musical adaptation effect‘‘ (MAE)
over time. In four experiments, we tested influences
of different music material and different presenta-
tion conditions on the persistency of MAE in the
time and pitch domain. Results show strong
correspondence to other modalities, and point to
MAE being a facet of a domain-general long-term
memory mechanism for context-dependent tem-
plate updating.

Influence of self-centred spatial information on
episodic memory

Gomez, Alice UMR 5105, LPNC-CNRS, Grenoble,

France Rousset, Stéphane Cognitive Psychology,

LPNC, CNRS UMR 5105, Grenoble, France

From episodic memory models (Burgess, 2002;
Nadel & Moscovicth, 1998), we investigated which

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spatio-contextual information (self-referenced /
allocentrically-referenced) is crucial to episodic
memory. We designed tasks maximizing one or
the other type of spatial information during a word
study-phase. Participants’ episodic memory was
assessed using recall and recognition tests asso-
ciated to a Remember-Know-Guess procedure.
Results show that more items are recalled and
recognized after a learning maximizing self-refer-
enced spatial components. Crucially, these results
dissociate over phenomenological aspects: this
advantage is observed only for remember responses.
Findings point toward a causal link between
observer-centred information and phenomenologi-
cal aspects of episodic memory.

Objects can be conditioned, places need to be
configured

Lange-Küttner, Christiane Dept. of Psychology,

London Metropolitan University, London, United

Kingdom

In three studies (N = 131), object and place memory
in three spatial arrays was tested in 6- to 9-year-old
children and adults using a reaction time/accuracy
paradigm. In both children and adults, object
memory was always better than place memory in
the early stages of the experiment, but place
memory subsequently selectively improved. More
explicitly structured spatial arrays improved recog-
nition performance, but this occurred indepen-
dently of the gradual spatial learning. With
constantly novel memory sets, the performance
gap between object and place memory was closed,
but with constantly repeated sets, object memory
was more strongly reinforced than place memory.

Does the advantage of familiar real-person
sources remain after a one-week delay in 3-, 4-
and 5-year olds source monitoring performance?

Kraus, Uta Inst. für Psychologie, Universität zu Kiel,

Kiel, Germany Pruesch, Angelika Inst. für

Psychologie, Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany

Koehnken, Guenter Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany

The effect of familiarity was examined for different
real-person sources. Thirty-six children (M=42,
M=52, M=68) were presented 4 sticker book pages.
On each page, two person-sources (child-adult/
child-child) per source term (reality-monitoring
familiar; realty-monitoring unfamiliar; external
source monitoring; external; internal source mon-
itoring) chose two wildlife-stickers, pasted them
into the book and described what each animal was
doing. Source recall was examined after a one-week
delay. Results (t-tests) showed the advantage of
familiarity in the familiar reality monitoring term in
all children after the delay. In contrast, the
advantage of familiarity was not found in external
source monitoring in each age group.

FP-082: Working memory I

Cognitive control in working memory: Event-
related brain potentials (ERPs) dissociate
between different processes of attentional
allocation

Berti, Stefan Inst. für Psychologie, Universität Mainz,

Mainz, Germany

Attentional allocation is an important function of
cognitive control. These processes are tapped by
event-related brain potentials (ERPs), especially the
P3a and a late frontal negativity. In three experi-
ments these ERP components were obtained in
different paradigms, i.e. re-orientation after a
distracting event, task switching, and object switch-
ing. Importanlty, both components were correlated
with reaction time costs. These results suggest that
the P3a and the late negativity reflect different
processes of attentional allocation: an initial pre-
paration for the switch – presumably by decoupling
of the task-set – and a subsequent switch of the

focus of attention to relevant information in work-
ing memory.

Memory load effects on the executive control: An
event-related potential study
Wang, Xiang Medical Psychological Center, Second

Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, People’s Republic of

China Yao, Shuqiao Medical Psychological Center,

Second Xiangya Hospital,CSU, Changsha, Hunan,

People’s Republic of China

Objective: To examine the working memory (WM)
load effects on the event-related potentials (ERPs)
in a parametric executive control task. Method:
ERPs were recorded during 20 healthy volunteers
performed an n-back task with three levels (0/1/2-
back). Results: P3 peak amplitude decreased
progressively as WM load increased. The difference
wave N450 was consistently identified by subtract-
ing the lower load task from higher load task.
Conclusions: The progressively decreased P3 re-
flected the effectively distributing and switching
attention. The N450 on prefrontal and parietal
areas may reflect the updating and coding in
executive control process and the short-term
storage process, respectively and simultaneously.

Two executive sub-functions: Set shifting and
inhibition impacting Chinese phonemic and
semantic fluencies?
Lu, Aitao Dept. of Psychology, Chinese Univers. of

Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, People’s Republic of :

Hong Kong SAR Zhang, Jijia Mo, Lei Zhang, Xuexin

Motivated by the recent demonstration that set
shifting played an important role in two verbal
fluencies using a dual-task paradigm (Rende et al.,
2002), the present study focused on both set shifting
and inhibition in two Chinese verbal fluencies. We
examined whether the findings based on English
language could be extended to Chinese, and
whether the role of inhibition was substantially
reliable. Results from dual-task paradigm showed
that there was no interaction between task type
(namely, single task vs. dual task) and fluency type,
suggesting that two Chinese fluencies shared the
same mechanism with respect to set shifting and
inhibition.

The relationship between executive functions
and problem solving among primary school
children
Wang, Jing Inst. of Developm. Psychology, Beijing

Normal University, Beijing, People’s Republic of

China Chen, Yinghe Beijing Normal University, BNU,

Developmental Psychology, DPI, Beijing, People’s

Republic of China

This study was conducted to explore the relation-
ship between executive functions and problem
solving, especially in ToL task.121 7~11 years old
children were tested both executive functions
(including Go/no-go task, working memory task
and switching task) and ToL tasks (two problem
parameters: subgoaling and suboptimal alternative)
by computers. Moving solutions of ToL problems
were analyzed and repeated-measures MNOVA
were used. The results revealed that working
memory was the basic function in problem solving,
while inhibition influenced the performance when
the structure of problem needed to inhibit some
reactions, such as suboptimal alternative, whereas
cognitive flexibility had no significant effect on it.

Developmental relations between working
memory and early literacy among young children
aged 3 to 8 years
Hoskyn, Maureen Educational Psychology, Simon

Fraser University, North Vancouver, Canada

In this study, developmental relations between
working memory and early literacy is investigated
in a longitudinal study of 170 children aged 3 to 8
years. Multilevel modeling procedures were used to
document developmental trajectories in working

memory capacity and the factors that mediate this

growth including inhibitory control and processing

speed. Results show that a working memory

executive develops earlier in childhood than past

theories would predict and that growth in a general

working memory system rather than absolute size

of working memory capacity best predicts perfor-

mance on measures of early reading and writing.

The influencing factors of Chinese and English
reading span: A latent variable analysis of three
hypotheses

Yang, Qiwei Education Science Department, Zunyi

Normal University, Zunyi, People’s Republic of China

Zhang, Fuchang Life Science Department, Northwest

University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China

This study had two major goals: to test three

hypotheses concerning the nature of individual

difference tapped by working memory span tasks,

and to find out the influencing factors of English

and Chinese reading span. We used 10 tasks to test

159 seniors of English and Chinese major. The

General resource tapped by English and Chinese

reading span, digital working memory span and n-

back task had significant path coefficients for these

manifest variables except for n-back task. The

latent variable analysis challenged controlled atten-

tion view. The task-switching hypothesis was not

supported by the fact that Chinese reading span was

not influenced by the changing of sentence length.

All data could be explained by resource-sharing

model.

FP-083: Word recognition

Processing segmental and prosodic information
during Cantonese word production

Wong, Andus Wing-Kuen Dept. of Psychology, The

Chinese University, Hong Kong, China, People’s

Republic of : Hong Kong SAR

Three picture-word interference experiments were

conducted to investigate how sub-syllabic, syllabic,

and prosodic information is processed in Cantonese

word production. Facilitatory effects in naming

latencies, relative to a control condition, were

obtained when the targets and the distractors

shared a) the same rhyme and the same tone

(Experiment 2), b) the same syllable (Experiment 3),

or c) the same syllable and the same tone

(Experiment 3). The priming effect in the syllable

+ tone-related condition was found significantly

larger than that in the syllable-related condition.

These results indicate that the facilitatory effects

generated by different phonological components

are not additive.

Feedback consistency effect in visual and
auditory word recognition

Petrova, Ana Psychologie, Université Paris Descartes,

Boulogne-Billancourt Cedex, France Ferrand, Ludovic

Psychology, University Blaise Pascal, Clermont-

Ferrand, France Ziegler, Johannes Psychology,

University Aix-Marseille, Marseille Cedex 1, France

Two experiments investigated the role of feedback

consistency (i.e. sound-spelling consistency) in the

visual and auditory lexical decision tasks in adults.

Experiment 1, done in French, showed strong

feedback consistency effects in the auditory mod-

ality but no such effects in the visual modality

(consistency was manipulated at the onset and the

rime). In Experiment 2, exactly the same pattern of

results was found in English. Our results thus

clearly show that sound-spelling consistency affects

spoken but not visual word recognition. We further

show that previous reports of feedback consistency

in the visual modality can be explained without

assuming feedback mechanisms.

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Conscious and unconscious processing of
emotional words

Van den Noort, Maurits Biological and Medical

Psych., University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway Bosch,

Peggy NICI, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen,

Netherlands Van Kralingen, Rosalinde Foodstep,

Foodstep B.V., Wageningen, Netherlands

Objectives: The processing of emotional words was
tested. Methods Thirty-five, right handed males
participated in the study. A divided visual field
technique with different presentation times (10ms,
120ms, 1000ms) was used. Results At the conscious
level, in contrast to the unconscious level, emotional
words that were presented in the right visual field
were processed significantly faster and better than
words that were presented in the left visual field.
Conclusion At the unconscious level, no strong
support for either the valence- or the right hemi-
sphere theory is found. At the conscious level,
however, normal language processing is the most
dominant process.

Lexical representations do not contain open
bigrams

Kinoshita, Sachiko MACCS, Macquarie University,

Sydney, Australia Norris, Dennis CBU, MRC,

Cambridge, United Kingdom

A letter string generated by transposing letters
within a word (e.g., jugde from judge) is perceived
as being more similar to the word than a string
generated by replacing letters in the corresponding
positions (e.g., junpe). ‘‘Open bigram’’ accounts
explain this transposed-letter (TL) similarity effect
by proposing that lexical representations are coded
in terms of bigrams. We present data using the
masked priming procedure that suggests that, if
there are open bigrams, they are not part of lexical
representations. We suggest that TL similarity
effects are better interpreted in terms of uncertainty
associated with individual letter positions during
perceptual sampling.

Hemispheric asymmetry profiles during
beginning reading: Effects of reading level and
word type

Porta, Maria Elsa Psicologia Evolutiva, INCIHUSA-

CRICYT-CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina Kraft,

Rosemarie HUMAN & COMMUNITY DEVELOPM,

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Davis, USA Harper,

Lawrence HUMAN & COMMUNITY DEVELOPM,

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Davis, USA

We evaluated how right- and the left-temporal lobe
activation of first (1stLR), second (2ndLR), and
third (3rdLR) level readers (n=60; Age=6-to-9
years) varied with reading level, word character-
istics, and cognitive abilities by using electroence-
phalogram measurements while the children read
high-frequency/high-imageability, high-frequency/
low-imageability, and nonsense words. The ANO-
VA showed significant interaction effects: 1stLR
had greater right-hemispheric activation than
3rdLR, who had greater left-hemispheric activa-
tion; for nonsense words, 1stLR had lower left-
hemisphere activation than that of 2ndLR and
3rdLR. The EEG measure of hemispheric asym-
metry indicated a developmental effect on later-
alized activity in the temporal lobes of beginning
readers during word recognition.

Learning to read in Chinese in Hong Kong: The
linguistic demands of learning Chinese
characters in the grade-one classroom

Cheng, Pui-Wan Dept. Educational Psychology,

Chinese Univers. of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China,

People’s Republic of : Hong Kong SAR Luk, Sau-Ha

Educational Psychology, Chinese U. of Hong Kong,

Hong Kong, China, People’s Republic of : Macao SAR

This study examines the linguistic properties of a
pool of Chinese characters most frequently used in
Hong Kong grade-one textbooks for semantic and
morphological features, phonetic regularity and

consistency, and orthographic structure and com-
plexity. It concludes that while written Chinese has
certain systematic features that can be explicitly
taught to young children, the regularity and
transparency of these features are less evident in
the initial learning stage, thus making the first steps
of learning Chinese particularly difficult for strug-
gling readers. Implications for differentiated in-
struction are discussed.

FP-084: Psychological disorders III

Deliberate self harm and attachment to parents
and peers

Covic, Tanya School of Psychology, University of

Western Sydney, Penrith South, NSW, Australia

Hallab, Lisa Frances School of Psychology, University

of Western Sydney, Penrith South, NSW, Australia

Objectives: The aim of the study was to examine the
relationship between deliberate self harm (DSH)
and attachment to parents and peers. Methods:
Participants were 114 first-year university students
(mean age = 18.9 years). They completed an online
survey consisting of measures of deliberate self
harm, parents and peers attachment, self esteem
and mood. Results: The DSH group reported
poorer attachments, more depression, anxiety and
stress compared to the non-DSH group. Within the
DSH group it was also found that attachment to
peers was significantly stronger than to parents.
Conclusions: The findings of this study highlight
the need to consider DSH within a developmental
framework.

The cognitive predictors of obsessive compulsive
disorder

Davoudi, Iran Psychology, Chamran University,

Ahvaz, Islamic Republic of Iran

The present study examined cognitive variables as
the predictors of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder.
The sample consisted of 103 with OCD and 103
nonclinical Iranian subjects. The instruments used
in this study were: Obsessive Belief Questionnaire-
44 (Obsessive-Compulsive Cognition Working
Group, 2005), Interpretation of Intrusion Inventory
(OCCWG, 2005), White Bear Suppression Inven-
tory (Wegner and Zanakos, 1994), Thought Con-
trol Questionnaire (Wells and Davis, 1994) and
Thought Control Ability Questionnaire (Luciano,
Algarabel, Tomas & Martinez, 2005). Stepwise
discriminate analysis identified that thought sup-
pression, perfectionism / certainty, and two thought
control strategies (distractibility and punishment)
contributed most to the discrimination of groups.

Axis I comorbidity and psychopathological
correlates in patients with autodestructive
syndromes

Fliege, Herbert Abt. Psychosomatik, Charité Berlin,

Berlin, Germany Grimm, Anne Psychosomatik,

Charité, Berlin, Germany Lee, Jeong-Ran

Psychosomatik, Charité, Berlin, Germany Klapp,

Burghard Psychosomatik, Charité, Berlin, Germany

Factitious disorder and (non-suicidal) deliberate
self-harm may be seen as subtypes within the
autodestructive behaviour spectrum, basically dif-
fering in concealment. We investigated axis I
diagnoses and psychopathological correlates in
factitious disorder and self-harm patients. 194
psychosomatic patients were assessed using the
WHO Composite International Diagnostic Inter-
view (CIDI) and self-rated questionnaires. 37
patients with self-destructive behaviour were
matched with 37 patients without self-destruction.
Overt self-harmers were more frequently diagnosed
with anxiety, depression, substance dependence, or
eating disorders than factitious disorder patients
(n=19) or those without self-destructive behaviour,
and they reported more stress. When psychopatho-
logically assessed factitious disorder patients pre-
sent themselves inconspicuous.

Self-mutilation: Processes associated with self-
injury in borderline and non-borderline patients

Haines, Janet School of Psychology, University of

Tasmania, Hobart, Australia Bowe, Erin School of

Psychology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia

Although understood as a diagnostic criterion for
Borderline Personality Disorder, little information
exists about the similarities or differences in the
processes associated with self-mutilation in people
with and without Borderline Personality Disorder.
A guided imagery methodology was used to
examine psychophysiological and psychological
processes associated with self-mutilation in people
with and without BPD. Results indicated few
differences with a strong tension reduction mechan-
ism being identified in both groups. Results
indicated that, irrespective of trigger or intention,
the processes of self-mutilation are fundamentally
similar with or without borderline personality
disturbance.

FP-085: Psychotherapy - Research
and treatment methods III

Effect of shame and guilt on coping by meaning
making

Chan, Raymond Applied Social Studies, City

University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, China,

People’s Republic of : Hong Kong SAR

Shame and guilt have been the focus in coping
studies, but not many on their relations with
meaning making. This study is to explore the gap.
Structured questionnaires were completed by 193
university students. Results showed that with high
intensified grief reaction, people in guilt were ready
to make meaning out of their loss experience among
low self-esteem group (beta=0.291, p=0.036) but
opposite effect in shame (beta=-0.272, p=0.050). It
concludes that low self-esteem and intensified
emotional experience at time of loss facilitate
coping that guilt favors but shame hinders cognitive
processing. Working through guilt can be construc-
tive in meaning making.

The effectiveness of family systems acute
psychiatry

Crameri, Aureliano Angewandte Psychologie, ZHAW,

Zürich, Switzerland

The effectiveness of family systems therapeutic
interventions in the treatment of psychiatric in-
patients is investigated. The entire multiprofessional
teams of six psychiatric wards in Germany were
trained during altogether 150 hours to perform
family systems interventions in practice routine. 187
inpatients treated with the new interventions were
matched 1:1 on propensity score with controls
treated before the team training in the same wards.
Outcome measures included BSI and BPRS. No
significant outcome improvement could be deter-
mined after the team training and implementation
of the additional interventions. The short training
duration has been presumed as a reason for the
missing effect.

Impact of patients’ subjective experience on the
effectiveness of psychotherapy in schizophrenia

Schmidt, Friederike Charite Berlin, CBF, Berlin,

Germany Körtner, Katrin Psychiatry and

Psychotherapy, Charite Berlin, CBF, Berlin, Germany

Auckenthaler, Anna Klinische Psychologie, Freie

Universität, Berlin, Berlin, Germany Dettling, Michael

Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charite Berlin, CBF,

Berlin, Germany

Patients’ subjective experience and attitudes suppo-
sedly are critical for the effectiveness of therapeutic
interventions. This hypothesis is tested in a
prospective randomized controlled psychotherapeu-
tic-psychoeducative study with follow-ups of in-
and outpatients with schizophrenia. Special atten-
tion is paid to the extensive assessment of self-
esteem, quality of life, satisfaction with treatment

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and illness-concepts and to the establishment of the
psychometric quality of key instruments. Multi-
group structural equation modelling will be used to
test relations between classic outcome criteria and
subjective variables for data from the first two
years. Consequences for further improvement and
differential indication of psychotherapeutic inter-
ventions in schizophrenia are drawn.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome - Psychodynamic and
psychotherapeutic aspects: A case study
von Buelow, Gabriele Dt. Akademie für

Psychoanalyse, Berlin, Germany

The case study is about a 40 years old male patient
‘being too tired to be depressive. Etiological back-
ground are neurotic guilt feelings concerning the
death of his brother as well as a severe early
attachment- and developmental trauma. His ability
to contact was fundamentally disturbed: contact to
himself, his feelings and needs (alexithymia), to
people and things.

FP-086: Conflicts and cooperation
in organizations

Organizational identification and intergroup
conflict handling strategies
Joensson, Thomas Department of Psychology,

University of Aarhus, Aarhus C, Denmark Jeppesen,

Hans Jeppe Department of Psychology, University of

Aarhus, Aarhus C, Denmark

Objectives: To investigate whether organizational
identification is positively associated with approach
strategies in intergroup conflicts and negatively
associated with avoidance and yielding strategies.
Methods: A cross-sectional field study at a hospital
department was conducted using questionnaires
distributed to medical secretaries, physicians and
nurses (166 = 75,8% replied). Regression analyses
were applied. Results: Organizational identification
statistically predicted approach strategies
(Beta=.34, Adj.R2=.11) but not avoidance nor
yielding strategies. Conclusions: The results may
imply that strategies enhancing organizational
identification can be applied to stimulate employ-
ees’ engagement in interdisciplinary conflict solu-
tions. The results are especially valuable for
organizations based on cooperation between
groups.

The antecedents of constructive controversy:
Beyond cooperative goal
Wang, Zhen Institute of Psychology, Chinese

Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of

China Tjosvold, Dean Department of Management,

Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China, People’s

Republic of : Hong Kong SAR Shi, Kan Institute of

Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing,

People’s Republic of China

Constructive controversy is proved to be one
important team process variable and cooperative
goal is evidenced to be one antecedent of con-
structive controversy. The purpose of this study was
to explore the impact of deep-level diversity
(agreeableness) on constructive controversy. Hy-
potheses were tested by doing a survey in 60
customer service teams. Hierarchical regression
analysis revealed that besides the effect of coopera-
tive goal, team members’ agreeableness diversity
had a supplementary effect on constructive con-
troversy, and it would be more likely to result in
constructive controversy when team agreeableness
level is higher than when it is low.

Which motivational types experience more work
alienation?: A study among academicians

Erben, Gül Selyn Business Administration, Maltepe

University, Istanbul, Turkey Guneser, Ayse Begum —,

—, ISTANBUL, Turkey

One way to bring about alienation is going too far
away from what one essentially is and wants to be,

that is: being too far away from ones basic motives.
The purpose of the study was to find out which
motivational types predict work alienation better.
170 academicians participated to the study and
filled out the questionnaire. Results were analyzed
by using regression analyses. Findings showed that
specific motivational types of individuals explain
work alienation more than other types. Sociability
seekers experience less work alienation whereas
authenticity seekers experience more work aliena-
tion.

The floor between us: A context-specific model of
contact between workgroups

Koschate, Miriam Social and Organizational,

Universität Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany van

Dick, Rolf Social Psychology, Goethe Universität,

Frankfurt/Main, Germany

Based on the social identity approach and inter-
group contact theory, we propose a context-specific
model of contact between workgroups. Depending
on the contact context (informal vs. work-related),
different categorization levels become salient, lead-
ing either to interpersonal or intergroup outcomes,
respectively. Different categorization levels as well
as changes in affect and knowledge about the
outgroup are proposed as mediating processes.
Initial evidence is provided by a study with 283
employees of a German mail-order company and a
three-wave longitudinal study of student project
groups. Implications for future research and the
management of intergroup relations between work-
groups are discussed.

FP-087: Mental health and
counseling I

Spirit possession: Professional perceptions and
lay experiences

Shubha, Ranganathan Humanities & Social Sciences,

Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai, India

Bhattacharya, Tanmay Humanities & Social Scienc,

Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai, India

Parthasarathy, D. Humanities & Social Scienc, Indian

Institute of Technology, Mumbai, India Gupta,

Meenakshi Humanities & Social Scienc, Indian

Institute of Technology, Mumbai, India

In this paper, the experience and understanding of
possession by supplicants and healers at a temple is
compared with the perceptions of possession held
by mental health professionals. The study was
conducted in a temple reputed for healing spirit-
related problems in the state of Maharashtra in
India. Methods included participant and non-
participant observations and interviews with nine
individuals undergoing possession, their families,
and two healers. Five mental health professionals
working outside the temple were also interviewed.
The study found considerable differences between
professional and lay perceptions of possession.
These results have been analysed and discussed in
the paper.

Social capital, human autonomy and health: A
cross-cultural analysis

Chirkov, Valery Dept. of Psychology, University of

Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada Lebedeva,

Nadezhda Psychology, Moscow School of

Economics, Moscow, Russia Molodtsova, Inna

Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon,

Canada Tatarko, Alexander Psychology, Moscow

School of Economics, Moscow, Russia

In this presentation we will discuss the role human
agency and autonomy play in people’s functioning
in domains of health and organizational innova-
tions. Conceptual distinction of autonomy vs.
agency will be elaborated. The role of social
conditions, such as social capital and horizontal
relations in promoting human autonomy will be
examined. The results of several cross-cultural
studies of health behavior and attitudes of young

people from Canada and Russia will be reported

and discussed. In conclusion, the role of human

agency in modern plural worlds will be highlighted.

Perception of depression among Pakistani adults
in early adulthood: Need for culturally relevant
mental health intervention

Khan, Bushra Inst. of Psychology, University of

Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan Talat Hussain, Rakhshinda

Objective: To explore the perception of depression,

in understanding, recognition, manifestations, risk

factors and treatment, among adults in early

adulthood. Method: An interview based survey

was conducted on a sample of 100 males and

females, aged 20-23.Data was analyzed qualitatively

and quantitatively. Results: Depression was per-

ceived as a disorder, with cognitive manifestations

and was recognized through facial expression and

general behavior. Oversensitivity and economic

instability were important risk factors. Majority

reported self treatment through various strategies,

only few favoured treatment by specialists. Slight

gender differences were also found. Conclusion:

Need for indigenous mental health intervention in

early adulthood was highlighted.

Enlisting Asian American churches in the fight to
reduce stigma and increase access to mental
health treatment

Yamada, Ann Marie Los Angeles, USA Dinh, Tam

Social Work, Univ of Southern California, Los

Angeles, USA Lee, Kyeung-Hae Social Work, Univ. of

Southern California, Los Angeles, USA Song, Lucian

Social Work, Univ of Southern California, Los

Angeles, USA Nguyen, Diana Social Work, Univ of

Southern California, Los Angeles, USA Lee, Vincy

Social Work, Univ of Southern California, Los

Angeles, USA

This presentation aims to explore the role of Asian-

American Christian churches in providing mental

health care for persons with stigmatized forms of

severe mental illness. Data were collected with semi-

structured in-depth interviews with 15 well-re-

spected (Chinese, Korean, Vietnamese) pastors in

California. Using a grounded theory approach,

three themes emerged: Pastors are not trained to

provide church-based mental health services; stigma

is a barrier to use of mental health services;

culturally appropriate, Christian-based mental

health services are lacking in the local communities.

Solutions to encourage and support Asian-Amer-

ican churches in addressing the mental health needs

of their congregations will be presented.

FP-088: Media effects: The
psychological, social, and cultural
impact of mass media II

Representations of mental health in the Polish
press

Jacennik, Barbara Dept. of Psychology, Uvers. of

Finance and Managmt., Warsaw, Poland Anna,

Ulanowicz Psychology, U. of Finance and

Management, Warsaw, Poland

Representations in the press can influence the

formation of attitudes and beliefs about mental

illness. The methodology of Commers, Visser, de

Leeuw (2000) was adapted in a study of representa-

tions of mental health in the Polish press. The

objective was to verify their consistency with the

health promotion guidelines. A total of 680 articles

from two national newspapers were subjected to

content analysis. The mental health representations

only partly followed the health promotion guide-

lines, and in some aspects were overly medicalized.

The issue of mental health was not attributed high

significance in the analyzed data.

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Impact of youth oriented television programs on
Pakistani youth

Naz, Sajida Behavioral Sciences, Fatima Jinnah

Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Muzammil,

Hina Behavioral Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women

University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

The present study investigated the impact of youth
oriented television programs of Pakistani television
channels. The data was collected by a self-devised
questionnaire (r, 0.8). Data was collected from 100
youngsters (50 males and 50 females) falling in the
age limit of 15 to 24 years, from different colleges
and university of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. The
findings showed that a strong negative impact has
been seen and youth was not satisfied with the
programs showing on Pakistani channels. Accord-
ing to their responses these programs must be
according to Pakistani cultural and social setup in
order to compete with the world standers.

Game over: Back in reality? Results of a
questionnaire for transfer processes between the
virtual and real world

Luthman, Stefanie Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany

The presentation will show results of a question-
naire investigating effects of video gaming. Based
on the model of transfer processes by Fritz (1997) a
questionnaire containing various cognitive, affec-
tive, and behavioral effects of gaming was devel-
oped. Factor analyses of the data of gamers (N =
597; mean age 19.60 years, SD = 6.40) revealed five
factors showing high reliability (Cronbach’s as from
.71 to .79). These are "game reflection", "mental and
behavioral transfers", "general excitation", "obses-
sive gaming", and "moral framing". Regression
analyses show that variables such as time spent with
gaming, game preferences, and personality traits
can predict these transfers.

Internet addiction: Debating the diagnosis

Czincz, Jennifer Dept. of Psychology, University of

Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada

A question that is receiving significant attention in
both research and practice is whether it is possible
to develop a diagnosable addiction to the Internet.
The current status of research in this area will be
reviewed, with a focus on proposed diagnostic
criteria, assessment measures, and suggested treat-
ment recommendations. Groups that have been
demonstrated as being at higher risk of developing
problematic internet use will be reviewed based on
demographic criteria, personality characteristics,
and psychopathology. Gaps in the existing litera-
ture will be identified and implications for how to
address problematic internet use from both an
individual and societal perspective will be discussed.

FP-089: Lesbian, gay, bisexual and
transgender concerns

Body image, masculinity, homonegativity and
eating disorders in a sample of Latino gay men

Toro Alfonso, Jose Dept. of Psychology, University of

Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico Borrero-Bracero,

Nestor Psychology, University of Puerto Rico, San

Juan, Puerto Rico Nieves, Karen Psychology,

University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico

Objectives: To explore the body image of a sample
of young Latino gay men and their eating beliefs.
Explore possible relations between culture, body
image, eating disorders, and sexual orientation.
Methods: An exploratory survey of 100 young
Latino gay men in Puerto Rico was developed
exploring these issues. Results: 12% of the partici-
pants reported eating disorders symptoms. One
fourth reported high levels of body dissatisfaction
while 20% showed medium to high levels of
homonegativity. Discussion: Masculinity image
endorsed by society and high levels of homonega-
tivity could represent difficulties which make these

young Latino males to demonstrate complex ideas
about their body and their eating habits.

A deeper insight in a Greek homophobia study:
What affects homophobic reports, and why?

Chiotis, Georgios Dept. of Psychology, City

University, London, United Kingdom

The aim of this paper was to investigate in a deeper
mode the results produced from the distribution of
the Wright, Adams, & Bernat Homophobia Scale
(1999) to 700 college students in Greece. A
combination of quantitative detailed statistical
analyses and qualitative interviews is presented to
shed light and highlight the overt and covert
homophobic beliefs and behaviours, suggesting a
variety of factors observed as strengthening homo-
phobic attitudes, and presenting a possible matrix
of variables that might affect the study of homo-
phobia as a general research area. This possibly
enriches our understanding of the processes in-
volved in understanding homophobia.

Rocking the cradle: Gay parenting

Curl, Layton Psychology - Campus Box 54, Meto State

College of Denver, Denver, USA Watson, Mary Ann

Psychology - Campus Box 54, Meto State College of

Denver, Denver, USA

In this study a licensed clinical and social psychol-
ogist reviewed the current literature, laws, and
family options available for gay and lesbian couples
in the United States. Five gay and lesbian families
along with their children were chosen for interview.
An educational video was produced from the
interviews coving the topic of gay parenting by
adoption, insemination, and co-parenting. The
authors review the current literature and illustrate
the change in parenting trends among gay and
lesbian couples. The research suggests that gay and
lesbian couples serve as capable and loving parents,
while facing prejudice, discrimination, and challen-
ging legal obstacles.

FP-090: Learning and emotion:
School climate, attitudes towards
learning, well-being

Academic performances and psycho social well
being in the university environment

Negovan, Valeria Dept. of Psychology, University of

Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania

The purpose of the study is to examine the
dynamics of the relationship between students’
academic performances and psycho-social well
being, related to factors such as need of achieve-
ment and self-evaluation bias. Participants in the
study were 600 university students, in the 1st year
and the 3rd year of faculty (a public and a private
one). This is a diagnostic study, 10 self report scales
were used, inferential statistics tested our hypoth-
eses (multiple regression especially). As the main
results we report some clear patterns of presumed
relationship. As conclusions some implications for
educative practices in the university environment
are highlighted.

Children with general learning difficulties:
Feelings of loneliness and depressive
symptomatology

Didaskalou, Eleni Special Education, University of

Thessaly, Volos, Greece Kleftaras, George Dept. of

Special Education, University of Thessaly, Volos,

Greece

The aims of the present research are: a) to estimate
the proportion of primary school children with
general learning difficulties presenting loneliness
and depressive symptomatology and b) to explore
the relationship between feelings of loneliness and
depressive symptoms. 100 pupils with general
learning difficulties, aged 10 to 12 years, completed
the Greek versions of the Children’s Depression

Inventory and the Louvain Loneliness Scale for
Children and Adolescents. A considerable percen-
tage of students with general learning difficulties
reach high scores of self-reported feelings of lone-
liness and depressive symptoms. Additionally,
significant correlations were identified between level
of depression and loneliness.

Socio-emotional school climate in relation to
adjustment among sighted and visually impaired
students

Yadav, Rajender Singh Dept. of Eduction, Kurukshetra

University, Kurukshetra, India

The study was conducted on 32 visually impaired
and 32 sighted students selected on purposive basis
from two residential special schools and two general
schools using Sinha and Bhargava Socio-Emotional
School Climate Inventory and Asthanas Adjust-
ment Inventory. Mean, SD, Standard Error of
difference were used. Visually impaired had more
favourable perception of their Socio-Emotional
school climate and also showed better adjustment
to school climate as compared to sighted students.
There was significantly positive correlation between
perceived SE school climate and the adjustment
level of students. The study has implications for the
administrators, teachers of residential special
schools and general schools.

Relationship of perceived school climate and
school adjustment for middle schoolers

Yu, Yibing Yingdong Building, Room 255, Beijing

Normal University, Beijing, People’s Republic of

China Minggui, Ge College of Psychology, Anhui

Normal University, Wuhu, People’s Republic of China

The author investigates the relationship between
five dimensions of perceived school climate (tea-
cher-student relationships, order and discipline,
students interpersonal relationships, academic pres-
sure and multiple development) and school adjust-
ment for middle school students. The result
shows:(1)specific relations have been found between
different dimensions of perceived school climate
and school adjustment ;(2)gender effect between
perceived school climate and adjustment exists,
especially in teacher-student relationships, academic
pressure and adjustment.(3)the influences of per-
ceived school climate on school adjustment is by
direct or indirect method, in which school attitude
play mediator effect for some relations.

FP-091: Job choice

Can work values and career orientations predict
the final choice of workplace?

Kefalidou, Despina-Maria Athens, Greece

Objectives: This study examines the work values
and career orientations of the sample and whether
they can predict the choice of workplace, also
taking into account demographical data. Method
The sample consisted of 235 professionals from the
region of Attica, Greece, selected through simple
random sampling. The psychometric tools used
were a translation of the Career Orientations
Inventory (Schein, 1990) and Work Values Test
(Kantas et al., 2001). The statistical analysis
performed was factor and regression analysis.
Results Work values predict the career orientations
which, in turn, predict the choice of workplace.
Conclusions This study provides useful advice
about HR management and career orientation
counselling.

Are ability-related demands at the workplace still
the same after 30 years?

Sander, Nicolas Dst. 19-622, Bundesagentur für

Arbeit, Nürnberg, Germany

The German Federal Employment Agency utilizes
occupation-specific norms in the field of non-
academic professions based on measures of intelli-
gence to facilitate appropriate job choices. Given

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the rapid changes at workplaces, verifying the
validity of these norms is permanently indicated.
To circumvent repeated conduction of extensive
norming studies, an index was developed based
inter alia on the current ratio of school types
previously visited by freshmen of individual ap-
prenticeships. Since this index predicts almost
perfectly measures of occupational aptitude from
30 years ago, it can be concluded that although
operational characteristics at the workplace under-
went dramatic changes ability-related demands
remain largely stable.

Using institutional theory to explain the (non-)
use of personnel selection procedures

König, Cornelius J. Universität Zürich, Zürich,

Switzerland Berchtold, Matthias Institute of

Psychology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland

Klehe, Ute-Christine Arbeids-Organisatiepsychologie,

Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam,

Netherlands Kleinmann, Martin Institute of

Psychology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland

Objectives: The scientist-practitioner gap is espe-
cially large in the personnel selection field. We used
institutional theory to explain the (non-)use of
selection procedures. Methods: 521 HR profes-
sionals filled out an online survey on selection
procedures used in their organizations. Multilevel
logistic regression was used to analyze the data.
Results: The highest odd ratios belonged to the
factors applicant reactions, costs, and diffusion.
Lower (but significant) odds ratios belonged to the
factors predictive validity, selection as a recruitment
tool, and legality. Conclusions: In line with institu-
tional theory, the decision whether to use selection
procedures is based on several factors.

Institutional pressures affecting the adoption of
personnel selection procedures among German
HR-managers

Klehe, Ute-Christine Arbeids-Organisatiepsychologie,

Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam,

Netherlands König, Cornelius

Arbeits&Organisationspsych, Universität Zürich,

Zürich, Switzerland Kleinmann, Martin

Arbeits&Organisationspsych, Universität Zürich,

Zürich, Switzerland

This study tests Klehe’s (2004) theoretical model on
why practitioners use certain personnel-selection
procedures. In an online-questionnaire, 274 Ger-
man HR-managers reported their use of different
selection procedures and evaluated procedures on
diverse dimensions. Multilevel-analyses confirmed
that practitioners used procedures of high perceived
costs-effectiveness (moderated by financial re-
sources and being a stock-corporation), applicant-
acceptance (moderated by applicant-numbers and
selection-ratio), dissemination among other HR-
practitioners, and manager-control in hiring deci-
sions. The procedures’ perceived validity only
predicted usage in the case of high applicant-
numbers and low selection-ratio, and perceived
legal defensibility did not influence decisions. This
confirms that multiple factors beyond validity and
legality matter.

FP-092: Business in the digital age:
E-commerce, advertisement and
digital marketing I

The effect of virtual spokes-character type upon
on-line advertisements

Fang, Wenchang Business Administration, National

Taipei University, Sansia Township, Taiwan Hsu, Ya

Hui Business Administration, National Taipei

University, Yonghe City, Taipei County, Taiwan Lyu,

Yi-Lan Business Administration, National Taipei

University, Sansia Township, Taiwan

To fill the research gap regarding spokes-charac-
ters, this study examines the rarely discussed
influence of lip-syncing in on-line advertisements.

This study tests different types of virtual characters
effects on advertisement effectiveness, including
attention, credibility, and attitude. The main
experiment includes eight conditions, in which each
character has a different gender (male vs female),
facial appearance (human-like vs cartoon-like
characters), and lip-syncing (adult vs child), pre-
senting a sentimental animated on-line advertise-
ment. Using analysis of variance (ANOVA), this
study reveals that human-like/male characters with
adult lip-syncing and cartoon-like/female with child
lip-syncing presented in the on-line advertisements
cause more positive advertisement effectiveness.

Measuring congruity between self-concept and
brand image: Testing moderators of predictive
value of different methods

Stachoñ-Wójcik, Maria Chémoelski, Poland

Gorbaniuk, Oleg Katedra Psychologii Eksperymen,

Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski, Lublin, Poland

The aim of the research was answering the question
whether there are any significant differences in
predicting attitude towards the brand on the basis
of measuring congruity between self-concept and
brand image using an indirect and direct method.
The moderators of predictive accuracy were: brand
exposure (public vs private), brand symbolism
(symbolic vs non-symbolic) and type of self-concept
(individual vs social, real vs ideal). The research
involved 232 women. Result: the direct measure-
ment of self-congruity is the most accurate indicator
in predicting attitude towards the brand and
intention to purchase the brand (the biggest in
individual self-concept).

The research of online shopper decision-making’s
influencing factors

Chen, Hui Economic & Management School, Beijing

University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

The objective was to find out the web sites factors
and individual factors that influence the buying
decision-making of online shopper. 190 online
shoppers as subjects, we required them to browse
two web stores which sell similar goods 15 minutes
respectively, let them buy one goods on one of given
sites, then filled in a few questionnaires, we used
path analysis to verify the hypothesis. The results
showed that ease of use of web sites, product
information, entertainment, and trust remarkably
influence online shoppers’ satisfaction, which turns
out it significantly influence on buying intention
and buying behavior.

FP-093: Child and adolescent
psychopathology II

Mental health issues among Aboriginal street-
involved youth in Western Canada

Brunanski, Dana Counselling Psychology, University

of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Bingham,

Brittany N/A, McCreary Centre Society, Vancouver,

Canada Smith, Annie N/A, McCreary Centre Society,

Vancouver, Canada Saewyc, Elizabeth School of

Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver,

Canada

This study explored health issues of younger
Aboriginal street-involved youth (,19 years) from
nine communities of a Western Canadian province.
A participatory research population-based survey
(N = 762) found disproportionate Aboriginal
representation (54%) vs. census data (~9%). Despite
high levels of risk exposures, Aboriginal youth
reported connectedness to family and school, and
hope for the future. Mental health problems,
including suicidality, self-harm, and problem sub-
stance use were common, yet few youth accessed
mental health services. Analysis within community
discussions emphasized societal factors, including
the legacy of colonization, cultural dislocation,
diversity of Aboriginal cultures, and the importance
of culturally-relevant interventions.

Effectiveness of cognitive behaviour group
therapy on shyness among adolescents in Iran

D’Souza, Lancy Maharaja’s College, University of

Mysore, Mysore, India

Effectiveness of Cognitive Behaviour Group Ther-
apy in reducing shyness was verified among 56
Iranian adolescents (28 experimental and 28 con-
trol). Shyness Assessment Test (SAT) developed by
D’Souza (2006) was employed to measure levels of
shyness in 3 domains: Cognitive/affective, Physio-
logical and Action oriented. In the intervention
program, after the introduction the researcher
explained the CBT theory and evaluated the
problems regarding CBT, identified Negative Auto-
matic Thoughts (NAT) and trained the subjects to
cope with NAT. At the end of CBGT, again, SAT
was applied and data collected on 3 dimensions of
shyness. Results revealed that CBGT is highly
effective in reducing the shyness of adolescents in all
the 3 domains.

Three-eight year outcome of a clinical sample of
depressed adolescents

Dudley, Amanda CDPP, Monash University,

Melbourne, Australia Tonge, Bruce CDPP, Monash

University, Melbourne, VICTORIA, Australia Gordon,

Michael CAMHS, Southern Health, Melbourne,

VICTORIA, Australia King, Neville Faculty of

Education, Monash University, Melbourne, VICTORIA,

Australia Ford, Sarah CDPP, Monash University,

Melbourne, VICTORIA, Australia Melvin, Glenn CDPP,

Monash University, Melbourne, VICTORIA, Australia

Klimkeit, Ester CDPP, Monash University, Melbourne,

VICTORIA, Australia

Depression is a significant health problem and is
associated with a range of negative sequelae
including impaired social and academic adjustment,
sensitisation to recurrent episodes of depression,
self-harming behaviour and an increased risk of
suicide. This longitudinal study involves the assess-
ment of a clinical sample of depressed adolescents 3
– 8 years after acute treatment. Assessment
comprises a semi-structured diagnostic interview
and self-report measures of depression, general
functioning, and family functioning/parent-child
interactions. This paper presents the outcomes of
young adults who experienced depression and
findings will assist with the identification of risk
factors for relapse and may contribute to treatment
guidelines.

A longitudinal study of subthreshold depression
in Chinese mainland adolescents

Yao, Shuqiao Medical Psychological Research, The

Second Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, People’s

Republic of China Zhang, Chenchen The Second

Xiangya Hospital, Medical Psychological Research,

Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China Ling,

Yu The Second Xiangya Hospital, Medical

Psychological Research, Changsha, Hunan, People’s

Republic of China Zhu, Xiongzhao The Second

Xiangya Hospital, Medical Psychological Research,

Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China Abela,

John R. Z. McGill University,, Department of

Psychology,, Montreal (QC), Canada

Very few studies have been reported about the
subthreshold depression (SD) in mainland of
China, and some features of SD, especially the
relationship with major depression (MD), are still
unclear. We use both K-SADS interviews and self-
report questionnaires assessing a variety of psycho-
social factors including depressive symptoms and
other symptoms, negative events, cognitive factors,
interpersonal protective factor, personality, culture-
related factors to a sample of high school students
in China, once every six months, for 18 months.
The prevalence of SD among Chinese adolescents is
reported, possible relationship between SD and
MD is analyzed, and the related biopsychosocial
model of SD is discussed in this paper.

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FP-094: Cognitive information
processing and learning I

Improving the effects of strategy instruction on
reading comprehension in elementary school
children

Ennemoser, Marco Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Gießen, Gießen, Germany Diehl, Meike Department

of Psychology, University of Gießen, Gießen,

Germany

Two studies were conducted to optimize the effects
of strategy instruction on reading comprehension in
young elementary school children. Study 1 provided
evidence that supplementing a basic rehearsal
strategy to conventional strategy instruction leads
to additional gains in reading comprehension (n =
254). The rationale for this strategy is that it takes
into account the limited decoding abilities and
consequential working memory load of young
readers. Study 2 investigated if benefits can be
further improved by the instructional approach of
reciprocal teaching (n = 72). Results were only
partially supportive and to some extent even
contrary to our hypotheses.

The assessment of executive control functions in
children: Implications for learning

Musso, Mariel Social and Behavioral Sciences, Leiden

University / CONICET, Leiden, Netherlands

This research focuses on the assessment of indica-
tors of appropriate emergence of inhibition in the
activation of inhibitory responses. Processes were
studied with measures for latencies, corrections, and
other responses. Interventions over executive con-
trol mechanisms were designed for and adapted to
situations of school instruction/learning. It was
hypothesised that children improve their perfor-
mance in executive control mechanisms after
intervention. Results showed significant improve-
ment of Executive Control after interventions, and
that the novel assessment methods designed were
efficient and reliable for application in school
environments. Findings have concrete application
in the development of better school-centred inter-
vention programmes improving learning outcomes.

The influence of abacus training on intelligence
and speed

Khaleefa, Omar Dept. of Psychology, University of

Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan

To examine the possible influence of abacus
training on the intelligence and speed for children
(7-11 years) both males (51%) and females (49%) IO
and speed before and after training was assessed for
the controled group (N=1144) and experimental
group (N=1348). The study showed a statistically
significant difference between the controled group
and the experimental one on both intelligence and
speed on 0,001 level.

FP-095: Cognitive and affective
development in childhood and
adolescence I

Analysing children’s colloquial pain stories

Ostkirchen, Gabriele Gerda Inst. für Klin. Neurologie,

Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

This project analyses colloquial pain stories of
children and reports empirical findings. The ‘Pedia-
tric Pain Inventory’ asks the children to describe the
pain and to specify probable causes, coping
strategies and attachment relationships. The utter-
ances were categorised (CAT_SYS_PED_PAIN)
exhaustively. Children generate in total 3088
utterances (mean 10,3): H=654/21,2%; AP=998/
32,3%; INJ=603/19,5; BIC=833/27,0%. Relative
frequencies within different pain situations vary
from 21,4%-28,6%. High interrater reliablities are
provided. Children talk about their pain with
interest but without exaggeration. This study is a

contribution to acquire empirical knowledge that
could provide the basis of a new way of looking at
this issue.

Adaptation of Danva 2 in Romania

Rosan, Adrian Special Education Department, BBU

Cluj Napoca, Cluj Napoca, Romania

The objective is the relationship between the
capacity of recognising facial expressions, empathy
and the adaptation in Romania of a range of tools:
the Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy
with the two subtests: Danva 2- Test of Facial
Expressions of Adults (Danva - AF) and Danva 2 –
Test of Facial Expressions of Children (Danva -
CF) with role in the screening of the risk of violent
behaviour in puberty. Participants: 500 teenagers,
age between 14-16. Anova Test for interpretation
statistical data. The results will be used as support
in applying a soft program for preventing violent
behavior in puberty.

The curse of knowledge in children’s false belief
tasks

Li, Xiaodong Dept. of Psychology, Shenzhen

University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China Xu,

Jian psychology, Shenzhen University, shenzhen,

People’s Republic of China Liu, Ping psychology,

Shenzhen University, shenzhen, People’s Republic of

China Zhou, Shuangzhu psychology, Shenzhen

University, shenzhen, People’s Republic of China

The study was aimed to examine whether there was
a cures of knowledge in False belief tasks. Three
tasks were designed: unexpected transfer, unex-
pected content and auditory task. Each task
includes four contexts: child-knowledgeable while
puppet-ignorant, child-ignorant and puppet-ignor-
ant, child-ignornant while puppet-knowledgeable,
child-knowledgeable and puppet -knowledgeable.
Subjects were 60 children aged 3-5. The results
showed that there was a significant difference
between child-knowledgeable and child-ignorant
when puppet didn’t know the truth and children
obviously overestimate others’ knowledge when
they themselves know the truth; however, there
was no significant difference between the two
contexts when the puppet know the truth. These
results demonstrate the curse of knowledge does
exist.

FP-096: Educational assessment I

The interaction between cognitive learning styles
and lingual background of the high school
learners

Beygi, Ali Reza Psychology, Arak Azad University,

Arak, Islamic Republic of Iran Maghsudi, Mojtaba

English, Arak Bahoonar T.T.C., Arak, Islamic Republic

of Iran

The present project was going to study the relation-
ship between cognitive learning styles and bilingu-
alism; therefore, a group of male and female high
school students (n =236) with English or Kannada
as medium in the city of Mysore, India comprised
the sample of the present study. Appling T-test and
one-way ANOVA, indicated: Independent subjects
scored higher than dependent ones in English
Achievement Test, subjects with English scored
higher than subjects with Kannada Medium of
instruction in Learning Style Test and finally it was
indicated that there is NO significant interaction
between students’ linguality and gender in their
cognitive Style scores.

The development and application of the wisdom
assessment for college students

Cheng, Ying-Chen Measurement and Statistics,

National University of Tainan, Tainan, Taiwan Huang,

Hsiu-Shuang Measurement and Statistics, National

University of Tainan, Tainan, Taiwan

The purpose of this study was to develop the
evaluation in the wisdom of the undergraduate

students. The wisdom assessment consisted of three
facets, a total of 8 items. Those subjects were 464
undergraduate students in Taiwan. The wisdom
assessment performance was divided into five levels.
The performance of the subjects was in the third
level. In accordance with the IRT, each of the
dimensions of difficult questions was between .038 -
.761, the internal consistency reliability was .776,
reliability was .875, and with a good construct
validity.

Relationship between study habits, educational
ability and study problems among secondary
school students in Rawalpindi, Pakistan

Hussain Kanwal, Rabia Behavioral Sciences, Fatima

Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

The present study investigated relationship between
study habits, study problems, educational abilities
among secondary school students in schools of
Rawalpindi. The Educational Ability Test (ETS),
Study Habits and Attitude Questionnaire, Mooney
Problem Checklist were administered to 200 stu-
dents, matched on gender, age, and grades. Find-
ings indicated significant high correlation between
scores of Study Habits and Attitude Questionnaire.
However, Problem Checklist was negatively corre-
lated with Study Habits and Attitude Question-
naire. The problems concerned with teachers were
more significant in boys as compared to girls on
problem checklist. These findings are helpful in
strategic curriculum planning for secondary school
students.

Mapping values and achievement goals using
smallest space analysis

Liem, Arief Darmanegara Cent. for Res. in Pedagogy,

Nat. Inst of Education, S’pore, Singapore, Singapore

Boekaerts et al. (2006) propose that Schwartz’s
(2006) circular model of values should guide our
innovative approach to studying achievement and
non-achievement goals that students bring to the
classroom. Using a multidimensional scaling appli-
cation called smallest space analysis, the present
study aims to map out students’ values and
achievement goals on a two-dimensional projection.
Two measures, the Portrait Values Questionnaire
(Schwartz et al., 2001) and the Inventory of School
Motivation (McInerney & Ali, 2006), were admi-
nistered to 5000 Singaporean secondary school
students. The result will address a question, ‘‘Is
students’ pursuit of multiple goals underpinned by
their basic values?

FP-097: Environmental perception
and cognition I

Conceptions about environment and
environmental education: From theory to
practice

Stoltz, Tania Thery and Fundaments of Educat,

Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil Carneiro,

Sônia Thery and Practice of Educatio, Federal

University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil Vestena, Carla

Education, UNESP, Guarapuava, Brazil Nogueira,

Valdir Education, Centro Universitário de Jaragu,

Curitiba, Brazil Pieczarka, Thiciane Education, Federal

University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil Sotero Costa,

Roberta Rafaela Education, Federal University of

Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil

This study aims to analyze the conceptions about
environment and Environmental Education of
Geography teachers of the States of Parana and
Santa Catarina in Brazil. Thirty teachers working at
primary and secondary schools were interviewed. It
was verified that even though the teachers have a
major in Geography, which has as object of study
the relation society and nature, among them
predominate a fragmented and naturalistic concep-
tion of environment. In terms of the conception
about Environmental Education it is predominantly
a practice without thoughtfulness, not presenting in

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a significant way the development of environmental
values and attitudes. As a conclusion there is a need
for restructuring the courses of educators’ forma-
tion in relation to the environmental issue in
Education.

Space appropriation as an academic achievement
factor: A study on a population of University
Institute of Technology students in France
Rioux, Liliane EA3984 département psychologie,

Université de Paris X-Nanterre, Nanterre Cedex,

France

The principal aim of our research is to study the
relation between space appropriation and the IUT
students’academic achievement. 167 students in
region Centre (France) answered a questionnaire
meant to assess some socio-demographic (age,
culture, types of housing), individual (professional
project, relational network), and psychosocial (aca-
demic satisfaction and motivation, space appro-
priation) variables. The results show that the IUT
space appropriation is dependent, in a large part,
with the academic achievement. Moreover a step-
wise regression analysis showed that five variables,
i.e. age, environmental stimulation, having an open
professional project, environmental discomfort and
degree in amotivation are predictors of IUT
students’academic achievement.

FP-098: Work motivation and
engagement

A content valid measure of organizational
engagement: Its relationships with job
satisfaction, empowerment, affective
commitment and turnover intentions

Albrecht, Simon Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash

University, Caulfield East, Australia

The research aimed to validate a face valid measure
of organizational engagement. Factor analysis and
regression analyses were conducted on data drawn
from 280 full-time employees working across a
range of roles and industry sectors. The measure
demonstrated acceptable reliability and could be
reliably distinguished from an existing measure of
engagement (the UWES) and from job satisfaction
(JS), empowerment, affective commitment (AC),
and turnover intentions (ITO). It explained sig-
nificant additional variance in AC and ITO beyond
JS and empowerment. The new measure will
provide academics and practitioners with a useful
and reliable way to measure engagement.

The effect of learning goals on performance: A
simulation and 5 questions for future research
Seijts, Gerard Richard Ivey School of Bus., University

of Western Ontario, London, Canada

Recent studies have shown that, on tasks that
require the acquisition of knowledge and skill, a
learning goal rather than a performance goal
should be set in order to facilitate performance.
The results of the experiment show that a specific,
high learning goal leads to higher performance on a
complex 90 minute business simulation than a
specific, low learning goal. Other correlates of
complex task performance included self-efficacy,
goal commitment, and dispositional goal orienta-
tion. The results of the experiment and other goal-
setting studies lead to five questions that will help in
moving research on learning goals forward.

What are people looking for? Personality traits
and importance of work motivation factors
Bipp, Tanja Human Performance Management,

Technical University Eindhoven, Eindhoven,

Netherlands

Based on two different work motivation theories,
the relationships between personality traits (Big
Five, CSE: core self-evaluation) and the importance
of various job aspects was investigated. In Study I
(N=118), graduates with high scores on Openness

to experience and Agreeableness placed emphasis
on Herzberg’s motivation factors, whereas no
relations were found for hygiene factors. In Study
II (N=117 employees), the Big Five accounted for
30% of the variance in importance of the motivating
potential of a job (Job Characteristics Model) and
CSE showed incremental validity. Results are
discussed regarding person-job fit and the practical
utility of the CSE construct.

Biopsychosocial correlates of work motivation

Liesienë, Justina Dept. of Psychology, Vytautas

Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania Endriulaitien,

Auks General Psychology, Vytautas Magnus

University, Kaunas, Lithuania Bukšnyt, Loreta

Theoretical Psychology, Vytautas Magnus University,

Kaunas, Lithuania

The objective of this study was to find the most
important biological, psychological and social
factors related to work motivation. 310 Lithuanian
employees were examined. The questionnaire con-
structed according to the instructions of Vroom
Expectancy Theory was used to assess work
motivation. Personality traits were assessed by Big
Five Inventory. Correlations, comparison of
averages and Path analysis was used to analyze
the data. Results showed that extraversion, con-
scientiousness, openness to experience, better health
and leading position are related to work motiva-
tion. Structural equation modeling showed that
work motivation through subjective work effective-
ness could be best predicted by extraversion and
conscientiousness.

Designing and testing a model of important
precedents and outcomes of work motivation of
national Iranian south oil company employees in
Ahvaz region, Iran

Arshadi, Nasrin Dept. of Psychology, Shahid Chamran

University, Ahvaz, Islamic Republic of Iran Shokrkon,

Hossein Psychology, Shahid Chamran University,

Ahvaz, Islamic Republic of Iran Shehni Yailagh,

Manije Psychology, Shahid Chamran University,

Ahvaz, Islamic Republic of Iran

The purpose was to test a proposed model of
antecedents and consequences of work motivation
in Iran. A model of work motivation was devel-
oped, depicting motivational traits, Islamic work
ethic ... as determinants of work motivation and
considered job attitudes, job performance ... as
outcomes. To assess the fitness, SEM was em-
ployed, using the maximum likelihood methods of
AMOS-7. Taken together, the model showed good
fit. Better fit and more meaningful results were
obtained by developing an optimal model. The
results indicated that the model can identify specific
leverage points that can affect work motivation and
therefore, important organizational outcomes.

The relation between socio-relational self-
efficacy and work engagement in an Italian
sample of social workers

Pace, Francesco Dept. of Psychology, University of

Palermo, Palermo, Italy Mistretta, Rosalia University

of Palermo, Palermo, Italy Salvo, Francesca

Psychology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy

Rigano, Rosalia Psychology, University of Palermo,

Palermo, Italy Gallina, Carmela Psychology,

University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy Foddai, Elena

Discipl. Chir. ed Oncologiche, University of Palermo,

Palermo, Italy Guadagna, Paola Psychology,

University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy Di Maggio,

Maria Gemma Psychology, University of Palermo,

Palermo, Italy

This study examined how much in social workers
the confidence about perceived socio-relational
competencies is related to work engagement. We
used a questionnaire delevoped to assess the socio-
relational self-efficacy (according to the Bandura’s
theory), and the UWES (Schaufeli & Bakker, 2003),
a measure of work engagement, defined as a

positive, fulfilling work-related state of mind.
Subjects were interviewed in therapeutic commu-
nities (for drug addicts, for abused women etc.) or
family communities. It was found that some aspects
of relational competence (like to feel able to
understand others’ feelings) are strongly related to
work engagement.

FP-099: Understanding aggression

Is the Implicit Association Test a valid tool for
measuring aggressiveness?

Bluemke, Matthias Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany Zumbach, Jörg

Bildungswissenschaften, Universität Salzburg,

Salzburg, Austria

The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is a flexible
categorization task that can be adapted to measure
cognitions related to aggressiveness and, possibly,
impulsive aggressive behaviour. We tested if IATs
are suitable for experimental and diagnostic pur-
poses. The current presentation draws on a review
of three studies, including one quasi-experimental
online-study and two experimental lab studies, in
which we applied different variants of IATs in order
to establish a connection to (a) consequences of
violent computer gaming, (b) explicitly-reported
aggression, and (c) behavioural indicators. Our
findings show that not all aggressiveness-IATs are
created equal.

Culture of honour and gender identity: The
impact of sex, age and educational level on the
predisposition to violence

Lopez Zafra, Esther Dept. of Social Psychology,

Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain Rodrı́guez Espartal,

Noelia Social Psychology, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén,

Spain Jiménez, Marı́a Isabel Social Psychology,

Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain

Culture of Honour is reaching a height at the
present time as a variable that may explain or affect
the violence against women. Culture of the honour
justify and use violence as a form to defend honour
and to dominate the relationship. This problem is
present in our society. In our study 406 individuals
fill out a questionnaire that measures culture of
honour, gender identity and socio-demographic
variables. Our results show a relationship between
this concept and socio-demographic variables as
age, sex and level of studies. Moreover, we find that
a masculine-agency gender identity is significantly
related to a higher importance given to culture of
honour.

A social-cognitive look at the catharsis
hypothesis: How goal-fulfillment reduces
aggression

Denzler, Markus Dept. of Social Psychology,

University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

A model predicting cathartic-like effects is sug-
gested: It is assumed that the goal to aggress
increases accessibility of aggression-related con-
structs. This heightened accessibility looses its
functionality after goal-fulfillment and is hence
inhibited. This model is applied to two different
aspects of the catharsis-hypothesis: Experiment 1/2
demonstrate that accessibility of aggression-related
constructs is increased before and inhibited after
goal-fulfillment; aggressive behavior is also reduced
upon goal-fulfillment. Experiment 3/4 show that
playing a violent computer-game with the goal to
aggress inhibits the accessibility of aggression-
related constructs when the goal is fulfilled. The
relationship to previous catharsis research and
practical implications are discussed.

Peer aggression and coping

Méndez, Claudia Personality, Assessment, University

of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Forns, Maria PETRA,

University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

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Peer aggression is a significant problem among

adolescents. This study aims to analyze peer

aggression, adolescents coping strategies and how

they influence adaptive functioning. Participants

were 400 adolescents aged 11-16 years from

Barcelona Secondary Schools. Data were obtained

from three self-report measures: a peer aggression

and bullying questionnaire (instrument created ad-

hoc for this investigation), Adolescent-Coping

Orientation for Problem Experiences (Patterson,J.

M., McCubbin, H), and Behavior Assessment

System for Children Self-Report (Reynolds, C. R.

& Kamphaus, R. W.). The results suggest that

successful adaptation is related to the type of

coping strategies used.

An attempt of a social psychological analysis on
the contemporary concepts of aggression

Zografova, Yolanda Institute of Psychology - BAS,

Sofia, Bulgaria

Based on the comparative analysis of contemporary

models of aggressive behavior - personological and

information-processing - an approach to the con-

struction of concepts of aggressiveness are pre-

sented. The proposed approach includes the

achievements of the discussed models as well as

new aspects in the perspective of definition of

aggression’s different subject levels – individual and

social-group. Empirical evidence is presented to

illustrate the impact of different factors like

personal aggressiveness, social and cultural envir-

onment, situational context of the interpersonal

relationships and factors such as some frustrating,

social, economical and psychological changes in

Bulgaria on the person’s/groups’ aggressive disposi-

tions and behaviour. In conclusion the necessity of

elaboration of new treatment of the different

aggressiveness’ subject levels is discussed.

Teenage population’s reactions to a terrorist
attack

Valero Valero, Maria Oficina de Cooperación,

Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain

Garcı́a Renedo, Mónica Oficina de Cooperación,

Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain Gil

Beltrán, José Manuel Oficina de Cooperación,

Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain

Our aim is to examine the reactions and perceptions

to a terrorist attack of secondary school students

geographically distant from the scene of the

incident. The sample is made up of 87 subjects

aged between 12 and 16, whose average age is 13.8

(s.d.=1.309). The data analysis was carried out with

the statistical analysis software SPSS 14.0.The

results reveal how adolescents show a wide range

of reactions and cognitions regardless of their age.

These results can be useful to design strategies that

allow parents and teachers to have enough knowl-

edge to meet the psychosocial needs that they may

manifest after a crisis situation.

FP-100: Understanding semantics

Comprehension of metaphorical statements

Repeko, Alexander Collegium Europaeum, Poznan

University, Gniezno, Poland

Comprehension of different types of statements

including metaphorical ones was checked under

different conditions. Participants were asked to

evaluate truthfulness of statements under explicit

requirements to consider them either as formal

expression or to use their imaginary. It was found

that metaphors was treated in a different way then

true or false statements and that requirement to use

imagery alter the time to judge the truthfulness of a

statement.

Affect primacy in embodied word processing

Domingos, Ana Psychology, ISPA, Lisbon, Portugal

Garcia-Marques, Teresa Psychology, ISPA, Lisboa,

Portugal Niedenthal, Paula Psychology, Université

Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand Cedex, France

Together affective-primacy and embodiment ap-
proaches predict that our face muscle activity reacts
to valenced information. In our studies participants
perform affective/non-affective judgments while
facial muscles activity was manipulated. In lexical
decisions frowning participants revealed facilitation
for positive compared to positive negative and
nonwords. Bite and blocking manipulations im-
paired positive word recognition. In study 2,
negative words, elicited greater amount of disliking
judgments in blocking and biting conditions, than
in frowning mimicry. Positive words, elicit less
liking in the biting condition. As expected mimicry
impacts valenced-word processing however, our
pattern of results did not revealed the expected
congruency effect.

Cognitive and emotional dimensions of narrative
engagement

Bilandzic, Helena Medien und Kommunikation,

Universität Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany Busselle, Rick

Murrow School of Communication, Washington State

University, Pullman, USA

This study validates a scale describing cognitive and
emotional engagement with filmic narratives. Items
derived from a model of narrative engagement were
tested on a developmental sample of 443 US-
American students who watched a television show.
Four dimensions were found in factor analysis:
Narrative Understanding, Attentional Focus, Emo-
tion and Being There. The subscales were replicated
in two test samples of 60 German students with two
shows. Secondary task reaction times were taken in
this study at intense and less intense moments.
Reaction times were slower in suspenseful, but
faster in emotional scenes. Implications for the
relationship between resource allocation and narra-
tive engagement are discussed.

Describing sense-making processes

Nystrom, Monica Medical Management Centre,

Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

The purpose of the study was to test methods for
investigating sense-making processes. Three re-
searchers analyzed transcribed interviews and sum-
marized them. A method for following the process
was used, resulting in segments of text and process
comments. Quantitative and qualitative analyses
examined meta-cognitions and the discourse of
interpretation. Results showed sense-making as a
mixture of bottom-up and top-down cognitive
processing. Variation concerned type and amount
of information reacted on in relation to previous
knowledge. Text influence, strong in the beginning,
weakened during the process. Potential sources for
variation in cognitive processing were suggested.
The proposed measurement design was found
useful.

Influence of inhibition of return on semantic
processing: Evidence from a semantic stroop task

Zhang, Yang Dept. of Psychology, Northeast Normal

University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China

Ming, Zhang psycology, NortheastNormal university,

Changchun, People’s Republic of China Linyun, Wang

psycology, NortheastNormal university, Changchun,

Germany

Objective: The goal of the present study is to
determine whether IOR can modulate semantic
process by combination the semantic Stroop and
IOR procedure. Methods: Seventeen undergraduate
students with a mean age of 22.75¡2.38 years old
were recruited as participants Results and Conclu-
sions: The results showed that the semantic stroop
effect was eliminated when the stimuli presented in
cued locations. Therefore, in consistent with atten-

tional hypothesis of IOR, IOR appears to arise
from inhibition of attention rather than disconnect-
ing perceptual representations with their motor
representations.

How semantic knowledge affects object
recognition: Electrophysiological evidence for
early perceptual modulations

Abdel Rahman, Rasha Inst. für Psychologie,

Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Expertise in object recognition is based on extensive
perceptual experience and in-depth semantic knowl-
edge. In contrast to well-attested effects of percep-
tual experience, little is known about the influence
of in-depth knowledge recognizing objects. A series
of experiments with event-related brain potentials
(ERPs) demonstrates that the amount knowledge
acquired about objects modulates visual ERP
components already 120 milliseconds after object
presentation and causes gradual variations of
activity within a later time window associated with
meaning access. Thus, in-depth knowledge not only
affects involuntary semantic memory access but
also penetrates early visual processes that are
traditionally held to be immune to such influences.

FP-101: Transformational
leadership

Transformational leadership and employee well-
being: An examination of the mediating role of
self-efficacy and trust in the leader

Liu, Jiayan Institute of Psychology, Beijing, People’s

Republic of China Siu, Oi-ling Department of Politics

& S, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China, People’s

Republic of : Macao SAR Shi, Kan N/A, Institute of

Psychology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Based on survey data collected from 745 employees
from the People’s Republic of China (Hong Kong,
n = 448; Beijing, n = 297), regression results
revealed that transformational leadership was
positively related to employees’ self-efficacy, trust
in the leader, and job satisfaction, and negatively
related to perceived work stress and stress symp-
toms. Employees’ self-efficacy and trust in the
leader partially mediated the influence of transfor-
mational leadership on job satisfaction, and fully
mediated the influence of transformational leader-
ship on perceived work stress and stress symptoms.
Implications of these findings for practice and
research are discussed.

Psychological capital as a mediator between
transformational leadership and employees’
work-related outcomes

Zhong, Lifeng School of Business, Renmin University,

Beijing, People’s Republic of China Li, Mei School of

Business, Renmin University of China\\, Beijing,

People’s Republic of China

Building on previous research, this study proposed
that transformational leadership would boost fol-
lowers’ task performance and organizational citi-
zenship behavior by enhancing their psychological
capital. Using a sample of 167 supervisor-subordi-
nate dyads from China, a two-step process of
analysis with LISREL 8.50 was employed to test
the hypotheses. The results indicated that both
transformational leadership and psychological ca-
pital were positively related to employees’ task
performance and organizational citizenship beha-
vior, and employees’ psychological capital mediated
the relationship between transformational leader-
ship behavior and employees’ job performance and
organizational citizenship behavior. Limitations
and practical applications were offered. Keywords:
transformational leadership, psychological capital,
job performance, organizational citizenship beha-
vior

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Are personnel trainers leaders?

Silva Peralta, Yamila Social Psychology, Universidad

de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

This is an exploratory and qualitative study which
purpose is to know about Personnel Trainers’
Leadership. It was oriented to the discovery of
deductive categories in the experiences of non-
success of the trainers and the exploration of
regularities among the categories. Taking into
account the theoretical model of Bass and Avolio
(2004) a content analysis of 41 trainer’s critical
incidents was performed. The results showed
transformational and transactional styles combined
in most of the critical incidents. The incidents were
linked to the self-criticism as a trainer and the
irregularities during the training process. Theore-
tical and practical contributions are presented.

Transformational leadership and innovation
implementation: The mediating role of
commitment to change and moderating function
of climate for initiative

Michaelis, Björn I&O Psychologie, Universität

Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany Stegmaier, Ralf I&O

Psychology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg,

Germany Sonntag, Karlheinz I&O Psychology,

University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

This questionnaire-based study investigates the
relationship between six transformational leader
behaviors and subordinates’ innovation implemen-
tation behaviors. Findings from 198 employees
working in the R&D section in a multinational
automotive company indicate that transformational
leadership is consistently related to implementation
behaviors, given controls for numerous individual
differences in subordinates’ personality, satisfac-
tion, and job demography. As assumed, this
relationship is shown to be mediated by subordi-
nates’ affective commitment to change. Further,
climate for initiative moderates the relation between
transformational leadership and subordinates’ in-
novation implementation behaviors. Implications
for practice and future research are discussed.

The relationship between the Big Five personality
traits and transformational and transactional
leadership styles

Sattari, Fatemeh Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran

Shokrkon, Hossein psychology, Shahid Chamran

University, Ahvaz, Islamic Republic of Iran

This research studies simple and multiple correla-
tions between the personality traits and the leader-
ship styles of the managers in an organization in
IRAN. The hypothesis was that the big five Neo P-
IR factors are positively correlated to the transfor-
mational and transactional leadership styles. 118
managers completed the Neo P-IR and Multifactor
Leadership questionnaires. Data were analyzed
using Correlation and Multiple Regression. Extra-
version, Neuroticism, Conscientiousness, and
Openness and their sub-factors had significant
correlation with transformational leadership. Ex-
traversion and Conscientiousness and their sub-
factors had significant correlation with transac-
tional leadership. Indications of findings have been
discussed for the improvement of the two leadership
styles.

Followers self-regulation and preferences for
transformational versus transactional leadership:
A conjoint-analytical approach

Galais, Nathalie Organ.- und Sozialpsychologie,

Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nürnberg, Germany

Halbig, Michael Organizational and Social Psy.,

University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nürnberg, Germany

The study (N = 481) focuses on the effects of
followers’ goal-orientation and regulatory focus on
preferences for transformational versus transac-
tional leadership. We applied a conjoint-analytical
approach that was realized through an online study
and enables to interactively assess preferences on

the basis of multiple comparisons. Results indicate
that individual self-regulation do not predict a
general preference for transformational/transac-
tional leadership but preferences for specific moti-
vational facets of transformational leadership.
Whereas learning oriented individuals and those
with high promotion-focus prefer leaders who offer
visions and challenge followers, those with high
performance-orientation prefer leaders who act as
role-models. Prevention-focus had no effects.

FP-102: The learning environment:
Student-teacher relationship,
teacher effectiveness, learning
opportunities

Identification of effectiveness factors in English
(EFL) teachers and the study of the relationships
between these factors and students’attitudes
with students’ outcomes
Takrimi, Azimeh Teaching English, Teacher Training

School, Ahvaz-Kooye, Islamic Republic of Iran

Khojaset Mehr, Reza counselling, sahahid chamran

university, Ahvaz,KooyeOstadane Daneshghe, Islamic

Republic of Iran

This study was designed to identify the English
teachers’ effectiveness factors and to investigate the
relationships between these factors and students’at-
titudes with their outcomes.215 teachers partici-
pated, selected according to multi-stage sampling.
Instruments were a 50-item questionnaire on
effectiveness factors,Aiken’s attitude scale,and stu-
dents’ final scores.Factor analysis revealed four
factors as Instructional strategies,Comunication
skills,Personality characteristics,and Knowlege.Re-
sults also show a simple and multiple correlation
between these factors and students’attitudes with
students’outcomes.This study has implications for
language teachers,teacher training centers,and prin-
cipals.

Children’s adaptive and maladaptive
motivational patterns and teacher-child
relationships

Patrick, Helen Educational Studies, Purdue University,

West Lafayette, USA Mantzicopoulos, Panayota

Educational Studies, Purdue University, West

Lafayette, USA Samarapungavan, Ala Educational

Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA

French, Brian Educational Studies, Purdue University,

West Lafayette, USA

We identified different motivational profiles of 110
kindergarteners, and examined whether demo-
graphic, achievement, and teacher-child factors
were associated with these patterns. Using cluster
analysis we identified three profiles involving
children’s perceived competence in, liking, and ease
of science. The largest group expressed high
motivation. A smaller group expressed low compe-
tence but high liking, and another reported low
liking with moderate competence. The profiles did
not differ by demographics or achievement. The
low competence/ high liking group perceived less
teacher support than did children with high
motivation. Discourse analysis of teacher-child
interactions during science lessons showed interac-
tion differences by motivational profile.

Learning environments and schooling
engagement in secondary qualifying education
Frenay, Mariane Dept of Educational Psychology,

University of Louvain UCL, Louvain-la-Neuve,

Belgium Archambault, Isabelle Dept of

Psychoeducation, University of Montreal, Montreal,

Canada Paul, Cecile Dept of Educational Psychology,

University of Louvain UCL, Louvain-la-Neuve,

Belgium Dayez, Jean-Baptiste Dept of Educational

Psychology, University of Louvain UCL, Louvain-la-

Neuve, Belgium Galand, Benoı̂t Dept of Educational

Psychology, University of Louvain UCL, Louvain-la-

Neuve, Belgium

This study investigates effects of learning environ-

ments on students’ engagement and achievement.

We hypothesize differential effects of specific

teaching practices on value perception and on

academic achievement. Promoting instrumentality

would increase utility value while supporting

learning will raise attainment value and academic

achievement. 2207 vocational and technical second-

ary students (grade 9 & 11) were surveyed twice

during school year. Controlling for demographics

and prior motivation, utility value was predicted by

teaching promoting instrumentality, but, surpris-

ingly, no change in R2 was found for attainment

value while academic achievement was best pre-
dicted by teaching supporting learning. Theoretical
and practical implications are discussed.

Learning opportunities and math achievement of
third grade Mexican children

Contreras, Carolina Pruebas y Medición, INEE,

México City, Mexico

The main purpose of this study was to determine

whether achievement scores differ significantly

across different levels of learning opportunities. A

two phase, stratified SRS, PPS national representa-

tive sample of 55312 students was used. Children

were evaluated on math using a standardised test of

80 items with a .79 reliability. Learning opportu-

nities were assessed through four items answered by

children and scaled with the Rasch model. Three

groups were created according to Rasch scores on

learning opportunites. Achievement means were

compared using PISAs macros for complex sam-

ples. Significant differences were found among the

three groups.

Critical analysis of ideas on the learning
readiness of children

Quibuyen, Liezl Elementary Department, College of

the Holy Spirit, Tarlac City, Philippines

This study investigated the indicators of learning

readiness of thinkers as applied in the classroom of

a private school. Three questions were generated:

What learning ideas are common among the

thinkers? ; What are the common indicators of

learning readiness assumed by the thinkers? ; what

principles of learning readiness are applied in the

classroom? Results proves that the principles of

readiness exemplified by the thinkers are present in

the observable skills of the pupils.There is com-

monality in the learning ideas of the thinkers and

the indicators of readiness. Analysis of data

suggests that teachers need to foster an environment

that strengthens the creative capacities and interest

of children.

The study of factors affecting educational
degradation in learning English among non-
English major students

Rahbar, Mohammad Dept. of Foreign Language,

Quchan Azad University, Quchan, Islamic Republic of

Iran

The present research considers six hypotheses that

might affect students, degradation in learning

English. The research instrument was a 36 item

questionnaire with the following sub-scales: 1.very

low effect, 2.low effect, 3.moderate effect, 4.high

effect, and 5.very high effect. To analyze the

gathered data, SPSS software was used. The results

showed that factors such as family financial

problems, lack of educational facilities and inexper-

ienced teachers did not have such a great effect on

students’ degradation in learning English, but

factors such as improper educational planning,

lacks of motivation, and social environment pro-

blems were of most important factors.

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FP-103: Motivation and goal
orientation

Why positive expectations do not always work?

Moà, Angelica Dept. of General Psychology,

University of Padova, Padova, Italy

Previous research has shown that the way you think
of your abilities affects your performance in a
related domain. The present study explores an
additional explanation/factor i.e. time pressure.
Three experiments were run with high school
students (mixed-gender, all-males, all-females) who
were required to complete a mental rotation test
and told that men generally perform better than
women for either genetic reasons or a stereotype or
time pressure. Results showed an increase in
performance in the time pressure condition for
males and a decrease in the genetic reasons
condition in the mixed group. Discussion focuses
on the underlying motivational mechanisms.

A study of motivation on the peasant distance
learners in urbanization

Zhang, Yan Research, 6/F TCL Building OPEN, Beijing,

People’s Republic of China Song, Yu research, 6/F TCL

Building OPEN, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

To examine Self-Determined Learning Intervention
Model (SDLIM), we investigate 87 peasant distance
learners from Beijing, Ningbo, Guangzhou, where
the teaching reform project of MOE of China "To
establish and demonstrate the Digitalized Learning
Port and Lifelong Learning Society" is undertaken.
This study adopts types of motivation based Self-
determination to measure the intrinsic motivation,
extrinsic motivation and amotivation level of
peasant distance learner. By analyzing with their
different characteristics in urbanization, it shows
that because of their different occupations, their
motivation levels vary considerably, SDLIM is also
more complex.

Goal orientation and motivation to lead: A self-
organization theory perspective

Zhang, Kai School of Business, Renmin University of

China, Beijing, People’s Republic of China Jiao,

Changquan Faculty of Business Administra, Lakehead

University, Thunder Bay, Canada Li, Binyu

Department of Human Resource, Beijing Institute of

Economic, Beijing, People’s Republic of China Tan,

Shuang School of Business, Renmin University of

China, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

The conceptualization of goal orientation in past
studies has focused on individual achievement
goals. Based on self-organization theory, this study
broadens goal orientation conceptualization to
include teamwork goal orientation and investigates
the relationship between employee goal orientation
and motivation to lead (MTL). Factor analyses,
correlation analyses, and hierarchical regression
analyses were employed to test the hypotheses. The
results show that teamwork goal orientation can be
distinguished from other three goal orientations.
We also found that teamwork goal orientation
significantly predicts benefit-related MTL, and
learning goal orientation significantly predicts
power-related and social-normative MTL. Implica-
tions for future research and practices are discussed.

Achievement goals, learning strategies and
academic achievement among Peruvian
highschool students

Matos, Lennia Dept. of Psychology, University of

Lima, Lima, Peru Lens, Willy Psychology, University

of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Vansteenkiste, Maarten

Psychology, University of Gent, Gent, Belgium

Achievement goal theory was used to study the role
of motivation in the academic context of a Peruvian
sample of highschool students (N = 1505). The
purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine
the relationship between students’ achievement

goals, their use of learning strategies and academic

achievement. Multiple Regressions identified, as

predicted, positive effects of mastery goals (i.e.

more use of learning strategies, higher academic

achievement), and negative effects of performance-

avoidance goals (i.e. lower academic achievement).

Mixed results were found for pursuing perfor-

mance-approach goals. The present findings sup-

port the external validity of achievement goal

theory in a sample of students from a culture that

is understudied in the motivational literature.

Could optimal self lead to optimal adjustment?
Actions to achieve goals larger then the self and
their beneficial effects

Lin, Yicheng Department of Psychology, National

Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Huang, Chinlan

Division of General Education, The National Taiwan

University, Taipei, Taiwan

Crokers & Park (2004) proposed that the key to

achieve the optimal self-esteem is to consciously

choose goals larger than the self. In the current

study, three types of actions including actions of

hope, actions to show gratitude, and actions to

make oneself and one’s partner happy were

executed three times a week and consecutively for

two weeks in a fixed order. Pre and post measures

of psychological adjustments, life satisfaction, and

emotional experiences were assessed. Both the

beneficial effects and moderating mechanisms of

taking actions to achieve inclusive goals larger then

the self were examined.

Finding Mr. Right: Implicit affiliation motive and
affect regulation moderate partner choice

Fröhlich, Stephanie M. Abteilung Bad Rothenfelde,

Institut für Rehaforschung, Bad Rothenfelde,

Germany Kuhl, Julius Dep. of Human Sciences,

Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany

The implicit affiliation motive is a desire for close

relationships. We hypothesize that people with a

high implicit affiliation motive look for partners

with matching high implicit affiliation motives.

Persons with good access to their inner motives

should be more successful in finding a suitable

partner. We obtained data from 51 couples.

Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted.

Individuals having a strong implicit affiliation

motive and the ability to downregulate negative

affect have partners with comparable affiliation

motives. Affect regulation plays an important role

in finding a partner who is similar to oneself in the

strength of the implicit affiliation motive.

FP-104: Motivational and social
aspects of sport

Interrelations between anxiety, personality,
motivation and performance in 15 years old top-
level fencers

Rosnet, Elisabeth Research Department, INSEP, Paris,

France Gillet, Nicolas Laboratory of Applied Psycholo,

University of Reims, REIMS, France

In order to test the interelations between anxiety,

personality, motivation and performance, more

than 300 15 years old fencers have completed the

STAI, the Gordon Personality Inventory and the

Echelle de Motivation dans les Sports (EMS).

Fencers are from the 20 national best at this age

in foil, epee and sabre. Data are collected during

several years. Performance is assessed by the

national ranking at the time of the psychological

measures and also 2 years later. Gender is also

taken into account. Results are discussed according

to the self-determination theory of motivation.

Relationship maintenance strategies in the
coach-athlete relationship

Rhind, Daniel School of Sport and Exercise S,

Loughborough University, Loughborough, United

Kingdom Jowett, Sophia School of Sport and

Exercise S, Loughborough University,

Loughborough, United Kingdom

Objectives: Although the investigation of relation-
ship maintenance strategies has received consider-
able attention in romantic/marital and familial
relationships, no research has yet investigated the
use of such strategies in the coach-athlete relation-
ship. Methods: Twelve one-to-one interviews were
conducted with 6 coaches (4 males and 2 females)
and 6 athletes (2 males and 4 females), from team
and individual sports, regarding their perceptions of
the strategies which help maintain coach-athlete
relationships. Results: Using content analysis, the
following 7 categories emerged: Conflict Manage-
ment, Openness, Motivational, Positivity, Advice/
Feedback, Support and Social Networks. Conclu-
sions: Similar strategies were identified to those
revealed in personal relationship research, however,
some sport-specific strategies were also highlighted/
emerged.

The Power Motive Scale - Sports- 4 Stages (PMS-
Sports-4S): A sports specific power motive scale
according to McClellands four stage model

Krippl, Martin Foren. Psychiatrie u. Psychol.,

Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

Objectives: On the basis of McClelland’s four stage
model of the power motive a sports specific
questionnaire of the power motive was developed.
Measures 162 sports students (M=22.13; SD= 2.64,
men: 86) of the universities of Potsdam and
Erlangen in Germany filled out the questionnaire.
An explorative factor analysis was conducted in
order to also identify not intended factor structures.
Results The result is a four-factor structure (Kaiser-
Guttman-Kriterium) with a different number of
items for each factor/stage. Cronbach’s Alphas for
all scales are above .70. The alpha for the whole
scale is .80. Conclusions The factor structure is
satisfying, as well as the internal consistencies of the
subscales.

Testing achievement motivation and volition in
sport

Wenhold, Franziska Inst. für Sportpsychologie,

Universität Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany Elbe, Anne-

Marie Department of Exercise and Spo, Univerity of

Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Beckmann,

Jürgen Sportpsychology, Technical University

Munich, Munich, Germany Ehrlenspiel, Felix

Sportpsychology, Technical University Munich,

Munich, Germany

Due to a deficit of German sport specific psycho-
logical questionnaires the German Federal Institute
for Sport Science financially supported the devel-
opment of four questionnaires measuring motiva-
tional and volitional personality aspects, which are
main prerequisites for athletic peak performance.
Test control criteria analysis showed sufficient
results for all four instruments, namely the Achieve-
ment Motives Scale-Sport (Elbe& Wenhold, 2005a),
the German Sport Orientation Questionnaire (Elbe,
2004), the Action Control Scale-Sport (Beckmann,
2003) and the Volitional Components Question-
naire-Sport (Elbe& Wenhold, 2005) and norms
were established. The questionnaires are available
as manuals, via an internet portal and are currently
being implemented in the sport psychological
consultation of elite athletes.

Educational needs of actors involved in soccer
youth sectors

Gozzoli, Caterina Dipartimento Psicologia, Universita

Cattolica, Milano, Italy Frascaroli, Daniela

Dipartimento Psicologia, Università Cattolica, Milano,

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Italy D’Angelo, Chiara Dipartimento Psicologia,

Università Cattolica, Milano, Italy

This research aims to investigate representations
and needs of young players, parents, coaches and
chiefs in soccer youth sectors, as well as relations
and the quality of the relation between these actors.
We will also compare and link these four lifespaces,
by investigating and analysing educational needs.
13 soccer clubs were involved (500 players, 300
parents, 50 coaches, 30 chiefs). We conducted
group-interviews, ethnographic observations and
semi-structured interviews (further data are being
collected), then analysed through content-analysis
(with Atlas.ti software for qualitative analysis).
Different representations, complex relations, crucial
issues, efforts and resources emerged; these results
are essential to get a deeper understanding of sport
as lifespace and to plan educational paths.

Role of sports in student stress coping

Bommareddy, Udayakumar Reddy Rural

Development, National Institute of, Hyderabad, India

Childhood is the critical time for developing healthy
attitudes and adaptive stress coping, which persist
into adulthood. OBJECTIVES: To examine the
health-related behaviours and sports training of
school children. METHODS: Structured interview
schedule was prepared and Scientific Survey con-
ducted on 1275 Students as a sample from 162
Schools in India. Analysis includes Descriptive
Statistics and Bivariate Correlation. RESULTS:
Majority of the sample revealed ‘‘Stress’’ in their
day-to-day life and found ‘‘Playing Sports’’ as their
Stress Coping but suffered from sports injuries,
nervous at play. CONCLUSIONS: Negligence of
scientific sports training and sports sciences makes
sports an ineffective stress coping

FP-105: Motor learning, decision
making and expertise in sport

A longitudinal investigation of expertise-based
differences in search and option-generation
strategies

Raab, Markus Köln, Germany Johnson, Joseph

Psychology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA

In a 2-year longitudinal study, we investigate
changes of athlete’s performances strategy (three
expertise levels) to generated options and subse-
quent choices in handball. Search pattern were
identified via eye-tracking data to independently
verify decision strategies previously inferred from
patterns of generated options. A verbal protocol
identified the option-generation process for each
individual prior to an allocation decision. Although
athletes of varying expertise generated the same
number of options on average, these options
differed in quality between levels of expertise for
both their initial and final choices. These results are
formalized to elaborate a model presented recently
(Raab & Johnson, 2007).

Attribution biases in foul calls: Laboratory and
field evidence for the ’’all players foul small
players’’ heuristic in soccer

van Quaquebeke, Niels Inst. für Sozialpsychologie,

Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Giessner,

Steffen R. Organization and Personnel Man, RSM

Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands

There is no video-evidence in soccer. Consequently,
for ambiguous misconduct, referees have to rely
upon heuristics to infer foul probabilities. We
propose that one heuristic relates height to aggres-
siveness. Study 1 revealed that over all fouls of the
last seven European Champions League seasons,
the last seven Bundesliga seasons, and the last three
World Cups (altogether n1=123,857 fouls), per-
ceived foul perpetrators were on average taller than
their victims. Further experimental studies (n2=198,
n3=327), in which the height of two soccer players
chasing a ball was manipulated, confirmed that

participants were more likely to call a foul on taller
players.

The effects of attentional focus strategies on the
performance and learning of soccer-dribbling
task in children and adolescents
Bahram, Abbas P.E. and sport sciences, Tarbiat

Moalem University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran

Abdolahi Pour, Reza -, Ministry of Education, Arak, I,

arak, Islamic Republic of Iran Shafizadeh, Mohsen P.E.

and sport sciences, tarbiat moalem university, tehran,

Islamic Republic of Iran

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of
internal versus external focus strategies on the
performance and learning in novice children and
adolescences. At practice phase, participants, with-
out prior experience were required to dribble a
colorful soccer ball. They will be asked to recall part
of the foot (internal) or color of the ball (external).
Retention and transfer (external evaluation) tests
performed without instructions or reminder on day
2. MT and errors data were analyzed. The results
showed, at practice phase the internal focus
condition had lower errors, but at transfer the
external focus group showed faster MT.

Effects of different external attention of focus on
the motor learning and error-detection capability:
Perception-action approach
Shafizadeh, Mohsen Physical Education & Sport,

Tarbiat Moallem University, Tehran, Islamic Republic

of Iran

The objective of present study was to determine the
effect of different sources of external attention of
focus on motor skills.30 students were participated
voluntarily and were divided according to type of
attention. All subjects performed 60 trials of golf
putt skill in acquisition and retention phases.
ANOVA results have shown that action-perception
focus group had better learning than other groups
but perception focus group had better error-
detection than action focus group. Thus, the
external focus instruction that helps the performer
to perceive the condition of extrinsic target and
planning the action is more useful than other
external of focus instructions. These results propose
the role of ecological theory on the effects of
external focus of attention.

Physical misconceptions in football professionals
Rauch, Jan Inst. für Psychologie, Universität Zürich,

Zürich, Switzerland Daum, Moritz M. Psychology,

Max Planck Institute, Leipzig, Germany Wilkening,

Friedrich Psychology, University of Zürich, Zürich,

Switzerland

The field of intuitive physics in psychology has
shown that adults - even experts - often show
astonishing misconceptions about physical laws.
The present study investigated the performance of
football professionals regarding their ability to
redirect a cross ball in order to score. In a post-
hoc analysis of all 64 games of the 2006 World Cup
in Germany, even these football professionals
showed a misconception when redirecting balls
with the head, but not when redirecting with the
foot. A follow-up experimental study with amateur
and professional football players examined possible
reasons for the misconception.

The psychology of playing at home in Italian
Serie A football
Zengaro, Franco Murfreesboro, USA Zengaro, Sally

Educational Psychology, University of Alabama,

Murfreesboro, USA

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to
examine the relationship between aggression and
home field advantage for Italian Serie A. Methods:
Penalties, yellow cards, and red cards from 2003-
2007 were examined. Data were analyzed through
chi square, Pearson correlation, and regression.
Results: The results indicated a significant advan-

tage for home teams in penalty kicks (x2 (8) =
168.538; p = .000). There were moderate correla-
tions of yellow cards, red cards, and team
classification. Conclusions: Away teams may adopt
a defensive strategy leading to more cards and
penalties. However, crowd support, player profile,
and team reputation may influence referee deci-
sions.

FP-106: Multilingualism I

Relations between working memory, language
awareness and multiliteracy of young, Chinese
immigrant children in early French immersion
programs

Hoskyn, Maureen Educational Psychology, Simon

Fraser University, North Vancouver, Canada

Chinese-immigrant parents in Canada have the
option of enrolling their children in either English
or French immersion language programs at school
entry. In this study, the relative importance of
educational placement (i.e., language experience),
working memory and meta-cognitive language
awareness on literacy outcomes (i.e., in English,
French and Mandarin/Cantonese) of 120 young
Chinese immigrant children is investigated. Results
of hierarchical regression analyses suggest that
working memory mediates, but does not entirely
explain the role of meta-cognitive language aware-
ness on literacy outcomes in English and French
and these relations exist irrespective of children’s
educational placement.

Transfer of phonological skills in L2 lexical
learning

Xiao, Wen Dept. of Psychology, CUHK, Hong Kong,

China, People’s Republic of : Hong Kong SAR Cheng,

Jeremy Chi-Yeung psychology, CUHK, Hong Kong,

China, People’s Republic of : Macao SAR Cheung, Him

psychology, CUHK, Hong Kong, China, People’s

Republic of : Macao SAR

The study shows that Chinese (L1) phonological
awareness predicts English (L2) receptive vocabu-
lary over and above English phonological aware-
ness in a group of bilingual 9-year-olds. No such
transfer effect however emerges with orthographic
awareness. In addition, transfer of phonological
skills appears to be restricted to relatively sparse
phonological neighbourhoods. Our results are
discussed in the light of the lexical restructuring
hypothesis as applied to bilingual learning, and the
universality of phonological processing across
languages adopting different writing systems.

Bilingual reading and vocabulary development in
relation to speech perception and metalinguistic
awareness

Cheung, Him Dept. of Psychology, Chinese Univers.

of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, People’s Republic

of : Hong Kong SAR Chung, Kevin Curriculum and

Instruction, HongKong Instituteof Education, N.T.,

Hong Kong SAR, China, People’s Republic of : Macao

SAR Wong, Simpson Psychology, Oxford University,

Oxford, United Kingdom McBride-Chang, Catherine

Psychology, Chinese University of HongKong, N.T.,

Hong Kong, China, People’s Republic of : Macao SAR

Penny, Trevor Psychology, National University of

Singapo, Singapore, Singapore Ho, Connie

Psychology, University of HongKong, Pokfulam, Hong

Kong, China, People’s Republic of : Macao SAR

This study examines the intercorrelations among
speech perception, metalinguistic awareness, read-
ing, and vocabulary in three age cohorts of Chinese-
English bilingual children, aged from 5 to 9 years.
Results showed that: (1) speech perception followed
slightly different developmental paths in the two
languages; (2) metalinguistic awareness was related
to reading and vocabulary in the two languages in
similar ways; (3) speech perception was more
predictive of metalinguistic awareness, reading,
and vocabulary in the L1 than L2; (4) L1 speech

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perception and metalinguistic awareness uniquely
predicted L2 reading but not vocabulary. The
findings are discussed in the context of cross-
language transfer.

Willingness to communicate and communicative
apprehension in the Japanese context

Gladman, Tehmina Miyazaki International College,

Kiyotake, Japan Curl, Layton Psychology,

Metropolitan State College, Denver, USA

This study looks at the differences in levels of
willingness to communicate in English and com-
municative comprehension in a sample of Japanese
college students from both a traditionally struc-
tured Japanese university as well as from an
international college in Japan. Many private
colleges have recently opened with the express
purpose of teaching an international curriculum in
English to predominantly Japanese students. This
study will discuss whether these English immersion
colleges are significantly increasing Japanese stu-
dents’ willingness to communicate while reducing
their intercultural communicative apprehension as
compared to students taking a more traditional
Japanese curriculum with traditionally designed
English classes.

Priming in the mental lexicon between mother
tongue and a foreign language in bilinguals and
interpreters

Polonyi, Tünde Éva Budapest, Hungary

This research studied lexical retrieval in bilinguals.
The specific question was whether in a disambigu-
ating context the processing of an ambiguous word
in one language facilitates the access of both of its
meanings in the other language of the mental
lexicon. Students majoring in English, Hungarian-
English bilinguals and interpreters (N=87) took
part in the experiment. A cross-modal priming
experimental setup was applied. Results showed no
clear time-course of lexical access that after multiple
access of meanings comes selective access. A factor
revealed by our study that is capable of influencing
priming effects is word class of prime and target.

FP-107: Learning strategies I

The role of Self-Regulated Learning (SRL) and
Self-Efficacy (SE) on mathematics and biology
learning (a study carried out in high schools in
Indonesia which conducted accelerated program
for the gifted)

Kusumawardhani, Dianti Endang School of

Education, Flinders University, Jakarta, Indonesia

Indonesian first year students (N=240) from
accelerated and regular classes from three different
high schools were assigned to either an intervention
(teaching sessions fostering students’ knowledge of
SRL strategies) or a non-intervention condition.
The proposition was there is an effect of the
intervention on Mathematics and Biology learning
that operates through SRL or SE. PLS, AMOS,
and HLM programs were used to examine the
pattern of relationships and to track change over
time. The result showed although the direct effect of
intervention on Mathematics and Biology learning
on SE dropped after the intervention, an indirect
effect operates through SRL, particularly in learn-
ing Biology.

Age differences in the metacognitive control of
workplace learning

Roßnagel, Christian Jacobs Centre, Jacobs University

Bremen, Bremen, Germany Schulz, Melanie Jacobs

Centre, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany

We investigated the effects of low memory self-
efficacy (MSE) on work-related learning. 90 work-
ers participated in a computer-based training. They
were assigned to a 2(age: , 36yrs vs. >50yrs) x 2
(high vs. low MSE) x 2(reflection prompts vs. no
prompts) design. Participants in the prompts group

received self-reflection prompts on learning goals
and learning strategies. For older learners, prompts
enhanced performance in the low MSE group, but
not the high MSE group. Unlike low MSE older
learners, high MSE older learners did not rate
learning as being of negative affective quality.
Results show that MSE affects the metacognitive
control of learning.

Comparing the study methods of Iranian and
American high school students from the
perspective of cognitive and metacognitive
strategies

Shaghaghi, Farhad Dept. of Psychology, Paiam Noor

University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran

Abstract This research is about comparing the
study method of Iranian and American high school
students from the perspective of cognitive and
metacognitive strategies. The tow groups of subjects
were selected randomly from Iranian and American
high school students within the range of 15 to 18
years old who studied in Tehran (Iran) and New
York. For the purpose of comparing the study
methods of these subjects, each group of subjects
was separately ask to fill out a questionnaire on
study methods. The results indicated that Iranian
students apply more cognitive strategies, however
Iranians use more metacognitive strategies for
studying their subject matters.

Competence-based knowledge space theory and
self-regulated learning: Mission impossible or
happy marriage?

Albert, Dietrich Inst. für Psychologie, Universität Graz,

Graz, Austria Steiner, Christina M. Department of

Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria

Two apparently conflicting research trends in e-
learning are picked up. Competence-based Knowl-
edge Space Theory (CbKST) provides a knowledge
representation framework which, since its invention
by Doignon and Falmagne, has been successfully
applied in various e-learning systems (e.g. ALEKS,
ELEKTRA) providing automated personalisation
to learners’ competence. Principles of self-regulated
learning (SRL), pioneered by e.g. Zimmerman,
argue for increased learner control, thus resulting in
giving learners greater responsibility over their e-
learning. It is shown that CbKST-based guidance
and SRL-based autonomy are noway conflicting
but rather complementing each other towards an
integrated approach of self-regulated personalised
learning, demonstrated by the iClass system.

Computer-assisted analysis of online
collaborative learning process

Li, Yanyan Educational Technology, Beijing Normal

University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

To explore the students’ interaction process during
online collaborative learning by adopting the
computer assisted approach, the asynchronous
discussion transcripts of 18 graduate students taken
in course ‘‘Introduction of E-learning’’ were ana-
lyzed. Semi-auto content analysis results showed
that students’ interaction process could be described
in terms of cognitive, metacognitive and social
activity. Their interaction mainly focused on emo-
tional greeting at the social dimension, and
information sharing, questioning, debating, nego-
tiation at the cognitive dimension, but occasionally
related to metacognitive dimension. It was con-
cluded that online discussion during learning was
still superficial, and learning-related deep discussion
seldom occurred.

Self-regulation and feedback in learning from
texts

Chen, Qishan Dept. Educational Psychology, Chinese

Univers. of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, People’s

Republic of : Hong Kong SAR Shiu, Ling-Po

Educational Psychology, Chinese University of

HongKong, Hong Kong, China, People’s Republic of :

Macao SAR

How accurately can students monitor and regulate
their learning? In this study, 100 college students
were asked to re-study some texts they had read and
on which they had taken a comprehension test. The
texts for re-study were selected by either the
students themselves or the computer on the basis
of the comprehension test. Our results show that
students in the latter condition outperformed those
in the former condition in a second comprehension
test. However, students in these two conditions did
not differ significantly had they generated five
keywords at a delay after reading the texts for the
first time.

FP-108: Consequences of
occupational stress III

Relationship between health and coping in
human service workers

Morán, Consuelo Psychology, Sociology and Ph.,

University of León, León, Spain Alonso, Nieves

Psychology, Sociology and Ph., University of León,

León, Spain

Objective: To explore the exposure to workplace
bullying and his repercussion in general health and
differences in coping strategies. Design and meth-
ods: Human services, 394 workers, 136 men.
Diagnosis study. Multivariate Analysis, Pearson
correlation, Cluster analysis. Results: 10% of
subjects considered targets of bullying. The results
indicated differences within targets and no-targets
in all of dimension of health. A greater distress
appears in target males. Differences in coping
strategies appear. Conclusion: Workplace bullying
was a strong risk factor for general health loss. This
study suggested that targets must used more healthy
strategies of coping (positive reinterpretation, ac-
ceptance, planning).

Study on the relative factors of workaholism and
work engagement

Jiang, Jiang School of Psychology, Beijing Normal

University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China Zheng,

Fangfang School of Psychology, Beijing Normal

University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China Yu,

Shengkai School of Psychology, Beijing Normal

University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

The study examined workaholism and work en-
gagement on work demands, work support and
perceived health by related scales. The sample
consisted of 436 employees in China securities
agencies. Correlation analysis and regression ana-
lysis showed workaholism had significant positive
correlation with engagement which meant the one
who was workaholic scored high on engagement.
Workaholism and work engagement both positively
related to work demands and support. Workahol-
ism was negatively associated with physical health.
In contrast, work engagement had no significant
relation with total health. Work support could
predict the status of engagement and working
excessively could predict poor health.

Workplace bullying in Italy: Some empirical
findings

Giorgi, Gabriele Psychology, University of Firenze,

Firenze, Italy

This research addresses the prevalence of bullying
in Italy. Above 1500 Italian employees compiled the
Negative Acts Questionnaire Revised (NAQ-R)
across more than 20 organizations. The database
of the research came indeed from a work of
organizational diagnosis. Results showed that
bullying prevalence in Italy is high. Findings also
highlighted that bullying is clearly linked to the
organizational system, though the nature of the
experience varies among companies. Finally a
strong relation was found between workplace
bullying and organizational climate. Team, leader-

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ship, job description and dynamism were the most
important predictors of bullying at work.

The occupational stress of public sector
employees

Neelakandan, Rathinam Psychology Wing,

Annamalai University, Chidambaram, India

The present study aims to find out the level of
occupational stress of different cadre of employees
working in a public sector organization. A samples
of 320 employees selected randomly were studied
using Srivasthava and Singh Occupational Stress
scale. Statistical measures such as Mean, SD, SEM,
t-tests and Analysis of Variance, were used to
interpret the obtained data. The results revealed
that employees differed in occupational stress on
the basis of marital status, education and year of
service.

FP-109: Conscious and
unconscious processes I

Electrophysiological correlates to changes in
state of consciousness during meditation

Hinterberger, Thilo Inst. für Umweltmedizin,

Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

Psychophysiological measurements comparing
meditation and non-meditation conditions have
been conducted over decades. This study focuses
on the detection of state changes during meditation.
Therefore, twenty highly experienced meditators
have been measured with 64 channels of EEG
(Electroencephalogram) and additional peripheral
measures during self-paced and guided meditation.
After referencing the data to a resting state
condition the state changes during meditation could
be visualized. Most meaningful correlates were
found in the Theta and Gamma range of the
EEG which mostly matched the mediators’ reports.
These results encourage us to develop an online
monitoring device for states of consciousness.

The effect of preparation time and
foreknowledge on task switching

Huang, Silin School of Psychology, Inst. of Developm.

Psychology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China Lin,

Chongde school of psychology, institute of

developmental Psy, beijing, People’s Republic of

China Hu, Qingfen school of psychology, institute of

developmental Psy, beijing, People’s Republic of

China Luo, Liang school of psychology, institute of

developmental Psy, beijing, People’s Republic of

China Chen, Guang school of psychology, institute of

developmental Psy, beijing, People’s Republic of

China

An explicit task-cuing paradigm was used to
explore the effect of preparation time and fore-
knowledge on task switching. The results as follow:
(1) The interaction between the preparation time
and the foreknowledge was significant. With
prolonging the preparation time, the RT in repeti-
tion task and switch-to task reduced significantly.
However, the RT in switch-away task didn’t
reduced. There were not the preparation effects;
(2) Compared to the switch-to task, the RT and
switch cost in switch-away task were longer; (3) the
preparation effect did not depend on the predict-
ability of the preparation time.

The nature of practice-related changes of dual-
task control

Strobach, Tilo Inst. für Psychologie, Humboldt-

Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany Frensch, Peter

A. Department of Psychology, Humboldt University

Berlin, Berlin, Germany Schubert, Torsten

Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-

University, Munich, Germany

Studies on dual-task practice suggest that partici-
pants acquire skills of inter-task coordination to
control simultaneously processed component tasks.
However, the nature of these skills is still a matter

of debate. We assumed that participants acquire
skills to accelerate the switch between the bottle-
neck stages in a dual-task situation and compared
the dual-task performance of dual-task and single-
task learners after extensive practice. The results
showed that dual-task learners speed up the start of
the processes after switching between the two
component tasks in a dual-task situation. These
findings suggest improved bottleneck switching as
an important skill resulting from extensive dual-
task practice.

Unconscious determinants of free decisions in
the human brain

Soon, Chun Siong Attention & Awareness, MPI CBS,

Leipzig, Germany Brass, Marcel Experimental

Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

Heinze, Hans-Jochen Department of Neurology II,

Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany

Haynes, John-Dylan BCCN Berlin, Charité –

Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany

Are decisions influenced by unconscious brain
processes? Here we investigated to which degree
the outcome of a free decision could be predicted
from fMRI signals at various timepoints before it
was made. Participants spontaneously decided
between a left or right button press and immediately
executed their choice while also reporting when
their conscious decision was formed. Using a
pattern classifier applied to fMRI signals we were
able to predict the outcome of a decision up to 7s
before it was made from frontopolar and parietal
cortex. This suggests that a sequence of unconscious
processing stages precedes a free conscious decision.

FP-110: Neural bases of cognition II

Using ERPs to probe phonological short-term
memory deficits in children with SLI

Barry, Johanna Inst. für Neuropsychologie, Max-

Planck-Institut, Leipzig, Germany Hardiman, Mervyn

Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford,

Oxford, United Kingdom Yasin, I. Experimental

Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United

Kingdom Bishop, Dorothy Experimemtal Psychology,

University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

The event-related potential components called the
mismatch negativity (MMN) and late mismatch
negativity (LDN) were used to investigate phono-
logical short-term memory deficits in children with
Specific Language Impairment (SLI). Stimuli com-
prised 4-syllable standard and deviant CV-strings.
We predicted significantly reduced MMN and
LDN responses to consonant changes particularly
in the third and fourth syllables due to more rapid
fading of the sensory memory trace. This paper
reports our findings and the implications for
understanding sensory memory deficits in SLI.

Object-specificity in human brain activity without
the objects?

Mnatsakanian, Elena HNA Laboratory, Institute of

Neurophysiology, Moscow, Russia Tarkka, Ina Maria

Neurophysiology, Brain Res&Rehab Center Neu,

Kuopio, Finland

We studied brain activity elicited by the preparation
to compare pairs of consecutive targets super-
imposed with the ignored stimuli. The tasks were:
pattern comparison where targets were abstract
patterns, same for all series, and real object
comparison where targets in different series were
1) personally familiar faces, 2) unfamiliar faces, 3)
animal figures. The target type to compare was
defined by the preceding cues - dot patterns, same
for all series. The 128-channel event-related poten-
tials elicited by the cue were analyzed in 12
volunteers. The cue-elicited activity showed differ-
ences related to the specificity of the objects to be
compared later.

The effect of subthalamic deep brain stimulation
on processes of response selection in patients
with Parkinson’s disease: Evidence from a Simon
task

Plessow, Franziska Department of Psychology,

University of Technology, Dresden, Germany

Volkmann, Jens Department of Neurology, Christian-

Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany Schubert,

Torsten Department of Psychology, Humboldt-

University, Berlin, Germany

The aim of this study was to investigate the
involvement of the basal ganglia (BG) in mechan-
isms of response selection. Patients with Parkin-
son’s disease and therapeutic deep brain stimulation
(DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus performed a
Simon task, in which they responded to a relevant
stimulus dimension while inhibiting competing
response tendencies due to irrelevant stimulus
dimensions. DBS was used to systematically switch
between physiological (ON) and pathological
(OFF) functioning of the BG. Results show a
reliable Simon effect in the ON but not in the OFF
condition. This suggests that the BG play a role in
response selection processes.

Invariant decoding of object categories from
human visual cortex

Chen, Yi Attention and Awareness, Max-Planck-

Institut, Leipzig, Germany Haynes, John-Dylan BCCN

Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany

Categorical representations of objects in visual
cortex have been intensively investigated using
fMRI in humans. However it remains unclear to
which degree specific brain regions encode objects
invariant of their defining features. We approached
the problem using 3D rendering of objects rotating
along a randomly changing axis. Multivariate
techniques were used to decode objects from fMRI
signals. We investigated whether changes of speed,
size and colour of objects affected the degree to
which they could be decoded. Our results support
the notion that object representations in temporal
cortex can be decoded independently of their
precise spatial representation in retinotopic regions.

FP-111: Psychotherapy - Research
and treatment methods IV

A compensation model of online therapy

Akmehmet, Sibel Educational Sciences, Bogazici

University, Istanbul, Turkey

Systematic qualitative research on actual experience
of online therapists is lacking. This study aimed to
demystify the experience of e-therapy practitioners
by collecting in-depth interview data from four
therapists residing in three different countries.
Triangulation was achieved through the interviews,
member-checking, and their web sites. A qualitative
analysis of each narrative revealed that e-therapists
tend to adjust the face-to-face therapy processes
rather than totally transforming them. A ‘‘compen-
sation model’’ was supported particularly regarding
visual cues. In addition, an ‘‘online therapeutic
relationship model’’ focusing on the interaction of
compensation and transformation was devised to
conceptualize the adjustment process.

Computer supported training based on latent
semantic analysis and the expertise of
psychotherapists

Caspar, Franz Dept. für Psychologie, Universität Bern,

Bern, Switzerland Wenning, Katrin Dept. für

Psychologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

Wahl, Sonja Dept. für Psychologie, Universität

Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Berger, Thomas Dept.

für Psychologie, Universität Bern, Bern 9, Switzerland

Research on the development of expertise shows
that "deliberate practice" with explicit fast feedback,
and the possibility of improving performance is an
efficient avenue to expertise (Ericsson). Unfortu-
nately, such possibilities hardly exist naturally in

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psychotherapy practice and too little in common
psychotherapy trainings. This may partly explain
why consistently only modest differences are found
between novice and experienced psychotherapists.
Unfortunately, intensive deliberate practice with
human support would be too costly. Therefore, a
computer tool based on Landauer et al’s "Latent
Semantic Analysis", which "understands" freely
formulated text and gives feedback has been
successfully used in an experimental comparison
with traditional feedback

Psychodiagnostic decisions

Sjödahl, Lars Lund, Sweden

To exemplify a category-system over false diagnos-
tic inferences (attributions) a number of case studies
will be presented, based on patients’ first person
accounts and their patient charts. Educational
measures to improve clinicians’ diagnostic skill are
suggested. The following aspects are discussed and
empirically illustrated from the case material.
Idiographic or nomothetical approach to the
diagnostic task: consequences? Validity criteria for
diagnostic attributions, coherence or correspon-
dence criteria? Categorial and/or dimensional attri-
bution of the client: consequences? Dispositional
versus episodic attribution of the client: conse-
quences? A category system covering 36 categories
of false attributions, in terms of contextual ex-
planations is presented.

Effects of university training and practical
experience on expertise in clinical psychology

Spada, Hans Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Hauser, Sabine

Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg,

Freiburg, Germany Rummel, Nikol Department of

Psychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg,

Germany Caspar, Franz Department of Psychology,

University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

We examined the effects of university training and
growing practical experience on expertise develop-
ment in clinical psychology, and in particular
psychotherapy. 85 persons (novice, intermediate,
and advanced students, graduated trainee thera-
pists, and therapists with at least 10 years of
practical experience) took part in our study. They
completed a test measuring basic and clinical
knowledge and worked on case studies. Up to the
level of trainee therapists the results were consistent
with the positive picture known from expertise
development in medicine. However, at the level of
experienced therapists several variables decreased.
A possible explanation of these results will be
presented.

FP-112: Cognitive processes

Railroad illusion in railroad profession

Druzhinin, Georgy IEAP, Moscow, Russia

Visual illusions were studies by interactive version
of psychophysical methods. Applying to railroad
problems the question whether railroad employees
see railroad illusion (Ponzo illusion) was studied in
details. Locomotive drivers and railway men see
this illusion and work with it every day but never
think about it. Locomotive drivers see the cabin
equipment in light inverse perspective, see the
railway in direct perspective and try to locate the
front window as the border between the direct and
inverse perspective in the area of neutral perspec-
tive. The structure of visual space of railroad
personnel will be discussed.

Behavioral intention: Motivation to protect
among young drivers faced to human versus
automatic road speed control

Kergoat, Marine Dept. de Psychologie EA 3984,

University Paris X, Nanterre, France Delhomme,

Patricia Psychologie de la conduite, INRETS, Arcueil

cedex, France Meyer, Thierry Psychology EA 3984,

University Paris X, Nanterre cedex, France

Based on the motivation protection model (Rogers,
1983), the present research is about understanding
the way young drivers cognitively process speed
control messages while driving on a highway.
Young drivers had to imagine themselves in a
specific situation where control type (automatic vs.
policemen) and situation controllability (control
location known vs. unknown) were manipulated.
Measures of speed behavioral intention and coping
evaluation were collected. Variance and regression
analyses were performed. In a controllable situa-
tion, only information concerning police control
had a deterrent effect. Self-efficacy and motivation
as explanatory factors are discussed.

Traffic ‘‘Incivilities’’ in Romania: Attributions and
social representation of traffic infrastructure

Holman, Andrei Iasi, Romania Havarneanu, Cornel

Psychology, "Al. I. Cuza" Universi, iasi, Romania

Dumitru, Marian Psychology, "Al. I. Cuza" Universi,

iasi, Romania Havarneanu, Grigore Iasi, Romania

The research is aimed at revealing the connections
between the Social Representation of traffic infra-
structure in the Romanian population and driving
‘‘incivilities’’, taking into account as a possible
mediator the attribution process. Our hypothesis is
that drivers justify their ‘‘rude’’ (and even risky)
attitudes and behaviors through the bad state of
Romanian traffic infrastructure, their attributions
being aimed at the carelessness of authorities in this
regard. We researched the links between the content
and structure of this social representation, on one
hand, and the attributions, attitudes and behavioral
intentions in various traffic situations, on the other.

Assessing focus of attention during driving with
visual secondary tasks: Development of a new
experimental design

Gradenegger, Barbara IZVW, Würzburg, Germany

Rauch, Nadja Psychologie 3, IZVW, Würzburg,

Germany Krüger, Hans-Peter Psychologie 3, IZVW,

Würzburg, Germany

In a driving simulation study drivers’ gaze beha-
viour during visual secondary tasks was simulated
via occlusion. Change blindness for changes occur-
ring to moving, driving relevant and irrelevant
objects was used to measure focus of attention.
Relevance for driving was only dependent on speed
and headway of surrounding vehicles; all other
aspects were kept constant. Results for N=16
subjects show influence of expectation and rele-
vance on focus of attention. Due to unattended
situational developments failures with severe con-
sequences for driving safety occurred. Therefore,
the new experimental design seems promising for a
detailed analysis of attentional strategies in driving
with secondary tasks.

FP-113: Cognitive development in
childhood II

The development of attentional orienting after
non-predictive, predictive or counter-predictive
cues

Leclercq, Virginie Centre Henri Piéron, Boulogne

Billancourt, France Siéroff, Eric LPNCog, centre Henri

Piéron, Boulogne Billancourt, France

Orienting of attention was investigated in 6- to 10-
year-olds and in adults, in experiments using non-
predictive, predictive or counter-predictive cues and
various delays between the cue and the target. With
non-predictive cues, IOR was found in all groups,
but was delayed in younger children. With pre-
dictive cues, the advantage of valid over invalid
trials occurred in all participants, showing an ability
to endogenously orient the attention even in
younger children. However, a weaker ability to
inhibit the capture of attention by a counter-
predictive cue, leading to a delayed endogenous

reorienting of attention, was found in children
compared to adults.

Age of beginning formal reading instruction and
later literacy: Evidence from longitudinal
research

Suggate, Sebastian Dept. of Psychology, University of

Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand Schaughency,

Elizabeth Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin,

New Zealand Reese, Elaine Psychology, University of

Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

This study compares developing literacy in children
attending schools where literacy instruction begins
earlier or later. Participants (N = 450) comprised
eight cohorts of children (5-12 years) across seven
years, attending state (instruction begins at 5) or
Rudolf Steiner (instruction begins around 7)
schooling. Measures assessed included: home lit-
eracy/demographic practices, receptive vocabulary,
narrative story retell, phonemic and alphabetic
awareness, decoding, and comprehension. Literacy
growth and absolute performance were investigated
with hierarchical linear analyses, while accounting
for participant characteristics. Preliminary results
suggest students beginning reading instruction later
generally catch up to their earlier-starting peers.
Further findings and implications will be presented.

Validation of the early childhood behavior
questionnaire in Chinese setting

Tao, Ye Inst. for Psychology, Zhejiang University,

Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China Xu, Qinmei

Inst. for Psychology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou,

People’s Republic of China

The Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire
(Putnam, 2006) was translated into Chinese. Par-
ents of 126 children (63 male, 63 female, M = 38.14
months, SD=13.55) were asked to complet the
Chinese version. Results showed the internal con-
sistency of the scale and 17 dimensions except
attentional shifting ranged from 0.60 to 0.86. A
three-factor structure of Effortful Control, Nega-
tive Affectivity, and Extraversion was validated.
Chinese children were lower in High Intensity
Pleasure, Soothability, and Sociability, but higher
in Motor Activation, Sadness, Fear, Discomfort,
Shyness, Perceptual Sensitivity, and Positive An-
ticipation than American ones. Both of age and
gender differences emerged in several dimensions.

Five-month old babies’ manual motor behaviors
in interactions with their mothers

Vicente, Carla Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Seidl de Moura,

Maria Lucia Social Psychology, State University of Rio

de Jan, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

This study investigated manual motor behaviors of
reaching and grasping in five-month old babies
during 114 interactional events with their mothers,
in order to understand the role of this interactional
mediator on joint of attention over objects. The
participants were 35 urban dyads of the Rio de
Janeiro and they were video-recorded in their home.
A descriptive analysis was performed considering
categories of babies’ behaviors and maternal
stimulation. The results show that manual beha-
viors take part in 61.4% of interactions, together
with maternal stimulation. Thus, babies’ manual
behaviors seem to be co-constructed by the dyad in
a process of joint attention.

FP-114: Cognitive development I

Not smarter, but wiser: Dialectical reasoning
across lifespan

Grossmann, Igor Dept. of Psychology, University of

Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA Na, Jinkyung Psychology,

University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA Varnum,

Michael Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann

Arbor, USA Kitayama, Shinobu Psychology,

University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA Nisbett,

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Richard Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann

Arbor, USA

Are older people wiser? Despite the lay belief,
researchers have failed to provide a clear answer to
this question. Re-conceptualizing wisdom as a
dialectical style of reasoning, we invited a randomly
selected community sample of younger (n=63) and
older people (n=65) to read stories about social
group conflicts and give their prognosis for future
events. Participants’ responses were coded on five
dialecticism dimensions, including recognition of
limits of knowledge and compromise. Older parti-
cipants used dialectical reasoning more often than
younger adults. Cognitive ability tests did not
predict dialecticism for either younger or older
participants.

Institute of Psychology of Russian Academy of
Education: Methods of prognosis and design of
social situation for children with neurological
illnesses

Bulanova, Olga Centre, Diagnostics and Consulting,

Moscow, Russia

Prognosis of children’s predisposition to illnesses
with help of experimental database analysis by
means of neural networks and methods of multi-
dimensional statistical analysis. We used ‘‘Intelli-
gent Problem Solver’’ in STATISTICA Neural
Networks package and received optimal instru-
ments for classification. Neural networks for aim of
prognosis and data analysis are effective modelling
method allowing to relatively easily reproduce
complicated non-linear dependencies. Networks
on radial basic elements proved to be the most
effective (80% of correct prognoses). In process of
investigation we singled out most influential factors
for prognosis of neurological illnesses, which
ensures effective designing of rehabilitation condi-
tions for development and improvement of a sick
child’s life standard.

The comparison on the development of visual
attention between the hearing impaired
population and hearing population

Zhang, Xingli Developmental and Educational,

Institute of Psychology,CAS, Beijing, People’s

Republic of China Shi, Jiannong developmental and

educational, Institute of Psychology,CAS, Beijing,

People’s Republic of China Wang, Kenan For the Deaf,

Beijing No.2 School, Beijing, People’s Republic of

China

We used the visual search task to investigate the
development of visual attention between the hear-
ing impaired and hearing population. The two
group participants were matched in age and IQ.
The results showed that the visual attention
developmental speed of the hearing impaired
children was slower than that of the hearing ones.
However, their selective skill improved with age.
Therefore, in the adulthood, hearing impaired
students showed the slight advantage in the selective
attention skill over the hearing ones. The present
study suggested that visual attention development
depended on the integration of multimodal sensory
information.

FP-115: Organizational
development

The dynamic process of person-environment fit
in episodic organizational change: A longitudinal
case study in China

Pan, Lushan School of Management, Zhejiang

University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China

While it is recognized that implementing organiza-
tional changes impact both employee and organiza-
tional health, there is a lack of research that focus
on the interactions between the employee and
changing environment. This study examines Per-
son-Environment (P-E) fit during the changing
period and takes a longitudinal perspective on P-E

fit. By examining how P-E fit are imbalanced and

rebalanced through specific phases of the changing

period, this research also provides insights about

the role of employee’s adaptation to organizational

change as the key driver of shifts in P-E fit

rebalancing.

Unconscious conflicts of values as socio-
psychological barriers to organizational
development

Zakharova, Lyudmila Administration Psychology,

NNSU, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

The presentation identifies the values, determining

decision making of Russian managers and their

influence on building the market organizational

culture. Significant difference in officially accepted

and de-facto affecting decision making values is

found. 50% of managers agree that market culture

values are the most efficient for their enterprise but

only 14,5 5 use them in decision making. Uncon-

scious conflict of values is a barrier for developing

market relationships. This conflict leads to forming

an amorphous organizational culture, reproduction

of outdated management styles and block market

oriented development.

Logo-OD: The applicability of logotherapy as an
Organisation Development (OD) intervention

Burger, Daniel Human Resource Management,

University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South

Africa Crous, Fredrik Human Resource Management,

University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South

Africa Roodt, Gert Human Resource Management,

University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park,

Johannesburg, South Africa

This study investigated the applicability of lo-

gotherapy as an OD intervention by examining

the relationship between the constructs of resistance

to–readiness for change and meaning seeking, and

determining whether a logotherapy-based interven-

tion – or Logo-OD – would impact on resistance to

change. A quasi-experimental design was applied to

test the study’s hypotheses. Whereas a significant

relationship was established between the above-

mentioned constructs, no significant effect of Logo-

OD on resistance to change was observed. These

results largely supported the primary conclusions

emanating from the literature review: the role of

Logo-OD is one of a positive trigger event for

organisational change.

Organization development in an Iranian
industrial corporation: The diagnosis phase

Nouri, Aboulghasem Psychology, University of

Isfahan, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran Samavatyan,

Hossein Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan,

Islamic Republic of Iran Oreyzi, Hamid Reza

Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Islamic

Republic of Iran Sanati, Javad Occupational HSE,

Polyacryl of Iran Corporation, Isfahan, Islamic

Republic of Iran Mojib, Mahmoud CEO, Polyacryl of

Iran Corporation, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran

Based on the organization development literature, a

long-term and multi-phased study was planned in

an Iranian industrial corporation. In the first phase,

the aim was to achieve the organization diagnosis.

Following a comprehensive study of the system,

identifying its key components and discussing with

key members of the corporation, a questionnaire

was developed and finalized after the pilot study. A

classified random sample of 425 persons partici-

pated. The results indicated some significant

degrees of congruence between the corporation

and the personnel’s goals. Implications for the next

phase of a planned intervention as well as the

relevant model are proposed.

FP-116: Diversity management

Does age matter in leadership? Age relations
between leaders and followers as determinants
of leadership effectiveness

Kearney, Eric Bremen, Germany Voelpel, Sven JCLL,

Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany

Despite the abundant literature on leadership, there
is little knowledge of how leadership effectiveness
may depend on age relations between leaders and
followers. Given that in today’s organizations there
are often considerable age differences between
leaders and followers (e.g., old leaders and young
followers or vice versa), we present a comprehensive
model of how leaders can adapt their leadership
behaviors not only to the age of their followers, but
especially to their own age relations with followers.
Moreover, we present the results of two pertinent
empirical studies and discuss the theoretical and
managerial implications of our findings.

Age as a factor in leadership situations

Muecke, Anja School of Business, University of

Applied Sciences, Olten, Switzerland

Demographic change will make it necessary to
manage and maximise the performance and poten-
tial of a workforce that is growing older. Super-
visors play a crucial role in the challenge to keep
employees at all ages motivated and effective
(Tuomi et al., 1997). However, little is known how
"age" is perceived by supervisor in everyday leader-
ship situations. 348 critical leadership situation were
worked out using leadership diaries, interviews and
workshops with 28 Swiss line managers. Attribu-
tional theory (e.g. Mitchell, 1982) and the theory of
age effects by Lawrence (1987) were used as
theoretical basis. Results will be presented.

Diversity management and social
representations of diversity

Cardu, Helene Fondements Pratiques Education,

Universite Laval, Quebec, Canada Costalat-Founeau,

Anne-Marie Psychologie, Université Montpellier III,

Montpellier, France

In this presentation, we describe the results of a
study taking place in Canada (3 regions: Quebec,
Ontario and Western Canada) which aims to
analyse social representations of diversities and
competencies in diversity management among
Canadian managers (N=180). Results were ob-
tained via a multimethodological approach with
both content analysis on managers’ discourse and
factorial and correlational analysis from question-
naires on diversity and competencies managers’
representations. Results show the importance of
cultural and regional variations on diversity man-
agement practices and representations. We high-
light the relation between diversity and
competencies representations and regional varia-
tions are described using the action and identity
representation theorethical model (Costalat-Fou-
neau, 2005) Our discussion will focus on interna-
tional comparizons of diversity management
models from Canada and France.

FP-117: Environmental perception
and cognition II

Environmental issues in Sudanese press:
Psychological view

Ahmed, Asma Psychology, University of Khartoum,

Khartoum, Sudan

Abstract The Present study explores the wide range
of Psychological significance of the press coverage
of issues related to environment in the Sudan. The
sample consists of three daily Sudanese national
newspapers: Al- Ayyam, AlRai ElAam, and Al
Sahafi ad- Dawli during year (2000). Content
analysis method was used as a tool for the present
study. The study showed that there were differences
in environmental issues tackled by the press,

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variation in forms of presentation concerning
environmental issues, the prevailing attitudes re-
garding environmental issues were divided into
negative and positive attitudes. There was a positive
relation between the attitudes and both of the
correct behavioral patterns and the behavioral
trend concerning environmental issues.

Perceptions of genetically modified food and
crops

Shengelia, Tamara Milton Keynes, United Kingdom

Developments in agricultural biotechnology,
namely, genetically modified (GM) crops and food
are of a growing significance and resonance at both
national and transnational level, and form part of
our daily life. In this context, it is especially
important to study research perceptions of these
biotechnological innovations. The objective of this
study is to explore perceptions of GM crops and
food among young people in Georgia. The study
employed a qualitative method to address these
issues. Specifically a method of written accounts
(essays) was used. Study provides insights about the
interwoven character of the environmental cogni-
tion and perceptions of biotechnological innova-
tions.

Ecological ethics and morality in perception of
experts during globalization

Mamonova, Olga Moscow, Russia Irina, Sosunova

Scientific programs, IIUEPS, Moscow, Russia

The present study examined the phenomenon of
ecological ethics and ecological morality in con-
temporary Russia on its way from totalitarian
society to democracy. The main hypothesis of
research is that in Russia the ecological morality
is latent and is only a part of bigger system of
values. Ecological morality is developed in the
conditions of social-ecological tension or conflict
and can be presented by the relation to environ-
ment. In-depth formal interviews were used, 100
experts participated in the research. The findings
show that in spite of the serious concern about
environment, experts are not ready to sacrifice to
economic development.

FP-118: Business in the digital age:
E-commerce, advertisement and
digital marketing II

Impact of eroticism on product and brand recall
in advertising

Stachoñ-Wójcik, Maria Chémoelski, Poland

Gorbaniuk, Oleg Psychologia Eksperymentalna,

Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski, Lublin, Poland

Szymona, Tomasz Psychologia Eksperymentalna,

Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski, Lublin, Poland

The study of the impact of erotic content on brand
recall was conducted in two stages among 200
respondents aged 19-35. The first stage examined
the influence eroticism, sex of recipients and
situational shame on brand recall. The second stage
examined strength of erotic content, sex of actor
and sex of recipient. It was concluded that: (1)
strong eroticism in ads facilitate brand recall; (2)
erotic content causes more mistakes in recognition
of the advertised brands in the case of men; (3) ads
featuring women facilitate better product and brand
recognition; (4) sex of recipients moderates effec-
tiveness of erotic ads.

Readability assessment of advertisements and
signs using electronic paper

Hishinuma, Takashi Tokyo, Japan Masuda, Takuya

Design Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan

Takahashi, Shihomi Design Science, Chiba

University, Chiba, Japan Ohira, Yuko Design Science,

Chiba University, Chiba, Japan Nakamura, Hiroomi

Design Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan

Yoshizawa, Yosuke Design Science, Chiba University,

Chiba, Japan Koyama, Shinichi Design Science, Chiba

University, Chiba, Japan Hibino, Haruo Design

Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan

Electronic paper (E-paper) can be useful for
advertisements and emergency signs because it is
light and energy-saving. In order to develop E-
paper, we tested the readability of the smallest-
possible Japanese characters (composed of 12 pixels
x 12 pixels; each pixel 4 mm x 4 mm) presented on
the E-paper at the distance of 4 m from the
observer, under different visual conditions (illumi-
nation and spacing). Our results showed that the
minimal illumination was lower than 0.5 lux and
the optimal character and line spacing was 25% and
50% respectively. Based on our results, we proposed
layout designs for E-paper.

An exploratory study on the relationship
between the goals of internet users and their
behavior

Gutschmidt, Anne Computer Science Department,

Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany Nerdinger,

Friedemann W. Business Administration, University

of Rostock, Rostock, Germany Cap, Clemens H.

Computer Science Department, University of Rostock,

Rostock, Germany

An exploratory study was conducted to identify
behavioral characteristics suitable for the automatic
recognition of an Internet user’s current goal. On an
on-line newspaper, 20 participants solved tasks
corresponding to the predefined goals Fact Finding,
Information Gathering and Just Browsing. Their
behavior was captured by recording every action in
the browser, namely clicks on hyperlinks, the use of
browser interface elements like the back button etc.
The analysis of variance indicates that all three
goals can be distinguished using behavioral char-
acteristics such as the average time a user spends on
a page and the number of news categories visited.

FP-119: Child and adolescent
psychopathology III

Autism: Is there a spontaneous preference for
details and not meaning?

Müller, Christoph Köln, Germany Nußbeck, Susanne

Department of Human Sciences, University of

Cologne, Köln, Germany

It was investigated if children with autism-spec-
trum-disorders (ASD) differ in their processing-
style in terms of spontaneously preferring details
instead of meaning. Subjects included 25 high-
functioning children with ASD and 25 typically
developing children comparable in age, IQ and sex.
In two experiments children were asked to match a
picture to one of two other pictures either by
congruence in details but wrong meaningful rela-
tions or vice versa. Children with ASD matched
items at a significantly higher rate congruent in
details, although it was made sure that all subjects
had recognized the meaningful relations. It is
concluded that they tend to spontaneously focus
on details despite of their knowledge of the meaning
at hand.

Assessment of attention bias in children with
separation anxiety disorder using an eye-
movement paradigm

In-Albon, Tina Inst. für Psychologie, Universität Basel,

Basel, Switzerland Kossowsky, Joe Clinical Child and

Adolescent, Institute of Psychology, Basel,

Switzerland Schneider, Silvia Clinical Child and

Adolescent, Institute of Psychology, Basel,

Switzerland

Objectives: Procedures such as the dot-probe-
paradigm or the emotional Stroop-task capture
only a snapshot of attention processes. In contrast,
the advantage of an eye-movement paradigm is its
assessing of a continuous measure of gaze. Meth-
ods: Eye-tracker methodology was used to investi-
gate the attentional bias in children with separation

anxiety disorder in comparison to normal and

clinical controls. Results: Preliminary results sug-

gest that the attentional bias can be assessed with

this eye-movement paradigm. No hypervigilance

pattern was found, however, compared to normal

controls, children with SAD showed a late avoid-

ance of threatening pictures. Conclusions: Prelimin-

ary results partially support the hypervigilance-

avoidance model.

Successful innovations for young people with
autism spectrum/disorders (dispositions)

Lawson, Christine Dept. of Psychology, CAMHS, Isle

of Man, Southam, United Kingdom

Lawson(2003) described a boy with Asperger

syndrome and marked dyspraxia who drew people

after forming specific Object Assembly items from

the WISC-R(UK) and WAIS-R(UK). Also, he

participated in activities which encouraged the fast

apprehension of small numerosities associated with

dots and schematic facial features. Noticeable

improvements were shown concerning human

figure drawings and arithmetic/mathematics along-

side increasing maturity artistically and socially.

Similar performances were demonstrated by indivi-

duals with autism spectrum disorders(ASD) receiv-

ing similar assessments and interventions presented

by Lawson(2004 and 2005b) and by young people

whose ASD characteristics were not acknowledged

until adolescence discussed by Lawson(2005a) and

in the presentation here.

Transgenerational transmission of traumata

Ammon, Maria Psychoanalyse, Deutsche Akademie

für, Berlin, Germany

Transgenerational transmission of psychic trauma

plays an important role in the etiology of many

psychic disorders. First, the development and

recognition of this concept in psychoanalysis is

reviewed. Second, mechanisms of transgenerational

transmission taking place in everyday interactions

between parents and children are described. Third,

family dynamics built around parental trauma are

analyzed. Then an own study is reported, in which

the interplay between parental trauma, transmis-

sion processes in the family and schizophrenia of a

child in later life was investigated (M. Ammon

2002). Finally, recommendations for the psycho-

analytic treatment of patients with transgenera-

tional traumata are given.

FP-120: Self and identity in
childhood and adolescence

Development of the gender concept in children in
age of 3-6 years

Shahni, Razieh Dept. of Psychology, Shahed

University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran Shairi,

Mohammad psychology, shahed university, Tehran,

Islamic Republic of Iran

Developmental theorists believe that understanding

of children from their environment is according to

the level of their development.two hypothesis were

designed; the first, children understanding of

Gender in variant ages is different, and also

development of the gender concept in children is

function of their total development.(using compre-

hension model of Kohlberg‘s gender development)

In this study, children in age of 3-6 years (n=120 in

4 groups) were investigated.Using instrument is

Gender concept Interview of slaby, R. G. & Fery, k.

s. Not only using descriptive statistics,but also to

compare groups in questions according to chi-

square test.The results revealed that two designed

hypothesis are approved. Key words: Development,

Gender, Child.

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Research on the features of Mongolian
adolescent mental adaptation

Yang, Yisheng Department of psychology, Inner

Mongolia Normal Universi, Hohhot, People’s

Republic of China

Adaptation scale for Adolescent was adopted to
investigate 1768 Mongolian students’ developmen-
tal trend and features of mental adaptation. The
results showed that Mongolian adolescent’ mental
adaptation had significant differences in gender,
type of school, family source and grade. (1)Physio-
logical adaptation and social adaptation of boys
were significantly higher than girls, interpersonal
adjustment was significantly lower ;(2) In addition
to the physiological adaptation, all the adaptation
of students who were from key secondary school
were significantly higher than general school;(3)
The adaptation showed gradation that urban>
township> rural;(4) With the higher grade, the level
of mental adaptation showed undulated upward
trend

Psychological correlates of self’s differentiation

Clinciu, Aurel Ion Dept. of Psychology, University

Transilvania, Brasov, Romania

The survey was developed on 232 high school pupils
and students from Brasov, using the instruments:
Bowen’s Scale of Self’s Differentiation, Andreas &
Bond’s Defense Style Questionnaire, Clinciu’s Self
Perception and Body Self Perception, Sherer’s Self
Efficacy, Levenson’s Multidimensional Locus of
Control, Sperry’s Questionnaire of Hemisphere
Preference, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire.
The defined hypotheses anticipate existence of some
connections between level of self’s differentiation
(Witkin) and structure of defences, self-esteem or
feeling of self-efficacy, hemispheric specialization,
locus of control. Results confirm significant con-
nections between criterium and studied variables.
We finally built a regressive model (R=.67)
combining the strongest predictors in an equation.

FP-121: Cognitive and affective
development in childhood and
adolescence II

The developmental characteristics of children’s
faux pas detection and understanding in 5-to-8-
year-olds

Wang, Yifang Department of Psychology, Capital

Normal University, Beijing, People’s Republic of

China Su, Yanjie Department of Psychology, Peking

University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

The operant definition of faux pas detection and
understanding is whether individuals can recognize
when someone unintentionally says something that
would hurt or insult the other. One hundred and
twenty 5-to-8-year-olds children’s faux pas detec-
tion and understanding ability was measured
through story-picture presentation in self-other,
other-self, and other-other situations. The results
showed that 7-to-8-year-olds had the ability to
detect and understand faux pas. And the develop-
ment of faux pas detection and understanding in 6-
to-8-year-olds was synchronous in three situations,
yet 5-year-olds performed significantly better in the
other-self situation than did in the self-other
situation.

Children’s implicit and explicit knowledge about
steady and accelerated speed in motions

Ebersbach, Mirjam Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany van Dooren, Wim

Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven,

Belgium Verschaffel, Lieven Educational Sciences,

University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

This study investigated the development of implicit
and explicit knowledge about two types of motions.
Kindergartners, 2nd, 5th, and 10th graders judged
the distances covered by vehicles travelling on a
horizontal and an inclined plane, given information

about travel duration. Tasks were presented either
as realistic situations, requiring action-based re-
sponses (implicit knowledge) or as word problems
requiring quantified responses (explicit knowledge).
Even a considerable proportion of 10th graders
estimated the covered distances on the inclined
plane as linearly related to travel duration, parti-
cularly in the word problems. The relation between
implicit and explicit knowledge will be discussed.

Ostension production by children aged 7 to 24
months old

Dimitrova, Nevena Social and Political Sciences,

Institute of Psychology, Lausanne, Switzerland

Signs that the child produces (e.g. ostension) and
which underly appropriation-differenciation of ob-
ject’s conventional (culturally determined) use
transform thought development (Vygotsky 1934/
1997, Moro & Rodrı̂guez, 2005). Mother-object-
child (children from 7 to 24 moths old) interactions
are observed longitudinally during play situations.
Interactions are coded and sign productions are
examined in order to trace out the developmental
progression of object’s conventional use. Prelimin-
ary results show that conventional use appropria-
tion is acquired at 13 months but sign production
was not investigated specifically. This study help
clarify semiotic development (productions, func-
tions etc.), essential in thought development pro-
cesses.

FP-122: Educational assessment II

Classificatory stream analysis in the prediction of
expected reading readiness: Understanding
student performance

Cascallar, Eduardo Katholieke Universiteit Leuven,

Brussels, Belgium Musso, Mariel Social and

Behavioral Sciences, Leiden University and CONICET,

Leiden, Netherlands

This research describes the application of a neural
networks approach in the prediction of readiness
for reading upon entry to primary education.
Machine-learning techniques used offer an iterative
methodology that is capable of discovering complex
relationships and interactions in the inputs and
outcomes. The approach maximized classification
accuracy, and was able to model various outcome
patterns from the over 700 students studied. Results
based on hypotheses of student characteristics using
these predictive modeling achieved a total accuracy
of 98% in the identification of ‘‘students-below-
readiness-threshold’’. The presentation explains the
processes and the stream analysis technique utilized,
and explores various alternative models.

Theory-making and scale-creating for
investigating the value system and status of
Iranian high-school; pre-university students’
attitude toward globalization

Lotfabadi, Hossein Psychology, Shahid Beheshti

University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran Nowroozi,

Vahideh Psychology, Globalization Project, Tehran,

Islamic Republic of Iran

Brief Abstract Objective: Theory-making & scale
creating for assessing value-system Method: De-
scriptive Results: Value system assessment skills
Conclusions: Ten categories of individual values,
family values, economic values, political values,
social values, artistic values, scientific and theore-
tical values, religious identity values, national
identity values, and worldviews (or globalization)
values might be distinguished by conducting this
value system assessment scale. Long Abstract The
process of "globalization", which appeared after the
2nd Word War in the most industrialized Western
countries, is rapidly expanding across the world.
This process has shown itself as one of the most
challenging issues of the past and..

Measuring text reading comprehension in
admitted university students: Validating retrieval
contexts

Castañeda Figueiras, Sandra Postgraduate

Psychology, National Autonomus University, México

City, Mexico González Lomelı́, Daniel Graduated

Psychology, UNISON, Mexico, Mexico

The factorial structure of two retrieval contexts was
tested (recognizing and remembering) of the Cas-
tañeda (1996) text comprehension test, in a sample
of 187 students beginning five majors. Both
subscales possess internal consistency. A confirma-
tory factorial analysis allowed to build a structural
model integrated by two first order latent variables:
recognizing and remembering, with statistical and
practical goodness of fit (x2=15, 17 gl., p=.54,
IBBAN=.94, IBBANN=.99, IAC=.99,
RMSEA=.000). Implications to improve admit-
tance examinations to majors in Mexico are
discussed

FP-123: Psychological disorders IV

Risk factors for postpartum depression among
low income Brazilian women

Andrade da Silva, Gabriela Experimental Psychol,

Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Matos

Viegas, Lia Experimental Psychology, Universidade

de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Otta, Emma

Experimental Psycholgy, Universidade de São Paulo,

São Paulo, Brazil

Risk factors for postpartum depression (PPD) were
investigated in a sample of 92 low income Brazilian
mothers. Participants answered Edinbourgh Post-
natal Depression Scale (EPDS) 2-4 months after
delivery. PPD prevalence was 31.5% (cut-point 11/
12). A linear regression showed that women with
high EPDS scores were more likely to report bad
relationship with parents during childhood
(b=1.587, p,0.001), and high marital conflict
(b=0.364, p=0.014). High social support was
negatively correlated with EPDS scores, but it did
not enter the final model. There was a high
prevalence of PPD in our study associated with
perceived relationships with past and present
attachment figures.

The role of autobiographical memory in
depression

Claudio, Victor Clinical Dept., ISPA, Lisbon, Portugal

In this study we assess the relationship between the
information processing and the major depression.
The approach used, based on a cognitive perspec-
tive, relates emotions, depression and its memory
characteristics. We used an autobiographical mem-
ory task applied to forty-two major depresses
subjects, twenty-height panics subjects and fifty-
one subjects without psychological disorder. We
concluded about the existence of differences in the
processing and evocation of information in function
of the depression severity, the started and main-
tained depression are more related with the
codification and evocation process, directed by the
negative self-schemas, than the negative thoughts.

Rumination and worry in depressive and non-
depressive persons: What makes the difference?

Rischer, Angela Tagesklinik, Psychiatrische Univ.-

Klinik, Erlangen, Germany Kornhuber, Johannes

Tagesklinik, Psychiatrische Univ-Klinik, Erlangen,

Germany

Both nonclinical and depressive persons ruminate
and worry. What makes the difference? So far, only
one study compared rumination and worry in an
nonclinical and a clinical sample (Papageorgiou &
Wells 1999a,b). Therefore, our aim was to compare
repetitive thinking in depressive and nondepressive
persons. Patients with Major Depression (n=104)
and nondepressive subjects (n=390) were ques-
tioned with the Cognitive Intrusion Questionnaire
(Watkins et al. 2005). We found a rumination/

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worry profile that differed in both groups concern-
ing specific appraisals, emotions and coping strate-
gies. Implications for the treatment of rumination/
worry and relapse prevention will be discussed.

Detection of depression in cancer patients

Singer, Susanne Inst. für Sozialmedizin, Universität

Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany Klein, Andrea

Radiotherapy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany

Krauß, Oliver Psychiatrie, Park-Krankenhaus Leipzig,

Leipzig, Germany Slesazeck, Heike Social Medicine,

Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany Schwarz,

Reinhold Social Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig,

Germany

Objectives: To determine the ability of two screen-
ing methods - a questionnaire versus the view of the
oncological team – to detect depression in tumour
patients. Methods: 329 tumour patients completed
the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)
and a clinical interview. Physicians and nurses
assessed the mental health of the patients. Analysis
was done using ROC statistics. Results: Physicians
indicated 13 (AUC .486), nurses 9 (AUC .564), and
the HADS 8 (AUC .802) of the 28 depressed
patients as not being depressed. Conclusions: The
HADS performed better in detecting depressed
cancer patients than physicians and nurses did.

FP-124: Innovation I

Future visions: Time-related characteristics of
sustainable innovations and their innovators

Wastian, Monika Inst. für Soziologie, Techn.

Universität München, München, Germany

In this qualitative-quantitative study we investi-
gated how innovators in the field of mobility – 67
project managers, strategists and researchers (53 %
in the private sector, 47 % in the public sector) –
construct future visions for a sustainable mobility
and how their constructions correlate with their
individual time perspectives (future-oriented and
present-hedonistic scales of the Zimbardo Time
Perspective Inventory). Innovators focused on
short-term visions and were more optimistic for
technical than for non-technical visions. Individual
time perspectives predicted the innovativeness of
the visions, the probability and time to put the
visions into practice, and also attributions of
responsibility for barriers.

No climate for innovation without commitment

Feinstein, Ingrid Lehrstuhl Psychologie I, Universität

Mannheim, Schöneck, Germany Bladowski, Beate

Lehrstuhl Psychologie I, Universität Mannheim,

Mannheim, Germany Madukanya, Virginia Lehrstuhl

Psychologie I, Universität Mannheim, Mannheim,

Germany

Commitment and innovation are important deter-
minants for companies’ success. However, only few
studies address the question, whether a causal
relationship between these two exists. It is hypothe-
sized that employees’ commitment contributes to a
positive climate for innovation. In order to test this
hypothesis a longitudinal study was conducted in a
pharmaceutical company in the context of an
employee opinion survey. The results of the
statistical analysis (cross-lagged model) provide
evidence for a positive impact of commitment (t1)
on innovation climate (t2). This finding emphasizes
the importance of commitment as a prerequisite to
climate for innovation and innovative behavior.

Values as predictors of leadership, altruism and
innovation

Rank, Johannes Management Dept., University of

Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom Vogel, Jana

Psychology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany

The purpose of this field study was to investigate
the role of managers’ and employees’ values in
influencing leadership, altruism and innovation.
Based on theories of leadership and models of

values, we examined main and moderating effects
of four individual-level values (universalism, bene-
volence, stimulation and self-direction). The sample
was composed of 71 supervisor-subordinate dyads
working in an electronics company in the Nether-
lands, Germany and Poland. Multiple hierarchical
regression analyses revealed significant positive
relationships between the values held by supervisors
and subordinate ratings of their leadership beha-
viors. For example, universalism was associated
with consideration, which in turn predicted altruis-
tic subordinate behavior.

The relationship between job satisfaction and
innovative performance of Chinese science-
technology talents

Jiang, Hong Beijing, People’s Republic of China Sun,

Jianmin School of Labor and HR, Renmin University

of China, Beijing, People’s Republic of China Mu,

Guibin School of Labor and HR, Renmin University of

China, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Innovation ability in Science and Technology is the
country’s core competency, and the Innovative
Performance of Science-Technology Talents (STTs)
is the basis of the whole organization and country
innovation. Based on the statistical analysis of a
sample of 5180 STTs from 30 provinces and seven
national institutes of China, this paper analyzed the
relationship between job satisfaction and innovative
performance of the Science-Technology talents in
China. The regression analysis result shows that job
satisfaction of STTs leads to the innovative
performance. This paper also analyzed the mod-
erator effect of the district between the relationship
of job satisfaction and innovative performance.

High performance work system’s diversified
impact on firm’s innovation performance in
entrepreneurial firms

Zang, Zhi School of Psychology, Zhejiang University,

Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China

This study covered several linked field: high
performance work system(HPWS) in new ventures,
development zones’ entrepreneurial policy and
status quo, entrepreneurial opportunities explora-
tion and resource allocation, and entrepreneurial
performance. We strongly supposed that new
venture’s HPWS had unique theory frame and
particularity in the setting of national-level eco-
nomic and technical development zone (ETDZ) in
China. Author sampled 192 firms and 92 goverment
officials in ETDZ. This report concluded with high
performance work system’s function pattern in
high-tech new ventures, and ETDZ’s entrepreneur-
ial policy measures’ effect on HPWS and new
venture’s procedural & performance. Job-related
HPWS dimensions had a significant positive impact
on innovation, opportunity & resources usage.

FP-125: The impact of goals, goal-
orientation, and volitional
processes on learning I

The effect of student involvement in homework
on academic outcomes: A study on Hong Kong
primary school students

Tam, Vicky Dept. of Education Studies, Hong Kong

Baptist University, Hong Kong, China, People’s

Republic of : Hong Kong SAR

This research fills a research gap on the effect of
homework involvement on academic outcomes by
studying Chinese primary school students in Hong
Kong. Data were collected from 2361 students
studying at Primary One to Primary Six using self-
report questionnaires. Results of Multivariate
Analysis of Variance showed a significant interac-
tion effect between homework involvement and
grade level on academic outcomes. Whereas stu-
dents at Senior Primary Level benefited from higher
homework involvement, negative associations were
found between homework involvement and aca-

demic outcomes among Junior Primary students.
Findings were discussed in terms of the views on
homework in the Chinese cultural context.

When it’s not a matter of choice: Future goals
and the utility value of schooling for students in
Singapore’s lower streams
Ortiga, Yasmin Patrice CRPP, National Inst. of

Education, Singapore, Singapore McInerney, Dennis

CRPP, National Institute ofEducation, Singapore,

Singapore Liem, Arief CRPP, National Institute

ofEducation, Singapore, Singapore Manzano, Ann

Adelaine CRPP, National Institute ofEducation,

Singapore, Singapore Lee, Jie Qi CRPP, National

Institute ofEducation, Singapore, Singapore

For the lowest 25% of Singapore’s secondary school
cohort, life after graduation leads to only one path:
the Institute of Technical Education (ITE). This
study investigates how this affects these students’
future goals and the role school plays in their lives.
Based on interviews with 50 students and focus
group discussions with 30 teachers, we discuss how
students set future goals not based their own
aspirations but what their examination results allow
them to do. Using the theory of future time
perspective, we also show how this can have
negative effects on their motivation to do well in
school.

Activation and inhibition of self-regulated
learning
Magno, Carlo Counseling and Educational Psy, De La

Salle University-Manila, Manila, Philippines

The study investigated the factors that activates and
inhibits self-regulated learning (SRL). The factors
that activate SRL are action control and self-
determination while the inhibition includes anxiety,
worry, fear of negative evaluation, and thought
suppression (negative affect). A series of question-
naires measuring the constructs mentioned were
administered to 1454 participants using a long-
itudinal design. It was found in the study that
action control and self-determination activates SRL
and negative affect has a negative effect on SRL.
But it was also shown that in a separate model,
experiencing negative affect leads to SRL especially
if there are high activation factors.

Goal attainment scaling: Practical application in
educational psychology research
Woolfson, Richard Educational Psychology Service,

Renfrewshire Council, Paisley, United Kingdom

Educational psychologists often evaluate services
for children and young people. One of the
challenges is to find sufficiently sensitive measure-
ment tools which are responsive to subtle changes in
an individual’s progress. This presentation discusses
the use of Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS), devised
by Kiresuk & Sherman (1968), in a three-year
evaluation of an intervention which provided
support for pupils at risk of school exclusion. The
results show that GAS had major impact on both
assessing and improving the effectiveness of the
intervention. The session will discuss the practical-
ities of implementing this measurement technique in
real-world research.

FP-126: Substance abuse and
addiction I

Types of recreational drug users: Exploring a
hidden population online
Stetina, Birgit U. Forschung und Ausbildung,

Universität Wien, Wien, Austria Jagsch, Reinhold

Clinical, Biological and Diffe, University of Vienna,

Vienna, Austria Kryspin-Exner, Ilse Clinical, Biological

and Diffe, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

Objectives: Intention of the study was to reach the
hidden population of recreational drug users online
and evaluate the possible existence of different
types. Methods: An international cross-sectional

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online-study surveying recreational drug users
(N=9268) was carried out. The online obtained
data was evaluated by means of statistical inference,
descriptive and structure-discovering (cluster ana-
lysis) procedures. Results: Three different groups of
recreational drug users were identified who differ
regarding consumption patterns and demographic
variables. Conclusions: Looking at the results it
seems that the Internet could not only be a
relatively new but also a better tool for this specific
area of research.

The failure to anticipate regret and persistence in
gambling

Tochkov, Karin Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M

University, Commerce, USA

Cognitive distortions have been identified as a
major risk factor in problem gambling (Ladouceur,
2004). The present study focused on the failure to
anticipate regret, and tested whether the gap
between anticipated and actual regret is different
for social (n=42) and problem gamblers (n=40).
The results revealed that problem gamblers com-
mitted a larger error in predicting regret than social
gamblers. Negative mood was found to affect the
anticipation error of social but not of problem
gamblers. The role of inaccurately anticipated
regret as a possible contributor to excessive
gambling and its implications for the treatment of
pathological gambling are discussed.

A revised screening measure for cannabis
misuse: The Cannabis Use Disorders
Identification Test

Adamson, Simon Psychological Medicine, University

of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand Sellman, Doug

Psychological Medicine, University of Otago,

Christchurch, New Zealand Kay-Lambkin, Frances

Centre for Brain & Mental, University of Newcastle,

Newcastle, Australia Baker, Amanda Centre for

Brain&Mental He, University of Newcastle,

Newcastle, Australia Lewin, Terry Centre for

Brain&Mental He, University of Newcastle,

Newcastle, Australia Thornton, Louise Centre for

Brain&Mental He, University of Newcastle,

Newcastle, Australia Kelly, Brian Centre for Rural

Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Orange,

Australia

Objectives: To revise the CUDIT (Adamson &
Sellman, 2003), originally developed by directly
modifying the alcohol-oriented AUDIT. The origi-
nal published findings of the CUDIT noted that
whilst it performed adequately as a screening
instrument some items were not optimal. Methods:
134 cannabis-using patients in a CBT clinical trial
completed the t-CUDIT, a trial version containing
the original items plus ten candidate substitute
items at intake, with half completing a one week
retest. Results: An improved version of the CUDIT
was developed which showed good psychometric
properties. Conclusions: The revised CUDIT-R is
an effective screening tool for cannabis use dis-
orders.

Dimensions of personality in cannabis users

Afkham Ebrahimi, Azizeh Dept. of Clinical

Psychology, IUMS, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran

Eftekhar, Mehrdad Dept. of Psychiatry, IUMS, Tehran,

Islamic Republic of Iran Azimi, Hamed Dept. of

Psychiatry, IUMS, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran

Afkham Ebrahimi, Azadeh Students’ affairs,

Australian embassy in Tehran, Tehran, Islamic

Republic of Iran

Objective: The aim of this study is to examine
Eysenck personality dimensions in a number of
young cannabis users. Method: 100 regular canna-
bis users were selected and completed the Eysenck
Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) which measures
Neuroticism (N), extraversion-Introversion (E-I)
and Psychoticism (P) dimensions of Eysenck
personality structures. Results. The scores of 51%

of cannabis users were higher than mean in all
dimensions of EPQ. Conclusion. This research
reinforces our call for a public health information
campaign about a drug which may young people
still see as being risk-free. Psychiatric morbidity
could be prevented by discouraging cannabis use
among vulnerable youths.

FP-127: Gender and cultural
influences on development

The prevalence of gender atypical behavior in
Chinese school-aged children: A preliminary
study

Yu, Lu Department of Education, The University of

Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, People’s Republic of :

Hong Kong SAR Xie, Dong Psychology and

Counseling, University of Central Arkansas, Conway,

Arkansas, USA

This study investigated the prevalence of gender
atypical behaviors on a sample of Chinese school-
aged children (6-12 years old) with a newly revised
Child Play Behavior and Attitude Questionnaire
(CPBAQ). Parents of 486 boys and 417 girls
completed CPBAQ and a demographic information
sheet. The frequency distribution and developmen-
tal trends for each gender-related behavior were
analyzed. Results indicated that Chinese boys and
girls had different developmental tendencies in their
exhibition of gender atypical behaviors. Possible
effects of Chinese specific culture and the one-child
policy on Chinese children’s gender atypical beha-
vior were discussed.

Gender and generation differences on vertical
and horizontal individualism-collectivism and
religiosity among Turkish people

Tapdemir, Nagihan Ankara, Turkey sakallı-uğurlu,

nuray psychology, metu, ankara, Turkey

This study investigated gender and generation
differences on vertical and horizontal individual-
ism-collectivism and religiosity. 225 Turkish fa-
milies participated in the study and completed the
measures of vertical and horizontal individualism-
collectivism and religiosity. Results indicated a
significant main effect on VC, VI, HC, HI. Mothers
and fathers scored higher on VC than did their
children. Children scored higher on VI than did
their mothers. Fathers scored higher on VI than did
mothers. Mothers were higher on HC than their
children. Children scored higher on HI than did
both their mothers and fathers. There was no
significant difference between groups on religiosity.

Exploring the acculturation of young new arrivals
in Hong Kong via the reconstruction of life space:
An application of Lewinian Field Theory

To, Chan Curriculum and Instruction, Chinese Univer.

of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, People’s Republic

of : Hong Kong SAR Wong, Wan-chi Curriculum and

Instruction, Chinese University of HK, Hong Kong,

China, People’s Republic of : Macao SAR

This study attempted to integrate Lewin’s field
theory and Berry’s framework of acculturation. 21
subjects participated in two in-depth interviews.
The first interview consisted of an acculturation
questionnaire and the co-construction of topologi-
cal diagrams of life space before and after the
immigration. In the second interview, acculturation
styles identified by these two approaches were
presented to the participants for an inter-subjective
scrutiny. Results of the questionnaire indicated that
all subjects were integrative in acculturation. None-
theless, four different acculturation styles were
identified from the typological diagrams, with
‘‘integration’’ occupying 52.38%. All participants
except one held that what revealed via the Lewinian
method was closer to the truth and more indivi-
dualized.

Gender differences and developmental analysis
of blatant and subtle prejudice in multicultural
schools

Fernandez Castillo, Antonio Develop.-Education.

Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

The objective of this study is to seek dimensions
that explain the arisen of social prejudice in
childhood and to describe developmental and
gender characteristics. The sample was composed
of a total of 572 Spanish children aged 9-14. The
results reveal, first, the presence of social prejudices
in the childhood, as well as interesting differences
according to age in the studied sample. The blatant
prejudice scores decreased with increasing age,
especially from the age of 12. This pattern was
not followed in the case of subtle prejudice, which
tended to maintain similar levels of intensity among
the older children.

Sleuthing for gender differences in reading
experience: A study with thriller-type short
stories

Schreier, Margrit School of Humanities, Jacobs

Univer. Bremen gGmbH, Bremen, Germany Thies,

Yvonne School of Humanities, Jacobs Univer.

Bremen gGmbH, Bremen, Germany Odag, Oezen

School of Humanities, Jacobs Univer. Bremen

gGmbH, Bremen, Germany

It is tested whether the reading experience (DV) of
men and women varies with text topic (inner world
orientation versus action orientation) and sex of
main character. Readers’ gender and affinity to
literature are included as covariates. Four authentic
thriller-type short stories were selected so as to
represent the variation of the independent textual
variables. 99 persons (59 women, 40 men; aged 20
to 66) participated in the study. Analyses of
variance show that texts with a female main
protagonists result in a more intense reading
experience. Contrary to the hypotheses, readers’
sex and gender have no effect.

FP-128: Language disorders

Importance of symbols in developing language

Hathazi, Andrea Special Education Department, UBB

Cluj Napoca, Cluj Napoca, Romania

In the case of a child with severe impairment or
reduced ability of acquiring and developing lan-
guage abilities, the use of symbols in forming the
necessary concepts, representations and structures
is very important. The associations of symbols with
oral or written language, the repetitions in the
routines and activities, the feed-back and the
immediate reward that it is given, control, anticipa-
tion and negotiation give the child the opportunity
to understand meaning and signification of com-
munication and implicit words. Symbols are the key
when the natural process of learning language is
affected from a certain reason.

Syntax, semantics and memory functioning in
school-aged children with language learning
impairment

Spanoudis, George Psychology, University of Cyprus,

Nicosia, Cyprus Natsopoulos, Demetrios Psychology,

University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus

Two groups of children each of 22, aged 8 to 12,
one with language learning impairment and one
typically developing matched on age, nonverbal
intelligence and varying significantly in verbal
ability (receptive and expressive level) were tested
on a battery of language (syntax and semantics) and
memory (short-term, working and long-term mem-
ory) measures. The conventional statistical analysis
indicated that the two groups differed significantly
in all measures. A logistic regression analysis
performed revealed that working and long-term
memory functioning was the most robust discrimi-
nant markers of classification. The findings are

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explained in relation to results stemming from the
current literature.

Language aquisition of grammatical category:
Plural form of nouns in Bulgarian children with
dyslexia

Todorova, Ekaterina Cognitive Science & Psychology,

New Bulgarian University, Sofia, Bulgaria

The present study focuses on the realization of the
morphological language capacity in a grammatical
unit – the plural of nouns, with children with
dyslexia. For the purposes of the study, a unique
experimental instrument was constructed. The data
has been processed by using the hi-squire test and
ANOVA. The results indicate specific language
performance in dyslexic children – over general-
ization errors, usage of non-existing phonetic rules
and no clear distinction between the different forms
of plural. These errors reveal not only specific
deficit in children with dyslexia, but also the
strategies which young children use to acquire this
part of grammar.

The pattern of auditory deficit in adult dyslexic
readers

Fostick, Leah Ariel University Center, Ariel, Israel Bar-

El, Sharona School of Education, Bar-Ilan University,

Ranat-Gan, Israel Ben-Artzi, Elisheva Psychology,

Kinneret College, Jordan Valley, Israel Babkoff,

Harvey Psychology, Ashkelon College, Ashkelon,

Israel

Objectives: To identify the pattern of auditory
sensory/perceptual deficit in dyslexic readers. Meth-
od: Forty-six adult normal readers were compared
with 51 adult dyslexic readers on cognitive,
linguistic, and auditory psychophysical tasks. Re-
sults: Dyslexics showed significant deficits in (1)
auditory and visually based linguistic tasks; (2)
verbal, but not spatial, short- term and working
memory; (3) three auditory temporal discrimination
tasks, but no deficit in auditory thresholds or in
intensity discrimination. Conclusions: Adult dys-
lexics with general auditory and visually based
linguistic difficulties also present deficit in discrimi-
nation based on the auditory temporal, but not on
an auditory intensity stimulus dimension.

A cross-linguistic study of reading and spelling in
children with severe speech and physical
impairment

Larsson, Maria Dept. of Psychology, Göteborg

University, Göteborg, Sweden Dahlgren Sandberg,

Annika psychology, göteborg university, GÖTEBORG,

Sweden Smith, Martine Speech&communication

scie, Trinitiy college, Dublin, Ireland

One Swedish- and one English-‘‘speaking’’ group of
15 children with severe speech and physical impair-
ment were tested on phonological awareness,
memory, reading and writing. The aim was to
study early reading and writing abilities and
possible differences between the two groups that
might depend on the structure of the spoken
language, and to compare the relationship between
phonological awareness and literacy abilities in the
groups. The English-speaking children were more
proficient in reading and less reliant on rhyming
ability and phonological memory, suggesting great-
er use of the orthographic route to reading than the
Swedish children.

FP-129: Entrepreneurship and
management

‘‘Guanxi’’ orientation and entrepreneur’s ethical
decision-making: Evidence from China

Jin, Yanghua School of Management, Zhejiang

Gongshang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic

of China Yang, Jian Human Resource Department,

Zhejiang Mobile Communication, Hangzhou, People’s

Republic of China

Using situational judgment test, this study exam-
ined the relationship between ‘‘guanxi’’ orientation
and entrepreneur’s decision-making from a sample
of 318 Chinese entrepreneurs. Structural equation
modeling results demonstrated that entrepreneur’s
ethical decision-making involved ethical awareness,
judgment, and behavior, ‘‘rent-seeking’’ guanxi
affect ethical decision making negatively, but
‘‘favor-seeking’’ guanxi wouldn’t. Cluster analysis
distinguished entrepreneurs into four types with
ethical behavior and ‘‘guanxi’’ orientation, that is,
‘‘favor-seeking ethic keepers’’, ‘‘guanxi oriented
ethical actors’’, ‘‘neutral ethical actors’’, ‘‘guanxi
oriented unethical actors’’. Organizational profit-
ability of ‘‘favor-seeking ethic keepers’’ and ‘‘guanxi
oriented ethical actors’’ were higher than ‘‘neutral
ethical actors’’ and ‘‘guanxi oriented unethical
actors’’ significantly.

An empirical research on the relationship
between entrepreneurial intellectual capital and
venture growth in hi-tech enterprises

Zhang, Wei School of Management, Hangzhou Dian

Zi University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China

Abstract?Intellectual capital is an important orga-
nizational knowledge asset. The study investigated
small and medium technology new firms in china
via multi- level behavioral questionnaires?and
verified the model of entrepreneurial intellectual
capital structured by four dimensions of human
capital, structural capital, customer capital and
innovation capital. It revealed that entrepreneurial
intellectual capital had a prominent positive effect
on venture growth of technology new firms, and
stated that the entrepreneurial intellectual capital
would change dynamically according to different
entrepreneurial stage and organizational back-
ground. Keywords?Entrepreneurial intellectual ca-
pital; Confirmatory factor analysis; Structural
model; Venture growth

The Chinese undergraduate students’
entrepreneurial cognition and entrepreneurial
awareness

Li, Lingji Educational college, Peking University,

Beijing, People’s Republic of China Hu, ping Public

Administration School, Renmin University of China,

Beijing, People’s Republic of China

This study investigated the Chinese undergraduate
students’ entrepreneurial cognition and the forming
process characteristic of entrepreneurial awareness
based on the previous researches about the career
choice theory. Respondents were Mainland Chinese
undergraduate students (N=105). Results indicated:
(1) masculine trait of personality was significantly
influencing the forming of entrepreneurial aware-
ness, but the attachment type, gender, age, specialty
had no relationship with the entrepreneurial aware-
ness; (2) the developmental and reputational factor
in the career value have interactive influence on the
forming of entrepreneurial awareness, (3)entrepre-
neurial cognitive level was not relative with the
entrepreneurial awareness. The author discussed
the forming process of entrepreneurial awareness
from individual, group and cultural factors and
raise further issues for future research.

Decision-making processes in family-owned
companies: A process-model for succession
planning

Eberhardt, Daniela Embrach, Switzerland

Objective of the study was the development of a
process-model for succession planning in family-
owned companies. The multi-level qualitative re-
search was focused on the decision-making process
of entrepreneurs and successors. Based on the
results of a pre-study semi-structured interviews
with entrepreneurs and successors (N = 22) and an
expert panel had been used for content analysis and
case comparisons. Decision-making processes in
succession planning can be distinguished for

entrepreneurs and successors and be grouped in

phases. The phase-specific decision has an impact

on the handling of the situation as well as possible

scenarios in the area of business administration and

law.

The effects of organizational change and
entrepreneurship strategies as mediated by
organizational learning among Chinese firms

Wang, Zhongming School of Management, Zhejiang

University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China

Zang, Zhi School of Management, Zhejiang

University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China Li,

Shiyang School of Management, Zhejiang University,

Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China

Organizational change is crucial for global entre-

preneurship among Chinese firms. In a field study

supported by NSFC on organizational change,

managers in local firms were interviewed and

surveyed among two kinds of industries: informa-

tion technology and automobile component man-

ufacturing. A scale of organizational learning was

distributed to test its mediating effects on change

and entrepreneurship strategies. The results showed

that the dimensions of organizational learning

positively mediated the effects of organizational

change strategy on performance whereas its influ-

ence on entrepreneurship strategies was largely

depended upon venturing stages and types of

industries. The implications of person-organizaiton

fit were highlighted.

FP-130: Effects of environmental
and family contexts on
developmental outcomes

Negative knowledge: How families learn from
their children’s mistakes

Oser, Fritz Dept. of Education, University of Fribourg,

Fribourg, Switzerland Hattersley, Lisa Education,

University, Fribourg, Switzerland

On the basis of video analyses we developed a

questionnaire on norm deviations (mistakes) of

children/adolescents in families. We conducted a

study with 100 families (50 with a child aged 9-11,

50 with a child aged 14-17) testing the question-

naire. The theoretical basis consists in the so-called

negative knowledge, which protects a person from

making the same mistakes again, gives security in

similar situations and marks off opposites like cold

and warm, in and out etc. The hypothesis is that

families with a culture of mistakes enable a better

development of their children than families without.

Examining the physical difficulties experienced
by twins in Greece

Markodimitraki, Maria Pre-School Education,

University of Crete, Rethymnon, Greece Kypriotaki,

Maria Pre-School Education, University of Crete,

Rethymnon, Greece

The aim of this developmentally oriented study was

to explore the physical difficulties in 50 pairs of

non-identical, pre-school twins. The data collection

of this study derives from the administration of the

questionnaire constructed by Pat Preedy (1994). It

was found that the proportion of twin children

experiencing difficulties with speech and language

development was significantly higher than other

physical difficulties experienced by twins of the

same age. The implications of these results are

discussed in terms of the main idea that some

multiples may have special needs, but being a

multiple in itself must not be regarded as a

handicap.

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Relationship between mother distress and fetal
growth during pregnancy

Shafizadeh, Mohsen Physical Education & Sport,

Tarbiat Moallem University, Tehran, Islamic Republic

of Iran Mehdizadeh, Mehrzad MEDICAL SCHOOL,

TEHRAN UNIVERSITY, TEHRAN, Islamic Republic of

Iran

The aim of present investigation was to study the
relationship between mothers’ distress and fetal
growth.106 pregnant women selected randomly and
completed Depression Anxiety Stress Scale before
ultrasound measurement of fetus. The results of
structural equation model have shown that the
overall model has been accepted (X2 = 36.4, d.f=
24, P>.05). In fact, by increasing mothers’ stress
and anxiety the fetus heart rate was increased and it
decreased the height, weight, head circumference
and width and femur length of fetus. In conclusion,
one of the environmental variables that have
negative effect on the fetus growth is mother
distress, because it can stimulate the fetal auto-
nomic nervous system through the mediating of
heart rate.

The impact of prenatal substance exposure on
pediatric psychology

Battaglia, Suzanne MCSTART, Salinas, USA

Objectives: To offer evidenced-based early inter-
vention services to improve developmental and
neurobehavioral functioning for at risk young
children prenatally exposed to alcohol or other
drugs. Methods: The MCSTART multidisciplinary
team in Salinas, California diagnoses and treats
children with deficits resulting from trauma and
substance exposure through medical assessment,
psychological testing, occupational therapy, and
customized psychotherapies focusing on attachment
and social-emotional issues. Results: Significant
functional improvements in deficit areas of social-
emotional, motor skills, and communication oc-
curred in 570 children served in 2005-06. Conclu-
sions: Many substance-exposed children have
derived benefit from accurate diagnosis and appro-
priate treatment modalities targeted to their func-
tional deficits.

Talking to the child: Teaching the child being a
tolerant person?

Pakalniskiene, Vilmante Dept. of Psychology,

Mykolas Romeris University, Vilnius, Lithuania

Objectives: The literature suggests that tolerance
towards refers to an attitude of openness. Family
could play a big role in teaching tolerance. Drawing
on the ideas from the literature, it seems that open
atmosphere in the family could be the base for
tolerance towards other people. Methods: 300
Lithuanian youths’ (15-18 years) data were used.
Results: Even though open atmosphere and open
communication in the family are related to toler-
ance towards other people, latent profile analysis
suggested some variation in this relation. Conclu-
sions: It seems that there could be several ways how
open atmosphere is related to tolerance.

FP-131: Dyslexia and dyscalculia

The behavioural and neurophysiological effects
of a computer-based morphological awareness
training on the spelling and reading skills of
young dyslexics

Weiss, Silvana Learning and Instruction, ETH Zürich,

Zürich, Switzerland Grabner, Roland Learning and

Instruction, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Kargl,

Reinhard Reading and Spelling, LRS Graz, Graz,

Austria Purgstaller, Christian Reading and Spelling,

LRS Graz, Graz, Austria Fink, Andreas Differential

Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria

Compared to phonological awareness little is
known about the role of morphological awareness
in dyslexia. This study examined the effects of a
computer-based morphological training in children

with poor spelling and reading abilities. Thirty-five
students (grades 3-9) were trained over 2-3 weeks
and contrasted with a control group of 59 students.
The training improved morphological awareness,
spelling and reading skills with older students
(grades 5-9) benefiting most. Furthermore, neuro-
physiological effects of the training were examined
in a subsample by means of EEG. The results are
interpreted within the framework of a step-model of
learning to spell and read.

Dyslexia in different language systems: A
comparison of Cantonese, Arabic and German
speaking dyslexic children

Witruk, Evelin Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany Raziq, Oafa Institute of

Psychology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany

Working memory performances in Chinese, Mor-
occan and Ger-man dyslexic and normally-achiev-
ing children were compared and the language
dependency of working memory functions was
tested. Phonological and visual-spatial loop to-
gether with diffe-rent automated Central Executive
functions were investigated on the basis of four
computerised, adaptive task sets, using non-lan-
guage materials and accuracy -, reaction time
measurement. The study involved 235 Chinese,
Moroccan and German dyslexic and non-dyslexic
children with an averaged age of 10.26 years. The
findings support the assumption of a dyslexia
specific deficit in working memory functions, the
Chinese superiority in working memory perfor-
mances and the cultural specific role of anxiety and
motivation in dyslexics.

Comparison of neuropsychological aspect of
dyslexic and normal children

Faramarzi, Salar Dept. of Education, University of

Isfahan, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran Abedi,

Ahmad education, university of isfahan, isfahan,

Islamic Republic of Iran Hamidreza, Oreyzi education,

university of isfahan, isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran

The aim of the Current research was to investigate
and Compare neuropsychological of dyslexic and
normal Third grade Children of Isfahan Schools.
To administer The study, 118 Students were
selected from Isfahan third grade students Popula-
tion according to randomized multi- step cluster
sampling that were Suspected to be dyslexic.
Among them 30 students were selected by diag-
nostic tests (namely Wexler Children Intelligence
tests and dyslexic recognition checklist) and com-
pare with 30 normal children Via ex- post facto
design by Nepsy test. Obtained data were analyzed
by statistical method of t independent test. Findings
indicate that dyslexic children were inferior relative
to normal children in attention/ execution func-
tions, language, Sensory motor, Spatial Processing
and memory and learning and memory signifi-
cantly.

Relationship between Attention Deficit Disorder
(ADHD) and Dyslexia in assessing basic writing
skills

Ignatova, Albena Cognitive Scince and Psycholog,

New Bulgarian University, Sofia, Bulgaria

Purpose: to evaluate the ability for writing dictation
in children with Dyslexia and ADHD. Hypothesis:
there is difference between the mistakes the two
diagnostic groups demonstrate. Method includes 3
groups- dyslexia, ADHD and controls. Groups
consists of 20 boys and 20 girls at age between 9-12
years, diagnosed by the ICD-10 criteria. All
computations have done by SPSS (V.15). Results:-
No difference between groups according to dicta-
tion of letters (p=0.862). For all groups p,0.0001.
There are difference between dyslexia and ADHD
in dictation words and sentences. There are
difference between two experimental groups and
controls in dictation.

Basic number processing difficulties and
dyscalculia in children with Velo-Cardio-Facial
Syndrome (22q11 deletion syndrome)

de Smedt, Bert Dept. of Educational Sciences,

Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Reynvoet, Bert Experimental Psychology, Katholieke

Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Swillen, Ann

Centre for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit

Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Verschaffel, Lieven

Educational Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven,

Leuven, Belgium Ghesquiàre, Pol Educational

Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven,

Belgium

It has been proposed that dyscalculia emerges due
to impairments in basic number processing. We
examined this hypothesis in Velo-Cardio-Facial
Syndrome, a genetic disorder with a high prevalence
of dyscalculia. Twenty-five children with VCFS and
25 individually matched controls participated.
Children with VCFS showed a consistent pattern
of deficits in number comparison, large addition/
subtraction and the use of procedural back-up
strategies, indicating an impaired quantity subsys-
tem and intraparietal dysfunction. However, the
verbal subsystem (number reading, multiplication
and fact retrieval) was preserved. Furthermore,
correlational data showed that basic number
processing skills directly accounted for single-digit
arithmetic performance and strategy use.

FP-132: Death and dying

Effective use of metaphor and stories in grief
therapy

Leaver, Vincent Psychology - Counseling, Walden

University, Ft. Myers, USA

Effective use of metaphor and stories to guide and
facilitate individual and group grief therapy is
described in the context of hospice bereavement
program. Presentation will include basic theory of
metaphor therapy, sources of methphors and stories
appropriate for grief work, and how these are
applied to grief concepts and theories. The issue of
baseline and assessment in grief is addressed.

Healing from trauma reactions through
indigenous health beliefs: A cultural
psychological inquiry among the survivors of
Kachchh earthquake

Priya, Kumar Ravi Humanities and Social Sciences,

Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India

A study of the experience of trauma reactions and
healing was conducted using ethnographic method
and semi-structured interviews in the aftermath of
an earthquake that hit Kachchh, India, in 2001.
Constructivist grounded theory was used to analyze
the survivors’ narratives. Besides depression, ‘re-
experiencing of the traumatic event’ was the
predominant trauma reaction. Survivors’ socio-
centric belief in karma (internalized duty towards
family, community and nature) facilitated healing
from trauma reactions by enabling the survivors
realize a new meaning for their lives by motivating
them to attain satisfaction or equanimity by work-
ing for and taking care of their family and
community.

Suicide and suicidal behaviours: Social
representation of health care professionals

Rothes, Inês Faculdade de Psicologia da UP, Porto,

Portugal Henriques, Margarida Centro de Psicologia

da UP, Faculdade de Psicologia da UP, Porto, Portugal

This study intends to determine how Health
Professionals explain suicide behaviours and to
explore the differences between three different
groups: Psychologists, Psychiatrists and other
Physicians. The Free Association Technique is the
method used for data collection and the Factorial
Association Analysis is used to work and interpret
the results. The results are consistent with a
theoretical perspective based on integrated inter-

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pretation, thus indicating a multifactor and com-
plex causality phenomenon. The results based on
different groups indicate that this is a modelling
variable of differences in representational contents
and provide significant clues for the planning of
training strategies.

Suicide prevention workshops: Do they influence
the number of completed suicides?

Steyn, Renier Graduate School of Business,

University of South Africa, Unisa, South Africa

In this study the effect of Suicide Prevention
Workshops (SPW’s) on completed suicides in an
organisational setting was assessed. Pearson pro-
duct-moment correlations between the number of
SPW’s and the completed suicides were calculated.
Analyzing the observations collected over a 6 year
period and at 10 sites revealed a positive correlation
between the number of SPW’s and completed
suicides (r=0.48; p,0.01; N=60). It is concluded
that SPW’s have no positive effect on suicidal
behaviour and that they may indeed have an
adverse effect. Suggestions are made regarding the
monitoring of SPW’s and collection of data for
future research.

Religious beliefs and health: A study of
Mumukshu’s in Kashi

Shankar, Shail Dept. of Psychology, University of

Allahabad, Allahabad, India

Mumukshus are individuals who willingly come to
Kashi/Varanasi for a natural death with the belief
that ‘‘Kashyam marnam mukti (Death in Kashi is
liberation)’’. Many of them have major health
crisis. The present research explores how religious
beliefs of mumukshu help them in living with their
health problems. Unstructured interviews were
conducted on forty mumukshus from various
ashrams/religious institutions, located in Varanasi
(India). Relational Content analysis reveals that
religious beliefs were associated the peace of mind
and sense of freedom from daily hassles of worldly
life. Mumukshu were found to have low death
anxiety and fear of disease that they have.

FP-133: Cross-cultural differences

Work resources, work/family conflict and their
consequences: A Chinese-British cross-cultural
comparison

Lu, Luo Dept. of Business Administrati, National

Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Chang, Ting-Ting

Industrial Management, Lunghwa University,

Taoyuan, Taiwan

The aim of this research was to explore relations
between work resources, work/family conflict, and
work- and non-work related outcomes in a cross-
cultural comparative context involving Taiwanese
and British employees. For Both Taiwanese and
British employees, work resources were negatively
related to work/family conflict, but positively
related to work satisfaction. Family-to-work con-
flict (WFC) was negatively related to family
satisfaction, which in turn, was positively related
to happiness. More importantly, we found that
nation moderated the relationship between super-
visory support and WFC: supervisory support had
a stronger protective effect for Taiwanese than
British.

Cross-cultural differences in applicants’ faking
behaviors

Jansen, Anne Institut für Psychologie, Universität

Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland Stadelmann, Eveline H.

Institut für Psychologie, Universität Zürich, Zürich,

Switzerland Hafsteinsson, Leifur G. School of

Business, Reykjavik University Iceland, Reykjavik,

Iceland König, Cornelius J. Institut für Psychologie,

Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland Kleinmann,

Martin Institut für Psychologie, Universität Zürich,

Zürich, Switzerland

Objectives: Nearly all what we know about faking is
based on US samples. This study examines whether
the frequency and magnitude of faking among
Swiss and Icelandic applicants parallels that of US
applicants. Methods: Data of 416 Swiss and 245
Icelandic graduates who took part in surveys using
the randomized-response technique were compared
with data from the US. Results: Faking base rates
in Switzerland and Iceland were comparable, but
lower than those in the US. European applicants
only engaged in mild faking behaviors. Serious
faking (e.g. fabrication of information) was non-
occurring. Conclusion: Differences are possibly due
to different cultural values.

Trust-building processes in context for German-
Indonesian cooperation

Schwegler, Ulrike Philosophische Fakultät,

Universität Chemnitz, Korb, Germany

The aim of the present study is to identify
characteristics and conditions of trust building
procedures in contexts for German-Indonesian
cooperation, specifically in German multinational
companies operating in Jakarta, Indonesia. The
proposed paper used qualitative research methods,
comprising interviews with 25 Indonesian and 25
German managers. The results of the analysis
support the assumption that there are differences
regarding trust-related ‘‘signs and signals’’ between
the samples. In addition, the findings serve to
question accepted assumptions on the metric
dimension of trust. Given that very little research
has investigated the challenges of trust-building
processes across cultural boundaries, this present
study makes a relevant contribution to the field.

FP-134: Personality and mental
health II

Individual differences and the prevalence of
psychiatric symptoms in medicine and
psychology students

Bore, Miles Psychology, University of Newcastle,

Callaghan, Australia Ashley-Brown, Gillian

Psychology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan,

Australia Gallagher, Emma Psychology, University of

Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia Powis, David

Psychology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan,

Australia

Poor mental health has been associated with low
self-control, high neuroticism, low agreeableness,
low conscientiousness, and introversion. We admi-
nistered the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI: Dero-
gatis & Spencer, 1982) as a measure of mental
health to medical school students (n = 270) and
psychology students (n = 102). Neuroticism and
self-control were significant predictors of poor
mental health. Of note, however, is that 24% of
1st Year Psychology students and 31% of the 1st
Year Medical students produced BSI global scores
greater than the BSI norm for adult psychiatric
inpatients. Is this a psychometric artefact or a high-
achiever norm?

Existential trauma and the system of values

Mamcarz, Peter Dept. of Health Psychology, Catholic

University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland Popielski,

Kazimierz Health Psychology, Catholic University of

Lublin, Lublin, Poland Suchocka, Lila Health

Psychology, Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin,

Poland

The aim of this paper is to find a link between
existential trauma and the system of values, as well
as confirming the psychometric values of the
Existential Trauma Questionnaire (KTE). In the
research the following group of tests were applied to
a random selection of people (n=170): Cattell’s
Questionnaire, K. Popielski’s Scale of Value Pre-
ferences, Popielski’s Noodynamics Test, Popielski’s
Noopsychosomatic Symptoms List, and Mamcarz’s
KTE. Person’s correlation factor r was applied, as

well as multiple regression analysis and analysis of
variance. The conclusion of this paper gives the
research results, corroborating the hypothesis of
people who tend to experience trauma being in
general functioning essentially different from the
ones with low trauma vulnerability.

Visual impairments and anxiety

Balyanin, Konstantin IEAP, Moscow, Russia

Comparative experimental research between groups
of graduating students of boarding schools for
children with severe visual impairments and groups
of students of the same age without vision
disabilities showed differences in anxiety level.
Higher level of personal anxiety is naturally typical
for people with visual impairments, while higher
level of reactive anxiety is discovered to be common
for respondents without serious visual pathologies.
Having known these psychological differences,
some aspects of social and professional adaptation
for people with visual impairments will be dis-
cussed.

FP-135: Psychological theories I

Historiography of psychology: Challenges of
postmodernism

Ye, Haosheng Dept. of Psychology, Nanjing Normal

University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China

Traditional historiography of psychology (THP), in
search for objective truth of history, adopted the
correspondence theory of truth, and took the
natural science model as its ideal. It regarded the
development of psychology as a linear, one-dimen-
sional and accumulative process, in which all the
nations and cultures in different historical periods
dealt with the same subject of psychology. In
striking contrast with THP, postmodern historio-
graphy of psychology takes the history of psychol-
ogy as a social construction. It claims that history
of psychology is socially constructed by psycholo-
gists. The narratives of history are not representa-
tion of historical facts, but the construction of
historians. Key Words: historiography; history of
psychology; postmodernism; objectivity; subjectiv-
ity

Maria Zambrano and hopeness psychology

Penaranda, Maria Psicologia Basica y Metodologi,

Universidad de Murcia, Espinardo, Spain Quiñones-

Vidal, Elena psicologia basica y metodologi,

Universidad de Murcia, Espinardo, Spain

Maria Zambrano (1904-1991) is an outstanding
thinker summarizing the dramatic history of the
20th century, Spanish Civil War, liberal and
democratic intelligence exile in Europe during the
Second World War, democracy crisis by totalitarian
regimes. She intended to change not only the way of
current occidental thought since the Greeks and
transformed the main categories of ethics and
policy but also concepts such as person, people,
democracy and intellectual commitment, mercy,
etc. which she herself lived and used as her own
thought.

Environmental psychology and postmodernism

Imamichi, Tomoaki Environmental Psychology, City

University of New York, Hoboken, USA

Inspired by Kvale’s (1992) Psychology and Post-
modernism and the 2006 International Congress of
Applied Psychology, this presentation is going to
explore the relationship between Environmental
Psychology and Postmodernism by examining its
diverse roots, orientations, and directions. 2007
marked the 20 year anniversary of the Handbook of
Environmental Psychology (Stokols & Altman,
1987) with a section: Environmental Psychology:
Prospects for the Future, with provoking chapters
by Barker, Wapner, Proshansky and Sommer. It
also marked the 20 year anniversary of the Journal
of Environmental Psychology special issue on Clark

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University, with authors reflecting on the begin-

nings of environment-behavior research.

Psychological anthropology and philosophical
psychology

Michailov, Michael Ch. Inst. für Physiologie, Inst.

Umweltmedizin/ICSD e.V., München, Germany Neu,

Eva Dept. Physiology, Inst. Umweltmedizin/ICSD e.V.,

Muenchen, Germany Weber, Germain Dept.

Physiology, Inst. Umweltmedizin/ICSD e.V.,

Muenchen, Germany

General anthropology (philosophical, pedagogical,

medical) considers human from biophysics to

theology [J.-Psychosom.-Res. 58/6:S85-6/2005]. Psy-

chology has a central position in general and special

anthropology (natural/social): Human interaction

with nature/society. This way psychology must be

implied obligatory in education of anthropological

sciences (theology, philosophy, etc.). Philosophical

psychology (Aristoteles, Kant) in context of ethics,

epistemology, aesthetics, ought to develop holistic-

multidimensional psychological anthropology incl.

psychosomatics for better education and health in

all countries according to UNO-Agenda-21 in

frames of international university (Russel)

[Congr.-Books: Int.-Congr.-Philos. 279-280/2003/

FISP-Istanbul; Int.-Congr.-Psychol., 1028.62/

3028.96/2004/Beijing].

FP-136: Sensory-motor
interactions I

The impact of working memory load on the
Simon effect

Nattkemper, Dieter Inst. für Psychologie, Humboldt-

Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany Aru, Jaan

Department of Psychology, Humboldt-University

Berlin, Berlin, Germany

We studied the impact of working memory (WM)

load on the Simon effect by requiring participants

to memorize letters while responding to visual

objects. In Experiment 1 stimuli and response keys

were vertically arranged, and we obtained a Simon

effect not being modulated by WM-load. In

Experiment 2 where stimuli and response keys were

horizontally arranged the Simon effect was modu-

lated by WM-load: it was absent when WM-load

was high. The key finding for understanding the

differing pattern of results seems to be that the

memory items evoked interference in the latter

study but not so in the first study.

Dissociation between perception and action? Not
if reality is an illusion!

Gilster, René Inst. für Physiologie, Universität zu Kiel,

Kiel, Germany Kuhtz-Buschbeck, Johann P. Institute

of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel,

Germany Ferstl, Roman Institute of Psychology,

Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany Illert,

Michael Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-

University, Kiel, Germany

The two visual systems hypothesis (Milner and

Goodale, 1995) has been tested by studies using

‘‘visual illusions’’. By abandoning the distinction

between reality and illusion, we argue that dissocia-

tions between perception and action cannot be

taken as evidence for the hypothesis. We used the

Müller-Lyer and Ponzo illusions and show that 1)

the same motor response (saccades) dissociates

from perception for one illusion but not for the

other 2) different motor responses (saccades and

grasping) either dissociate or not for the same

illusion. Dissociations can be explained by only one

system that translates internal concepts to specific

motor responses.

Explicit and implicit adjustments of drawing
movements to changes in visuo-motor gain

Sülzenbrück, Sandra Inst. für Arbeitsphysiologie,

Dortmund, Germany Heuer, Herbert Transformierte

Bewegungen, Institut f. Arbeitsphysiologie,

Dortmund, Germany

Adjustments of movements to changes of the visuo-
motor gain can occur implicitly, with participants
not being aware of them. We investigated the
interplay of explicit information regarding changes
of the visuo-motor gain and these implicit adjust-
ments. In the experiment 24 participants had to
draw circles of a constant size with a stylus on a
writing pad. Movements had to be adjusted due to
changes in visuo-motor gain occurring during
drawing. Radii of drawn circles were analysed
using ANOVAs. Results showed additivity of
explicit and implicit adjustments even when these
had opposite directions.

A response bias produces conflict-adaptation
effects in the Simon task

Wühr, Peter Psychologie und Sportwissen.,

Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany

Stimulus-Response congruency effects are often
smaller after an incongruent than after a congruent
trial. This finding has been attributed to conflict-
adaptation mechanisms that are able to gate the
processing of relevant and/or irrelevant stimulus
information. We investigated conflict-adaptation
effects in two- and three-choice Simon tasks, where
response conflict arises from noncorresponding
stimulus and response locations. Results showed
conflict adaptation (i.e. reduced costs from non-
corresponding conditions after noncorresponding
trials) in two-choice, but not in three-choice tasks.
Results suggest that noncorresponding conditions
in the Simon task induce a bias to respond
incompatibly to stimulus location, which produces
the conflict-adaptation effect in this task.

FP-137: Risk and decision making II

Psychological distortions in multiple-criteria
decision making

Seri, Raffaello Dipt. di Economia, Università

dell’Insubria, Varese, Italy Bernasconi, Michele

Dipartimento di Economia, Università dell’Insubria,

Varese, Italy Choirat, Christine Dept of Quantitative

Methods, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain

We start from recent results about separable
representations in magnitude ratio estimation that
identify two different distorsions, a sensorial and a
cognitive one embodied respectively in two func-
tions called ‘‘psychophysical’’ and ‘‘subjective
weighting’’ functions. We investigate theoretically
and empirically the presence of biases in a multiple-
criteria decision method, the Analytic Hierarchy
Process. Using the theory of matrix differentials, we
are able to separate the contributions of sensorial
and cognitive distorsions and individual unex-
plained heterogeneity and to evaluate their relative
weights. In particular we show that the customary
implementation of the method allows for control-
ling the impact of cognitive biases.

Testing risky choice models

Brandstätter, Eduard Sozial- und Wirtschaftspsych.,

Universität Linz, Linz, Austria

I present a new method for investigating choice
processes, called mind-reading. In a mind-reading
experiment participants guess how most people had
decided previously. Immediately after their guess
(majority chose gamble A or B), participants receive
feedback, whether their guess was right or wrong.
They make 25 guesses, after each guess they get
immediate feedback, and every five guesses they are
requested to formulate the majority’s choice rule.
These choice rules indicate that participants often
use simple heuristics, such as the priority heuristic
(Brandstätter, Gigerenzer, & Hertwig, 2006). I

compare the results with those obtained from
mouse-lab and think-aloud protocols.

Probability meaning of motivation: A theoretical
and experimental study of Monty Hall Dilemma

Yu, Daxiang Automation College, Nanchang

HangKong University, Jiangxi Nanchang, People’s

Republic of China Zhujing, Hu college of educational

science, Jiangxi Normal University, Jiangxi

Nanchang, People’s Republic of China Qin, Qiu

college of education science, Jiangxi normal

University, Jiangxi Nanchang, People’s Republic of

China

The study aimed at finding out the main factors
that cause Monty Hall dilemma. A mathematical
theorem, Probability Lumping Theorem, was pre-
sented and proved based on the axiom of prob-
ability and the mathematical structure of Monty
Hall problem. Compared with the solution based
on Bayes’s theorem, the Monty Hall problem can
be solved easily and intuitively with this theorem.
An experiment was designed and performed. Sixty
graduate students majored in science and technol-
ogy volunteered to participate in the experiment.
The results obtained demonstrate that failing to
distinguish stochastic lumping and non-stochastic
lumping of probability is the main factor that
causes Monty Hall dilemma.

The cognitive processes underlying quantitative
estimations: Comparing recent estimation
models

von Helversen, Bettina ABC, Max-Planck-Institut,

Berlin, Germany Rieskamp, Jörg ABC, MPI for Human

Development, Berlin, Germany

Recently, Helversen & Rieskamp (in press, JEP:
General) proposed a new heuristic model for
quantitative estimation, the mapping model. For
the present contribution the mapping model was
tested against an exemplar model. In two experi-
ments we investigated, how the task structure
influences which model captures participants’ esti-
mations best. Our results show that prior cue
knowledge is decisive. When knowing the direction
of the cue-criterion correlation and the correlations’
magnitude, the mapping model was best in
describing participants’ estimations. When knowl-
edge about the cues was not available and hard to
acquire, participants’ estimations were better pre-
dicted by the exemplar model.

FP-138: Risk perception

Students’ competence in systemic thinking
related to climate change: Computer-assisted
assessment approach based on concept maps

Boll, Thomas EMACS Research Unit, University of

Luxembourg, Walferdange, Luxembourg Faber, Théid

EMACS Research Unit, University of Luxembourg,

Walferdange, Luxembourg Busana, Gilbert EMACS

Research Unit, University of Luxembourg,

Walferdange, Luxembourg Martin, Romain EMACS

Research Unit, University of Luxembourg,

Walferdange, Luxembourg Latour, Thibaud Centre for

IT Innovation, CRP Henri Tudor, Luxembourg-

Kirchberg, Luxembourg

Study presents a computer-assisted approach for
assessing student’s competence in systemic thinking
related to climate change. Using a concept map
paradigm 800 13th-graders were shown 20 concepts
(10 relevant, 10 irrelevant to the issue). Firstly, they
had to select up to 10 concepts which they regarded
as relevant and arranged them on the screen.
Secondly, they had to draw arrows between them
indicating causal relationships. Measures of sys-
temic thinking were derived: Ratio of relevant/
irrelevant concepts, ratio of correctly/incorrectly
indicated causal relationships, complexity of causal
modelling. Reliability and validity data are pre-
sented and further applications in assessment and
education are outlined.

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From natural hazards to disasters: How human
decisions exacerbate or mitigate risk

Eiser, Richard Dept. of Psychology, University of

Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom

Despite improved monitoring and prediction,
worldwide losses from natural disasters continue
to increase. Human activity contributes to this
increase, through extreme weather events reflecting
climate change, degradation of vulnerable ecosys-
tems, and poor decision-making accentuating po-
pulation risk exposure and vulnerability. Surveys of
at-risk communities identify processes including:
risk perception and trust in risk communicators; the
impact of feedback and motivation on risk beliefs:
how longer-term environmental consequences are
weighed subjectively against short-term economic
gain; (dis)empowerment of vulnerable communities
and inequities in risk exposure. A theoretical
synthesis of these psychological processes is pre-
sented with implications for future policy.

Perception of climate change risks: A multi-agent
simulation

Seidl, Roman CESR, Universität Kassel, Kassel,

Germany Ernst, Andreas CESR, University of Kassel,

Kassel, Germany

Floods and drinking water shortages are likely
consequences of future climate change. In order to
understand how such risks are perceived, we
developed and implemented a psychological process
model. It is based on qualitative and quantitative
data from interviews and questionnaires, and
theoretical aspects of cognition and emotion in risk
perception. It forms part of an integrated social
science – natural science model that simulates the
water cycle, including drinking water, in a large
German river basin. We assess the spatial and
temporal dynamics of risk perception and its
relation to natural impacts and sustainability
indicators under different climate scenarios.

Risk perception assessment in Argentina:
Research, results and relevance

Mikulic, Isabel Maria Faculty of Psychology,

University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

This presentation will illustrate why risk is a multi-
facetted concept and which factors determine how
people think about risks and make their judgments
about hazards in Argentina. As no measurement
tools exist in Argentina, Rohrmanns Hazard
Evaluation Questionnaire has been adapted and
ecologically validated for a contrast-group design
with representative samples of groups with specific
societal, professional and cultural orientations.This
instrument is based on respondentsview of their
principal standpoint in risk situations. Results
indicate that risk attitudes are multidimensional
and that motivations for accepting risks vary
considerably depending on the type of hazard.
Potential implications for further research are
discussed.

FP-139: Social-cognitive
mechanisms II

The social-cognitive mechanisms regulating
adolescents’ use of doping substances

Mallia, Luca Dept. of Psychology, Universita ’La

Sapienza’, Rome, Italy Lucidi, Fabio of Psychology,

Sapienza. Univerity of Rome., Rome, Italy Zelli,

Arnaldo Educ Sciences for PA & Spo, Univ. of Sport

&Movem. Sci, Rome, Italy Grano, Caterina

Psychology, Sapienza. Unviersity of Rome, Rome,

Italy Violani, Cristiano Psychology, Sapienza.

University of Rome, Rome, Italy

The study assessed the longitudinal effects of social-
cognitive mechanisms on the self-reported use of
doping substances among Italian high school
students. 1,232 students completed questionnaires
measuring various psychological factors hypothe-
sized to influence students’ intention to use

substances. Of these, 762 filled out the same
questionnaires three months later and also reported
their use of substances. Adolescents’ intention to
use doping substances increased with stronger
attitudes about doping, stronger beliefs that sig-
nificant others would approve their use, a stronger
conviction that doping use can be justified, and a
lower capacity to resist situational pressure or
personal desires. In turn, stronger intentions and
moral disengagement contributed to a greater use
of doping substances during the last three months.

Attentional bias and positive changes in breast
cancer patients: A cross-sectional survey and an
experimental study

Chan, Michelle Wing Chiu Department of Psychology,

The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China,

People’s Republic of : Hong Kong SAR Ho, Samuel

Mun Yin Department of Psychology, The University of

Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China, People’s

Republic of : Macao SAR

Objectives. To investigate the relationship between
attention to positive and negative information and
self-perceived positive changes among women with
breast cancer. Methods. Study 1 is a cross-sectional
study. 150 eligible patients completed a set of
psychological inventories. In Study 2, 60 eligible
patients completed three experimental tasks mea-
suring attentional bias (change-detection task, dot-
probe task and affective-picture memory task) at
the outpatient clinic. Results. Patients’ attentional
bias might influence the content valence of cancer-
related cognitive processing, which in turn might
affect self-perceived positive changes. Conclusion.
Attentional style and cognitive processing may
render as therapeutic leverages in facilitating self-
perceived positive changes.

The structure of the generalized health-related
self-concept: A structural modelling approach

Wiesmann, Ulrich Inst. für Medizin Psychologie,

Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

Niehörster, Gabriele Institute for Medical Psycholo,

University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

Hannich, Hans-Joachim Institute for Medical

Psycholo, University of Greifswald, Greifswald,

Germany

Starting out from Markus’ dynamic self-concept
theory, we explore health-related knowledge struc-
tures about the self that are generalized over
different health-related areas and over experiences
at different points in time. 436 college students
(70.5% women) filled out the revised general health-
related self-concept (GHSC) scale which assesses
five dimensions: health-protective dispositions,
health-protective motivation, vulnerability, health-
risky habits, and external, avoidant motivation.
Using structural equation modelling, we found
support for a hierarchical factor structure. The five
first-order factors, representing different health
resources and deficits, are explained by a single
second-order factor of GHSC.

Processes of change assessment in overweight
and obese patients

Andrés, Ana Methodology Behavioral Science,

University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Saldaña,

Carmina Department of Personality, University of

Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Gómez, Juana

Methodology Behavioral Science, University of

Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Objectives. The aim of this study is to validate a
processes of change scale, according to the trans-
theroretical model, to be used with overweight and
obese patients. Methods. The above mentioned
questionnaire was specifically developed to be used
among overweight and obese patients. It was
applied to a clinical sample of overweight and
obese people (n = 200) and to general sample (n =
200). Results. The psychometric properties of the
scale obtained in this study are referred to

discrimination indexes, test reliability (Cronbach’s
alpha) and criterion validity. Conclusions. This
study offers the validation of a processes of change
questionnaire.

FP-140: Special needs and
strengths of particular learner
groups: ADHD, at-risk-learners,
and gifted students II

Appropriate strategies for gifted education to
enhance affective development

McCarthy, Sherri Dept. of Psychology, Northern

Arizona University, Yuma, USA Stutler, Susan

Psychology, Northern Arizona Univ.-Yuma, Yuma,

USA

Qualitative data was gathered on 9 pre-adolescent
(age 11) enrolled in a gifted education program at
an elementary school in the Southwestern U.S.
Follow-up interviews 10 years later were used to
determine educational experiences viewed as most
important for affective development. Small-group
discussions of books read in common with other
gifted girls ("book talks’) were perceived as most
useful.

Relationship between goal-orientation and
motivational self-regulation in the gifted
students

Safe, Diba Special Education, Shiraz University,

Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran Bashash, Laaya

Special Education, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Islamic

Republic of Iran

This research examines the relationship between
goal-orientation and motivational self-regulation
strategies (mastery self talk, performance self talk,
interest enhancement, environmental control and
self-consequent). To this end 334 gifted high school
students (172 girls and 162 boys) were participated
in this study. Motivational Beliefs Scale about
Mathematics (MBSM) and Self-Regulation Scale
for Learning Mathematic (SRSLM) were used as
measurement instruments. Validity and reliability
of these scales were confirmed in the present study.
Multiple regression analyses revealed that mastery
goal orientation is the strongest predictor of
motivational self-regulated strategies in gifted
students. Results were interpreted in the light of
self regulation models.

Inclusive education in Slovenia

Adlesic, Irena Crnomelj, Slovenia Grah, Jana School

counseling, Prymary school, Murska Sobota, Slovenia

Mataic Salamun, Mihaela School counseling, Primary

school, Beltinci, Slovenia Jerman, Janez

In Slovenia we take care of pupils with special
needs. We have focused inclusive teams to help
schools with pupils with special needs. Each team
includes a psychologist, a teacher, a special
pedagogue and social pedagogue or a speach
therapist. We did a research in which we wanted
to establish the inclusive climate in those schools.
We made questionnaires for pupils, teachers and
parents about positive and negative experiences
with inclusive education. With statistical methods
we established areas in which the parents, teachers
and pupils (a pupil with special need and his/her
schoolmates) have positive or negative opinions
respectively. Result help us develop future pro-
grammes - for pupils, parents and teachers.

Validity of commonly-used measures of effort
when used with adults demonstrating learning
disabilities or AD/HD

Lindstrom, Jennifer RCLD, University of Georgia,

Athens, USA Lindstrom, William RCLD, University of

Georgia, Athens, USA Gregg, Noel RCLD, University

of Georgia, Athens, USA Coleman, Chris RCLD,

University of Georgia, Athens, USA

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This study investigated the construct validity of the
Word Memory Test (WMT; Green, 2003), the Test
of Memory Malingering (TOMM; Tombaugh,
1996), and the Word Reading Test (WRT; Osmon
et al., 2006) for the classification of adults. Four
groups (N=20/group) were included: students with
LD, LD-simulators, a control group, and an AD/
HD clinical comparison group. ANOVAs and post
hoc tests were used to determine the discriminatory
capacity of each measure. The sensitivity, specifi-
city, positive predictive validity, and negative
predictive validity of each measure were deter-
mined. Findings question the validity of the WMT
and the TOMM as measures of malingering.

FP-141: Cooperation and prosocial
behavior in childhood and
adolescence

The importance of hermeneutics to
developmental process

Jardim, Maria Faculdade de Ciências Humanas,

Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal

Oliveira, Jorge Faculdade de Ciências Humanas,

Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal

We shall focus on narratives hermeneutics to prove
how this method helps to develop our moral in
order to become an ethical human being. Herme-
neutics is therefore a tool to go deeper inside our
own personalities, ways of seeing the world and
inter-acting with it. Interpretation and evaluation
turn out to be self interpretation as well as self
evaluation and the world we live asks to be re-
interpreted by the subject.

Use six-step method to improve children’s
cooperation

Wang, Lei Shool of Psychology, Central China Norm.

University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China Zhou,

Zongkui shool of psychology, CentralChina Normal

University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China Liu,

Jiujun shool of psychology, CentralChina Normal

University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China

What factors would influence the children’s co-
operation? The former researches have found the
level of empathy, expression, strategies on clash
played important roles. How to integrate those
factors to improve children’s cooperation? We used
a 6-week program named ‘‘six-step method on
children’s clash’’. Two schools in suburb were
involved; one as experimenting group. In each of
the two schools we selected children in grade three
and grade five. The results demonstrated that
children in experimenting school used more effec-
tive strategies to resolve clash, while the controlling
school students remain unchanged. This method
can be applied to improve the children’s coopera-
tion. Key words: cooperation, children’s clash,
intervention, behavior training

Conceptual representation of early adolescents’
prosocial behavior

Kou, Yu Inst. of Developm. Psychology, Beijing

Normal University, Beijing, People’s Republic of

China Zhang, Qingpeng Institute of Developmental

Psy, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People’s

Republic of China

This study focuses on the early adolescents’
conceptual representation of prosocial behavior.
609 participants (average age=13.0, SD=1.49) were
asked to assess 43 prosocial items those were
nominated by early adolescents in focus group
interview with the method of centrality rating. The
paper exploring the conceptual structure with the
method of hierarchical cluster analysis and explor-
ing factor analysis. The results show: the concept of
early adolescent’s prosocial behavior was repre-
sented in a prototype model; their prototype of
prosocial behavior was structures of four dimen-
sions- commonweal and rule, personality trait,
interpersonal relationship, and altruism; four opti-

mum examples are kin altruism, enhancing friend-
ship and helping respectively.

Self-perception, attachment, peer relations and
parental peer management as predictors of
prosocial behavior sub-types among Turkish
female and male adolescents

Bayraktar, Fatih Dept. of Psychology, Ankara

University, Ankara, Turkey Kumru, Asiye Psychology,

Abant İzzet Baysal Univer, Bolu, Turkey Sayl, Melike

Psychology, HacettepeUniversity, Ankara, Turkey

This study investigated how individual, peer and
parental variables related to proactive and reactive
prosocial behaviors and how they differentiate
among male and female adolescents. 1110 adoles-
cents (650 girls, 550 boys) were recruited between
7th-10th grades in Ankara, Turkey. Individual
variables, peer relations, perceived parental prac-
tices, and parental peer management styles were
entered respectively in hierarchical regression ana-
lyses. Results revealed that the predictors of
proactive and reactive prosocial behaviors differ-
entiated among boys and girls. Finally, psycholo-
gical control seems to be the indicator of
authoritarian parental style functioned in the same
way on prosocial behavior sub-types being remark-
ably different from Western cultures.

FP-142: Memory processes III

Memory and music: Mozart effect or
interference?

Czerniawska, Ewa Faculty of Psychology, University

of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

Four experiments concerning the role of music in
memory processes are presented. The first experi-
ment showed that English vocal decreased the recall
of earlier memorized English words while instru-
mental music increased it. The second and third
experiment demonstrated that the influence of
music accompanying memorization or preceding
recall was very weak, although in line with the
hypothesized positive influence of Mozart and
Abba, and negative of Chinese music. In the last
investigation, no significant effects of music pre-
ceding or accompanying memorization were found.
The results are discussed with reference to the
Mozart effect and interference.

Origins of the enactment effect: A recall-based
view

Spranger, Tina Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany Knopf, Monika Institut

für Psychologie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt,

Frankfurt am Main, Germany

The basis of the enactment effect is still unclear. We
suggest a recall-based view, focussing on differences
in the recall process for verbally vs. subject-
performed actions. Recall of action phrases was
analysed as a function of encoding and age:
Younger and older adults were tested in a within-
subjects design using direct (experiment 1) as well as
in a between-subjects design using delayed free
recall (experiment 2). Experiment 3 was a replica-
tion of Experiment 1 with 7- and 10-year-olds.
Across experiments subject-performed actions were
consistently recalled faster than actions encoded
verbally. Theoretical implications of these findings
are discussed.

A simplified conjoint recognition paradigm for
the measurement of verbatim and gist memory

Stahl, Christoph Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Klauer, Christoph

Institute for Psychology, University of Freiburg,

Freiburg, Germany

The distinction between verbatim and gist memory
traces postulated by Fuzzy Trace theory has
furthered our understanding of numerous phenom-
ena in various fields, such as false memory research,
research on reasoning and decision making, and

cognitive development. To measure verbatim and
gist memory empirically, an experimental paradigm
and multinomial measurement model has been
proposed, but rarely applied. In the present article,
a simplified Conjoint Recognition paradigm and
multinomial model is introduced and validated as a
measurement tool for the separate assessment of
verbatim and gist memory processes. A Bayesian
metacognitive framework is applied to validate
guessing processes. Similarities and differences of
the new paradigm and the Source Monitoring
paradigm are also highlighted.

FP-143: Agreement and
information sharing in groups I

The communication bias toward preference-
consistent information in groups: Dependent on
decision preference salience and partner
communication?

Kerschreiter, Rudolf Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

München, München, Germany Seibold, Angelika

Psychology Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-

University, Munich, Germany Schweizer, Tatjana

Psychology Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-

University, Munich, Germany Mojzisch, Andreas

Institute of Psychology, Georg-August-University,

Göttingen, Germany Schulz-Hardt, Stefan Institute of

Psychology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen,

Germany

This experiment focused on the communication of
preference-consistent vs. preference-inconsistent in-
formation in groups. Participants worked on a
decision-making task and exchanged information in
written form with a bogus partner next door. We
manipulated the salience of participants’ decision
preference and the amount of preference-consistent
information contained in the handwritten informa-
tion list participants received from their bogus
partner. Results revealed a systematic bias toward
preference-consistent communication: Participants
mentioned, repeated, and asked for more prefer-
ence-consistent information than preference-incon-
sistent information. This bias was slightly larger
when decision preference salience was high and
when the partner communicated predominantly
preference-inconsistent information.

Supporting the collaborative drawing of
inferences from distributed information in groups

Meier, Anne Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Spada, Hans Inst. für

Psychologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

Based on research on group decisions in ‘‘hidden
profiles’’, the impact of information distribution as
well as instructional support on collaborative
inferences and solution quality in group problem-
solving were investigated. In a first experiment
(n=27 dyads), information distribution had a
significant impact on the number of inferences
drawn, with inferences from unshared, distributed
information the most difficult. Instructional sup-
port positively affected solution quality. A follow-
up experiment investigates the effectiveness of
feedback based on an online analysis of inference
patterns. Both experiments point towards the
importance of individual-level cognitive processes
also in group-level problem solving.

Don’t tell me which candidate you prefer: The
negative impact of learning the other group
members’ preferences on processing effort and
decision quality

Mojzisch, Andreas Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany Schulz-Hardt, Stefan

University of Goettingen, Institute of Psychology,

Goettingen, Germany

Hidden profiles are decision tasks in which the
superior alternative is hidden from group members
when considering their prediscussion information.
We propose a new explanation for the failure of

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groups to solve hidden profiles. Accordingly,

learning the other members’ preferences reduces

the effort devoted to processing the information

exchanged and, hence, impedes the detection of the

correct solution. The results of three experiments

show that participants who were not informed

about the other members’ preferences were more

likely to detect the correct solution than those who

received bogus information about the others’

preferences. This effect was mediated by processing

effort.

FP-144: Aging and health I

Motives and determinants of volunteering in
older volunteers

Grano, Caterina Dept. of Psychology, University ’La

Sapienza’, Rome, Italy Lucidi, Fabio Department of

Psychology, Sapienza. University of Rome, Rome,

Italy Zelli, Arnaldo Educ. Sciences for PA & Sp, Univ.

Sport & Movem. Scien, Rome, Italy Violani, Cristiano

Department of Psychology, Sapienza. University of

Rome, Rome, Italy

Objects: Self-efficacy, and constructs from the

theories of planned behavior (TPB) and self-

determination theory (SDT) were combined in a

study of older adults’ volunteering. Motives from

SDT were considered antecedents of TPB variables

and self-efficacy. Methods: A longitudinal investi-

gation was conducted with 615 older volunteers

(Mage=66.32; 312 were males). SEM analyses were

used. Results: The analysis yielded a very good

model fit (CFI = .96; NNFI = .95; SRMSR= .04;

RMSEA=.04). Findings suggest that SDT motives

predict TPB variables and self-efficacy. General

hypotheses from TPB were confirmed. Conclusions:

The integration of SDT and TPB can result in a

more complete understanding of volunteer behavior

in older volunteers.

Future orientations, age and self construals

Guler-Edwards, Ayca Dept. of Psychology, Middle

East. Tech. University, Ankara, Turkey Imamoglu, E.

Olcay Psychology, Middle East Tech. University,

Ankara, Turkey

The present research investigated the relation

between future orientations, age, and self-construals

by using Balanced Integration and Differentiation

(BID) Model of Imamoglu. Four hundred four

adults from different age groups (young, middle-

aged, older) participated in the study. ANOVA tests

indicated the effect of age on future orientations

except for related-individuated respondents, repre-

senting the optimal development by the BID

Model. Contrary to the other self types (i.e.,

separated patterning, related patterning, separated

individuation), related-individuated respondents

had open future perspective, low anxious and high

planful attitudes towards future at all ages.

Elderly perception of their quality of life – a
Brazilian exploratory study using WHOQOL OLD

Silva, Eleonora Psicologia, Universitas - FEPI,

Taubate, Brazil

The purpose of the research was to evaluate how

elderly perceive their quality of life. It has been

conducted in a countryside region of Brazil, and the

instrument used was the WHO scale. The sample

was composed by 300 volunteers over 60 years of

age. The results showed that most elderly find their

lives meaningful and more than half believes they

have a good quality of life even having health and

financial problems. The most common complains

were regarding quality of relationships and poor

leisure. It is hoped the research can subsidy future

social and psychological interventions with this

population.

FP-145: Aggression and violence at
school I

Socio-emotional competencies in violent
contexts: Evaluation of the multicomponent
program Aulas en Paz

Jiménez, Manuela Psychology, Universidad de los

Andes, Bogotá, Colombia Chaux, Enrique

Psychology, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá,

Colombia

Aulas en Paz is a multicomponent school-based

program that promotes the development of socio-

emotional competencies among children living in

violent neighborhoods. It includes classroom ses-

sions, peer group activities, family workshops,

phone calls and home visits. This study seeks to

evaluate its effectiveness. Eleven 4th and 5th-grade

classrooms (440 students) in three schools in

Bogotá, Colombia, were randomly assigned to

three conditions: 1) multi-component program; 2)

classroom sessions only; 3) control group. Measures

of classroom climate, academic achievement and

several socio-emotional competencies are being

collected in a pre-test post-test quasiexperimental

design. Results will be ready by the time of the

conference.

Aggressive teacher behavior in Germany and
Japan: A cross-cultural study

Baudson (née Klein), Tanja Gabriele

Hochbegabtenforschung, Universität Trier, Trier,

Germany Stiensmeier-Pelster, Joachim

Pädagogische Psychologie, JLU Gießen, Gießen,

Germany Fujihara, Takehiro School of Sociology,

Kwansei Gakuin Daigaku, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan

"Violence at school" usually targets student aggres-

sion. Teachers’ aggression against students has been

largely ignored in empirical research, despite its

serious consequences. Not only the amount, but

also the type of aggression is determined by

sociocultural norms: With group cohesion, subtlety

of aggression increases as well. In addition,

Japanese teachers, unlike their German counter-

parts, focus on managing their classes as much as

on conveying knowledge. We expected Japanese

teachers to show less and relatively more indirect

aggression, which was partly confirmed by a survey

of over 1,200 German and Japanese junior high

school students. Implications of the results are

discussed.

Effects of teacher-student relationships on
students’ reports of school aggression and
victimisation

Lucas Molina, Beatriz Madrid, Spain Martinez Arias,

Rosario DEVELOPMENTAL AND EDUCATIONAL,

COMPLUTENSE UNIVERSITY OF MADR, MADRID,

Spain

The effects of school factors on aggression and

victimisation behaviour in primary school children

has rarely been investigated. As yet there has been

few studies focusing clearly on fundamental aspects

of school, such as teacher-student relationships

(Yoneyama & Naito, 2003). The present study aims

to expand the knowledge in this field. Participants

were 2050 children aged 8-13 from 27 primary

schools of the Region of Madrid. Multiple regres-

sion analysis showed that both student aggression

and victimisation were predicted by being victi-

mised by teachers and by perceiving low support

from them. These results highlight some important

directions for future prevention programs.

FP-146: Aggression and sexual
abuse I

Outcome of the treatment program of the
Department of Social Welfare and Development
(DSWD) for incest victims at Marillac Hills: A
qualitative-quantitative analysis of cases
Agcaoili, Suzette SWIDB, Dept. of Social Welfare &

Devt, Quezon City, Philippines

Objective: This study analyzed the outcome of
treatment program of the Department of Social
Welfare and Development to twenty-one minor
incest victim-survivors in Marillac Hills, Alabang,
Muntinglupa City. Methods: There were 21 father-
daughter incestuous cases provided with bio-psy-
chosocial intervention programs, and used the
qualitative-quantitative in-depth, multiple case-
study analysis, and combination of descriptive-
correlational method. Results: The Spearman’s
correlation is 0.569 or 0.57 at .01 level of
significance (2 tailed) of the Total Score of Piers-
Harris-2 Self-Concept and the total score of Client
Satisfaction Qustionnaire-8, concluded that there’s
a moderately high significant correlation between
the two variables.

Attitudes toward victims of rape: A comparison
on different times and places
Jasso-Lara, Martha Julia Special Education Needs,

UAPNEE, Chihuahua, Mexico Luna Hernandez, Jesus

Rene SPECIAL EDUCATION NEEDS, UAPNEE,

CHIHUAHUA, Mexico

Although many laws against sexual violence have
been reinforced in recent years, victims of rape are
still being stereotyped and discriminated. Pictures
of two women, one considered as attractive and
other as not attractive, and different scenarios were
associated to an attitude scale designed to measure
how respondents perceive and react to female
victims of rape. Data was gathered originally in
1995 in three cities of the north of Mexico and is
compared to 2007 responses to a similar instrument
in Ciudad Juarez. Overall, the main effects are with
the type of picture shown and the interaction
picture-scenario.

Sibling abuse
Carvalho Relva, Ines Telões, Portugal Monteiro

Fernandes, Otilia Education and Psychologie, UTAD,

Vila Real, Portugal

In this work we have studied the maltreatment
amongst siblings, a reality which is not well known
in Portugal, but with a wide range of investigation
in other countries. The aim of this study is to verify
if in the gathered sample any kind of aggression
amongst siblings exists. First characterize the
various forms of child maltreatment and the risk
factors which are implied. We use qualitative and
quantitative methods. On quantitative research we
use a questionnaire applied to younger who have
siblings. We also use an interview. We have found
that there are many situations of maltreatment
amongst siblings.

FP-147: Theoretical and
philosophical psychology I

Cultural bases of psychological theories: A
challenge for intergrating world psychology
Mironenko, Irina Dept. of Social Psychology, SPb

Univers. Humanities, St. Petersburg, Russia

World psychological science is integrating. The time
when psychological empires lived relatively inde-
pendent one from another is over and a structure of
an integrate psychological science is emerging.
Russian psychology is facing a challenge to join
the international mainstream. Gathering together
psychological knowledge demands laying bare
differences in implicit cultural bases of psychologi-
cal theories. Things which are not stated in scientific
reasoning but taken for granted must be taken into

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account to promote mutual understanding between
psychological schools. A system of implicit beliefs
about human nature underlying Russian psychol-
ogy is compared to the one underlying Western
psychological theories.

The problem of consciousness in psychology,
philosophy and religion: Three ways or one?
Bogoslovskiy, Stanislav Dept. of Chemistry, State

Technological University, Moscow, Russia

The aim is comparison of approaches in the study
of consciousness in psychology, philosophy and
religion. ‘‘Vanishing subjectivity’’ paradox; ‘‘sub-
jective coloring’’; laboratory equipment limitations;
social consciousness as a censor of ideas. New
opportunities of interdisciplinary approaches in the
study of consciousness. The place of ethics in the
study.

Psychology in search for new methods and
approaches
Smirnov, Sergey Department of Psychology, Moscow

State University, Moscow, Russia Kornilova, Tatiana

Department of Psychology, Moscow State University,

Moscow, Russia

Contemporary discussion on psychology methods
has committed two substantive errors. The first one
is connected to separating and confronting two
psychologies, exploratory (descriptive) and expla-
natory (causal) ones. The second one is connected
to assertion of the so-called unbreakable connection
between experimental psychology and positivism.
Recognition of ideas of pluralism in psychological
literature should mean acceptance of multiple
methods instead of rejection of methods already
mastered by a professional psychology. Any psy-
chological method predetermines a selection of
explanatory principles only with regard to making
inferences about a sought after empirically based
discovery, but not to content-driven foundations of
psychological explanation.

FP-148: Career: Its meaning and
development

Has the meaning of "career" shifted?: A vignette
study exploring four generations’ career-related
attitudes
Dries, Nicky AROR, Vrije Universitet Bruxelles,

Brussel, Belgium Pepermans, Roland AROR, VUB,

Brussel, Belgium de Kerpel, Evelien AROR, VUB,

Brussel, Belgium

This study examined whether different generations
hold different beliefs about career. Career type,
career success evaluation and importance attached
to organizational security were scrutinized for each
generation. 750 people completed a vignette task
(5x2), rating the career success of 32 fictitious
people. The majority of participants still had rather
‘‘traditional’’ careers, although younger generations
displayed larger discrepancies between career pre-
ferences and actual career situation. Overall,
satisfaction appeared to be the overriding criterion
used to evaluate other people’s career success. No
significant differences were found between genera-
tions.

An exploratory factor analysis of career
management in teachers of middle school
Zhang, Shuhua School of Management, Shenyang

Normal University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of

China Sun, Lili School of Management, Shenyang

Normal University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of

China Yi, Weijing School of Management, Shenyang

Normal University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of

China

Abstract Objective: The study aims at developing
the Career Management Inventory for teachers of
middle school. Method:According to the results of
200 teachers by exploratory factor analysis, the
Organizational Career Management (OCM) is

consist of occupational exploration, career plan,
morality culture, occupational development, teach-
ing tactic and interrelationship; The individual
career management inventory (ICM)is consist of
justice in assessment and promotion, occupation
development facilitation and learning sustainment.
Conclusion:The inventory had good internal con-
sistency and reliability level. Key Words Organiza-
tional career management, Individual career
management, Exploratory factor analysis

General perceived self-efficacy and locus of
control as mediating factors to the perception of
career-related barriers
Dragova, Sonya Cognitive Science & Psychology,

New Bulgarian University, Sofia, Bulgaria

The study investigates the relationship between
general self-efficacy and locus of control and the
perception of barriers to career development.
Studied categories of barriers are: social, attitudinal
and interactional barriers. Research methods in-
clude: Inventories of perceived barrier hindrance;
General perceived self-efficacy scale of Schwarzer
and Jerusalem; Spector’s Occupational locus of
control method. The sample consists of 879
participants from Bulgaria, Poland and Russia.
Results show that participants ascribe average
hindrance to career-related barriers. The expected
relationship is cofirmed to some extent. It is more
salient in the Bulgarian sample and does not exist in
the Russian one.

Comparison of general aptitudes and career
motives in three levels of jobs in Saipa car
company
Oreyzi, Hamid Reza Pschology, Isfahan University,

Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran Golparvar, Mohsen

psychology, Khorasgan University, Iran, Islamic

Republic of Iran Amiri, A. tehran, Saipa car company,

Iran, Islamic Republic of Iran

Three levels of careers in career ladder development
was identified in 80 Jobs (240 position).Aptitudes
were identified by administering General Aptitude
Test Battery on Owners of these prostitutions.
Aptitudes were compared in three levels. Findings
indicate that higher level positions need certain
aptitudes also, career motives were significantly
different. Implications for selection decisions dis-
cuss.

FP-149: Depression and loneliness
in old age

Development of a screening scale for geriatric
depression
Heidenblut, Sonja Fachbereich 2, Universität Siegen,

Siegen, Germany Zank, Susanne Fachbereich 2,

Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany Schacke,

Claudia Fachbereich 2, Universität Siegen, Siegen,

Germany

Purpose: Purpose is the development of a new
depression-scale, that is particularly suitable for the
use on geriatric inpatients. Methods: From an
empirically proved Item-pool a short scale was
constructed considering the discriminatory power
of the items as well as the intended form and
content of the instrument. The Scale was validated
among a sample of N=300 geriatric inpatients,
using a structured clinical interview as gold
standard criterion for depression. Results: Preli-
minary findings show promising psychometrical
qualities for the new instrument. Reliability and
validity as well as the effectiveness of the scale as a
screening-instrument will be presented.

Autobiographical memory specificity in older
adults with major depression
Latorre Postigo, Jose Miguel Dept. of Psychology,

Faculty of Medicine (UCLM), Albacete, Spain Serrano

Selva, Juan Pedro Health Psychology, Faculty of

Medicine (UCLM), Albacete, Spain Ros Segura, Laura

Health Psychology, Faculty of Medicine (UCLM),

Albacete, Spain Aguilar Corcoles, Maria Jose Health

Psychology, Faculty of Medicine (UCLM), Albacete,

Spain Navarro Bravo, Beatriz Health Psychology,

Faculty of Medicine (UCLM), Albacete, Spain

Increased recall of categorical autobiographical
memories is a phenomenon present in depressed
young adults. The aim of this study was to compare
the autobiographical memory performance in older
adults with major depression compared to non-
depressed older adults, using the Autobiographical
Memory Test procedures (Williams & Broadbent,
1986). Thirty-three older adults with major depres-
sion and thirty-three non-depressed older adults
were asked to generate specific memories in
response to a series of positive and negative cue
words. Evidence of overgeneral memory (OGM)
was found for the depressed group. While OGM
effect size in depressed young adult is d = 1.12
(Williams et al., 2007) effect size in older adult
sample is d = 0.88.

Therapeutic usefulness life review focused on life
events specific positives (ReVISEP) in the
treatment of major depression in old age

Serrano Selva, Juan Pedro Psicologı́a, Facultad de

Medicina, Albacete, Spain Latorre, Jose Miguel

Psicologı́a, Facultad de Medicina, Albacete, Spain

Ros, Laura Psicologı́a, Facultad de Medicina,

Albacete, Spain Navarro Bravo, Beatriz Psicologı́a,

Facultad de Medicina, Albacete, Spain Córcoles, José

Psicologı́a, Facultad de Medicina, Albacete, Spain

The technique ReViSEP has shown its effectiveness
in improving mood in the elderly with depressive
symptoms (Serrano Latorre, Gatz and Montañés,
2004). The aim of this study was to examine the
efficacy of ReVISEP in the treatment of TDM in
the elderly, in the context of the Primary Care. 16
elderly [15 women, mean age = 76.4 (SD = 8.6). The
subjects after four sessions ReViSEP found a
statistically significant increase in the specific
memory, showed fewer depressive symptoms and
improved life satisfaction.

FP-150: Risk assessment in young
offenders II

Patterns of elevated PAI validity indices across
assessment contexts and presenting
psychopathology: Implications for assessment

Yoxall, Jacqueline School of Psychology, Bond

University, Robina, Australia Bahr, Mark School of

Psychology, Bond University, Robina, Queensland,

Australia

Objective: To determine whether elevations of
validity indices on the Personality Assessment
Inventory (Morey, 1991) vary across assessment
contexts and types of clinical presentation. Method:
A review of 400 cases presenting across different
forensic contexts (worker’s compensation claims,
victims of crime compensation claims, personal
injury compensation claims; and pre-sentence)
where the PAI was administered as part of a
psycho-legal evaluation. Discriminant function
analysis was employed. Results & Conclusions:
Base rates for elevation of validity indices on the
PAI may vary across assesment context and
reported psychopathology. Implications for assess-
ment using the PAI are discussed.

Leaking as a warning sign in cases of school
shootings and Severe Targeted School Violence
(STSV)

Bondü, Rebecca Erz.wissenschaft u. Psychol, Free

University Berlin, Berlin, Germany Dölitzsch, Claudia

Erz.wissenschaft u. Psychol, Free University Berlin,

Berlin, Germany Scheithauer, Herbert

Erz.wissenschaft u. Psychol, Free University Berlin,

Berlin, Germany

Several studies have identified warning signs of
school shootings and STSV in American samples.

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The transferability of these results to German cases
has long been questionable. Prior announcements
of the offences called ‘‘leaking’’ and other warning
signs such as violent fantasies, depressive tendencies
or access to weapons may be valuable starting-
points for a threat assessment approach. We present
data on German single cases based on analyses of
files of inquiry within the Berlin Leaking-Project.
Comparisons of German and American data reveal
both overlaps and specifics in the samples with
regard to leaking and other risk factors preceding
the offences.

Gambling, risk and vulnerability

Chadee, Derek Psychological Research Centre,

University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad

and Tobago

This paper assesses the relationship between gam-
bling and risk factors of teenagers. Among the risk
factors are low neighborhood attachment; commu-
nity disorganization; transitions and mobility; and
perceived availability of the following: drugs,
substance use, crime, violence, gangs and delin-
quency. The main hypothesis of the study is: the
greater the perceived risk the more likely teenagers
are to participate in gambling and other delinquent
behaviour. A sample of 850 secondary school
teenagers in the 14 -16 age cohort in a Caribbean
country is studied using the survey design. Results
are discussed in the context of prevent of occurrence
of gambling problem, identifying risk indicators
and reduce vulnerability.

The effect of self-awareness intervention
programme on children’s self-perception and
antisocial behaviour

Shulruf, Boaz Faculty of Education, University of

Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

This study measured the effect of an intervention
programme aiming at altering at-risk primary
students’ self-perception and social awareness as
an avenue to mainstream citizenship rather than
delinquency. The students participated in an inter-
vention programme operated once weekly over four
months. Programme activities were focused on
raising awareness of antisocial and anti-environ-
mental behaviours and awareness of personal life
quality. The evaluation applied a mixed-methods
approach using both quantitative and qualitative
data. Evidence for improvement in children’s self-
perception was identified as well as effective
methods facilitating such changes. It was concluded
that focused self-awareness intervention pro-
grammes may positively affect antisocial behaviour

FP-151: Risk and uncertainty

Personality and decision-making in
neuropsychological tasks measuring decisions
under risk and decisions under ambiguity

Brand, Matthias Inst. Physiolog. Psychologie,

Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany Altstötter-

Gleich, Christine Differential Psychology, University

of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany

In this contribution we firstly report a study in
which we assessed 58 healthy volunteers (30 males)
with two neuropsychological decision-making
tasks, the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and the
Game of Dice Task (GDT) and several specific
personality traits. We found strong correlations
between performance in the GDT and specific core
facets of perfectionism while other personality traits
were unrelated to decision-making under risk. IGT
performance was unrelated to all personality traits
assessed. Thereafter, we compare data of patients
with pathological gambling, anorexia and bulimia
nervosa, showing that impulsivity and perfection-
ism are related to decision-making, but not other
personality traits.

The role of risk in intertemporal choice

Sun, Yan Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing,

People’s Republic of China Li, Shu Institute of

Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing,

People’s Republic of China

The purpose of this study is to examine the
preference change of intertemporal choice caused
by risk. Different versions (i.e., certain vs uncertain)
of the questionnaires on time discounting were
presented to undergraduate students to evaluate the
degree of discounting future. Previous research
found that adding a time delay to all the
alternatives will decrease the degree of time
discounting. Thus, introducing an external uncer-
tainty will also decrease the degree of time
discounting if risk and delay were psychologically
interchangeable. However, our three experiments
indicated adding uncertainty to all the intertempor-
al alternatives will increase the degree of time
discounting.

A fuzzy logic model of successful coping with
uncertainty

Eierdanz, Frank Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Kassel, Kassel, Germany Lantermann, Ernst-Dieter

Universität Kassel, Institut für Psychologie, Kassel,

Germany Gerhold, Lars Freie Universität Berlin,

Institut Futur, Berlin, Germany Döring-Seipel, Elke

Universität Kassel, Institut für Psychologie, Kassel,

Germany

People are facing many uncertainties in modern
times, for instance uncertain employments, weaker
social systems, terrorism and global change. Some
people manage to cope well with individual
uncertainties and apply active coping strategies.
Other people appraise uncertainty as a threat and
stay passive. The paper presents a Fuzzy Logic
Model of coping with uncertainty based on
psychological stress theories and developed from
qualitative interview data. Purpose of the model is
(i) to show that Fuzzy Logic offers a method to
quantify and systemize qualitative interview data
and (ii) to predict successful or non-successful
coping with uncertainty.

When people chase risk, and when they don’t:
Role of regret personality and regret behavior

Lai, Zhigang Institute of Psychology, Chinese

Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of

China Shi, Kan Institute of Psychology, Chinese

Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of

China

This study focused on the temporal dynamics of the
relationship between regret personality and risk
taking behaviors. We developed a model concern-
ing regret orientation, regret behavior and risk
preference to examine how people with different
regret orientations make decision under different
uncertainties. Survey was conducted among 121
undergraduates. Results showed that, generally,
participants with higher regret orientation exhibited
higher risk avoidance, but when the regret under
the gain frame was induced, participants with
higher regret orientation contrarily exhibited higher
risk taking behavior. This is a very interesting
preference reversal. The same effect was not found
under the loss frame.

FP-152: Psychotherapy - Research
and treatment methods V

Phenomenological analysis of the use of voice
training for Parkinson’s patients

Janzen, Henry L. Educational Psychology, University

of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada Wiens, Harold

Department of Music, University of Alberta,

Edmonton, Canada

The purpose of this research study was to examine
the effects of the use of voice training as a
therapeutic intervention for Parkinson’s patients.
Two pilot studies with high stress subjects and

depressed patients showed positive effects. Ten
Parkinson’s participants were given 15 voice train-
ing sessions. The final session was a performance
concert in which all patients sang one of their
favorite songs. In-depth interviews were analyzed
by qualitative methods. Our results confirmed the
therapeutic effect of voice training, including a
lessening of motor tremors and an increased feeling
of greater satisfaction of life.

Narrativity of decision-making in psychotherapy

Polkinghorne, Donald Dept. of Education, Univ. of

Southern California, Pasadena, USA

In psychotherapy, therapists are required to make
ongoing decisions in response to changing client
actions. The paper explores two modes of deciding
how to respond—the paradigmatic and narrative
modes. In the paradigmatic mode, decisions are
informed by indentifying a client action as an
instance of a type. In considering the appropriate
response, the therapist selects the type of response
determined to be helpful to the type of client action.
In the narrative mode, decisions are informed by
their contribution to the distinctive story of a
particular unfolding client-therapist interaction.
Narrative decision-making emphasizes the in-situa-
tion meaning of the therapist’s response.

Peculiarities of open and closed space perception
in the process of motor action regulation

Polyanychko, Olena Physical Education, IAPM, Kyiv,

Ukraine

The abstract focuses on the characteristics that are
the highlights of perception of the open and closed
space involved in the motor action control. Open
space perception depends on the atmospheric
pressure, on casual lack of landmarks, on phobias.
Closed space perception depends on its depth, on
compulsory motion restriction, on comprehension
of landmarks, on body postures change, and on
phobias. The skills acquired in a specific space type
are not transferable to a different kind of motor
action. Therefore, the means is provided to reach
the adequate perception of the reflected space for
the purpose of motion control, casual trauma
prevention, and elimination of phobias and illusions
related to the space perception in motor action
regulation.

An integrated, multidimensional method for the
treatment of trauma in children and adolescents

Schlauch-Rigby, Gisela Service, Psychological

Counseling, Yakima, USA

The effectiveness of an integrated, multidimensional
therapeutic method for the treatment of sexual
abuse trauma in female subjects, ages 6-16, is
demonstrated. Therapy consists of five phases. Key
points of intervention are explained and graphed.
Developmental stages, one at the beginning of
treatment, and one during which the abuse
occurred, are assessed. The uncovering of the abuse
and abreaction, and the client’s awareness of a
change from an ’abuse influenced’ schema to a
more ’normative’ schema, results in symptom
reduction and increased social-, and psychological
functioning. Results, reported by the client, care-
giver and therapist, are correlated.

FP-153: Evolutionary issues

Mothers baby, fathers maybe: A multinomial
model for the estimation of nonpaternity rates

Wolf, Michael Inst. für Exp. Psychologie, Universität

Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany Musch, Jochen Exp.

Psychology, University of Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf,

Germany Erdfelder, Edgar Psychology III, University

of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany

Knowing the prevalence of nonpaternity in a
population is of considerable interest to evolution-
ary psychologists; its exact determination is how-
ever costly. We present a multinomial model

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allowing to estimate nonpaternity rates by means of
Mendelian inconsistencies using easy-to-collect
phenotype data. Our model allows for an asympto-
tically unbiased and efficient estimate of nonpater-
nity rates in a population even though the single
genetic markers on which the model is based have
low efficiency for detecting nonpaternity in indivi-
duals. In a reanalysis of data sets from different
countries and decades, the proposed model is
successfully validated against more expensive meth-
ods.

Innovation: Novel behaviours in humans and
non-human animals from an evolutionary
perspective

Toelch, Ulf Innovation, Univeriteit Utrecht, Utrecht,

Netherlands Bruce, Matthew J. Behavioural Biology,

Universiteit Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands Meeus,

Marius T.H. Organisational Sciences, Univeriteit

Tilburg, Tilburg, Netherlands Reader, Simon M.

Behavioural Biology, Universiteit Utrecht, Utrecht,

Netherlands

Innovation, the production of novel behaviour
patterns not previously found in a population, is
puzzling since innovations are often costly and their
benefits hard to assess. We investigated the condi-
tions promoting innovation by testing human
participants in a 3D computer game where they
could discover several behavioural strategies that
lead to differential rewards. Before playing, players
saw high-scores that were manipulated according to
experimental treatment. We found that more novel
strategies were discovered when social aspiration
levels increased. We discuss these results in relation
to social intelligence hypotheses and in comparison
with our findings on innovation in non-human
animals.

High cost helping behaviour is driven by
benevolence rather than altruism

Ferguson, Eamonn Dept. of Psychology, University of

Notingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom Lawrence,

Claire Psychology, University of Notingham,

Nottingham, United Kingdom Farrell, Kathleen

Psychology, University of Notingham, Nottingham,

Germany

Is human helping behaviour driven by altruistic or
egoistic motives that are dependent on the cost of
the behaviour? Theorizing in economics, psychol-
ogy and biological suggests that benevolence should
predict high cost helping and empathy (altruistic
motive) low cost helping. These predictions were
supported across 3 studies (prospective, cross-
sectional and experimental) contrasting altruistic
(empathy, societal benefit), egoistic (hedonism) and
benevolent (both donor recipient benefit) motiva-
tions for high (blood donation) and low cost
(fundraising) helping behaviours. The results pro-
vide the first integration across these different
theoretical perspectives (economic, psychology and
biology). Implications for models of human altru-
ism are drawn

FP-154: Educational environment,
resilience, and problem behaviors
in childhood and youth

Community and Individual aspects of Russian
youth resilience

Makhnach, Alexander Inst. of Psychology, Russian

Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia Laktionova,

Anna Russian Academy os Sciences, Institute of

Psychology, Moscow, Russia

The resilience of four groups of adolescents (age of
15-19 years) was investigated. Sample was: high
school students, orphans, students with emotional
and behavioral difficulties, university students
(n=233). The interrelation of individual and com-
munity aspects of teens’ resilience was investigated:
coping stress behaviour, achievements motivation,
a locus of control, acceptance/nonacceptance of

self/others, domination/dependence, level of emo-

tional comfort/discomfort (individual aspects). The

interrelation of social and individual aspects with

resilience of adolescents was found. Among social

aspects the most important for resilience of teen-

agers are a community and peers. The family is

secondary on the value. The differences between

groups are presented.

Future time perspective, coping and risk
behaviours among Latin American adolescents

Chau, Cecilia Psychology, PUCP, Lima, Peru Herrera,

Dora Psychology, PUCP, Lima, Peru

The aims: to know the relations of future time

perspective (FTP), coping and risk behaviours in

adolescents from high schools in Peru. The

participants were 419 students (230 males and 189

females), 16 years old average. Instruments: Meth-

od of Induction Motivacional (PTF), Time Per-

spective of Zimbardo, Questionnaire of problems

and coping across the situations, PRAI (Version

Rr). The study used descriptive and inferencial

statistics. Results are compared by variance analy-

sis. Significant differences were found between

private and public schools with respect to their

future time perspective and hedonistic present. The

stressors of male and female students differ

significantly (future and parents). The proneness

to be a problematic drinker is higher than in other

risk areas

Relations beween behaviour problems at age 8
and adjustment at age 9: The influence of the
child-teacher relationship

Rydell, Ann-Margret Dept of Psychology, Uppsala

University, Uppsala, Sweden Bohlin, Gunilla Dept of

Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

Diamantopoulou, Sofia Dept. of Psychology, Uppsala

University, Uppsala, Sweden Thorell, Lisa Dept of

Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

We investigated the effects of the teacher relation-

ship on children’s adaptation. At 8 years, parents

and teachers rated behavior problems of 130

children using the Rutter CBQ and ADHD-criteria.

Teachers rated the child-teacher relationship using

the Pianta STRS. At age 9 teachers rated behaviour

problems and peer relations were assessed in a

sociometric procedure. Effects of the teacher

relationship were studied in regression analyses.

There were independent effects of conflicted teacher

relations on later adjustment. Further, there were

protective effects of teacher closeness and exacer-

bating effects of teacher conflicts for children with

high problem levels at age 8.

FP-155: The impact of students’
family background on learning I

The educational and psychological support of
educators to include learners from child-headed
homes in urban classrooms

Pillay, Jace Faculty of Education, University of

Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa Taggert,

Nadia

The purpose of this inquiry was to determine what

educational and psychological support educators

need to include learners from child-headed homes

in their classrooms and schools. A qualitative

research design was used to collect data from

several stakeholders in different schools in Gauteng.

On the basis of the negative experiences of the

educators we argue that educators need to be

supported within a framework of critical and

community educational psychology if they are to

be successful in educating learners from child-

headed homes. Several recommendations on how

this could be accomplished are made.

Parental involvement in schooling: The
perceptions and attitude of secondary school
teachers in a local government area in Nigeria

Omoteso, Bonke Dept. of Educ. Founds & Couns,

Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

This study investigated how secondary school

teachers in a Local Government Area (LGA) in

Nigeria perceived parental involvement in their

children’s schooling. It also examined their attitude

to parental involvement. A sample of 120 teachers

was randomly selected from this LGA. An instru-

ment titled "Questionnaire on Parental Involve-

ment" was used to collect data from the teachers.

Data were analysed using simple percentages,

correlation and t-test. Analyses revealed that large

proportion of the teachers perceived parental

involvement in their schools as fair and most of

the teachers were favourably disposed to parents

being involved in their children’s academic and

other school activities.

Educational and social exclusion: The social
context as a school failure setting

Serna, Cristina Psychology, University Castilla-La

Mancha, Cuenca, Spain Yubero, Santiago

Psychology, University Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca,

Spain Larrañaga, Elisa Psychology, University

Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain

Previous research has related different socio-cultur-

al factors with the academic performance. This

work explores the relation of adolescents’ academic

motivation and expectations with the laboral,

economical and educational situation of their

families. 1016 Spanish students from secondary

schools (12 to 18 year-old) completed measures to

assess this relation. The outcomes have been

organised into eight categories according with the

level of risk of school failure that has been establish

through two objective indicators (number of

repetitions and failed subjects) and a perceptive

one (personal valuation of achievement). Contin-

gencies and correlational analyses showed different

directions depended on diverse socio-cultural fac-

tors. The logistic regression confirmed the results

obtained at descriptive level.

FP-156: Psychopharmacology II

Adverse effects of midazolam premedication on
children’s post-operative cognitive function

Millar, Keith Psychological Medicine, Glasgow

University, Glasgow, United Kingdom Asbury, John

Anaesthesia, Glasgow University, Glasgow, United

Kingdom Bowman, Adrian Statistics, Glasgow

University, Glasgow, United Kingdom Hosey, Marie

Therese Paediatric Dentistry, Glasgow University,

Glasgow, United Kingdom Musiello, Toni

Psychological Medicine, Glasgow University,

Glasgow, United Kingdom Welbury, Richard

Paediatric Dentistry, Glasgow University, Glasgow,

United Kingdom

Administration of midazolam to children before

surgery reduces their anxiety, but it is unknown

whether the drug impairs post-operative cognition.

We conducted a randomised controlled trial of

cognitive function before and after midazolam

premedication in 179 children aged 5 to 10 years

having day-surgery with general anaesthesia. Reac-

tion time, psychomotor co-ordination and recall

were significantly impaired at the time of discharge

when compared to placebo. When tested 48 hours

later, children who had received midazolam con-

tinued to show significantly impaired recall. The

results confirm the risk to children’s safety and well-

being in the days following anaesthesia with

midazolam premedication.

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Effects of methylphenidate on oculomotor
prediction as a function of Dopamine Transporter
(DAT1) genotype

Ettinger, Ulrich Institute of Psychiatry, London,

United Kingdom Joober, Ridha Douglas Hospital,

McGill University, Montreal, Canada Pintsov, Oliver

Centre for Neuroimaging Scienc, Institute of

Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom de Guzman,

Rosherrie Douglas Hospital, McGill University,

Montreal, Canada O’Driscoll, Gillian Department of

Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada

Methylphenidate, a stimulant drug that blocks

reuptake of both dopamine and noradrenaline by

inhibiting the dopamine transporter, is known to

improve cognitive function. We investigated

methylphenidate effects on predictive oculomotor

control as a function of dopamine transporter

(DAT1) genotype. 29 healthy male volunteers were

administered 20mg oral methylphenidate in a

repeated-measures, double-blind, placebo-con-

trolled design. Saccades to predictable and non-

predictable visual targets were recorded. Methyl-

phenidate improved saccadic amplitude, particu-

larly in 9R-carriers and on non-predictive saccades.

Methylphenidate effects on saccadic latency were

moderated by order of administration, with parti-

cipants who received methylphenidate first showing

a carry-over effect into the second session.

Cognitive effects of creatine ethyl ester
supplementation

Ling, Jonathan Dept. of Psychology, Keele University,

Newcastle-under-Lyme, United Kingdom Kritikos,

Minos Psychology, Keele University, Newcastle-

under-Lyme, United Kingdom Stephens, Richard

Psychology, Keele University, Newcastle-under-

Lyme, United Kingdom

Objectives: Supplementation with creatine-based

substances to enhance athletic performance has

become widespread. Until recently, the effects of

creatine supplementation on cognitive performance

had rarely been examined. Methods: The current

study investigated whether creatine ethyl ester

supplementation would improve performance in

five cognitive tasks in a double-blind, placebo

controlled study. Results: Results showed that in

three out of five tasks creatine dosing led to a

significant improvement over the placebo condi-

tion. Conclusions: Creatine supplementation ap-

pears to improve some areas of cognitive

performance. This improvement is discussed in the

context of research examining the influence of brain

energy capacity on cognitive performance.

FP-157: Eyewitness identification
and credibility

Hugo Münsterberg’s (1908) on the witness stand:
A pioneering work on the psychology of
eyewitness testimony?

Sporer, Siegfried L. Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Gießen, Gießen, Germany

In many textbooks, Hugo Münsterberg’s (1908)

"On the Witness Stand" is celebrated as the key

work that marks the beginnings of psychology and

law. Some also note that Münsterberg’s book was

criticized by legal scholars which may have been the

cause why psychology and law was not as successful

as it might have been. To assess Münsterberg’s

influence, I review the origins of (experimental)

psychological research at the first decades of the

20th century in Central Europe and compare these

developments with those in the United States.

Much can be learned from the successes and

failures of those times.

Eyewitness identification dilemma: Video
portrayal vs. photo array in target-absent line-up

Pateraki, Eleni PSYCHOLOGY, DERRE COLLEGE,

ATHENS-Ag.Paraskevi, Greece Nega, Chrisanthi

PSYCHOLOGY, DERRE COLLEGE, ATHENS-

Ag.Paraskevi, Greece Chiotis, Georgios Dept. of

Psychology, City University, London, United Kingdom

The present experiment investigated whether agree-
ment between the modes of presenting a crime and
identifying it affects recognition accuracy in target-
present lineup. Ninety-six undergraduate students
were randomly assigned to one of four conditions:
video presentation-video identification, photo se-
quence presentation-photo identification, video
presentation-photo identification and photo se-
quence presentation-video identification. Results
showed better recognition when presentation and
identification modes were identical. Additionally,
participants identified overall more accurately the
perpetrator in the video portrayal mode, with more
accurate nonchoosers in the target-absent condi-
tion. Findings underline the importance of match-
ing presentation and identification modes and
reveal the superiority of video portrayal of suspects
over photo presentation in identification.

Eyewitness identification: Cultural differences in
susceptibility to weapon focus

Lorenz, Jan L. Pädagogische Psychologie, Tech.

Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany

Yan, Song Cognitive Psychology, Universität

Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

The presentation addresses a study conducted in
Germany and China, examining an interaction of
two variables influencing eye-witness identifica-
tions: ‘weapon-focus’ and culture. 160 mockwit-
nesses watched a video-presentation depicting a
criminal act with or without gun-use. They de-
scribed the culprit and identified him in a sequential
line-up. Free descriptive measures (ANOVA) and
final identification frequencies (Chi2) support the
hypothesis that East-Asians are less impaired by a
gun’s presence in their ability to describe and
identify culprits than ‘Westerners’. The results
indicate that there are cultural differences in
susceptibility to weapon focus. Design issues,
theoretical and practical implications will be
addressed.

An ERP study of the acquired process about self-
referring information

Ding, Xiaopan Psychology,School of Education,

Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, People’s

Republic of China Fu, Genyue psychology,shool of

education, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua,

People’s Republic of China

Prior ERP studies used to compare the incidentally
acquired information with the concealed autobio-
graphical information. The present study aims to
explore the process of how to acquire self-referring
information. In the mock-spy task, ten subjects
were told to pretend spy and investigated every
week for three times. They need to respond on true,
fictitious, irrelevant, and target items. The EEG was
recorded from 128 scalp sites using electrodes
mounted in HydroCel GSN cap. The results shows
that the differences between the P300 which elicited
by the true and factitious self-referring information
become smaller after two weeks.

FP-158: Ethnic and race issues II

Relationship of socio-economic status,
accomodation type and marital status with
mental health well being among Turkish migrant
women in the UK

Cakir, Gulfem Dept. of Educational Sciences, Middle

East Technical Univers., Ankara, Turkey

The purpose of this study was to analyse the
relationship of marital status, accomodation type,
employment status, and income level of migrant

women living in the UK with their mental health
well being. A sample of 232 Turkish migrant
women completed the questionnaire including
demographic questions and General Health Ques-
tionnaire. Factorial ANOVA results suggested that
employment status were associated with mental
health well being of migrant women. However,
marital status, accomodation type, and income level
of migrant women had no significant effect on their
mental health well being. Implications of these
findings are drawn for practice and further
research.

Multiculturism and cultural, social and political
integration: The case of the immigrant Chinese
Community in Bilbao (Basque Country)

Rubio Ardanaz, Eduardo Psicologı́a Social, University

of Basque Country, Leioa, Spain Fang, Xiao Director,

Chinese Studies Center, Bilbao, Spain Rubio Ardanaz,

Juan Antonio Antropologı́a Social, University of

Extremadura, Bilbao, Spain

The degree of integration of the Chinese immigrant
community was analyzed by considering cultural,
social and political parameters, which allowed for a
comparision with the local native population. The
study was realized in Bilbao, Basque Country,
where data was compiled on the Chinese immigrant
community by means of ethnographic techniques,
either with interviews or by direct observation. All
data was analyzed qualitatively. Findings indicate
correlated levels of participation with the local
community, whether it be high or low, leading to
the conclusion that increased participation facil-
itates integration and a mutually enrichening multi-
culturalism.

Having more humane and responsible citizens by
teaching them history

Guerra, Elida Psychology, UAQ, Queretaro, Mexico

Guerra, Gabriela Master in Education, Universidad

Contemporanea, Queretaro, Mexico Salinas, Rolando

Javier Psychology, UAQ, Queretaro, Mexico

This article suggests a didactic approach to promote
the development of a more humane and informed
citizenship at schools. Our findings show that a new
perspective on the way lessons of the Colonization
and Independence of Mexico are presented pro-
moted on high school students to make the essential
connection between history and the choices they
confront in their own lives. It engaged students in
an examination of identity, racism and intolerance,
as well as the need to be responsible of their own
actions since they affect the community as a whole.
Students realized that the problem is collective as
well as the solutions.

Race encoding within São Paulo undergraduates:
A contextual comparison

Nascimento, Leandro São Paulo, Brazil Marui

Cosenti, Leonardo Antonio Psicologia Experimental,

Instituto de Psicologia, USP, São Paulo, Brazil Macedo

Gonçalvez, Diego Departamento de Fisiologia, Centro

de Biociencias, UFRN, São Paulo, Brazil Otta, Emma

Psicologia Experimental, Instituto de Psicologia, USP,

São Paulo, Brazil Yamamoto, Maria Emilia

Departamento de Fisiologia, Centro de Biociencias,

UFRN, Natal, Brazil

To compare context influences in race encoding, the
race variation of Kurzban et al. (2001. Can race be
erased?, PNAS, 98, 15387–15392) experiment was
applied in São Paulo. 84 undergraduates were
exposed to a sequence of sentences, each paired
with one of eight speakers’ photos, and afterwards
asked to attribute the sentences to the speakers’
photographs. Participants formed two groups,
control and coalition clued. Analyzing the errors
effect size, the race encoding difference between the
groups was inverted, in comparison to the original
experiment: the encoding was higher in coalition
clued group. Context was revealed essential for race
encoding.

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FP-159: Multisensory processing

Effects of spatial compatibility and consistency
across simultaneously executed saccades and
manual responses

Huestegge, Lynn Inst. für Psychologie, RWTH Aachen,

Aachen, Germany Koch, Iring Inst. für Psychologie,

RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany

In the present study, we search for underlying

mechanisms of between-task crosstalk. In a series of

experiments, subjects responded to auditory stimuli

with manual responses, saccade responses, or both.

The spatial compatibility of response locations with

the imperative auditory stimulus was systematically

varied. Overall, the systematic introduction of

response-code conflict between tasks modulated

the pattern of dual-task performance. However, the

consistency of spatial response codes across tasks

could override the adverse effects of S-R incompat-

ibility. We propose response-code confusability as

an underlying mechanism of crosstalk, which is

modulated by the spatial cross-task consistency of

response codes.

Visual, proprioceptive, and inertial cue-weighting
in travelled distance perception

Campos, Jennifer Inst. Biologische Kybernetik, Max-

Planck-Institut, Tübingen, Germany Butler, John

Biological Cybernetics, Max Planck Institute,

Tübingen, Germany Mohler, Betty Biological

Cybernetics, Max Planck Institute, Tübingen,

Germany Bülthoff, Heinrich Biological Cybernetics,

Max Planck Institute, Tübingen, Germany

When moving through space, visual, propriocep-

tive, and inertial information contribute to the

perception of distance travelled, yet little is known

about how each are weighted when simultaneously

available. In this study participants moved through

a large, fully tracked space by either walking or

being passively driven by a robotic wheelchair

(proprioception removed) and were asked to judge

the distance travelled. Visually travelled distances

(presented via a head-mounted display) were either

congruent or incongruent with the proprioceptive/

inertial inputs. Responses reflect a higher weighting

of body-based cues during walking and a relatively

equal weighting of inertial and visual cues during

passive movement.

Spatial attention affects the processing of tactile
and visual stimuli presented at the tip of a tool:
An event-related potential study

Yue, Zhenzhu University of Hamburg, biological psy.

and neuropsy., Hamburg, Germany Bischof, Gérard-

Nisal University of Hamburg, biological psy. and

neuropsy., Hamburg, Germany Zhou, Xiaolin

Department of Psychology, University of Peking,

Beijing, People’s Republic of China Spence, Charles

Department of Experimental Psy, University of

Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom Röder, Brigitte

University of Hamburg, biological psy. and neuropsy.,

Hamburg, Germany

An ERP experiment was conducted in order to

investigate crossmodal links in spatial attention

during tool-use. Vibrations were delivered from the

tips of two sticks, held in either a crossed or an

uncrossed posture, while visual stimuli were pre-

sented along the length of each tool. Participants

had to detect tactile deviant stimuli at the end of

one stick, while ignoring all other stimuli. Somato-

sensory and visual ERPs were enhanced to tactile

and visual stimuli presented at the tip of the

attended tool. These results suggest that tool-use

results in a shift of visuospatial attention towards

the tip of the tool.

Ignoring complex tactile patterns: Tactile versus
visual negative priming

Frings, Christian Inst. Verhaltenspsychologie,

Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany

In a Negative Priming (NP) task, participants
selectively respond to targets accompanied by
distractors; repeating a distractor as the target
usually impairs performance. Here I analyze this
phenomenon in the tactile domain (participants
identify complex vibro-tactile patterns), and
furthermore compare tactile NP with visual NP.
Results showed that tactile NP 1) produces larger
effect sizes than visual NP and 2) is observed under
conditions, in which visual NP is not (constantly
absent probe distractors). It is discussed whether
tactile and visual NP reflects modality-free selec-
tion.

FP-160: Need assessment and
treatment of offenders

Moral development of solo juvenile sex offenders

Stams, Geert Jan Education, University of

Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands van Vugt,

Eveline Education, University of Amsterdam,

Amsterdam, Netherlands

This study compared moral development of solo
juvenile male sex offenders (n = 20) and juvenile
male non-offenders (n = 76), aged 13 to 19, from
lower socioeconomic and educational backgrounds.
Moral judgment was assessed with the Sociomoral
Reflection Measure – Short Form (SRM-SF), with
questions added on sexual offending and the
offender’s own victim(s). No differences in moral
judgment were found. However, lower stages of
moral judgment were observed when the offenders’
own victim was involved, confirming specific moral
deficits in solo juvenile sex offenders. Delay in
moral judgment proved to be associated with
cognitive distortions.

How juveniles attribute their delinquent
behavior: A presentation of preliminary results

Ricijas, Neven Dept. for Behavioral Disorders, Faculty

of Educ. and Rehab., Zagreb, Croatia

The main goal of this research is a development of
Criminal Attribution Scale for Juvenile Delin-
quents. The Scale was constructed in a preliminary
research with the Weiner attribution theory and
Risk / Need perspective of criminal behavior as
theoretical background. Research was conducted
on a sample of 108 male juvenile delinquents in the
city of Zagreb, and included juvenile delinquents
within three types of sanctions: (1) probation, (2)
open institution facility, (3) closed institution
facility. Results will be presented within the context
of attribution categories and differences according
to the type of sanction and intensity of criminal
activity.

Psychological rehabilitation of children in conflict
with law

Rath, Pratap Psychology, Utkal University,

Bhubaneshwar, India Mohapatra, Kasturi Social

Activism, Open Learning Systems, Bhubaneshwar,

India

The Maslow’s (1954) model emphasized biological
needs instead of the right to life with dignity (RLD)
as primary. This is unfortunately allowing many
abuses to be seen as acceptable if the biological
needs are met. In a paradigm shift, emphasizing
RLD, 50 children (, 18 years), alleged to have
committed offenses were released on bail from
Observation Homes. Initially, the attitude of the
Home authorities, the children themselves and the
parents were negative. Repeated intervention em-
phasizing the RLD yielded substantial change in
attitude. For long-term impact, the children are
being given vocational training and support for
entrepreneurship.

Characterizing adolescents’ deviant group
identity

Zhang, Chunmei Dept. of Psychology, Wuhan

University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China Zou,

Hong Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal

University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

This research aimed to exam whether delinquent
group would fulfill important function for delin-
quent adolescents, namely, deviant group identity,
and it contribute to their delinquency and delin-
quent association. 13 incarcerated youths from
Hubei juvenile prison were selected through theory
sampling of qualitative research, and by line-by-line
coding analyzing, the results showed that there were
five important components: group figure categoriz-
ing identification, interacting experience and sense
of coherent affiliations, group reputation manage-
ment, group norms, and positive feeling and
commitment to group, which could be called the
characters of deviant group identity. The characters
of juveniles’ deviant group identity were discussed.

The ‘‘Hits’’ keep coming: Examining parole
practices for violent offenders in New York State

Marquez, Carla Social_Personality Psychology, CUNY

Graduate Center, New York, USA Fine, Michelle

Social-Personality Psychology, CUNY Graduate

Center, New York, USA Boudin, Kathy Not Applicable,

Columbia University, New York, USA DeVeaux, Mikail

Not Applicable, Muslim Re-entry Initiative, New York,

USA Martinez, Migdalia Not Applicable, Not

Applicable, New York, USA Pass, Michael G. Not

Applicable, John Jay College, New York, USA Waters,

William E. Not Applicable, The Osbourne Associtation

Inc., New York, USA White, Sharon Not Applicable,

Not Applicable, New York, USA Wilkins, Cheryl Not

Applicable, Lehman College, New York, USA Vargas,

Felipe Not Applicable, The Doe Fund, Inc., New York,

USA

Since 1995, there has been an ‘‘unofficial’’ practice
of denying parole to people convicted of violent
felonies, based primarily on the nature of the
original crime. These ‘‘hits’’ have forced people to
serve lengthy prison sentences despite maintaining
clean institutional records and undergoing extreme
transformations behind prison walls. This study
examines these parole procedures. By analyzing
narratives of 34 women and men convicted of
violent crimes (namely murder), who have stayed
out of prison post-release, we are able to operatio-
nalize the process and offer evidence of transforma-
tion and rehabilitation. Finally, we offer
suggestions for revisions to the current parole
process.

FP-161: Negative affect

The share of somatization, anxiety, social
maladjustment, and depression in predicting
addiction potential among theoretical high
school male students in Freidan City

Moradi, Azam Psychology, Isfahan University,

Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran Ghamarani, Amir

psychology, isfahan university, isfahan, Islamic

Republic of Iran Oreizi, Hamid Reza psychology,

isfahan university, isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran

Rezaie, Sedigheh psychology, isfahan university,

isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran

The purpose of this study was determine the share
of somatization, anxiety, social maladjustment, and
depression in predicting addiction potential among
high school male students. The sample consisted of
220 students who were selected randomly from high
school male students in Freidan city. addiction
potential and psychological characteristics mea-
sured by APS and GHQ-28. Results of stepwise
regression showed that anxiety and somatization
variables are best predictors for addiction potential
respectively (for both P=0.00); but adding social
maladjustment, and depression to former variables
can’t increase the predicting power of addiction
potential significantly.

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Acculturation stress and homesickness of
Turkish migrants in Germany

Uslucan, Haci-Halil Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany

The psychological well-being of migrants is one of
the neglected domains both of clinical psychology
and health psychology. This empirical study with
357 Turkish people in Berlin at the age of 13 to 66
specify the psychological burdens of Turkish
migrants exemplified at acculturation stress, feel-
ings of homesickness and depression. The results
show high psychological strain both by the first
working migrant generation and the next genera-
tions. Personal resources like high self-esteem and
social supporting networks could buffer the pains of
homesickness and depression. The results have
implications both to clinical-psychological praxis
as well as to social policy of immigration.

Individuals with paraplegia from spinal cord
injury: Self-esteem and depressive symptoms

Psichouli, Pavlina Occupational theraphy,

Techn.ed.inst.of athens, Volos, Greece Kleftaras,

George Dept. of Special Education, University of

Thessaly, Volos, Greece

The present study aimed at investigating the
differences in depressive symptomatology among
low, moderate and high self-esteem individuals with
spinal cord injuries. 96 paraplegic adults (aged 16 to
71) responded to the Pichot-Questionnaire-of-De-
pressive-Symptoms and the Rosenberg-Self-Es-
teem-Scale. Statistically significant differences were
found among low, moderate and high self-esteem
paraplegic individuals in terms of how depressed
they feel. Furthermore depressive symptomatology
was not related to the period of time an individual
lives with the spinal cord injury. Finally an
important protection against depression appeared
to be the individual’s active participation to social
events and happenings. Implications for counselling
and rehabilitation are discussed.

Depressive symptoms and all-cause mortality
after heart transplantation

Havik, Odd Erik Dept. of Clinical Psychology,

University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway Sivertsen,

Børge Department of Clinical psychol, University of

Bergen, Bergen, Norway

Heart transplantation (HTx) is associated with
increased depression. However, the impact of
depression on the prognosis for HTx-patients has
not been sufficiently established. The aim of the
study was to investigate the influence of depression
on mortality in 147 HTx-patients. Depressive
symptoms assessed by Beck’s Depression Inventory
at inclusion increased the risk of mortality during a
5 years follow-up period. This remained significant
after adjusting for several risk factors. The adjusted
relative risk associated with depression was com-
parable to the adjusted relative risk associated with
time since HTx. Conclusion: Depression predicts
mortality independent of somatic and lifestyle risk
factors.

The effect of systematic desensitization on test
anxiety and school performance of girl third
grade guidance school students in Behbahan

Mehrabizade Honarmand, Mahnaz Psychology,

Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Islamic Republic

of Iran Kazemian Moghaddam, Kobra Psychology,

Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Islamic Republic

of Iran

This research aimed at studying the effect of
systematic desensitization method on test anxiety
and the performance of girl third grade guidance
school students. The participants of the study
included 42 students suffering from test anxiety
These students were selected using the multi-phase
method. The instrument in this study were:
Speilberger’s Test Anxiety Questionnaire. Besides
descriptive statistics such as mean, standard devia-

tion, in order to analysis the data, inferential
statistics like MANOVA were also used. The results
showed that systematic desensitization method
decrease test anxiety and improve educational
performance of experimental group in compare
with the control group.

The comparative and stady mentalhealth on
street women and normal women

Alavi, Tahere Ferdowsy University, Mashhad, Islamic

Republic of Iran Gharaie, Vajiheh Psychology,

Payamenoor University, Mashhad, Islamic Republic

of Iran

Main objective in this research is study and
comparative mental health in street women and
normal women in Mashhad.A comparative -
causative design was use.Sample group was com-
posed of 60 women, who were randomly allocated
into two groups. In this study we used GHQ
questionnaire (physical symptom, anxiety, depres-
sion, social dysfunction). The data analysis was
taken place using SPSS version and independent t-
test was used.The results revealed that there was a
significant difference (a=0/05) between two groups
in mental health scores.The average mental health
scores in four subtest was significantly high in street
women.So mental health street women is lower than
normal women.

FP-162: Working memory II

Working memory and the language system: fMRI
evidence for a procedural model of verbal
working memory

Fiebach, Christian Dept. of Psychology, University of

Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

The functional neuroanatomy of the verbal work-
ing memory system is generally described in the
context of Baddeley’s multi component model of
working memory, i.e., as a phonological loop
consisting of a passive phonological store and a
subvocal articulatory rehearsal system. However,
this model fails to account for lexical effects on
working memory performance, observed in beha-
vioral studies, and is partly incomaptible with
neurocognitive models of language. In this talk, I
will present a series of studies that explore how
different language systems in the brain contribute to
verbal working memory. The results support
procedural, or active memory, models of working
memory.

The neural signature of multi-item working
memory

Axmacher, Nikolai Inst. für Epileptologie, Universität

Bonn, Bonn, Germany Elger, Christian Department of

Epileptology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany Fell,

Jürgen Department of Epileptology, University of

Bonn, Bonn, Germany

Recent data suggest that the medial temporal lobe
(MTL) may play a role for working memory (WM),
but the underlying neural mechanisms have re-
mained unknown. Using intracranial EEG (iEEG)
in epilepsy patients and functional MRI in control
subjects, we found evidence for sustained activity in
the MTL during multi-item WM. Phase-synchroni-
zation between the inferior temporal cortex and the
MTL increased with load, but smaller regions
showed correlated BOLD responses with the
MTL. Cross-frequency coupling of gamma power
to theta phase was more prominent with increasing
load, consistent with a computer model where
individual items are represented by wavelet cycles.

Effects of shape similarity in short-term visual
recognition

Mate, Judit Psicologia Bàsica, Universitat Autònoma

Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Baques, Josep Psicologia

Bàsica, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola

del Vallàs, Barcelo, Spain

The aim of this research was to examine the effects
of shape similarity in visual working memory using
a span recognition task of Chinese characters.
Shape similarity among items was manipulated at
encoding and retrieval in order to assess in which
phase similarity impairs performance in a greater
degree. Moreover, half of the participants were
required to suppress articulation. Results revealed a
significant main effect of suppression and also a
significant interaction between phases, showing the
greatest effect when items were dissimilar at
encoding but similar at retrieval. Visual similarity
effects and the role of verbal contribution to
recognition of similar and dissimilar items are
discussed.

Links between working memory and episodic
memory in a virtual environment

Plancher, Gaen Descartes CNRS, University Paris,

Boulogne-Billancourt, France Gyselinck, Valerie

LPNCog, University ParisDescartes CNRS, Boulogne-

Billancourt, France Nicolas, Serge LPNCog, University

ParisDescartes CNRS, Boulogne-Billancourt, France

In order to expand our knowledge about the links
between working memory and episodic memory,
the effect of a verbal memory load was tested on the
recall of episodic memory components within an
ecological virtual environment. 58 undergraduate
psychology students navigated in a virtual town and
half of them had concurrently to count the number
of two kinds of garbage. Subjects’ memory of the
elements (factual), their position (spatial) and their
sequence (temporal) was tested. Results show that
the load of working memory reduces temporal
episodic recall, but not factual nor spatial recall.
Thus, verbal component of working memory
contributes to the construction of temporal episodic
traces.

Working memory declined by normal aging:
What kind of tasks are the most damaged by this
process?

Rodrı́guez, Raquel Metodologı́a de las CC del Comp,

UNED, Madrid, Spain González Marqués, Javier

Psicologı́a Básica II, UCM - Facultad de Psicologı́a,

Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain

The main decrements on memory performance by
aging were in working memory. Our aim was to
analyse alterations in different working memory
tasks. 71 individuals, between 55 to 75 years old,
were evaluated in the following tasks: Digit span,
Spatial span, Letters and numbers, Mental control,
Stroop test, D2 test, Trail Making Test, a searching
task, a switching task, a dual task and a task based
on the Daneman and Carpenters task (1980). We
found statistical significant differences in a few
tasks. Our experiment provides evidence that age is
a crucial factor in working memory, especially from
65 years old.

Spatial learning with navigation assistance

Münzer, Stefan Universität des Saarlandes,

Saarbrücken, Germany Zimmer, Hubert Department

of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken,

Germany Baus, Jörg Computer Science Department,

Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany

Navigation assistance systems provide support for
wayfinding at the cost of spatial learning (Münzer
et al., 2006, J. Environm. Psy.). The goal of the
study was to support incidental spatial learning.
First-time visitors to an university campus took a
guided tour. Across a series of experiments, the
wayfinding presentation on their navigation assis-
tance varied with respect to modality (verbal,
visual), perspective (egocentric, allocentric), align-
ment (north-aligned, rotated), and completeness of
information. While route knowledge was not
affected, better survey knowledge was aquired with
allocentric spatial information. Thus information
presented on assistance systems contribute to
incidental orientation learning. In addition, large

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individual differences were found which were
related to visuo-spatial working memory capacity.

FP-163: Memory processes IV

Influence of response-stimulus interval (RSI) on
sequence learning

Chambaron, Stephanie SRSC, Universite Libre de

Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium Destrebecqz, Arnaud

SRSC, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, BRUXELLES,

Belgium Ginhac, Dominique LE2I, Universite de

Bourgogne, DIJON, France Cleeremans, Axel SRSC,

Universite Libre de Bruxelles, BRUXELLES, Belgium

We investigated the role of response-stimulus
intervals (RSI) on sequence learning in serial
reaction time tasks. We assumed that random RSIs
would disturb chunk formation and have detri-
mental effects on learning. In two experiments, we
compared sequence learning using random and
constant RSIs. Moreover, the RSI average values
could be either short (Expt. 1) or long (Expt. 2).
Our results reveal that (1) random RSIs had no
impact on SRT performance; (2) recognition of
sequence fragments was only observed with con-
stant RSIs. It is therefore argued that sequence
temporal organization is mandatory for explicit
sequence learning to take place.

The emergence of awareness during learning

Rose, Michael Medizin. Universität Hamburg,

Hamburg, Germany

The development of explicit, aware memory during
incidental learning offers a new perspective on
consciousness. Here, we were able to show that the
emergence of awareness during incidental learning
is accompanied by an increase of high frequency
coupling between distant brain areas as observed
with EEG and increased neural activity as indexed
by fMRI. More importantly, the increase in neural
coupling and FMRI signal increase was observed
even before awareness occurred behaviourally.
Thus, our data provides direct evidence for the
notion of large scale coupling as the basis for
conscious awareness and the temporal precedence
strongly suggests causality.

Examining the strategy hypothesis: On the
functional relation between explicit knowledge
and implicit visuomotor adaptation

Hegele, Mathias Bewegungskoordination, Insitut für

Arbeitsphysiologie, Dortmund, Germany Heuer,

Herbert Movement coordination, Insitut f.

Arbeitsphysiologie, Dortmund, Germany

According to the strategy hypothesis, deliberate
strategic adjustments based on explicit knowledge
of visuomotor regularities should facilitate adapta-
tion to novel visuomotor relations. In the present
set of experiments, we examined the characteristics
of implicit and explicit adaptive shifts and tried to
elucidate the hypothesis’ scope of validity. Subjects
performed aiming movements to targets of different
amplitude and direction while visuomotor relations
were manipulated. Results showed different gen-
eralization characteristics of implicit and explicit
adaptative shifts as well as a more complete
adaptation for subjects who accumulated more
explicit knowledge. Potential preconditions for the
generation of explicit knowledge are discussed.

Context-sensitive adjustments of cognitive
control: Conflict-adaptation effects are
modulated by processing demands of the
ongoing task

Fischer, Rico Inst. für Psychologie, Techn. Universität

Dresden, Dresden, Germany Dreisbach, Gesine

Department of Psychology, Technische Universität

Dresden, Dresden, Germany Goschke, Thomas

Department of Psychology, Technische Universität

Dresden, Dresden, Germany

Adjustments of cognitive control due to interference
from irrelevant stimulus attributes have repeatedly

been shown. Here we investigated how these control

adjustments are modulated by the processing

demands of a primary task. A primary number

comparison task was combined with a Simon task.

Control adjustments revealed sequential modula-

tions of the Simon effect. In addition, we found

sequential modulations of the numerical distance

effect and an interaction of both effects. Therefore,

not only response conflict due to interference from

task irrelevant features but also processing demands

of task relevant features determine the level of

control adjustment in the subsequent trial.

Autobiographical memory and self of Chinese
college students

Wang, Qiaohong rm 619 34A bldg, Peking University,

Beijing, People’s Republic of China

This study aimed to investigate the characteristics

of autobiographical memories of Chinese college

students. Participants reported memory events cued

by emotion words, together with the emotional

valences and strengths. The results indicated that

memories related to others were more specific than

those related to self. Emotional strengths were

lower for the negative memories than those for

positive ones, which was possibly a strategic self-

defense mechanism. The results suggested that

significant others might be important in self-

construal for Chinese students therefore such

memories were more specific, while the generic

retrieval of memories related to self might save the

cognitive resources.

Transfer and rule based learning problem solving

Meo, Maria Psychology, University of Rome, Rome,

Italy Marucci, Francesco S. Psychology, University of

Rome, Rome, Italy

Main goals of this study were: 1) to investigate the

high processes related to transfer of learning in

problem solving, 2) to evaluate the plausibility of

Anderson’s Theory of learning, in order to inves-

tigate if rule based learning is the preferential way

used by child cognitive system during information

processing. Problem solving tasks with figural,

verbal and numeric stimuli are used to transfer

knowledge in different domain. Anderson’s theory

is evaluated comparing effectiveness of rule-based

text versus descriptive text in training sessions of all

tasks. Results indicate that people took advantage

by rule based training

FP-164: Mental health and
counseling II

Counselling in the Greek culture

Malikiosi-Loizos, Maria Early Childhood Education,

University of Athens, Athens, Greece Christodoulidi,

Fevronia School of Education, University of

Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

The purpose of the present study was to investigate

the helping relationship patterns of Greeks, with the

ultimate goal of generating a culture-specific

counselling model. A questionnaire designed to

cover situations of natural helping and counselling

styles was administered to N=265 Greeks, 17 to 55

years old. Multiple correspondence and cluster

analyses showed Greeks offering and receiving

emotional support from their immediate family,

using a more active influencing style of helping,

based on advice and directives. The findings suggest

various culture-specific factors that illuminate the

possible implications for training and the shaping of

the counselling profession within the Greek cultural

context.

Culture-sensitive and resource oriented peer-
groups (CROP-G) as a community based
intervention for trauma survivors: A pilot
randomized trial with asylum seekers and
refugees from Chechnya

Renner, Walter Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria Peltzer, Karl Social

Aspects of HIV/AIDS and, Human Sciences Research

Counci, Pretoria, South Africa

Objectives. Testing culturally sensitive peer-coun-
selling. Methods. N=94 Chechens were randomized
to 2 peer-counselling (CROP-G), 2 Cognitive
Behaviour Therapy (CBT), 2 wait-list control
groups, and to an individual short intervention.
Measures: Hopkins-Symptom-Checklist (HSCL-
25), Harvard-Trauma-Questionnaire (HTQ), Post-
traumatic-Growth-Inventory (PGI). (Repeated-
measures ANOVA, pre/post/follow-up design).
Results. On HSCL-25 and HTQ, CROP-G and
CBT groups did not differ significantly from each
other, but were significantly superior to the waiting
condition (effect sizes around 1.00). Individual
short treatment was not effective. Regarding PGI-
scores, none of the interventions worked suffi-
ciently. Conclusions. As CROP-G are a promising
alternative where psychotherapy is unavailable,
larger trials are strongly recommended.

Assessment of sociocultural issues in the delivery
of culturally appropriate mental health services

Yamada, Ann Marie Los Angeles, USA

This presentation introduces an interview-based
assessment tool to illicit social and cultural issues
affecting mental health service delivery. A mixed-
method design was used to develop the instrument.
Surveys and in-depth narratives (using grounded
theory) from 20 diverse patients with severe mental
illness attending a mental health rehabilitation
program were analyzed. Subtle sociocultural ex-
periences and internalized stigma expressed by
patients were classified into six themes and social
support and stigma were the most salient issues.
Use of our newly developed assessment tool may
aid clinicians to examine the relevance of their
interventions for the diverse groups they encounter
in everyday practice.

Use of non-conventional venues to extend
counseling services in a majority world country:
An exploratory study in Goa, India

Desouza, Karl St. Xaviers College, Goa, India

Indian society is in transition. They are becoming
more westernized. At the same time due to stigma
traditional venues and models of counseling have
not gained acceptance either at the clinic or
hospital. On the other hand spaces where people
used to traditionally go to seek psychological help,
at the temple or village well is diminishing. The
objective of this study was to explore areas in which
counseling services could be made accessible to a
larger segment of the people, using western and
traditional Indian models. For this study interviews
and focus group discussion was carried out.

Some representations on health: Observations
from a focus group study from India (Bihar)

Verma, Jyoti Psychology, Patna University, Patna,

India

The objective was to study the culture specific
representations of health. Method comprised of
focus group discussions in camera with 35 Bihari,
Indians. Results, suggested that in common sense
understanding, health referred to being able to
perform one’s social and professional duties and
clinically, health represented mental and physical
fitness. The culture specific categories of food as
Satwik (balanced, non-vegetarian food), rajsic (rich
food which exhilarates body’s metabolic rate) and
tamsik (toxic, rotten food) had important implica-
tions for health. In conclusion, health was a holistic
concept referring to a harmonious functioning of

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mind and body while Biharis believed in a tradi-
tional and modern conceptualization health.

Diversity in Community Mass Syndrome (CMS)
Singh, Anita Puri Dept. of Psychology, Girls P.G.

College, Bhopal, India

The Community Mass Syndrome (CMS) was first
reported in fifteen century as ‘‘Tarantism ’’in
context to normal behavior in Germany and rest
of Europe where it was known as St.Vitus’s dance.
With time some symptoms were added or elimi-
nated, changing its form to religious to political to
commercial adding diversity. Since 12th to 13th
century in Hajj,the feast of fools etc are the symbol
of religious CMS. The carnival tradition, the Mardi
Gras still flourishes in Belgium, Italy, France, and
West Germany. The Political CMS is observed all
over the world. The objective of this study was to
explore the evidence based diversity in community
mass syndrome.

FP-165: Organizational diagnostics
and development

Learning organizations and individuals: Learning
organizational anchors
Glaveanu, Vlad-Petre Faculty of Psychology,

University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania

The main assertion of this theoretical paper is that
the path of organizational learning is closely related
to the beliefs and expectations adults have regard-
ing learning in organizational settings. These
‘‘implicit theories’’ lead to the formation of
psycho-behavioral anchors such as: the Self-Suffi-
ciency Anchor, the External Anchor, the Situa-
tional Anchor, the Discovery Anchor, the
Maintenance Anchor and the Expansion Anchor.
Each is discussed from the point of view of the
learning process and its outcomes, at both an
individual and organizational level. Identifying
these learning anchors is a central task for
psychologists involved in personnel selection and
adult learning programs.

Methods and tools: A case study of
organizational culture diagnosing to a private
company in China
Yongrui, Li School of Management, Beijing Normal

University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China Juan,

Qin School of Management, Beijing Normal

University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Jidong, Liu School of Management, Beijing Normal

University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Yangyingxue, Li School of Management, Beijing

Normal University, Beijing, People’s Republic of

China Zhihong, Xiao School of Management, Beijing

Normal University, Beijing, People’s Republic of

China Changhai, Wang School of Management,

Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People’s Republic

of China

In order to investigate the status quo of a private
company in China, and to provide its organiza-
tional change with basically theoretical founda-
tions. Structural interview, coding, and
questionnaire as the diagnosing methods/tools were
used, Results showed that the conclusions by
qualitative methods of structural interview, coding
and by quantitative of questionnaire reinforced and
explained each other, but couldn’t be replaced by
the other. Both the methods combing qualitative
tools with quantitative ones, and the questionnaire
self-developed in this study could be used for
reference in the field of organizational diagnosing
and change.

Practical evaluation of questionnaire results for
organizational quality management
Oesterreich, Rainer Computer Science, Technische

Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Employee and costumer enquiries often are con-
ducted to compare the quality of organizational

units. At the Technische Universität Berlin, a

methodical concept was developed and established

to evaluate courses. This concept is generally

appropriate for benchmarking organizational units,

e.g. departments in a company. The evaluation

results in standardized integer values having the

following characteristics. Positive/negative integers

designate ratings above/below the mean, differences

of the integers are directly linked to Cohen’s

systematic of effect sizes, and the differences’

significance is readily identifiable. Strengths and

shortcomings within each unit, and changes for the

better and for the worse can easily be identified.

Human resources as the basic component of
contemporary business context: The experience
of an application of the ontopsychological
method

Kaluga, Vladimir HR-Management, Counsulting

Group FOIL, Moscow, Russia

In most cases the enterprise analysis demonstrates

the impossibility to explain the processes in the

organization if the psychic dynamics is not taken

into account. The knowledge and capacity to exact

analysis of the psychic activity permit to manage

and create any function necessary to organization.

The actuality of the application of ontopsychologi-

cal knowledge in the field of hr-management is

connected with the effectiveness of instruments of

Ontopsycology that make possibile the in-depth

analysis of a human potential of an enterprise,

rapidly reaction to the changes and rationally use of

intuition, that is demonstrated by the application of

the ontopsychological method in the field of

business consulting in Russia.

A measurement of Fuzzy Delphi Theory to
personal communication dyad referral reward
programs

Liu, Fangyi Business Administration, NTUST, Mituo

Township, Taiwan Hung, Yi-Jung Operations and

Marketing, Swire Coca-Cala (S&D) Ltd., Mituo

Township, Kaohsiung Coun, Taiwan

Word of mouth (WOM) communication dyad, at

one time viewed as a psychological and sociological

phenomenon to be observed and described, is

increasingly considered a cognitive marketing tool

to be managed. Because referral reward programs

reward existing customers and build the customer

base, firms use them to encourage customers to

make recommendations to others. In this research,

by fuzzy Delphi theory, it provides a basis for

identifying what is understood, hence, exploitable

of the designs in personal referral reward programs.

Overall, this proposed examine the importance

weights of WOM motivations, personal referral

reward attributes, and management technologies of

referral likelihood.

Application of rough sets and neural networks to
the study of competency assessment

Yu, Jiayuan Department of Psychology, Nanjing

Normal University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of

China

The objective of this study was to explore whether

rough sets(RS) and neural networks(NN) could be

applied in the competency assessment. The rating

scale which included 21 attributes was used for

assessing 195 civil servants’ competency. The data

was discretized with seven methods and reduced

with two ways in RS. The 14 reduced groups of

attributes were set up prediction models with NN

and ordinal regression respectively. The results

showed RS and NN could predict competency

more accuracy than ordinal regression.

FP-166: Occupational stress and
burnout

Occupational stressors and stress outcomes in
Canadian academic staff: Preliminary findings

Catano, Victor Dept. of Psychology, Saint Mary’s

University, Halifax, Canada Francis, Lori Psychology,

Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Canada Haines, Ted

Occupational Health, McMaster University, Hamilton,

Canada Kirpalani, Haresh Occupational Health,

McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada Shannon,

Harry Occupational Epidemiology, McMaster

University, Hamilton, Canada Stringer, Bernadette

Occupational Health, McMaster University, Hamilton,

Canada Lozanski, Lorna Occupational Health & Safe,

Canadian Association of Univer, Ottawa, Canada

Surveys in UK and Australia universities demon-

strate high occupational stress levels. To investigate

occupational stressors and stress outcomes at

Canadian universities. Randomly selected staff

from 56 universities were surveyed via web-based

questionnaires. Response rate was 27%. On the

General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), 13% of the

1470 respondents reported high distress. 22%

reported elevated stress-related symptoms on the

Physical Health Questionnaire. In regression ana-

lyses, less secure employment status and work-life

imbalance strongly predicted job dissatisfaction;

work-life imbalance strongly predicted increased

GHQ scores. Despite the low response rate, the

results are consistent with other research. Strategies

to improve stress outcomes are needed.

Prevention of teacher burnout begins in the
university: A training for teachers students

Wangler, Jutta Psychosomatische Medizin und P,

Universitaetsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

Vogelbacher, Angelika Zentrum für Lehrerbildung,

Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Bohnsack,

Antje Zentrum für Lehrerbildung, Universitaet

Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Bauer, Joachim

Psychosomatische Medizin, Universitaetsklinikum

Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

Previous studies from our group showed high rates

of mental health problems and burnout in German

school teachers. In an attempt to contribute to

health prevention, around 400 teacher students in

the second year of their studies received the offer to

take part in a prevention training program in order

to improve behavior, body language, and to

optimize the appropriate use of the voice in the

classroom. The intervention (84 participants) was

accompanied with a survey of the students mental

health (GHQ). Our data show i. that teacher

students report a remarkable degree of mental

stress and ii. highly appreciate the offered program.

Burnout and organizational factors in hospitals
affecting nurses

Lu, Jinky Leilanie National Institutes of Health,

Manila, Philippines Lu, Yung Chang Human Resource

and Mangement, Sophia Mineral Services, Quezon

City, Philippines

This is a cross sectional study which looked into the

interaction between situational factors, role stres-

sors, hazard exposure and personal factors among.

More than half (58.5%) of the respondents have

reported being ill from work in the past 12 months,

and 59.3% have said that they have missed work

because of an illness. After multiple regression

analysis, organizational role stress (p= .000),

migraine (p= .001), age (p= .018) and illness in

the past 12 months (p= .000) were found to be

significant predictors of burnout. Significant inter-

actions were also found between self-efficacy and

hazard exposure, self-efficacy and organizational

role stress. The contribution of the study is seen in

advancing new concepts burnout.

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Stress in university teachers and possibilities of
coping with it

Bulotaitë, Laima General Psychology, Vilnius

University, Vilnius, Lithuania Pociute, Biruté General

Psychology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania

Bliumas, Remigijus General Psychology, Vilnius

University, Vilnius, Lithuania

Roles, competences and life of university academic
staff are changing under the influence of education
reform, social and economical changes. The aim of
the study was to investigate the relationship
between stress factors in university teachers every-
day work, job satisfaction, somatic complains and
to ascertain teachers’ stress-coping strategies. Tea-
chers from different faculties of Vilnius University
participated in the study. A specially designed
questionnaire, Minnesota Satisfaction Question-
naire and Coping Strategies Questionnaire were
used. The results of this research prove the necessity
for stress management programs for university
teachers in order to decrease the negative conse-
quences of stress.

Burnout in relation to the motivational needs of
workers in the business process outsourcing
industry

Lohumi, Shama UCOL, CIIS, Mohali, India

Objectives: To identify the relationship between the
motivational needs of BPO workers (power,
achievement and affiliation) with burnout. Method:
Questionnaire survey of 80 BPO workers in India,
utilising a range of established psychological
inventory tools. Data was analysed with ANOVA.
Results: The extent of depersonalisation and
personal accomplishment in workers varied accord-
ing to their different motivational needs, and was
also gender sensitive. Conclusion: The motivational
needs of prospective BPO workers should be
assessed prior to thier appointment to reduce the
incidence of burnout.

FP-167: Organizational citizenship
behavior: Personal and situational
factors

Personal characteristics as predictors of
organizational citizenship behavior in Thailand

Smithikrai, Chuchai Dept. of Psychology, Chiang Mai

University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

This study aimed to examine whether relationships
between personal characteristics and organizational
citizenship behavior (OCB) in Thailand are similar
to those in western context. The sample consisted of
1,933 persons working in government offices and
private companies in Thailand. Survey question-
naires were used to assess OCB, personality traits,
and demographics. Hierarchical multiple regression
analyses were used to test the hypotheses. Unlike
the western findings, the results indicated that
extraversion, among personality traits, appeared
to play the most significant role in determining
OCB and its facets. Furthermore, the results
showed that demographic variables exerted small
but significant effects in predicting OCB.

Is empowering leadership always welcomed by
employees?: That depends on what they think
and how they feel

Yang, Jane Dept. of Management, City University of

Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, People’s Republic of :

Hong Kong SAR Huang, Xu Dept of Management &

Marke, Hong Kong Polytechnic Universi, Hong Kong,

China, People’s Republic of : Macao SAR

We investigate organizational cynicism and trust in
supervisor as psychological states leading to orga-
nization-directed citizenship behavior (OCBO) and
voice behavior, and the moderating role of empow-
ering leadership climate. Data were collected from
267 employees nested within 54 groups from a
Fortune-500 company. Hierarchical Linear Model-
ing results indicate that cynicism is negatively

related to supervisor-rated OCBO, and high levels
of empowering leadership climate make this asso-
ciation stronger; trust is positively related to super-
visor-rated voice behavior, and high levels of
empowering leadership climate make this associa-
tion weaker. Whether empowering leadership facil-
itates employees’ proactive behavior appears to
depend on their attitudes and feelings.

Work environment characteristics and its
motivating effect: A preliminary study in
knowledge workers

Wu, Zhiming School of Economics & Managmt.,

Tsinghua University, Beijing, People’s Republic of

China Wu, Xin School of Economics & Managemt,

Beihang University, Beijing, People’s Republic of

China

The current study explored the motivating effect of
work environment characteristics in knowledge
workers. Specifically, we empirically investigated
the impact of work environment characteristics on
psychological empowerment, task performance and
organizational citizenship behavior(OCB). 277
knowledge workers and their supervisors in high-
tech organizations participated in this study. The
results showed that the ‘‘achievement and growth’’
dimension of work environment characteristics was
positively related to both psychological empower-
ment and OCB; the ‘‘work meaningfulness’’ dimen-
sion of work environment characteristics was
positively related to both psychological empower-
ment and task performance; the ‘‘social support’’
dimension of work environment characteristics had
a positive effect on OCB.

The influence of positive characteristics on
organizational citizenship behaviors

Goel, Abhishek Organizational Behavior, IIM

Ahmedabad, Ahmedabad, India Vohra, Neharika

Organizational Behavior, IIM Ahmedabad,

Ahmedabad, India

This study tested the relationship of dispositional
optimism, resilience, hope, subjective well-being,
and generalized self-efficacy with engagement in
organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB). Super-
ior’s ratings for an individual’s OCB and positive
characteristics and individuals’ self-report of char-
acteristics were collected for 334 respondents.
Regression analysis of data from independent
sources showed small but significant positive
relationship between hope, resilience, SWB and
OCB. Individuals who were low or high on certain
characteristics showed negative relationship with
engagement in OCB. The relationship between
positive characteristics and OCBs of an individual
was strong when the superiors’ rating was con-
sidered for both. Implications for theory, measure-
ment of behaviors, and practice have emerged.

The relationship between organizational
citizenship behaviours (OCBs) and
counterproductive work behaviours (CWBs) of
Malaysian automotive workers

Mehdad, Ali Khorasgan Branch, Islamic Azad

University, Esfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran Arifin,

Zainal Psychology, University Kebagsaan Malaysia,

KL, Malaysia Rozmi, Ismail Psychology, University

Kebangsaan Malaysia, KL, Malaysia

The main purpose of this research is the study of the
relationship between OCBs and CWBs and related
dimensions. Also this research compare the OCBs
levels and CWBs scores between women and men
workers and Standardize the OCB and CWB
measures in Malysia.This research is the first phase
of researches which will be conducted in Asian
developing countries because of the lack of same
research in these countries. This research is a cross-
sectional field survey study.The subjects are 300
workers. The results show that there is a negative
relationship between OCBs and CWBs. This result
is consistent with findings in western countries.

Citizenship performance: Relative importance of
personal and situational antecedents

Wesche, Jenny Sarah Dep. of Social Psychology,

Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany

Muck, Peter M. Work and Organisationational,

University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany

A comparative analysis of antecedents of citizen-
ship performance from different categories (orga-
nization, team, leadership, task, personality, and
attitudes) was performed based on self-report data
of 101 job incumbents. Citizenship performance
was assessed by a newly developed German
measure based on the three-dimensional hierarch-
ical model originally proposed by Coleman and
Borman (2000). The new instrument showed
satisfactory reliability. Internal and external con-
struct validity were confirmed. Dominance analysis
(Azen & Budescu, 2003) was applied to evaluate the
relative importance of the different predictors with
regard to variance accounted for. Conscientious-
ness dominated all other personal and situational
antecedents in all possible subsets.

Country image and organizational attractiveness:
A marketing perspective

Froese, Fabian Business School, Korea University,

Seoul, Republic of Korea Vo, Anne Management,

Wollongong University, Wollongong, Australia

In today’s globalized world, multinational compa-
nies need to attract talent not only in the domestic
market but also in overseas markets. This study
introduces the country image framework from the
marketing literature to the recruitment context in
order to examine why foreign companies are (not)
attractive to local job seekers exemplified for the
case of Japanese companies in Vietnam. Survey
results of more than 300 participants confirmed the
robustness of our postulated framework. Image of
human resource practices, image of Japanese
people, and general country image predicted
attractiveness of Japanese companies. Detailed
explanations and practical implications are pro-
vided.

FP-168: Organizational
commitment

Organizational climate and job commitment
among Nigerian workers

Mogaji, Andrew A. Dept. of Psychology, University of

Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria

The study was aimed at examining the relationship
between organizational climate variables and job
commitment among Nigerian workers. Data were
collected from 600 workers randomly selected from
three industries in Lagos, Nigeria. The sample
included 450 junior workers, 90 supervisors and 60
managers. Analysing data with the Pearson’s
product-moment correlation shows that all the nine
dimensions of organizational climate are positively
and significantly related to job commitment at p ,

.01 respectively. The implication of the results is
that the Nigerian organizational climate facilitates
job commitment.

Downsizing: The impact of fairness on
commitment

Jacobs, Gabriele Personnel and Organisation,

Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands van

Dierendonck, Dirk Rotterdam School of Management,

Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands

The experience of a dismissal has a serious impact
not only on victims, but also on survivors. We
provide a meta-analytic overview of the impact of
fairness on organizational commitment for survi-
vors and victims after a downsizing operation.
Among 34 samples (including 10534 persons), a
positive overall relationship was found for fairness
and organizational commitment (r = .39). Proce-
dural fairness is more strongly related to commit-
ment in the downsizing context than distributive

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fairness (r = .41 vs. r = .31). Furthermore,
indications were found that survivors are more
sensitive for procedural fairness, whereas victims
are more sensitive for distributive fairness.

Antecedents and consequences of service quality
in public administrations
Gehring, Frank Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany Hertel, Guido

Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg,

Germany

Public organizations are increasingly perceived as
service providers. However, service quality has only
marginally been examined in the public sector. As
part of an organizational development project in
the administration of a large university, adminis-
tration employees and their in-house clients (scien-
tific and non-scientific staff, university students)
participated in an online survey (N=3500). As
potential antecedents of service quality, employees’
work satisfaction and motivation were measured.
As potential consequences, clients’ Organizational
Citizenship Behavior and affective commitment
towards university were taken into account. Using
regression and path-analyses, we analyzed whether
the relationship of employee and client data is
mediated by service quality.

Antecedents of organizational commitment
among higher level employees
Suman, Shanti Dept. of Psychology, Banaras Hindu

University, Varanasi, India

This study investigated the role of various ante-
cedents of organizational commitment (OC) among
employees of higher level. Personal (age, tenure and
locus of control) and perceived organizational (job
characteristics and organizational structure) char-
acteristics of employees were studied as the ante-
cedents of OC. 140 employees from a Public Sector
production organization participated in this study.
Multiple linear regression (simultaneous) analysis
was carried out in order to estimate the relative
impact of various antecedents on employees’ OC.
Results indicated that perceived job characteristics
were the most dominant predictor of OC followed
by perceived organizational structure and locus of
control. However, the contributions of age and
tenure were found to be insignificant.

Escalation of commitment as planned behavior
Soucek, Roman Lehrstuhl für Psychologie, Universität

Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nürnberg, Germany Beutner,

Susanne Lehrstuhl für Psychologie, Universität

Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nürnberg, Germany

Escalation of commitment describes continuing
investments into a failing course of action. The
present study examined escalating commitment
from the perspective of the Theory of Planned
Behavior. Ninety-six subjects participated in an
interactive computer-based investment scenario
with repeated negative feedback. Results show the
particular relevance of both the attitude towards
further investments and the subjective norm for
escalation behavior. Furthermore, the results reveal
a change in attitude and subjective norm during an
escalation of commitment. In particular, subjects
remain committed to a losing course of action,
although their attitude and subjective norm towards
further investments significantly decline.

The chicken-and-egg problem in the climate-firm
performance link
Winkler, Silvan Arbeits- & Organisationspsy.,

Psychologisches Institut, Zurich, Switzerland

Kleinmann, Martin Arbeits- & Organisationsps,

Psychologisches Institut, Zurich, Switzerland

The objective of this research project was to
determine the causal order of the relation between
engagement climate and firm performance (finan-
cial performance, customer satisfaction, turnover).
Analysis was conducted within one single firm,

allowing the observation of stable, homogenous
entities. Data from 35 market areas from a Swiss
financial service provider was analyzed for three
consecutive years. Lagged analysis was used permit-
ting exploration of priority in likely causal order-
ings. Analysis revealed statistically significant and
stable relationships across various time lags. The
reciprocal relationship between employee engage-
ment and financial performance is consistent with
previous research on the organizational level of
analysis.

Poster Session Tuesday Morning
09:00

How child maltreatment experiences relate to
adult sexual offenders’ emotional appraisals

Abbiati, Milena Faculté de Droit, Universite de

Geneve, Geneve, Switzerland Mezzo, Belinda CHUV,

SMPP, Prilly, Switzerland Gravier, Bruno CHUV,

SMPP, Prilly, Switzerland

This study aims at exploring the emotional reac-
tions expressed by sexual offenders about their
childhood traumatic events and the impact of child
abuses experiences. Until now, 54 sexual offenders
were assessed, using a semi-structured clinical
questionnaire. Correspondence factorial analyses
indicate that victimizations in childhood influence
further sexual offenders’ emotional appraisal of
traumatic life events; notably reducing acknowl-
edgement and reinforcing denial of their traumatic
experiences. We conclude that maltreatment in
childhood is one factor of vulnerability which has
to be considered in further sexual delinquency
prevention.

The influence of psychosocial stress on the
expression of clock genes

Abbruzzese, Elvira A Psychological Institute,

University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland Birchler,

Thomas Clinical Immunology, University Hospital of

Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland Fontana, Adriano Clinical

Immunology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zürich,

Switzerland Ulrike, Ehlert Psychological Institute,

University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland

The Circadian Clock strongly influences behavioral,
biochemical and physiological circadian processes.
The neuronal structure of the SCN acts as central
pacemaker and synchronizes the expression of clock
genes in the peripheral cells by neuronal and/ or
hormonal signalling. First data report on the
coherence of physiological and/ or phsychological
disturbances and diseases and the disruption of the
circadian clock. Currently we are analyzing gene
expression of the clock genes Per1 and Per2 in thirty
healthy men before, during and after a psychosocial
stress test as well as in a control situation. First data
will be presented at the conference.

The effect of academic acceleration, on the socio-
emotional and the cognitive development of the
gifted and talented children

Abrahim, Azza Dept. of Education, Al-Neelin

Unversity, Khartoum, Sudan

The study aims to design a scale for measuring the
effect of academic acceleration, on the socio-
emotional and the cognitive development of the
gifted and talented children. Either by early
admission or by grade skipping, in the Sudan.
The subjects in the sample are (60) males 83.3%.,
Females 16.7%.The researcher used some statistical
methods for processing data. Of these were the
frequencies, percentage ratios, average standard
deviation, T-Test, Pearson’s Correlation Coeffi-
cient, and Spearman’s Correlation Coefficient.
(SPSS). The researcher found that, the measure-
ment has showed high indicators of validity and
reliability. This makes it a good measurement for
the effect of academic acceleration on the socio-
emotional and cognitive development.

The relationship between long proceedings of
divorce for a woman who acted to divorce; her
mental health

Adibrad, Nastaran Dept. of Counseling Psychology,

Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Islamic Republic

of Iran Adibrad, Mojtaba Counseling Psychology,

Abbas Abad-Sarfraz, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran

This search has been done on 60 women who had
acted to divorce & they responded to General
Health Questioner, some questions about their
characteristics & the proceedings of their divorce.
The result showed that the 32% of the reasons for
women’s divorced were physical abuses & 38% were
husbands abnormal behaviors. There was a sig-
nificiant relationship between the length of the
divorce proceedings for woman & her depression
(P,0.05) & anxiety (P,0.01). The result indicated
that there was a relationship between the length of
divorce proceedings & mental disorder in women
who acted to divorce.

The effect of group cognitive behavioral training
on self-esteem and mental health in infertile
women

Aghaei Jeshvaghani, Asghar Khorasgan Branch,

Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of

Iran Atashpour, Sayed Hamid Psychology, University

Khorasgan-Isfahan, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran

Khayatan, Shahin Psychology, University Khorasgan-

Isfahan, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran Almasi,

Maryam Psychology, University Khorasgan-Isfahan,

Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran

This study has addressed the effect of group
cognitive-behavioral training on self-esteem and
mental health in infertile women. The method was
quasi-experimental. The statistical population was
infertile women in Isfahan. The sample size
comprised 15 subjects (treatment group) and 15
subjects (control group) selected randomly The
treatment group only received 8 weekly sessions of
cognitive-behavioral training. The measurement
instrument comprised two questionnaires: Cooper
Smith’s self-esteem, mental health (GHQ).Results:
The mean scores of self-esteem and mental health of
the training group was significantly higher than the
control group (P,0.0001).

Burnout (Emotional exhaustion) in doctors of
two hospitals of the city of Lima: Peru

Aguilar Angeletti, Ana Dept. of Psychology, Cayetano

Heredia University, Lima, Peru Gutierrez, Ramiro

Psychology, Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru

Ojeda, GianCarlo Psychology, Cayetano Heredia

University, Lima, Peru

Fifty-four doctors from two hospitals of Lima, Peru
were studied in order to identify the relations
between the three dimensions of Burnout (Emo-
tional Exhaustion, Depersonalization and Personal
Accomplishment), Social-Demographic-Labour
Characteristics, and Working Environment. There
is a greater presence of emotional exhaustion and
depersonalization in men than in women, unmar-
ried, contracted and internal of medicine of the
hospitals. The dimension personal accomplishment
appears with greater averages in women, married,
named doctors and resident doctors. The working
environment protects them of the emotional ex-
haustion, the depersonalization; and; it favours the
personal accomplishment.

Relationship of worry and eating behaviors in
young women

Ahlawat, Aditi Dept. of Psychology, Delhi University,

Noida, India Singh, Jayshree Department of

Psychology, MataSundri College for Women,, New

Delhi, India

The participants in the study were divided into high
and low worry groups on the basis of Student
Worry Questionnaire-30(SWQ-30) and correlated
with the Eating Attitude Test-26(EAT-26). 13.77 %
of the sample showed unhealthy eating and 5% had

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highly abnormal eating behaviors; 30% indicated
high-worry and 70% low worry levels; a significant
difference (F = 7.281 at p , 0.01) between the
groups on correlations of scores was found which
established the relationship between the abnormal
eating attitudes and high worry levels in the sample.

Geriatric centres: Emotional indicators older
people
Aizpurua Sanz, Alaitz Psychology Faculty, University

of Basque Country, San Sebastian, Spain Lizaso,

Izarne Psychology, University of Basque Country, San

Sebastian, Spain Sanchez de Miguel, Manuel

Psychology, University of Basque Country, San

Sebastian, Spain

Few studies have investigated systematically emo-
tional situation of older adults living in geriatric
centres. This study claims to analyze several
emotional indicators of 121 older adults (89 females
and 32 males, Mage = 82.21) from a geriatric
centre. After examination of cognitive status
(MMSE), anxiety (GADS, HAS) and depression
(GADS, GDS/15) levels were tested in 56 partici-
pants. 21% showed sings of anxiety and 10% signs
of depression. These results are consistent with
findings of previous studies. Authors emphasize the
need of psycho-affective intervention in these cases.

The search for adolescent health-related advice in
the cyber space: An examination of online usage
by Southern African youths
Akand, Bo GSB, The University, Marine Parade, South

Africa Adebo, Will GSB, The University, Marine

Parade, South Africa

In Africa, youths go online to look for information
on sexuality and health; however, there is scanty of
literature about the online usage of children.
Following Borzekowski, Fobil and Ashante (2005,
we explored and provided latest information,
regarding online practice of youths in Maseru,
Johannesburg and Tshwane, concerning gathering
of internet-based literature on sexuality and health.
Half of the population had gone online (50%) Of all
these Internet users, 59% had sought online health
information, and this percentage cut across in all
the cities by gender, age, ethnicity. These youth
revealed interest, high motivation, and positive
perceptions of online health-related information.

When our memories fail us: Exploring the
accuracy and inaccuracy of memory
Alberts, Joyce Dept. of Psychology, University of

Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand

Objectives: Susceptibility to false memories was
examined in relation to the ability to ignore
irrelevant information. Specifically, whether chil-
dren and adults demonstrating less-efficient inhibi-
tory control produce more false memories. Method:
Greater percentage of Stroop interference was
classified as less-efficient inhibition, whereas lesser
Stroop interference was classified as more-efficient
inhibition. The intrusion of non-presented lure-
words was classified as false memories. Results:
Statistical analyses revealed less-efficient inhibitors
produced significantly more false memories than
more-efficient inhibitors. Conclusion: The results of
this study provide evidential support for the
hypothesis that inhibitory control plays a crucial
role in memory, particularly in false memories.

The study of comparison between hardiness;
multiple coping styles in MS (multiple sclerosis)
patients Iranian
Aliakbari, Mahnaz Dept. of Psychology, Payame Noor

University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran Aliakbari

Dehkordi, Mahnaz PSYCHOLOGY, PAYAME NOOR

UNIVERSITY, TEHRAN, Islamic Republic of Iran

The main idea of following research is about
different type of coping style and its relationship
with coping style in multiple sclerosis patients. The
number of cases is 102 all staying in Tehran and

supporting by MS society whom selected randomly
To measure hardiness, inventory (Maddi& kobasa,
1984)) And coping style inventory with stress
(Andler & parker 1990) have been used. Results
are shown that the number of those patients who
are using coping style in order to cover stress & also
those who have a high rate of hardiness, are
following problem .focused coping more than other
group.

Comparative study of religious attitude’s
influence on mental health among residents of
nursing homes and unresident aged

Aliakbari, Mahnaz Dept. of Psychology, Payame Noor

University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran Aliakbari

Dehkordi, Mahnaz PSYCHOLOGY, PAYAME NOOR

UNIVERSITY, TEHRAN, Islamic Republic of Iran

Aghababaei, M. PSYCHOLOGY, PAYAME NOOR

UNIVERSITY, TEHRAN, Islamic Republic of Iran

The main purpose of this research is a comparative
study of resident aged and unhesitant aged in
respect of mental health and the effect of religious
attitude on it. In this research, a sample including of
100 persons of resident aged and unhesitant aged
selected by the use of random sampling and
available sample methods and studied with atten-
tion of purposes and assumptions. The measure-
ment tools in this research were included General
Health Questionnaire (GHQ = 12) and Religious
Orientation Test. The result show there is signifi-
cant relation between mental heath and religious
attitude also there is significant difference between
subjects.

Dimensions of school health from the teachers’
point of view

Altenstein, Christine Inst. für Medizin. Psychologie,

Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

Wiesmann, Ulrich Western-Pomerania, Institute of

Medical Psycholog, Greifswald, Germany Möbius,

Kati Western-Pomerania, Institute of Medical

Psycholog, Greifswald, Germany Hannich, Hans-

Joachim Western-Pomerania, Institute of Medical

Psycholog, Greifswald, Germany

We wanted to identify health relevant features of
the school system from the teachers’ point of view.
553 teachers filled out a 112-item questionnaire
generated by a focus group. Using PCA, we found a
four-component solution which accounted for
37.4% of the total variance. The components were
interpreted as Cooperation at the workplace,
Professionalization of handling work-related stres-
ses and strains, Support during work-related
stresses and strains and Organization of the school
business. We conclude that interventions should be
interdisciplinary and multidimensional instead of
focusing specific needs at the individual teacher
level.

Relationship between visuospatial impairment
and facial recognition ability in parkinsons
disease: Mediator variables

Amayra, Imanol Dept. of Psychology, University of

Deusto, Bilbao, Spain Maranon, Daniel Dept. of

Psychology, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain

Martı́nez, Silvia Psychology, University of Deusto,

Bilbao, Spain Uterga, Juan Marı́a Neurology, Basurto

Hospital, Bilbao, Spain

The aim of the present study was to examine the
role of processing speed (PS) and three executive
function measures as mediators between visuospa-
tial impairment and facial recognition ability in
Parkinsons disease (PD) without dementia follow-
ing the method described by Baron and Kenny
(1986). The Judgment of Line Orientation Test
(JLO), Benton Facial Recognition Test (BFRT),
Five Point test, Verbal Fluency, Stroop Test and
the Trail Making Test were administered to thirty
PD patients and thirty matched normal controls.
The results confirm the mediating role of PS and

three executive function measures in JLO and
BFRT only in PD patients.

Social skill therapy for college student with social
adjusment difficulty
Ambarini, Tri Kurniati Psychology, Airlangga

University, Surabaya, Indonesia

social adjusment was crucial to gain mental health.
people who cant do social adjusment expreience
stress and deppression. This effect become more
worst for Indonesian college student, which in
transition phase from high school to college. the
pressure not just from their self but also from
environment. this research aim to improve the
social skill of the student, so they can do social
adjusment, through social skill therapy. these
therapy applying using group therapy. the group
consist 6 person who having same problem. their
felt incapable to do social adjusment.

Emotional priming-of-popout in visual search
Amunts, Liana Psychology, Tel Aviv University, Tel

Aviv, Israel Lamy, Dominique Psychology, Tel Aviv

University, Tel Aviv, Israel

When searching for an unpredictable singleton
along a simple dimension, target feature repetition
speeds search, an effect known as Priming-of-
Popout (PoP). We present the first report of
emotional-PoP (ePoP). This effect occurred for
valenced expressions, not for neutral ones. Target
emotion repetition did not reduce search slopes,
suggesting that ePoP does not affect attentional
priority. While the face-in-the-crowd effect (FCE) -
search slope reduction for angry relative to neutral
faces - was similar with upright and inverted faces,
face inversion eliminated ePoP. The contrast
between ePoP and FCE challenges the notion that
emotional salience cannot be dissociated from
physical salience.

Anxiety, depression, somatic symptoms, social
dysfunctions and social demographic variables as
predictors of physical health in graduate students
Angelucci, Luisa Dept. de Psicologı́a, Universidad

Católica Andrés Be, Caracas, Venezuela

OBJECTIVE: Analyze the influence of gender,
marital status, age, body mass index, smoking
habits, anxiety, depression, somatic symptoms and
social dysfunctions on physical health. METHOD:
Using a non-experimental, cross-sectional design, a
path analysis was performed on data from 631
graduate students in Universidad Católica Andrés
Bello, Caracas, Venezuela. RESULTS: Low level of
problems in physical health and depression, and
moderate levels of anxiety, somatic symptoms and
social dysfunctions were found. The gender, anxi-
ety, somatic symptoms and social dysfunctions
directly influenced physical health. CONCLU-
SION: Physical Health is explained through gender
and mental health indicators.

Effects of error types on error negativity
Armbrecht, Anne-Simone Differential Psychologie,

Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany Gibbons,

Henning Differential Psychol, Institute for Psychology,

Göttingen, Germany Stahl, Jutta Differential Psychol,

Institute for Psychology, Göttingen, Germany

According to response-conflict theory, the magni-
tude of error negativity (Ne/ERN) is associated
with the strength of conflicting response processes.
In an electrophysiological study, 30 participants
performed a 3-digit flanker task, combined with an
adaptive stop-signal paradigm. Due to number of
conflicting responses and delayed response activa-
tion, Ne/ERN should vary with error types and
with delay between digit and stop-signal onsets. Ne/
ERN differences were not expected for single-errors
(hand or stop errors), but between single- and
double-errors (hand and stop errors), and for
longer stop-signal delay, as well. The results
supported aspects of response-conflict and reinfor-

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cement-learning theories of Ne/ERN. supported by

DFG Sta 1035/1-1.

Exploring the construct validity and factor
structure of the Persian translation of the
Sternberg Triarchic Abilities Test (STAT) with
Iranian students: Using confirmatory factor
analysis

Asgari, Ali Educational Psychology, Tehran

University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran Sadat

Musavi, Parastoo Psychology, Hesabi Research

Institute, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran Shahruzi,

Razie Shahruzi Psychology, Hessabi Research

Institute, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran Azizi, leila

Psychology, Hessabi Research, Tehran, Islamic

Republic of Iran Faraji, Hamidreza Psychology,

Hessabi Research institute, Tehran, Islamic Republic

of Iran

The study aimed to investigate construct validity

and factor structure of the Sternberg Triarchic

Abilities Test (STAT) in Iranian population. 428

(133 male and 294 female) Iranian junior high

students were measured using the STAT’s grades 4-

5. Using Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for the test

and Analytical, Practical and Creative subtests were

.91, .83, .80 & .71 respectively. CFA results, based

on LISREL, confirmed the STAT’s construct

validity and showed the second-order factor which

added three first-order factors (the 9 sections) fit the

data better and was aligned with Sternberg theory.

The significance differences between the 3 grades of

junior high students’ means showed STAT’s differ-

ential validity.

Alignment effects in spatial reasoning about
described scenes

Avraamides, Marios Dept. of Psychology, University

of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus Kelly, Jonathan

Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA

Kyranidou, Melina Psychology, University of Cyprus,

Nicosia, Cyprus

Objectives: The study examined the presence of

encoding and retrieval alignment effects with

reasoning about linguistically-encoded spatial loca-

tions. Methods: Participants encoded in memory

object locations and then pointed to them from

imagined perspectives. Testing occurred either in

the same or in an adjacent room. Results: A

performance advantage for the imagined perspec-

tive aligned with the learning orientation occurred

in both testing conditions. An independent advan-

tage for the perspective aligned with the orientation

of the participants at test was present but only with

same room testing. These findings document the

presence of distinct alignment effects due to

encoding and retrieval.

Internalizing disorders in dyslexic children

Bétrisey, Carine Department of Psychology,

University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland Ribeiro,

Bruna Department of Psychology, University of

Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland Leonova, Tamara

Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg,

Fribourg, Switzerland

The study explores internalizing disorders in

French-speaking dyslexic children. The assumption

is that dyslexic children show higher depressive and

anxiety scores than non-dyslexic. Non dyslexic

children were compared to dyslexic children attend-

ing traditional school and dyslexic children attend-

ing special school. Their depression and anxiety

were measured by the CDI and the R-CMAS.

Results of the MANOVA did not reveal any

difference in symptoms of dyslexics versus non-

dyslexic children (Group F (10, 48) = .59 p > .05,

Sex p > .05, interaction p > .05). There is no

difference between internalizing symptoms in dys-

lexic and control children.

Stability of rater judgments in holistic and
analytic essay-coding in primary school

Böhme, Katrin IQB, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin,

Berlin, Germany Robitzsch, Alexander IQB, HU Berlin,

Berlin, Germany

The judgment of writing ability is an important

aspect in the assessment of productive language

skills in primary school. In a nationwide represen-

tative German sample of 3rd and 4th graders (N =

5.382) data of narrative, argumentative and infor-

mative writing were collected. Trained raters coded

the student essays twice with a time-lag of approx.

12 weeks using a combined coding approach

including analytic and holistic ratings. Findings of

variance decomposition according to Generalizabil-

ity theory as well as results of IRT-modeling show

no systematic shifts over time but effects attribu-

table to individual raters or single variables.

Risk and security perceptions during the FIFA
World Cup 2006

Baasch, Stefanie Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany

The SWC 2006 was labeled as one of the major

security challenge in Germany. In the public

discussion the main fields of threat were terrorism,

hooliganism and right-wing extremism. This con-

tribution represents the results of an empirical study

which compares estimations of local experts, the

security discourse in the local media and official

statements in governmental publications on the

basis of a case study in Hamburg. It focuses on

similarities and differences in risk perceptions,

attitudes towards security measures as well as their

legitimating. The study demonstrates the effect of

event driven security policies.

Screening for clinical depression in Iranian post-
MI patients with the Beck Depression Inventory
for Primary Care

Bagherian, Reza Psychiatry, Isfahan Univ. of Med.

Sciences, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran

The purpose of this study was to ascertain

psychometric properties of BDI-PC in screening

for clinical depression in the post MI patients. The

BDI-PC and Hospital anxiety and depression scale

(HADS) were administered to 176 post MI. Also

the structured interview for DSM-IV was used to

diagnose clinical depression. Cronbach‘s alpha of

the BDI-PC was 0.88, and the construct validity of

BDI-PC was 0.86.8. A BDI-PC cutoff score of 5

and above yielded 91% maximum clinical efficiency

with 84% sensitivity and 97% specificity rates,

respectively, for identifying patients with and with-

out clinical depression. The BDI-PC proved as an

effective case-finding instrument for screening

clinical depression among post-MI patients.

The effect of educational games on the IQ of the
mentally retarded children

Bahrololoomi, Mohamad Hossein Shiraz, Islamic

Republic of Iran

This research is an experimental one and its design

is up to the pretest-post test,control group design

with utilization of randomization. of 187 educable

mentally retarded children seven to fourteen years

old and living in Shiraz, 64 people were selected

randomly,and according to Veksler’s intelligence

Test equalized into two matched groups: experi-

mental and control.educational games were done in

experimental group tests for 12 weeks. Results:

1.educational games caused,significantly,the IQ

improvement of educatable mentally retarded

children. 2.the people who made higher score of

intelligence in primary test,showed more improved

IQ at the end of the experimental course.

Are there effective smoking cessation
interventions that help women remain smoke
free?

Bahrs, Darlene Stop Smoking Program at SFGH, SF

Department of Public Health, San Francisco, USA

Smoking rates for the general population in the
USA have declined over the past 20 years, yet have
increased for women (USDHHS, 2004). Addition-
ally, there is evidence that women have less success
quitting and remaining abstinent for longer periods
of time than do men (Fiore, et al., 1989). The paper
reviewed the literature on interventions that effec-
tively help women quit smoking.Methods that
appear most promising are telephone quit lines,
proactive recruitment techniques, antidepressant
medication, and comprehensive cessation pro-
grams. Research methodological limitations will
be addressed. Future studies should give greater
attention to relapse prevention efforts and the social
and contextual conditions that reinforce smoking
behavior.

Neural and cognitive mechanisms of addiction

Baker, Travis Dept. of Psychology, University of

Victoria, Victoria, Canada Holroyd, Clay Stockwell,

Tim Barnes, Gordon

Drawing on recent biologically inspired models of
addiction, the specific aim of this project tested the
hypothesis that many of the cognitive and beha-
vioral impairments attributed to addiction result
from the impact of abnormal reinforcement learn-
ing signals carried by the midbrain dopamine
system on frontal brain areas involved in cognitive
control and decision making. We propose that this
disturbance of the dopamine system may result not
only from extended drug abuse, but may exist even
before the addiction develops in individuals who are
at a high risk of becoming addicted. We tested this
hypothesis with electrophysiological measures and
Addiction Inventory data.

Coping strategies in two samples of Mexican
adolescents living in poverty conditions

Barcelata, Blanca Psychology Faculty, National

Autonomous University, México City, Mexico

The objective of the study was to assess coping
strategies in adolescents with and without emo-
tional problems living in poverty. The participants
were 80 male and female adolescents, aged 13 to 17
years old, 40 adolescents attending mental health
institute from a psychological services, and 40 high
school adolescents from a public school. T Student
values (1.245, p. 05) show significant differences.
Adolescent with emotional problems use avoidant
coping. The adolescent students use active strategies
such as social support from pairs and family. The
study confirms that avoidant strategies are related
to psychological problems, and that active ones
work as stress-environmental moderators, which
might serve as help to mexican adolescents.

Nonshared environment in Russian adolescent
twins

Barsky, Philipp Devlopmental Behavior Genetics,

Psychological Institute of RAE, Moscow, Russia

Lobaskova, Marina Devel. Behavior Genetics,

Psychological Institute of RAE, Moscow, Russia

Gindina, Elena Devlopmental Behavior Genetics,

Psychological Institute of RAE, Moscow, Russia

Malykh, Sergey Developmental Behavior Genetic,

Psychological Institute of RAE, Moscow, Russia

Kobanov, Vladimir Devlopmental Behavior Genetics,

Psychological Institute of RAE, Moscow, Russia

There exists well documented evidence of genetic
influence on measures of family environment
(Plomin & Bergeman, 1991), as well as of impor-
tance of nonshared environment in development
(Plomin & Daniels, 1987). However, no research of
this kind was previously reported for Russian
sample. We have collected scores on Russian
version of Sibling Inventory of Differential Experi-

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ence (SIDE: Daniels & Plomin, 1985) from Russian
11-17-years old monozygotic and dizygotic (of
same-sex and of different-sex) twin pairs, 225 pairs
in overall. Model-fitting was used to investigate
genetic, shared environmental and nonshared en-
vironmental effects on SIDE factors.

Neural mechanisms underlying the integration of
costs and benefits in decision making

Basten, Ulrike Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany Biele, Guido for

Human Development, Max Planck Institute, Berlin,

Germany Stippich, Christoph Neuroradiology,

University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

Heekeren, Hauke R. for Human Development, Max

Planck Institute, Berlin, Germany Fiebach, Christian J.

Psychology, Neurology, University of Heidelberg,

Heidelberg, Germany

Neural processes underlying cost-benefit integra-
tion in decision making were determined by
identifying brain regions whose activity covaries
with integration difficulty. Twelve subjects were
trained to associate stimulus-characteristics with
financial consequences and decided in a fMRI study
to accept or reject three types of stimuli: pure gain,
pure loss, or combinations of gain and loss.
Decisions about combined outcomes activated
medial and dorsolateral PFC. Decision difficulty
modulated response times and brain activation
independent of absolute gain- /loss-magnitude and
behavioral choice. Easier integrative decisions were
associated with increased ventromedial PFC activa-
tion, suggesting ventromedial PFC as a neural basis
for cost-benefit integration.

The relationship between socio- economic
status, physical health and perceived physical
health

Bazzazian, Saeideh Human Science, Islamic Azad

University, Abhar, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran

Rajaei, Yadollah Human Science, Islamic Azad

University, Abhar, Zanjan, Islamic Republic of Iran

This study investigated the relationship between
socio-economic status (SES) (income, education,
and occupation), physical health and perceived
physical health. 150 employees completed physical
Health Checklist (PLC) and demographic informa-
tion form. Data were analyzed using One- Way
ANOVA and Chi- Square. According to the results,
there were significant relation between indexes of
SES, physical health and perceived physical health.
Significant differences were found between men and
women in perceived physical health but not in
physical health. Finding under sure the connection
between SES and physical health and can be helpful
in planning appropriate policies for promoting
public health.

Social representations about inclusion in official
documents and their implications on the
implementation of inclusive public politics in
education

Bellico da Costa, Anna Edith Mestrado em Educação,

FAE / UEMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil

Objectives: to identify the social representations
regarding the inclusive public politics; b) to analyze
current implications of these representations in
implementation of inclusive actions. Methodology:
bibliography research about social representations
and documental analysis of the legislation on
inclusion. Results: 1. multiple social representations
about inclusion concept linked with some social
exclusion; 2. the inclusion concept in the documents
always goes from the passive acceptance of
"segregation"; 3. punctual inclusive politics, con-
tingencies for the exclusion; 4. education while
"normalization" of the differences as inclusion
instrument. Preview analysis of the practical social
representations of them can facilitate the execution
of inclusive politics.

Relationship between anxiety, depression,
perceived exertion and level of physical function
in patients undergoing routine rehabilitation
after valvular heart replacement

Bertolotti, Giorgio Psychology, Maugeri Foundation,

Tradate, Italy

Literature on valvular heart surgery patients con-
tains almost no information on the role played by
psychological variables on outcomes of in hospital
multidisciplinary rehabilitation programme. Aim-
s:explore relationship between anxiety, depression,
perceived exertion and the level of physical function
as measured by the 6-minutewalkingtest. SF-36as-
sessed quality of life at 45days after discharge.
95patients were enrolled in a multidisciplinary
rehabilitation programme led to significant im-
provement in metres walked at the 6MWT,RPE
scores,STAI-XI and Depression Questionnaire
(DQ) scores in both sexes and all age groups.
Higher depression at the end of rehabilitation
negatively influenced quality of life (SF36-PCS
p=.006). Results recommends screening to assess
depression in valvular heart surgery patients.

Socio-economic and academic correlates of
Anaemia among adolescent girl students at
secondary school level in rural India: A study

Berwal, Sandeep Dept. of Distance Education,

Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India

Out of thousand adolescent girls tested for Hae-
moglobin, 746 were found Anaemic. Incidence was
significantly higher amongst those having low
scholastic achievements, poor economic back-
ground, and illiterate mothers. No significant
difference between urban and rural subjects was
observed. Significant association of Anaemia with
socio-economic status, poor school attendance,
high drop-out rate, low academic achievement and
mother’s education indicates the need to develop
strategies for intensive community education, better
nutrition and diet, and awareness about regular
intake of Iron-folic acid supplements during men-
struation. The study has its implications for school
administrators, health specialists, parents, govern-
ment and community leaders.

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT): Attitudes,
knowledge and experience of patients

Besani, Chiara Inst. of Neuroscience, Trinity College,

Dublin, Ireland Hevey, David School of Psychology,

Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland Mangaoang, Maeve

Research, St. Patrick’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland Lucey,

Jim V. ECT, St. Patrick’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland

Objectives: to examine the relationships between
ECT patients’ knowledge of the treatment, attitudes
towards ECT, experience of side-effects, and
perceived improvement in quality of life (QOL).
Methods: Questionnaire data from a sample of 64
patients were analysed using standard multiple
regression. Results: Although 87% of the sample
experienced side-effects after ECT, almost 80%
believed the treatment improved their QOL. Per-
ceived improvement in QOL explained 20% (p,.05)
of the variance in attitudes. Conclusion: Perceived
improvements in QOL after ECT are associated
with positive attitudes towards the treatment.
Results are considered in relation to previous
literature on attitudes towards ECT.

Psychological benefits of high self-complexity for
women with and without children

Besta, Tomasz Dept. of Psychology, School of Social

Psychology, Wejherowo, Poland Barczak, Agata Dept.

of Psychology, School of Social Psychology,

Wejherowo, Poland Bazinska, Róza Psychology,

Warsaw School of Social Psycho, Sopot, Poland

The purpose of the study was to investigate the
relationships between Self-Complexity (based on
Linville’s model) and various psychological vari-
ables linked to well-being. We hypothesized that
those relationships may be moderated by the type

of the group: young mothers (where one social role
is salient) and young women without children.
Sample consisted of 80 participants (40 mothers).
Regression analysis showed Self-Complexity to be
significant predictor of perceived increase of one’s
resources, Depression, Self-Esteem, Self-Reliance,
perceived decrease of resources and emotional style
of coping with stressful events. Last four results
were moderated by the type of the group.

The strengths and difficulties questionnaire in a
community sample of children and adolescents
in Switzerland

Betrisey, Carine Dept. de Psychologie, Universite de

Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland Corpataux, Joanne

Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg,

Fribourg, Switzerland Leonova, Tamara Department

of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg,

Switzerland

Our goal was to validate the French version of the
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire completed
by teachers (N = 574) of children and adolescents
aged 6-16. SDQ is a brief measure for screening
behavioural and emotional problems in children
and adolescents aged 4 - 16. Our data provide
evidence for five-factor solution. Internal consis-
tency and interrater reliability of different sub-
scales were found to be satisfactory. The results
suggest that teacher-report form of the SDQ is a
reliable screening measure for the purpose of
identifying behavioural and emotional problems in
a community sample of children and adolescents
aged 6 - 16.

Non-invasive brain stimulation and psychology:
New approaches on cognitive and behavioral
investigations

Boggio, Paulo Psychology, Universidade Mackenzie,

Sao Paulo, Brazil

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and
transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) are
both non-invasive and painless techniques to
modulate brain function that can be applied to
conscious human being. Using these techniques, it
is possible to generate virtual transient lesions in
healthy people or modulate the brain activity,
increasing or decreasing cortical excitability related
to the stimulated areas. In this paper we present a
series of studies in which broad aspects of
psychology (such as neuropsychological functions
(memory and executive functions) and behavior
(response to emotional stimuli and food, alcohol
and tobacco cue-induced craving)) have been
evaluated following or during the application of
TMS or tDCS.

The current state of parental alienation syndrome
in Spain (PAS)

Bonasa Jimenez, Pilar Centre de Diagnostic

Tarragona, Tarragona, Spain Cartil Ferré, Conxita

FAMILY EXPERT WORKING TEAM, OFF. COLLEGE OF

PSYCOLOGIST, Tarragona, Spain Espada Sánchez,

Carme FAMILY EXPERT WORKING TEAM, OFF.

COLLEGE OF PSYCOLOGIST, Tarragona, Spain Adan

Chavarria, Pilar FAMILY EXPERT WORKING TEAM,

OFF. COLLEGE OF PSYCOLOGIST, Tarragona, Spain

Punset Decoppet, Vanessa FAMILY EXPERT

WORKING TEAM, OFF. COLLEGE OF PSYCOLOGIST,

Tarragona, Spain López Carrillo, Andreu FAMILY

EXPERT WORKING TEAM, OFF. COLLEGE OF

PSYCOLOGIST, Tarragona, Spain López Novella,

Judit FAMILY EXPERT WORKING TEAM, OFF.

COLLEGE OF PSYCOLOGIST, Tarragona, Spain Checa

Casado, Maria FAMILY EXPERT WORKING TEAM,

OFF. COLLEGE OF PSYCOLOGIST, Tarragona, Spain

Viola Pardina, Elena FAMILY EXPERT WORKING

TEAM, OFF. COLLEGE OF PSYCOLOGIST, Tarragona,

Spain Vázquez Orellana, Nuria FAMILY EXPERT

WORKING TEAM, OFF. COLLEGE OF PSYCOLOGIST,

Tarragona, Spain

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The target of our investigation is to know the state
of PAS in Spain. The methodology to be followed
consists in search for information about PAS until
December 2007, through articles, associations,
courses, bibliographies, opinions, court sentences,
etc. Principally through the internet and on-line
databases. Latterly a qualitative and quantitative
analysis of the information will be carried out to
determine its position with respect to the PAS
controversy. Even though PAS is known in Spain,
it’s still a phenomena in process of evolution to
consolidation. There’s still no agreement between
professionals about its existence as a syndrome.

Body and affect words: Valence, cognitive
specificity and temporal change among young
women

Bone, Meagan E. Dept. of Psychology, University of

Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada Davis, Ron Psychology,

Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada Gomes,

Lezlie Psychology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay,

Canada

This study examines the relationship between
extreme attitudes and schematic functioning in the
development eating disorders. Over the course of
two phases (pre- and post-psychoeducational inter-
vention) participants provided demographic infor-
mation, valence ratings of stimulus words, and self-
report ratings on measures of eating disorder
symptomatology, affect, and self-esteem. A signifi-
cant relationship between scores of eating disorder
symptomatology, body mass index, and the valence
and extremity ascribed to body-related stimuli was
found. Additionally, self-esteem was found to
moderate this relationship. Post-treatment assess-
ment revealed that participants reported significant
reductions in eating and body image concerns and
rated "thin body" stimuli more moderately.

Longitudinal assessment of quality of life, coping
and social support in women with breast cancer
and their caregivers

Bonnaud-Antignac, Angélique ERSSCA, Faculty of

Medicine, Nantes, France Sebille-Rivain, Véronique

Biostatistiques, Faculty of Pharmacy, NANTES, France

Hardouin, Jean-Benoit Biostatistiques, Faculty of

Pharmacy, NANTES, France Hartmann, Anne

LAUREPS/CRPCC, Université Rennes 2, RENNES,

France

This study was conducted through the Regional
Center Against Cancer in Loire-Atlantique
(France). It focused on quality of life, coping and
social support both in one hundred women treated
surgically for breast cancer and their associated
caregivers. Target psychological parameters were
longitudinally evaluated before surgery, after radio-
therapy/chemotherapy treatments, and six months
later. Our first hypothesis was that the patient’s
quality of life is partially predictable by their
‘‘research of social support’’ coping dimension.
Our second hypothesis was that a significant
correlation exists in terms of coping between these
patients and their caregivers, that was effectively
confirmed by our results.

Interdisciplinary evaluation of 5th year medical
students capabilities to announce cancer
diagnosis based on simulated and filmed
consultations

Bonnaud-Antignac, Angélique ERSSCA, Faculty of

Medicine, Nantes, France Supiot, Stéphane

Département de radiothérapie, CRLCC, NANTES,

France Campion, Loı̈c Unité de Biostatistiques, CLCC,

NANTES, France

This study was conducted on the Nantes Univer-
sity’s Faculty of Medicine (France). It goal was to
perform an interdisciplinary evaluation of the
pedagogical objectives defined for 5th year’s
students, i.e. (1) memorize the 6-point protocol
for disclosing a cancer diagnosis, (2) use appro-
priate communication techniques, (3) cope with

difficulties encountered in unsettling situation. This

evaluation used dedicated questionnaires, simu-

lated/filmed consultations, and real-time analyses

by a physician/psychologist duet. Our hypothesis

was that such integrated/interactive course may

improve the self-assessed competences in the field of

cancer diagnosis disclosure (patient-centred ap-

proach), which was demonstrated by our first

results collected from 104 students.

Self-esteem as a resource for coping with
developmental tasks in emerging adulthood

Born, Aristi Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany Krause, Daniela

Department of Psychology, University of Magdeburg,

Magdeburg, Germany

This study explores the significance of develop-

mental tasks for emerging adults in Germany. It

focuses on the ambivalent feeling of having reached

adulthood (Arnett, 2000) as well as on self-esteem

as a multidimensional resource that eases coping

with these tasks and increases well-being. Regres-

sion and structural analyses based on the ques-

tionnaire data of 80 males and 80 females between

17 and 24 years old show e.g. that a stronger or

weaker ambivalent feeling of adulthood predicts the

various dimensions of self-esteem, the pattern of

developmental tasks, and their predictive power for

well-being in a differentiated way.

Testing the Caregiver Stress Model with the
caregivers of children with Leukemia

Bozo, Özlem Psychology, Middle East Technical Uni.,

Ankara, Turkey Demirtepe, Dilek Psychology, Middle

East Technical Uni., Ankara, Turkey

This study tests Caregiver Stress Model (Pearlin, et

al., 1990) in caregivers of children with leukemia.

According to model, primary stressors (caregiving

tasks, problematic behaviors etc.) and secondary

stressors (problems in daily life, interpersonal

relationships etc.) impact on the health outcomes;

and coping and social support mediate the process.

Obtained data will be used to test six mediation

models. The expected results are: (1) both primary

stressors and secondary stressors will negatively

affect outcome variables (depression, anxiety, gen-

eral physical health), and (2) coping and social

support will mediate the relationship between

primary and secondary stressors, and the outcome

variables.

The effect of dispositional optimism on
posttraumatic growth: Testing the moderator
role of ways of coping between dispositional
optimism and posttraumatic growth in Turkish
breast cancer patients

Bozo, Özlem Psychology, Middle East Technical Uni.,

Ankara, Turkey Büyüka, Canan Psychology, Middle

East Technical Uni., Ankara, Turkey Gündo, Elçin

Psychology, Middle East Technical Uni., Ankara,

Turkey

This study examined the relationship between

dispositional optimism and posttraumatic growth

(PTG) in postoperative breast cancer patients and

the moderator effect of coping strategies on this

relationship. Participants were 104 women receiving

postoperative chemotherapy/radiotherapy in hospi-

tals. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses in-

dicated that dispositional optimism predicts PTG;

although both predicting PTG, compared to

problem focused coping, emotion-focused coping

has more power in predicting PTG; and the patients

being in love are more likely to develop PTG.

Nevertheless, coping strategies were not moderating

the relationship between dispositional optimism

and PTG. Strengths and limitations were discussed.

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex processing
during emotional evaluation in late-onset
depression: A longitudinal fMRI-study

Brassen, Stefanie Inst. Neurowiss. Systeme, UKE

Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany Kalisch,

Raffael Inst. for Systems Neuroscience, UKE,

Hamburg, Germany Weber-Fahr, Wolfgang

Translational Imaging, ZI, Hamburg, Germany Braus,

Dieter F. Psychiatry, HSK Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden,

Germany Büchel, Christian Inst. for Systems

Neuroscience, UKE, Hamburg, Germany

Objective: Given reported structural changes in
aging we wondered whether highly prevalent but
understudied late-onset depression (LOD) is ac-
companied by similar functional alterations in the
ventromedial PFC (vmPFC) as observed in younger
patients. Method: A homogeneous sample of LOD
patients and healthy controls were scanned during
emotional evaluation using fMRI. LOD patients
were rescanned after 7 months. Results: LOD
patients showed an altered pattern of vmPFC
functioning which was positively correlated with
disease severity and which had normalised at
follow-up. Conclusions: These findings indicate
vmPFC dysfunction as a biological state marker
of geriatric depression.

Influences on the civic engagement of
adolescents in Thailand

Braverman, Marc HDFS, Corvallis, USA Sutabutra,

Harin Secretariat, Thailand Parliament, Bangkok,

Thailand

Objectives: To investigate influences of parenting,
school characteristics, media exposure, and tradi-
tional Thai cultural variables on adolescents’ civic
engagement in Thailand. Methods: Stepwise regres-
sions on group-administered data from 1,105
students, 15-18, in Bangkok. Dependent variables:
civic knowledge, skills, attitudes, participation.
Independent variables: parents’ civic attitudes,
parenting practices, school characteristics, media
exposure, cultural values of respect, group cohe-
sion, wisdom. Results: Thai cultural values pre-
dicted components of engagement most strongly.
Other independent variables significantly predicted
aspects of civic attitudes, participation, engage-
ment. Conclusions: Development of adolescents’
civic engagement differs in Thailand compared to
Western societies. Cross-national research on youth
civic engagement should incorporate cultural char-
acteristics.

The structure of the causal attribution belief
network of patients with obesity

Brogan, Amy School of Psychology, Trinity College

Dublin, Dublin, Ireland Hevey, David School of

Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland

Objectives: To explore the structure of causal
attributions in 72 (22 male, 50 female) obese
individuals. Methods: Participants completed a
questionnaire based on the matrix grid network
analysis technique. Inductive Eliminative Analysis
and multidimensional scaling were used to produce
the network. Results: 70% of participants endorsed
the network, which indicated Traumatic events,
Family Problems, and Addictive personality were
perceived as distal causes of Over-eating and
Comfort eating, while More passive behaviours,
Less physical activity, Over-eating, and Comfort
eating were proximal causes of Obesity. Family
history did not contribute. Conclusions: Obese
individuals hold a highly consensual and complex
representation of obesity.

Reasons for misdiagnosis of bipolar disorder

Bruchmueller, Katrin Klin. Kinder- u. Jugendpschol.,

Universität Basel, Basel, Switzerland Meyer, Thomas

D. School of Neurology, Neurobiol, Newcastle

University, Newcastle, United Kingdom

Objectives: Bipolar disorders are often not recog-
nized. It was hypothesized that this occurs because

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clinicians do not strictly adhere to DSM-IV criteria.
Instead, subjective explanations for manic symp-
toms (‘‘being in love’’) and the absence of a
prototypic symptom (‘‘reduced sleep’’) may increase
the likelihood of misdiagnosis. Methods: A case
vignette was sent to 400 psychotherapists. This
vignette described a case of bipolar disorder but was
varied in respect to the two factors named above.
Results and Conclusion: Both subjective explana-
tions and the absence of prototypic symptoms
influenced the frequency of misdiagnosis.

Effect of acute exercise on the concentration of
testosterone in the salvia and the reaction to
fearful faces in high school students

Budde, Henning Department of Movement, Institute

of Sportscience, Berlin, Germany Pietrassyk-

Kendziorra, Sascha Department of Movement- and Tr,

Institute of Sportscience, Berlin, Germany Voelcker-

Rehage, Claudia Department of Movement- and Tr,

Institute of Sportscience, Berlin, Germany

Several studies show decreased anxiety reactions
after an acute aerobic physical stress. Cognitive
functions in students are negatively affected by fear
(Aronen et al., 2005). The response to threatening
stimuli appears to be dependent on the testosterone
concentration (Schultheiss & Wirth 2007). In our
study we questioned whether a standardized ex-
ercise performed in school breaks can lower anxious
behaviour (test: dot probe; measuring atten-tional
bias; fearful faces vs. neutral) and improve cognitive
performance (d2-test, Letter-Digit-Span) compared
to control and whether these changes are dependent
on the testos-terone levels in the salvia. The study
included 25 students of the 9th grade.

A web-based quality control system for
assessment processes

Busana, Gilbert EMACS Research Unit, University of

Luxembourg, Walferdange, Luxembourg Koenig,

Vincent EMACS research unit, University of

Luxembourg, Walferdange, Luxembourg Martin,

Romain EMACS research unit, University of

Luxembourg, Walferdange, Luxembourg Latour,

Thibaud Technologies de l’information, CRP Henri

Tudor, Luxembourg-Kirchberg, Luxembourg Plichart,

Patrick CITI department, CRP Henri Tudor,

Luxembourg, Luxembourg Jadoul, Raynald CITI

department, CRP Henri Tudor, Luxembourg,

Luxembourg

At a time where more and more education systems
are heading towards output-oriented systems, the
existence and availability of high quality assessment
instruments for an ever-growing variety of measur-
able competencies becomes more and more im-
portant. As these assessment instruments will be the
most important steering instruments in output-
oriented systems, the question of the quality of
these instruments but also the question of the
quality of the assessment process into which these
instruments are embedded has to be risen. The aim
of this communication is to present a quality
control system for assessment processes integrated
into a computer based testing platform (TAO).

Perceptions of vulnerability and preparedness for
terrorism and emergencies: A preliminary
Australian study

Caponecchia, Carlo School of Safety Science,

University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

The perception that ‘‘it won’t happen to me’’ has
been identified as a significant challenge for counter
terrorism efforts in Australia. The current study
examines perceptions of Sydney residents regarding
the likelihood of personally experiencing emergency
events (terrorism, natural disasters), compared to
the likelihood of others in Sydney, and other parts
of Australia, experiencing these events. The degree
to which personal perceptions of vulnerability is
related to knowledge of local emergency plans and
degree of personal preparations was also assessed.

Data will be discussed in terms of the importance of
personal risk perception in managing a commu-
nity’s emergency response.

Construct validation of a graduating examination
for psychologists

Castañeda Figueiras, Sandra Postgraduate

Psychology, National Autonomus University, México

City, Mexico

With answers from 456 clinic psychologists, 231
educative and 255 labour psychologists to major
graduating examination, construct validity for
cognitive demand and cultural background features
was established. By means of a confirmatory
factorial analysis, the models generated practical
fit indexes that back them up: in clinic psychology
seven levels of cognitive demands that explained the
89.2% of the variance were validated (IBBAN=.91,
IBBANN=.89, CFI=.92 0 and RMSEA=0.08);
educational psychology model validated five that
explained 87% (IBBAN=.93, IBBANN=.97,
IAC=.97 and RMSEA=0.06) and labour model
validated five, explaining 99% of the variance
(IBBAN=.93, IBBANN=.97, CFI=.97 and
RMSEA=0.06). Cultural background indirectly
explained scores.

Personality traits moderate the impact of chronic
stress on depression-like behaviors and
hippocampal neurogenesis

Castro, Jorge Brain and Mind Institute, EPFL,

Lausanne, Switzerland Varea, Emilio Histology

Department, UMH, San Juan de Alicante, Spain

Marquez, Cristina Brain and Mind Institute, EPFL,

Lausanne, Switzerland Cordero, Maria Brain and Mind

Institute, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland Sandi, Carmen

Brain and Mind Institute, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland

Emerging evidence in humans and rodents has
associated the anxiety trait with both resilience and
vulnerability to stress-induced depression. We
hypothesize that a combination of personality traits
might help characterizing predispositions to devel-
op depression-like alterations and changes in
hippocampal neurogenesis following chronic stress.
Sprague-Dawley rats were behaviorally character-
ized and three principal traits identified and named:
anxiety, exploration and activity. After exposure to
chronic stress, depression-like behaviors and hip-
pocampal neurogenesis were evaluated. The results
indicate that both the direction and intensity of the
impact of stress on behavior are dependent on traits
configuration and correspond to different patterns
of neurogenesis impairment.

Perceived stress and licit psychoactive substance
consumption among employees

Cerclé, Alain Sciences Humaines/Psychologie,

Université Haute Bretagne, Rennes, France Pain,

Karine Sciences Humaines/Psychologie, Université

Haute Bretagne, Rennes cedex, France

Many studies reveal (Cooper, 1991 ; Cerclé, 1998 ;
Burck, 2002) undoubted relations between usual
stress and licit psychoactive substance uses (alcohol,
tobacco, medicine..). However, the direct link
between the event stressors and the substance
consumption is not clearly demonstrated. But, the
transactional stress models or the substance use
models (Lazarus, 1993 ; Frone, 1999) both show the
mediator role of a cognitive variable : the perceived
stress. That’s what our study, realised in France, in
the hospital field (n = 203 employees), confirms,
according to the statistic methods of factorial
analysis.

Superficial processing in question-answering
activities

Cerdan, Raquel Faculty of Psychology, Catholic

University Valencia, Valencia, Spain Gilabert, Ramiro

Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia,

Valencia, Spain

Some strategies to answer questions (i.e., copying
verbatim information corresponding to the wording
of the question) are not always helpful to find the
right answer. We designed an experiment manip-
ulating questions and texts so that the wording of
half of the questions corresponds to sentences in the
text, but these do not have the right answer. 40
secondary school students were measured on
comprehension level and then performed a ques-
tion-answering task. Preliminary data show that in
half of the manipulated questions poor level
comprehension students copied the information
from the wrong locations, without awareness of
the correction of their answers.

The assessment of the quality of the learning
outcome in vocational courses

Cervai, Sara Dept. of Political Sciences, University of

Trieste, Trieste, Italy Fabbro, Barbara Anna Political

Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy Cian,

Luca Political Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste,

Italy

Inside Leonardo da Vinci Action, it has been
developed a theoretical model aimed to analyze
the learning outcome of HTE courses (Higher
Technical Education). It takes in consideration the
variety of the stakeholders and the role of the
expectations in order to evaluate quality. We used
both customer satisfaction both service quality
strategies to assess the quality level. Focus groups,
semi structured interviews, and questionnaires were
used to test different indicators of the learning
outcome. Particular attention was given to the
influence of the Image of the school. The model was
tested inside schools from 5 countries (Italy,
Slovenia, Spain, Lithuania and Bulgaria).

Peculiarities of investigative interviews in child
sexual abuse cases: Lithuanian perspective

Cesniene, Ilona Department of Psychology, Mykolas

Romeris University, Vilnius, Lithuania Grigutyte,

Neringa Department of Psychology, Vilnius

University, Vilnius, Lithuania

Forensic interviewing of children in an adapted for
child’s needs interview room started in Lithuania
only three years ago. The aim of this study is to
explore the experience of investigative interviewing
of children alleged in sexual abuse. 50 videotaped
interviews were analyzed with regard to verbal and
nonverbal behavior of children. The effectiveness of
interviews depending on children’s willingness to
testify, question type and complexity, stage of
interview and some other variables as well as
implications for further practice are discussed.

Who comes first? Balance and emotional
ambivalence

Chang, Yenping Department of Psychology, National

Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Lin, Yicheng

Department of Psychology, National Taiwan

University, Taipei, Taiwan Huang, Chinlan General

Education, NTUST, Taipei, Taiwan Cheng, Yi

Department of Psychology, National Taiwan

University, Taipei, Taiwan Chen, Mengting Inst. of

Behavioral Medcine, National Cheng Kung University,

Tainan City, Taiwan

What would you like to do if you win a 500-million-
dollar lottery prize? In the current study, partici-
pants were asked to prioritize their top three choices
imagining if they do win the prize. These responses
were then classified into 3 categories, including
instant pleasure, altruism, and prolonged pleasure.
Their attachment tendencies were also measured.
Results showed if one chose to take instant pleasure
at beginning, he/she would show the highest
ambivalent score. However, if one took instant
pleasure at last, his/her ambivalence score lowered
significantly. The findings supported that orderly
balancing the self and ‘‘something bigger than the
self’’ reduced emotional ambivalence in life effec-
tively.

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Effects of intrinsic and extrinsic cues on
judgments of learning

Chen, Gongxiang Dept. of Psychology, University of

Jinan, Jinan, People’s Republic of China Fu, Xiaolan

Division of Cognitive Psycholo, Institute of

Psychology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Four experiments were conducted to examine the

effects of the intrinsic cue (relatedness) and the

extrinsic cues (presentation order and presentation

time) on judgments of learning (JOLs) by using

paired-associate learning. These cues were pre-

sented in three modes: between-participants,

blocked-list, and mixed-list. The results showed

that relatedness influenced JOLs no matter how it

was presented. The time required to produce

judgments was longer for unrelated items than for

related items, which suggested that a mnemonic

cue, namely ease of processing, might exert

influence on JOLs. The effects of extrinsic cues

were unstable in the present four experiments.

Prevalence of insomnia of nursing and midwifery
students

Cheraghi, Fatemeh Faculty of Nursing, Hamadan

University of Medical, Hamadan, Islamic Republic of

Iran Shamsaei, Farshid nursing, Hamedan University

of medical, Hamedan, Islamic Republic of Iran

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the

prevalence of sleeping problems in the nursing and

midwifery students. Methods: This research is a

descriptive study. The participants consist of 321

individual were selected by census sampling. Data

were collected by questionnaire. Results: Nearly

one-fourth of suffered nursing and midwifery

students from insomnia. The percentage was

significantly higher among women (28.1%) than

among Men (18.1%). Conclusion: Sleep disorders

distracted the physical and mental health of

student’s Emotional stress and anxiety are some

factors of sleep disorders, with recognizing these

factors, we can operate effective interventions.

Alexithymia and basic hope among prisoners

Chmielewska, Anna Inst. for Social Studies,

University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland Wawrzyniak,

Malgorzata Psychology, SWPS, Warsaw, Poland

The purpose of the research was to determine the

level of alexithymia and basic hope among prison-

ers. Study 1 included male and Study 2 included

female inmates. The test subjects have been divided

into three groups according to their end of isolation

perspectives defined as the beginning, middle or end

of the incarceration period. It was found that the

level of basic hope is high. The high level of

alexithymia in both tests differs depending on the

end of isolation perspectives, but the higher level

has been found in group, which have been in the

middle of the incarceration period.

Assessment style and learning motivation

Cocorada, Elena Psychology, University Transilvania,

Brasov, Romania Luca, Marcela Rodica Psychology,

University Transilvania, Brasov, Romania

Article presents a bi-dimensional model of the

evaluative behaviors with the axis: the degree of

Exigency and the Direction of assessment. The

evaluation styles are categorized in normative,

formative, populist, and conventional. The per-

ceived evaluative styles of five teachers were

measured by 385 students in relationship with their

learning motivation. The formative and the con-

ventional perceived styles are associated with the

perception of the task control; populist perceived

style is associated with extrinsic motivation; nor-

mative style is associated with intrinsic motivation.

There are differences between the perceptions of the

students in the same class according to their

learning performances.

Factorial structure of the screen for child anxiety
related emotional disorders

Cosi, Sandra psicologia, universitat rovira i virgili,

Tarragona, Spain Canals, Josepa psicologia,

universitat rovira i virgili, Tarragona, Spain Chico,

Eliseo psicologia, universitat rovira i virgili,

Tarragona, Spain Vigil, Andreu Psicologia, Universitat

Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain

The SCARED is a wide used self-reported instru-
ment to screen anxiety disorders and to diagnose
the different types of anxiety disorders, Never-
theless different studies have shown that there is a
lack of consensus about their factorial structure.
We administered SCARED to a sample of 1490
children and split the sample into two random
subsamples used for exploratory (EFA) and con-
firmatory factor analysys (CFA). EFA on one
subsample showed a four factor structure that was
confirmed by a restricted CFA on the other
subsample The factorial structure of SCARED
seem to replicate the four categories of anxiety
disorders proposed by DSM-IV.

Undergraduate students’ attitudes towards
online versus face-to-face counseling

Cui, Lixia Psychology, Beijing Normal University,

Beijing, People’s Republic of China

[Abstract] Objective: To study undergraduates’
attitudes towards online versus face-to-face coun-
seling and accele- rate their changes. Methods: We
sent 608 questionnaire packets including four scales
to five universities to investia- te the undergraduate
Students’ attitudes towards online versus face-to-
face counseling to examined the influence of
gender,grades, experience (ever counseling or
never), and personal psychological variables (i.e.,
stigma, social anxiety,and self-concealment) on
these two kinds of attitudes. Results: The stigma,
self-consealment and communication apprehension
could predict attitude towards face- to-face coun-
seling, but they could not predict attitudes towards
online counseling. Conclusion: Online counseling
can alleviate risk factors and promote students’
asking help behaviors.

Voters’ susceptibility to a multidimensional
attractiveness-gender bias in electoral politics

Dörfler, Rebecca Neufahrn, Germany Agthe, Maria

Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-

University, Munich, Germany Spörrle, Matthias

Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-

University, Munich, Germany Försterling, Friedrich

Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-

University, Munich, Germany

Since elections are of high societal importance, we
tested whether voter and candidate characteristics
bias voting decisions. Using a 2 (respondent sex) X
2 (stimulus person sex) X 3 (stimulus person
attractiveness: high, average, low) between-subjects
design, participants (N = 173) evaluated fictitious
candidates on various scales. Consistent with
hypotheses derived from evolutionary psychology
and previous findings (FPA, 2007), analyses yielded
a three-way interaction indicating an overall pre-
ference for attractive opposite-sex candidates, while
favoring less attractive same-sex targets. Implica-
tions for elections are discussed.

Subjective well being on young adult and
relatedness to emotional intelligence, optimism
and self esteem

Dachlan, Rostiana Dept. of Psychology,

Tarumanagara University, Jakarta, Indonesia

This research is aimed to describe subjective well
being (SWB) on young adult based on personality
characteristics, such as Emotional Intelligence, Self
Esteem and Optimism. Data were collected from
160 university students by using questionnaires and
to be analyzed based on statistic techniques. The
results showed the level of SWB participants is high
(mean = 3,096, SD = 0,2644; the range of the scale

is 4). The connection between personality charac-
teristics and SWB is significant { F(3,1.706) =
45,905; p,0,01} and all independent variables
accounted 47% to SWB. This research also found
the modes of positive affect participants is ‘blessing’
and the modes of negative affect is ‘confusing’.

Effect of social and family factors on committing
suicide among university students in Iran
Dadkhah, Asghar Dept. of Clinical Psychology,

University of Welfare & Rehab., Tehran, Islamic

Republic of Iran Pourmohammadi, Moloud Lolagar

hospital, University of Iran Medical sci, Tehran,

Islamic Republic of Iran Motamedi, Seyyed Hadi

clinical psychology, University of welfare & Re,

Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran

Committing suicide among the young people,
especially university students is a great social
problem. It is also a matter of concern for mental
health specialists. The aim of this study is to
investigate the relationship between social and
family factors and the idea of committing suicide
among university students in Iran. 100 university
students (50 male, 50 female) from University of
Welfare and Rehabilitation sciences were randomly
selected and participated in the study. The samples
were taken randomly. So it was found out that the
singles were more inclined to commit suicide than
the married ones. Divorce, failure in education, and
family background also increase it. Among the
other increasing factors old age and female sex
should be indicated

Prediction of the school performance following
from the WISC–III test
Dan, Jiri Dept. of Psychology, Faculty of Art and

Letters, Ruzomberok, Slovak Republic

The WISC-III test was localized on the population
in the Czech Republic. The sample of the popula-
tion covered 1455 children at the age of 6;0 to 16;11,
1015 of them were pupils of the elementary schools.
In our survey the school performance is represented
by the average marks, the mark in maths and the
teachers evaluation of loud reading. The multiple
stepwise regression analysis method was used. The
value and importance of the subtests in WISC-III,
Czech Edition as predictors of the school perfor-
mance varies in the individual years.

The impact of Transactional Analysis (T.A)
method on increasing self-knowledge and
marital compatibility of incompatible couples
Danesh, Esmat psychology, shahid behashti, Karaj,

Islamic Republic of Iran Saliminia, Narguesse

psychology, shahid behashti, tehran, Islamic Republic

of Iran

The aim of this pseudo-experimental research was
to determine the effect of the Transactional
Analysis method on increasing marital compatibil-
ity of incompatible couples. 14 married couples
were chosen among the couples were volunteer, and
randomly assigned to experimental and control
groups. Spanier’s dyadic adjustment scale and the
questionnaire of self-knowledge were used as the
research tools. The results indicated that: the
Transactional Analysis, increased self-knowledge
and marital compatibility of the experimental group
compared to pretreatment and compared to the
control group, and activates behaviors derived from
adult ego-state more than behaviors derived from
the parent and the child ego-states.

Dissociation major risk factor for the
development of secondary traumatization
Daniels, Judith Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie,

Universitätsklinik Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

Objectives: The role of dissociative processing in the
development of secondary traumatization was
investigated. Methods An online-study was con-
ducted with a sample of German-speaking thera-
pists (n=1.124). Secondary traumatization was

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measured with a German questionnaire (FST, a
=.94). Peritraumatic dissociation was evaluated
with a set of items derived from scientific literature
(PD, a=.79). Results The two instruments correlate
with Kendall-Tau-b = .390 (p , .000). The effect
size for this correlation is .85. PD predicted FST
scores in a hierarchical regression analysis with
R2=.29. Conclusions Ideosyncratic peritraumatic
processing of client’s trauma material predicts
secondary traumatization better than work setting,
work experience or education. Specialized super-
vision is advised.

Improving metacognitive monitoring and
regulation by means of collaborative tests
de Carvalho Filho, Moises Kirk Kyoto University,

Kyoto, Japan

This study investigated the effects of metacognitive
skills, test types, and test social conditions on
students’ test performances and monitoring pro-
cesses. Undergraduates were categorized according
to their metacognitive skills and had their test
performances and monitoring processes in two
types of tests compared in individual and colla-
borative test conditions. Results showed that low-
metacognitive students’ monitoring was improved
when tests were taken collaboratively. Conse-
quently, although in individual tests, high-metacog-
nitive students presented higher performance and
confidence, those differences disappeared when
students took tests collaboratively. The discussion
focuses on the results’ educational implications and
gives specific suggestions on how to improve
academic assessment.

The place of the clinical psychology in our time:
Singularities in the world of globalization
de Farias, Francisco Ramos Fundamentos da Educ.,

UNIRIO / PPGMS, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Tarré de

Oliveira, Gilsa F. Depto de Psicologia, UNESA, Rio de

Janeiro, Brazil

Objectives: reflections about the uses of transfer-
ence in the clinic experience nowadays. Methods:
rescue freudian’s concept of transference: as an
obstacle in the course of the speech, full of passion,
but also full of the presence of the analyst. Results:
transference, if used properly, can be an effective
tool: allow pacients to reexperience and reenact old
singular feelings through the relationship with their
therapist. Conclusions transference is a key point
that can orientate our practice according its ethical
proposal: preserve the singularity of the subject. It’s
worthwhile to remember Freud’s recommendation:
individual psychology can’t be separated of social
psychology.

The aesthetic of suffering and of satisfaction in
psychological clinic of contemporaneousness
de Farias, Francisco Ramos Fundamentos da Educ.,

UNIRIO / PPGMS, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Objectives: Starting from in inquiry on the situa-
tions of clinic experience in the current times, it
points to analyse the changes of the psychological
clinic of news symptoms. Method: Suffering and
satisfaction are analysed for distinct tracks: in the
history of patient and on enjoyment of caption of
aesthetic pain as experience pleasant. Results: It
was found that the pain is reverted in pleasure and
the suffering changes in satisfaction on the life
experiences. Conclusions: Sublimation, joy and
pain are devices that define the life in contemporary
age. The symptoms present a aesthetic based on
forgotten of differences.

Psychological peculiarities of political
socialization of students
Dembitska, Natalia Dep. of Social Psychology, G.S.

Kostyuk Institute, Kyiv, Ukraine

The investigation exposes the political socialization
as a process of forming and development of
personalities political qualities, which is based on

the interiorization of the semantic-symbolic order
of the Ukrainian political culture and the next
subject-object personality realization in relation-
ships with political authority. These relationships
must be based on constructive partner principals.
The presupposition about contradictory of stu-
dent’s political representation maintenance in con-
ditions of political system’s transformations and the
hypothesis about ties between semantical-symboli-
cal characteristics of political representations and
peculiarities of psychological involving in the
political life of students has been confirmed.

A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies
reporting Amygdala Activation

Derix, Johanna Epilepsie-Zentrum, Universität

Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Wentlandt, Johanna

Epilepsy Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg,

Germany Mutschler, Isabella Department of

Psychiatry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Eickhoff, Simon C&O Institute, University of

Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany Schulze-Binhage,

Andreas Ball, Tonio Epilepsy Center, University of

Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

Amygdala function is in the focus of interest of
many neuroimaging studies, in particular in the
context of emotion research. We have conducted a
coordinate-based meta-analysis of previous neuroi-
maging studies reporting amygdala activation,
determining the probability of reported activation
peaks to belong to the amygdala using a probabil-
istic map (Amunts et al., 2005). We find that 1/3 of
reported amygdala peaks are not probabilistically
assigned to the amygdala complex, but to neighbor-
ing structures, including the hippocampus. There-
fore, across studies, previously reported amygdala
activation most likely represents a mixture of true
amygdala responses and of responses originating
from outside the amygdala.

Psychological aspects involved in drug allergy

Diaconescu, Liliana Veronica Dept. of Medical

Psychology, University of Medicine, Bucharest,

Romania

Objective: Analysis of some of the psychic factors
involved in allergic type reactions. Methods: In the
study were included 55 patients with drug allergic
type reactions and 55 patients with no drug allergy.
The subjects underwent the tests: Hospital Anxiety
and Depression Scale, Perceived Stress Scale, Life
Event Stress Scale. Results: The patients with drug
allergy present a higher anxiety score (77%), a
higher grade of depression (54%), higher scores at
Life Event Stress Scale (with many stressful events
in precursory months before the drug allergy) and
also elevated scores of perceived stress. Conclu-
sions: Personality traits, such as stress vulnerability,
individual reactivity to stress, anxiety, depression
and phobia have a certain influence upon the
allergic reactions.

Attentional mechanisms in the generation of
sympathy

Dickert, Stephan Max Planck Institute, Bonn,

Germany Slovic, Paul Psychology, Decision Research,

Eugene, USA

The effects of emotions on attention are well
documented, but the effects of attention on emo-
tions have only recently been studied (Fenske &
Raymond, 2006). We tested whether sympathy
depends on the ability to visually attend to victims
in need. In a 2x2 repeated-measures design,
participants expressed more sympathy for victims
shown alone (vs. part of a group) and when
sympathy judgements were made online (while
attending) vs. from memory. Our results indicate
that attentional mechanisms are an ingredient in the
generation of sympathy, and have important
implications for theoretical and applied research
on attention, emotion, and charitable behavior.

Blood Pressure and pain: The everyday suffering
in hypotension

Dietel, Anja Biological Psychology, Ludwig

Maximilians University, Munich, Germany Duschek,

Stefan Biological Psychology, Ludwig Maximilians

University, Munich, Germany Schandry, Rainer

Biological Psychology, Ludwig Maximilians

University, Munich, Germany

Recent studies have shown that hypotension is
accompanied by higher sensitivity to experimental
pain. This study investigated whether these findings
can be confirmed by the everyday experience of
pain. Twenty-nine hypotensive and 33 normoten-
sive participants of a study assessing laboratory
heat pain sensitivity additionally rated everyday
pain experienced over the last 2 months. Hypoten-
sives did not report a higher frequency, but
significantly higher mean everyday pain intensity
and impairment than normotensives (T-test). Cor-
relation analysis revealed a significant association
between laboratory pain sensitivity and everyday
pain. Results underline that a condition that is
commonly perceived as beneficial may deserve
clinical attention.

The effect of the guilty movement polygraph
tests on lie detection: A variation of the guilty
knowledge test

Ding, Xiaopan Psychology,School of Education,

Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, People’s

Republic of China Fu, Genyue psychology,shool of

education, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua,

People’s Republic of China Ma, Yan psychology,shool

of education, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua,

People’s Republic of China

This study developed a new variation of Guilty
Knowledge Test (GKT) - Guilty Movement Test
(GMT) which is based on the feature-matching
theory and emphasizing the criminal action of the
guilt. Thirty-six subjects were randomly assigned to
one of the 3 experimental groups – guilty, innocent,
and innocent knowledgeable of the crime. Study
results indicated that the GMT not only improved
the accuracy of judging the innocent knowledgeable
group(75%)but remained highly accurate in judging
the innocent(91.7%)and guilty (100%) groups as
well.

Emotions affected attention performance in
adolescents with learning disabilities

Dong, Yan Institute of Psychology, Renmin University

of China, Beijing, People’s Republic of China Yu,

Guoliang Institute of Psychology, Renmin University

of China, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Using feedback of performance induced emotions,
this study examined emotions affected performance
of selective and sustained attention in adolescents
with learning disabilities. Experiment 1 examined
emotions affect on selective attention using visual
search task. Experiment 2 examined emotions affect
on sustained attention using CPT-AX task. The
results showed that: (a) Subjects had better selective
attention performance in positive low-arousal emo-
tions than in negative emotions. (b) Subjects with
negative high-arousal emotions had more errors of
commission and less inhibit ability than those with
other emotions for sustained attention. The positive
high-arousal emotions upgraded the b value and
consumed more cognitive resources.

The emotion evoking effect of emotional faces in
challenging cognitive tasks

Dong, Guangheng Department of Psychology,

Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, People’s

Republic of China Yang, Lizhu Department of

Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian,

People’s Republic of China Shen, Yue Department of

Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian,

People’s Republic of China

Event-related potentials were used to study the
emotion evoking effect of emotional faces in

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different conditions. The Participants (13 normal

adults) performed two kinds of tasks. In the first

task, there were pictures of single face they had to

focus on, but don’t need to react. The second task,

they had to decide whether faces presented in pairs

were same or different, and press relative keys

immediately. In task one, significant main effect

was found for different emotional faces (positive,

neutral, negative); but in task two, no significant

main effect was found. We gave a deep discussion

about the results.

How much suspense is good for the recipe?

Dreisörner, Thomas Pädagogische Psychologie, GEMI

für Psychologie, Göttingen, Germany Sickert, Janine

Pädagogische Psychologie, GEMI für Psychologie,

Göttingen, Germany

We compare two computer based test procedures

for the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity

disorder (ADHD) in children. Thirty children

diagnosed with ADHD and a control group

completed the ‘‘Testbatterie zur Aufmerksamkeit-

sprüfung’’ (TAP, Zimmermann & Fimm, 1993) and

the adapted version for children called KI-

TAP(2005). In contrast to the TAP the KITAP

exhibits a more suspenseful user interface. Our

study examines if both test procedures differentiate

well between children with and without ADHD. We

discuss the criteria a test procedure for diagnosing

children with ADHD need to satisfy.

Peer pressure or social support?: An empirical
analysis of internet-based self-injury support
groups

Eichenberg, Christiane Inst. für Klin. Psychologie,

Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany

Self-injuring (SI) adolescents using online-groups

are viewed with concern because of possible

detrimental effects on coping. To assess the impact

of SI-forums, an online-study was conducted with

N=300 adolescents. Focus was to survey subjective

impact of these forums, relationships and symp-

toms. Results mainly showed that among a sample

of highly impacted adolescents (using BSI and

PTSS-10) constructive motivation and communica-

tion are essential in forum-use. Merely among 8%,

participation in forums frequently set off SI, 64%

exhibited increased motivation to seek professional

help. Overall findings demonstrated that users of

SI-forums largely experience social support -more

than within families, according to self-evaluations.

Emotional reasoning as social information
processing in preschool and first grade children

Eivers, Areana Inst. of Psychology, University of Oslo,

Oslo, Norway Brendgen, Mara Department of

Psychology, University of Quebec, Montreal,

Montreal, Canada Borge, Anne Inger Helmen Institute

of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

The present study compared emotional reasoning

responses of preschool and first grade children to

two hypothetical scenarios depicting emotionally

challenging events. It was hypothesised that both

children rated as high in prosocial and antisocial

behaviour, by parents and teachers, would show

significantly different emotional reasoning patterns

than other children already in preschool, but more

obviously at school-age. 487 Norwegian children,

aged 28 to 89 months (M = 65.6, s.d. = 14.1), were

interviewed. Parents and teachers rated behaviour.

Significant differences in emotional reasoning were

found, particularly for antisocial and school-aged

children. Links to social information processing

theory are discussed.

The effects of internalization of corporate
principles and confidence in superiors on
employees’ job attitudes

Enami, Junko Behavior Seiences, Hiroshima

University, Higashihiroshima-City, Japan Ura,

Mitsuhiro Behavior Seiences, Hiroshima University,

Higashihiroshima-city, Japan Isobe, Chikae Behavior

Seiences, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima-

city, Japan Orimo, Hiroya head office, Human With,

Inc., Tokyo, Japan

In order to examine the effects of internalization of
corporate principles and confidence in superiors on
employees’ job attitudes, we conducted an employ-
ee satisfaction survey (n=184). Two(high or low
internalization of corporate principles)62(high or
low confidence in superiors) ANCOVAs on em-
ployees’ job attitudes (covariate was a loyalty to the
company) were conducted. Results showed the
main effect of confidence in superior and a two-
way interaction effects on employees’ career per-
spective were significant. These results suggest that
not only internalization of corporate principles but
also good relationship with superiors is necessary to
clarify employees’ career perspectives.

How to present evidence in a criminal trial: Order
effects in judicial decision making

Enescu, Raluca Lausanne, Switzerland

Contrary to social impression formation and
according to studies using legal evidence, it has
been hypothesized that a recency effect would
influence the verdict’s choice. Six groups among
the total amount of swiss criminal judges (N =
1840) have been constituted, each of them receiving
a filmed mock trial with one order of evidence
stemming from the combination of two discrimi-
nating witnesses and one incriminating expert.
Results show a recency effect based on a witness
whose audience in the last position provoked
significantly more acquittals. The defense should
be consulted in the choice of evidence order in a
criminal trial.

Relations between personal norm and car use in
facilitating and inhibiting contexts

Eriksson, Louise Dept. of Psychology, Umeå

University, Umeå, Sweden Garvill, Jörgen

Department of Psychology, Umeå University, Umeå,

Sweden Nordlund, Annika M. Department of

Psychology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

Contextual factors may put boundaries on the
relation between attitudinal factors and behavior.
Since distance is an important contextual factor for
travel mode choices, the relation between a personal
norm to reduce car use and self-reported car use for
individuals living at different distance from various
destinations were analyzed in a sample of car users
(N = 658). A significant relation between personal
norm and car use was generally found for
individuals living at an intermediate distance
indicating that attitudinal factors and behavior is
mainly related when the context is neither too
facilitating nor too inhibiting.

Focusing on resources of health: The
contribution of the salutogenesis for health
promotion and education

Eriksson, Monica Health Promotion Programme,

Folkhalsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland

Lindstrom, Bengt Health Promotion Programme,

Folkhalsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland

Objective: Provide a comprehensive understanding
of the salutogenic concept Sense of Coherence and
the relation with health. Methods: A worldwide
systematic and analytical research synthesis 1992-
2003 based on 458 scientific papers and 13 doctoral
theses. Results: The synthesis, the most extensive
available to date, shows SOC is strongly related to
perceived good health, especially mental health.
SOC seems to have a main, moderating or
mediating role in the explanation of health.

Further, the SOC reduces stress and predicts good

health and quality of life. The salutogenic frame-

work could guide public health, health promotion

and education, in a new direction.

Psychological effects of noise in elementary
school children

Estrada Rodrı́guez, Cesáreo Facultad de Psicologı́a,

UNAM, México City, Mexico

Objectives. Identify the psychological effects of

noise in elementary school children. Methods. The

descriptive study was conducted in eight elementary

school classrooms in 189 pupils. The evaluation

included recording noise in the classrooms and

measuring its psychological effects. SEM was used

to analyze the data. Results. The impact of noise

and physical design from an emotional effect and

on reading comprehension was identified, also

identifying a direct influence of emotional impact

on comprehension, as well as the influence of age

on speech intelligibility and the influence of speech

intelligibility on pupils’ reading comprehension

(Chi Sq.=52.32 P=0.00 CFI=0.90 RMSEA=0.11).

Conclusions. This initial empirical analysis is

consistent with the theoretical premises.

Berlin stays fit: Motivational and volitional
strategies for mental and physical exercise of
elderly women

Evers, Andrea Inst. für Psychiatrie, Charité CBF, Berlin,

Germany Klusmann, Verena Psychiatry, Charité CBF,

Berlin, Germany Schwarzer, Ralf Health Psychology,

FU Berlin, Berlin, Germany Dimeo, Fernando Sports

Medicine, Charité CBF, Berlin, Germany Reischies,

Friedel Psychiatry, Charité CBF, Berlin, Germany

Heuser, Isabella Psychiatry, Charité CBF, Berlin,

Germany

This randomized controlled trial aims at assisting

252 elderly women in performing a demanding new

health behaviour, either attending a fitness training

or a computer course, for 6 months, 3 times a week.

We expect beneficial cognitive effects in those

women who attend their courses regularly. To

promote motivational and volitional strategies, we

conducted a planning (after 1.5 months) and a

feedback intervention (after 4 months) to bridge the

intention-behaviour gap. Preliminary results (AN-

OVA; Regression analyses) indicate that these

interventions have differential effects on adherence

to the behaviour and on psychosocial outcomes.

The relation between time management and
subjective well-being in undergraduate students

Fan, Cuiying School of Psychology, Huanzhong

Normal University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of

China Liu, Huashan School of Psychology,

Huanzhong Normal University, Wuhan,Hubei,

People’s Republic of China Zhou, Zongkui School of

Psychology, Huanzhong Normal University,

Wuhan,Hubei, People’s Republic of China Sun,

Xiaojun School of Psychology, Huanzhong Normal

University, Wuhan,Hubei, People’s Republic of China

The objective of the present study is to explore the

relation between time management and objective

well-being in Chinese undergraduate students. Data

were collected from 520 students. Correlation

analysis, variance analysis and regression analysis

were applied to explore the data. Results suggest

that the relation between time management dis-

position and subjective well-being is significant

across the gender and grade level; undergraduate

student’s time supervision and time effect feelings

can positively predict their subjective well-being

significantly, time effect feeling can positively

predict positive feeling and affective balance sig-

nificantly, meanwhile, negatively predict negative

feeling significantly.

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An experimental study on the relationship
between interference and affective priming

Fang, Ping Dept. of Psychology, Capital Normal

University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China Chen,

Manqi Psychology, Capital Normal University,

Beijing, People’s Republic of China Jiang, Yuan Sport

Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing,

People’s Republic of China Li, Yang Psychology,

Capital Normal University, Beijing, People’s Republic

of China

In order to investigate the relationship between
interference and affective priming, present study
uses cue-target paradigm to arrange supraliminal
affective priming and subliminal affective priming
under interference and without interference. The
research shows that: 1) there are significance
supraliminal affective priming and subliminal affec-
tive priming under both conditions; 2) interference
decreases the effect of supraliminal affective prim-
ing but can’t moderate the effects of subliminal
affective priming. The results suggest that supra-
liminal and subliminal affective priming are depen-
dent differently on attention, they may belong to
different processing systems.

The influence of feedback types on cognition in
different post-feedback interval

Fang, Ping Dept. of Psychology, Capital Normal

University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China Li,

Yang Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing,

People’s Republic of China Chen, Manqi Psychology,

Capital Normal University, Beijing, People’s Republic

of China Jiang, Yuan Psychology, Capital Normal

University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

This study explored the influence of feedback types
on cognitions in different post-feedback interval,
which consists of a lab experiments with 99 High-
middle-school students in different levels of self-
regulated learning competence (SRLC), and a field
experiment with 60 additional High-middle-school
students. The results showed that: in short post-
feedback interval, the feedback types and SRLC
had no effects on reaction accuracy, and only
positive feedback extended reaction time signifi-
cantly; while the feedback types and SRLC had
interaction on reaction accuracy in long post-
feedback interval. It is concluded that SRLC could
adjust the process of feedbacks affected cognition in
long post-feedback interval.

A research on cognitive generating mechanism of
organizational justice: An attributional
perspective

Fang, Xuemei Psychology, East China Normal

University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China

The current organizational justice literature focuses
on relationship between perceived justice and the
associated behavioral consequences without really
examining the process that leads to the determina-
tion of why a certain event is fair or unfair. The
present study proposes an attributional process as
the cognitive antecedent to perceived justice. The
result suggests causal attribution is an important
cognitive antecedent of judgment of justice.

Gender differences in non-fatal suicide attempts
among psychiatric and medical patients in
Pakistan

Farooqi, Yasmin Applied Psychology, University of

the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

This research investigates gender differences in non-
fatal suicide attempts; nature of precipitants and
methods used by Pakistani psychiatric and medical
patients. The sample was composed of 30 psychia-
tric and 20 medical patients (25 males and 25
females). A questionnaire and psychiatric / medical
records were used. The research findings suggest
that female patients have a higher rate of non-fatal
suicide attempts with less violent methods as
compared to their male counterparts. These results
have implications for helping professionals in

screening those at risk for suicide and for gender
sensitive treatment and management of suicide
cases.

Relationship between identity style,
commitment, and friendship
Fartash, Soheila Dept. Educational Psychology,

University of Tehran, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran

Hejazi Mughari, Elahe educational psychology,

university of Tehran, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran

The purpose of this study is to investigate the
relation between identity style and commitment
with quality of friendship among the students in
third grade of high school. 400 participants from
nineteen educational districts were chosen ran-
domly. Three questionnaires were used: Identity
style inventory, the quality of friendship, the
reciprocity of friendship. The results indicated that
informational style is able to predict the variances
of three components of friendship quality (intimacy
and self-disclosure, loyalty and trust, and recipro-
city). Normative style and diffuse/ avoidant style
are not able to predict the components of friendship
quality. Key words: identity style, commitment,
quality of friendship.

Violence experienced by youths involved with
drug traffic
Feffermann, Marisa Health Institut of São Paulo, São

Paulo, Brazil

Objectives: To present the violence to which these
Youths are submitted. Methods: four-year field
study carried out among youngsters inserted in
drug traffic in the outskirts of São Paulo. Results:
The violence which is associated: the drug, "crack" -
that causes high dependence degree; the police
which acts in a cruel and corruptible way; the drug
traffic, with its dispute for the dealing-points and its
exemplary punishments; the violence perpetrated by
these youngsters - victims and, in many cases,
executioners. Conclusions: Fear, bribery, corrup-
tion permeate this reality. In fact, they are the
mechanisms of crime and power.

Climate for innovation in companies: A multilevel
approach on the analysis of antecedents and
consequences
Feinstein, Ingrid Lehrstuhl Psychologie I, Universität

Mannheim, Schöneck, Germany

Three studies were conducted in several large to
middle-sized german companies to analyze various
variables predicting or resulting from climate for
innovation that theory and empirical studies so far
propose. In the literature perspectives are taken
exclusively either for the individual, group or
organizational level. Here a thoroughly multilevel
perspective is taken. The scope was first to verify
whether isomorphism can be assumed across levels.
In study 2 and 3 antecedents and consequences were
to be localized on the level of functioning. Results
suggest isomorphism. Differences can be observed
with respect to antecedents.

Influence of job-role quality, anger and social
support on health in working women
Feldman, Lya Ciencia y Tecnologia del Compo, Simon

Bolivar University, Caracas, Venezuela Angelucci,

Luisa Ciencia y Tecnologia del Compo, Simon Bolivar

University, Caracas, Venezuela

Objective: To analyze how job-role quality, anger
and social support influence direct and indirectly on
the presence of symptoms report, risk habits of
health and cholesterol Method: Using a non-
experimental, cross-sectional design, a path analysis
was performed in a sample of 402 working women
in Caracas, Venezuela. Results: Health risk habits,
job support and job rewards were associated with
more symptoms. Indirect relationships between
Job-role quality were observed and the number of
symptoms is mediated by job support. Conclusion:
The findings allowed to verify relations in the health

area, emotions and role quality in working women
and can be very useful for intervention programs in
organizational settings.

Relationship between the sense of loneliness and
mental health of college students
Feng, Huiru Dept. of Psychology, Kaifeng University,

Kaifeng, People’s Republic of China

AIM: To explore the relationship between the sense
of loneliness and mental health of college students
with different sexes, majors and grades. METH-
ODS: The College Student Loneliness Structure
Questionnaire and SCL-90 Symptom Self-Report
Scale were used to measure and get data. RE-
SULTS: 330 valid questionnaires were involved in
the result analysis. The social loneliness and
development loneliness were correlated significantly
with mental health, which had strong positively
prediction power on nine factors of SCL-90
Symptom Self-Report Scale. CONCLUSION:
Those students with higher-level loneliness have
lower levels mental health. College should strength-
en the education and mental regulation on lone-
liness.

Emotional responses to visual pictures with
controlled facial muscle activation
Ferreira, Ana Dept. of Psychology, ISCTE, Lisboa,

Portugal Esteves, Francisco Psychology, ISCTE,

Lisboa, Portugal

The aim of the present experiment was to investi-
gate effects of the manipulation of facial muscles on
the emotional responses of the participants. Sixty
student volunteers were exposed to 21 pictures from
the International Affective Picture System, depict-
ing different contents and previously evaluated as
positive, negative and neutral. Stimuli were exposed
for six seconds and randomly presented. Two
manipulations of the Zygomatic muscle (inhibition
and activation) were compared to a control
condition (without manipulation). In general, a
clear differentiation between positive, negative and
neutral pictures was obtained on all measures, and
zygomatic manipulation was associated with lower
emotionality.

Behaviour disorders and the search of identity by
an adolescent twin: Study case
Ferreira, Olga Rita Psychiatry and Mental Health,

Hospital Nossa Sr.” do Rosário, Barreiro, Portugal

The author looks to expand on the subject of the
identity construction of a 17 years old adolescent
female twin who has started a psychiatric and
psychological treatment for behaviour disorders,
such as nervous anorexia and suicide attempt. The
method used is the Case Study, considering the
evolution of counselling sessions over 6 months.
The objective is to comprehend the symptoms,
considering the effects of being a twin on the
development of identity and during the stage of
adolescence. The need to differentiate from her twin
sister has been observed, resulting in difficulties on
this process such as behavioural symptoms.

Presenteeism and positive organizational
behavior
Ferreira, Aristides IEP, Minho University, Carvoeira-

Mafra, Portugal Fructuoso Martinez, Luı́s Psicologia,

Universidade Lusı́ada, Lisboa, Portugal Vieira da

Cunha, João Faculdade de Economia, Universidade

Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal Manuel Sousa, Luı́s

DGRH, Hospital Curry Cabral, Lisboa, Portugal

In this study, we evaluate the relation between two
dimensions of presenteeism (‘completing work’ and
‘avoided distraction’) and one construct associated
with positive organizational behavior (hope). The
sample consists of 158 workers mainly from
research and health-related areas submitted to the
Stanford Presenteeism Scale (SPS-6) and the hope
scale. Results show that ‘avoided distraction’ is
associated with the low hope cluster workers. On

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the other hand, high hope cluster workers reveal

higher values in ‘completing work’. Moreover,

psychological causes of presenteeism – anxiety and

depression – seem to be associated with low levels in

the hope scale.

Affective priming of emotional facial expressions
independent of perceptual similarity

Fesche, Arne Berlin, Germany Werheid, Katja

Klinische Psychologie, Humboldt-Universität zu

Berlin, Berlin, Germany Kovács, Gyula Dept. Cognitive

Science, Budapest Univ.Techn.and Econo., Budapest,

Hungary Sommer, Werner Biologische Psychologie,

Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany

In our study we investigated affective priming, the

acceleration of responses following the second of

two sequentially presented, affectively congruent

faces. Morphed faces were used to disentangle

affective and perceptual similarity. Twenty-six

participants were presented with either congruent

or incongruent pairs of face morphs, having

identical physical distance, in an emotion discrimi-

nation task. Reactions to affectively congruent

pairs were faster and more accurate as compared

to incongruent pairs, even if they were of equal

perceptual similarity. Our results indicate that

congruent pairs are processed more efficiently,

and that this processing advantage is due to

affective and not perceptual priming.

An initial imprinting of the self-help groups of
narcotics anonymous and alcoholics anonymous
in Greece

Flora, Katerina Dept. of Psychology, Aristotle

University, Thessaloniki, Greece

The purpose of this study is the representation of

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and Narcotics Anon-

ymous (NA) in Greece. This study is a survey.The

sample is 82 members who filled a 55-item

questionnaire. We made a quantitative analysis

using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences 12

and a qualitative thematic analysis.The findings

present demographic features, data concerning

substance abuse, group participation, uncovered

needs and opinions about professionals. The find-

ings present the profile of the people who approach

AA and NA and signify the necessity for recognis-

ing their needs and for the linking of the mental

health professionals with the groups.

The impact of alcohol and drug intoxication on
Canadian perpetrators’ memories of violent
crimes

Foellmi, Melodie Department of Psychology,

University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

Griesel, Dorothee Department of Psychology,

University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

Ternes, Meg Department of Psychology, University of

British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Cooper, Barry

Department of Psychology, University of British

Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Yuille, John

Department of Psychology, University of British

Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

Many violent crimes are committed by offenders

under the influence, yet field research in this area is

scarce. This study examines the impact of drug and

alcohol consumption on perpetrators’ memories of

their own acts of violence. One hundred fifty

inmates were asked to recall acts of instrumental

and reactive violence. These violent acts will be

compared for quantity of details and differences in

rate of intoxication at the time. The types of

substances will be analyzed in relation to type of

violence, as well as quantity of details recalled.

Implications for the criminal justice system will be

discussed.

The financing of care at mental health:
Challenges to public health system from Brazil

Freire, Flávia Helena Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Amarante,

Paulo ENSP, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Porto,

Silvia ENSP, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Objective: To discuss financing of Brazilian Public
Health Care System and analyze its implications to
the mode of producing care at substitutive web of
mental health care. Method: Theoretical review
about substitutive model to mental health care and
analyses of normative documents that regulate the
financing of Public Health Care System. Results:
Financing model has been characterized by proce-
dures focused on disease and diagnosis code. The
substitutive clinic requires differentiate and singular
modes of inventing lives of persons in mental
disorder. Conclusion: Financing system shows
inadequate to provide new kind of care required
at substitutive web of mental health care.

Existential threat changes motives of pro-
environmental behaviour

Fritsche, Immo Jena, Germany

Motives of pro-environmental behaviour are pro-
posed to change under conditions in which people
perceive threat to their individual existence. In line
with terror management theory mortality salience
increased the relative importance of anthropo-
centric (protecting humans) compared to biocentric
(protecting nature) pro-environmental motivation
in Study 1. In Study 2 people indicated both more
altruistic and more biospheric but less egoistic
environmental concern following a death reminder.
I will discuss societal and theoretical implications of
these findings focussing on the meaning of nature
under conditions of threat.

Emotional expressions within the N-back
working memory paradigm: Performance in early
Parkinsons disease

Fusari, Anna Basic Psychology II, UNED Univ. Nac.

Ed.a Distancia, Madrid, Spain Garcı́a Rodrı́guez,

Beatriz Basic Psychology II, UNED Univ.Nac.Ed.a

Distancia, Madrid, Spain Ellgring, Heiner Psychology,

Julius Maximilian University, Wurzburg, Germany

Molina Arjona, José Antonio Neurology, Hospital XII

de Octubre, Wurzburg, Germany

Associated with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
impairments, working memory (WM) deficits have
been found in patients with Parkinsons disease
(PD). The purpose of this study was to assess WM
performance in early and unmedicated PD patients
with emotional facial expressions stimuli. Partici-
pants were 20 de novo unmedicated PD patients
and 40 controls. Subjects were tested on an
emotional N-back task in one control task (0-back)
and three experimental tasks (1-, 2-, 3-back).
Results showed an impaired performance of PD
patients inversely related to task difficulty. The N-
back paradigm with emotional expressions may be
a preclinical marker for the detection of PD.

School inspection in Germany: Initial data on the
quality of school inspection as an instrument for
diagnosing school quality

Gaertner, Holger Inst. für Schulqualität, Freie

Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany

School inspection is a new instrument of quality
assurance in Germany. This study examines the
reliability and validity of inspection results. The
data are based on inspection reports from 218
schools in the years 2005 to 2007. Analyses show
that a priori assignments of inspectors’ quality
ratings to dimensions of quality do not meet
classical reliability criteria (0.18,a,0.79). As a
consequence, criterion validity is expected to be
low. Moreover, not only unreliable dimensions but
almost all composite quality measures failed to
show associations with school-level aggregated
results from achievement tests. These results suggest

that inspection instruments must be improved
considerably.

Productive versus active aging: Differential
effects on personal wellbeing and cognitive
abilities

Garcı́a Rodrı́guez, Beatriz Dept. of Basic Psychology

II, UNED, Madrid, Spain Sarabia, Carmen Fusari,

Anna Basic Psychology II, UNED, Madrid, Spain

Ellgring, Heiner Department of Psychology,

Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

We investigate to what extent a professional activity
in aging influences cognitive abilities and subjec-
tively reported personal wellbeing. We tested three
groups of participants: productive elderly, retired/
active elderly and younger controls. Participants
wellbeing personal state was assessed by question-
naires and cognitive abilities by executive functions
tasks (WCST, n-back task). Our results show
mainly two things: 1) productive elderly report a
better personal wellbeing then retired/active elderly,
similar to the younger control group, 2) cognitive
abilities keep stable in productive aging, starting to
decay when subjects retire. Moreover, no inter-
group differences were found in cognitive abilities
performance of productive elderly and younger
controls.

Preliminar psychometric data of the
questionnaire of school anxiety

Garcı́a-Fernández, José Manuel Developmental and

Educational, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain

Inglés, Cándido J. Developmental and Educational,

University of Miguel Hernandez, Elche, Spain

Martı́nez-Monteagudo, Carmen Developmental and

Educational, University of Miguel Hernandez, Elche,

Spain Redondo, Jesús Developmental and

Educational, University of Miguel Hernandez, Elche,

Spain

Objective: This study evaluated the reliability and
validity of the Questionnaire of School Anxiety
(QSA; Garcı́a-Fernández e Inglés, 2006). Method:
The CAE was administered to 1,409 adolescents
(47, 9 % males) from 12 to 18 years. Results: The
exploratory factor analysis revealed a four-factor
structure: Anxiety faced with School Failure and
Punishment, Anxiety faced with Aggression, Anxi-
ety faced with Social Evaluation, Anxiety faced
with School Evaluation, which accounted for the
74.92% of the total variance. The confirmatory
factor analysis revealed a good fit for the four-
factor model. The internal consistency was high
(.93). Conclusion: The CAE shows promise as a
screening instrument for school anxiety.

The influence of causal knowledge and empirical
evidence on causal inference and decision
making

Garcia Retamero, Rocio Experimental Psychology,

Granada, Spain Maldonado, Antonio Psicologia

Experimental, Universidad de Granada, Granada,

Spain Perales, Jose Cesar Dept. Psicologı́a

Experimental, Universidad de Granada, Granada,

Spain Mueller, Stephanie Experimental Psychology,

Institut of Psychology, Granada, Spain Cándido,

Antonio Psicologı́a Experimental, Universidad de

Granada, Granada, Spain Catena, Andrés Psicologı́a

Experimental, Universidad de Granada, Granada,

Spain

The independent and joint effects of prior causal
beliefs and observed cause-effect covariation on
causal judgment and decision-making were ana-
lyzed in several experiments. Prior causal beliefs
were the main factor guiding participants’ infer-
ences and decisions when no covariation data were
available. However, training with valid neutral cues
that were not causally linked to the effect abolished
the influence of prior causal beliefs. Whereas
current theoretical frameworks mainly focused
either on causal or covariation knowledge, our
research shows that both factors are required to

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explain the flexibility and complexity of human
causal inferences and decisions.

The role of emotional maturity in the
development of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
among adolescents
Garg, Niyati D. H. 217, Niyati Garg, Meerut, India

Sharma, Vandana Meerut College, Department of

Psychology, Meerut, India

In the present study emotional stability, emotional
progression, social adjustment, personality integra-
tion and independence were selected as indepndent
variables and IBS as dependent variable. The
sample consist of 200 adolescents (100 IBS and
100 non IBS). Rome II criteria was applied for
screening IBS students and Emotional Maturity
Scale by Singh and Bhargava to measure variables
related to emotional maturity. Multiple regression
analysis was employed. Findings reveled that
emotional stability and social adjustment were
contributing in the development of IBS with beta
value (.27 and .20), t-value (3.24 and 2.49) and
multiple R (.42) which is significant at .01 level of
confidence. Result indicates that IBS group lacks
emotional stability and social adjustment.

Study on the influence of the environment
sounds on the human creativeness
Gatej, Emil-Razvan Dept. of Psychology, Bucharest

University, Bucharest, Romania Mihai, Madalina-

Andreea Psichology, Bucharest University, Bucharest,

Romania

The objective of this study is to reveal the influence
of the environment sounds on the human creative-
ness. The experiment means the testing of the
assumption on two lots comprising 40 subjects
each. The study shows the effect of natural
environment sounds presented as a relaxing meth-
od, then the effect of urban and industrial noises
and sounds, on the creativeness tested in a specifc
way. The obtained results will be examined with the
‘‘T Test’’ procedure for independent samples. These
results will show the influence of the environmental
conditions on the development of human creative
skills.

Future time perspective in health behavior
change: Moderation of the intention-behavior
relation
Gellert, Paul Berlin, Germany Ziegelmann, Jochen

Philipp Health Psychology, Freie Universitaet Berlin,

Berlin, Germany Reuter, Tabea Health Psychology,

Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Wiedemann, Amelie Ulrike Health Psychology, Freie

Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany Lippke, Sonia

Health Psychology, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin,

Germany

Objectives: Bridging the intention-behavior gap by
planning, and assessing future time perspective
(FTP) as moderator. Method: 78 workers of a
German railway company participated in a health
change intervention. Social-cognitive and behavior
variables were assessed by questionnaires prior to
and 1 month after intervention. Bootstrapping
resampling was used for statistical analyses. Re-
sults: Planning mediates the intention-behavior
relation. Controlling for age, FTP moderates the
effect of planning on physical activity, but not the
effect of intention on planning. Conclusions:
Planning is not related to physical activity in same
intensity in all individuals, but depends on the level
of future time perspective.

Recognition of speech emotional prosody
valence in stimuli of different time structure
(aging aspects)
Gelman, Victor ICT, Med. Acad. for Postgrad. Stud.,

St. Petersburg, Russia Dmitrieva, Elena Bioacoustics,

Inst. Evol. Physiol. RAS, St-Petersburg, Russia

The impact of ageing on recognition of emotions’
valences in speech signals of different durations was

examined. Neural mechanisms underlying emo-

tional prosody perception were studied by compar-

ing the reaction time and accuracy of recognition.

The ANOVA of the data revealed ‘‘emotion’s

valence’’, ‘‘stimuli duration’’, ‘‘age’’ and ‘‘gender’’

factors to be highly significant for speech emotions’

recognition. The signal temporal structure affected

more strongly the valence evaluation in the eldest

group (51-65-year-olds). Threshold duration in this

group was longer indicating the weakening of

human ability to process the speech affective

intonation with ageing. The support of RFH grant:

07-06-00821à.

The relation of medical and psychological risk
factors to cardiovascular disease

Gholamali Lavassani, Massoud Psychology and

Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, Islamic

Republic of Iran

Objectives: This study investigated the relation of

medical and psychological risk factors to cardio-

vascular disease in 100 Iranian patients. Methods:

Finally the data of 72 men aged 35 to 65 years were

considered appropriate for evaluation. Multiple

regression analysis examined relationship of cor-

onary artery disease with blood glucose and lipids,

cigarette smoking, hypertension, body mass index,

heart disease precedent, trait anxiety, stress, anger,

hope and type A behavior. Results:The results

showed that only heart disease precedent, hyperten-

sion, and stress have significant coefficients (P

Epistemological beliefs, motivation, and learning
strategies as predictors of medical students’
academic success

Giesler, Marianne Inst. für Medizin. Psychologie,

Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Fabry, Götz

Medical Psychology, Albert-Ludwigs-University,

Freiburg, Germany

Objectives: This research analyzes the relationships

between epistemological beliefs, motivation, and

learning strategies and the extent to which these

variables predict academic success of medical

students. Methods Two cohorts of medical students

(N approx. 300) completed questionnaires assessing

the aforementioned learner characteristics at three

occasions during their first year of study. Academic

success was measured by open-answer- and multi-

ple-choice-questions. Results Use of the learning

strategy ‘‘critical review’’ declines during the first

year of medical education and strategies such as

‘‘effort’’ and ‘‘attention’’ are most important in

predicting academic success. Results of further

analyses currently being performed will also be

reported.

Optimism and pessimism about the future of the
environment: An 18-nation study

Gifford, Robert Dept. of Psychology, University of

Victoria, Victoria, Canada Scannell, Leila Dept. of

Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada

Kormos, Christine Dept. of Psychology, University of

Victoria, Victoria, Canada

Perceptions of current, and expectations of future,

environmental conditions were investigated at the

local, national, and global spatial levels with a

sample of 3130 community participants in 18

nations. Current environmental perceptions showed

spatial bias (‘‘things are worse over there’’) in 15 of

18 countries, and future expectations showed

temporal bias (‘‘things will get worse’’) in all

countries except one. Assessments of current

national conditions were positively associated with

an expert ranking of national environmental

quality. Aside from the intrinsic value of under-

standing global trends in environmental assess-

ments, the results have important implications for

policy and risk management strategies.

Measuring workplace bullying in Japan

Giorgi, Gabriele Psychology, University of Firenze,

Firenze, Italy Asakura, Takashi Health Psychology,

Tokyo Gakugei Univeristy, Tokyo, Japan Ando,

Mikayo Counseling Psychology, Okayama University,

Okayama, Japan

This research addresses the prevalence of bullying
in Japan. The agreed method used in bullying
surveys, the operational classification method, has
been employed. Furthermore a two step cluster
approach was used to analyze the data, which was
obtained by using the Negative Acts Questionnaire
Revised (NAQ-R) administered to employees in
Japan (n > 700.). The results showed that when
comparing the traditional operational classification
method with the two step cluster analysis there was
a high overlap in identifying bullying victims and
non victims. Furthermore bullying prevalence in
Japan appeared to be quite elevated, higher than
other European Countries.

Do children with deficits in basic cognitive
functions profit from mixed age primary schools?

Goelitz, Dietmar Inst. für Psychologie, Leuphana

Universität Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany

Hasselhorn, Marcus DIPF, Bildung und Entwicklung,

Frankfurt am Main, Germany

The study examines if children with deficits in
working memory, phonological awareness or
counting knowledge profit in academic skills when
taught in age mixed schools in grade 1 and 2.
Cognitive functions were measured at the beginning
of the first grade in age mixed (N= 564) and age
homogenous schools (N= 476). Achievement mea-
sures were taken during grades 1 to 4. The results
indicate interactions between cognitive deficits and
mixing: risk children profit from mixed age classes
in the language domain, but should be taught in age
homogenous classes when having deficits in pho-
nological awareness. Research consequences are
discussed.

Confirmatory analysis of a social-cognitive model
of sexual risk behaviour: A contribute to the
explanation of condom use

Gomes, Alexandra FCHS - Psicologia, University of

Algarve, Faro, Portugal Nunes, Cristina FCHS -

Psicologia, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal

Contribute to socio-cognitive models that explain
sexual risk behaviour by including demographic,
intrapersonal, interpersonal and situational vari-
ables. 165 questionnaires were applied to university
students. Exploratory and confirmatory analyses
were made to confirm the applicability of the
constructed model. The confirmatory analysis, with
intrapersonal, interpersonal and situational vari-
ables adjusted on the fit measures. Attitudes had the
higher predictive value to explain previous condom
use, and the one explaining the intention was the
previous behaviour of use. Further studies are
necessary to integrate a contextualized and inter-
personal vision on the condom use behaviour in
order to increase the effectiveness of prevention
programs.

The Kuwait University anxiety scale:
Psychometric properties under item response
theory

Gomez Benito, Juana Metodologia C.

Comportamiento, Universitat de Barcelona,

Barcelona, Spain Hidalgo, M. Dolores Metodologia C.

Comportamiento, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia,

Spain Tomás-Sábado, Joaquı́n Esc. Univ. Enf.

Gimbernat, Univ. Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona,

Spain

The Kuwait University Anxiety Scale (KUAS)
developed by Abdel-Khalek (2000) was analyzed
in an item response framework, using both dichot-
omous and polytomous models. Several models
were applied: Graded Response Model (Samejima,
1969), Generalized Partial Credit Model (Muraki,

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1992), Partial Credit Model (Masters, 1982),

Dichotomous Logistic Model (2-parameters) (Birn-

baum, 1968). The results indicated that the items

satisfy the assumptions of generalized partial credit

model. Moreover, test precision at different points

along the latent trait continuum is presented.

Finally, are showed item information function in

order to examine the contribution of each item on

test information function.

Social identity theory: A historical review from
the perspectives of social and industrial and
organizational psychology

Goncu, Asli Inst. of Psychology, Middle East Technical

Univ., Ankara, Turkey

The present study aims to summarize the literature

regarding Social Identity Theory (SIT) in the

context of social psychology as well as in relation

to Industrial and Organizational Psychology. The

present research firstly summarizes the development

and main assumptions of SIT. In addition, the

research regarding SIT, main findings and applica-

tion fields in the social psychological research are

explained. Finally, organizational identification as a

research area stimulated by SIT in the Industrial

and Organizational Psychology literature is sum-

marized along with the main findings and relevant

concepts (i.e. identification with the work-group,

identification with the leader).

That’s it we’re having more insulation! Will
householders change behaviours and attitudes
after being shown an infrared image of their
homes leaking heat?

Goodhew, Julie Dept. of Psychology, University of

Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom Auburn, Tim

Psychology, University of Plymouth, PLYMOUTH,

United Kingdom Pahl, Sabine Psychology, University

of Plymouth, PLYMOUTH, United Kingdom

This longitudinal pilot study explored the impact of

infrared images (of homes leaking heat) on energy

consumption and attitudes. British householders

were randomly allocated to three groups: image +

carbon footprint, carbon footprint or control. We

measured qualitative (interviews) and quantitative

data (attitudes, intentions, behaviours, actual en-

ergy usage). Participants had high environmental

awareness but attitudes did not correlate with

carbon emissions. Interview data suggest specific

links between information in the image and energy

saving behaviours. Follow up measures are cur-

rently being analysed. The data will help evaluate

and develop the use of infrared images as prompts

for energy saving behaviours.

Informational and energetic models of influence
of activity results on emotions

Gorbatkow, Aleksander Pedagogic University of

Kielce, Kielce, Poland

Influences of activity results on emotions are

mediated by "informational" (competence, abilities)

and "energetic" ("expenses" necessary for activity

performance) factors. Proposed "informational"

and "energetic" models of these influences differ

from each other by ratio nonmonotonous asymme-

trical curves of positive and negative emotions.

Considered dependences determine contrast of

nonlinear sinusoidal dynamics of emotional balance

with growth by functioning results (fall-growth-fall

in the first model and growth-fall-growth in the

second one) and mutual resemblance of emotional

activation curves. Modal zones (corresponding with

‘‘ordinary’’ activities) of two models are character-

ized by similar bell-shaped curves of positive

emotions and contrary linear trends of monotonous

curves of another three emotional dimensions.

An investigation of the influence of
‘‘informational’’ and ‘‘energetic’’ activity factors
on emotions

Gorbatkow, Aleksander Pedagogic University of

Kielce, Kielce, Poland

This study tested ‘‘informational’’ and ‘‘energetic’’
models of influences of activity parameters on
emotions (in ‘‘modal zones’’, relevant to ‘‘ordinary’’
activities). The undergraduate students estimated
emotions experienced in task-solving process. In-
formational (skills) and energetic (difficulty-weari-
someness) activity factors were assessed as
independent variables. Results revealed that influ-
ences of skills and difficulty-wearisomeness on
emotions can be described by similar symmetrical
single-peaked curves of positive emotions, mono-
tonous curves of negative emotions (accordingly,
descending and ascending), asymmetrical single-
peaked curves of emotional balance (accordingly,
with ascending and descending tendencies) and
monotonous curves of emotional activation (ac-
cordingly, descending and ascending). These find-
ings supported the hypotheses of the study.

Determinants of school achievement: Hints from
a twin study

Gottschling, Juliana Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany Spinath,

Frank M. Psychology, Saarland University,

Saarbruecken, Germany Spinath, Birgit Inst. für

Psychologie, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg,

Germany Wolf, Heike Psychology, Saarland

University, Saarbruecken, Germany

The study presented is part of CoSMoS, a twin
study about Cognitive Ability, Self-Reported Mo-
tivation, and School Achievement (Spinath & Wolf,
2006), which provides data from more than 400
pairs of monozygotic and dizygotic twin children.
As a first step we examined the complex phenotypic
interrelations between several individual and famil-
ial determinants of school achievement (e.g.,
motivation and parenting style). To elucidate the
sources of individual differences in these variables
and to gain a deeper understanding of the sources
of their interrelations, we additionally conducted
univariate and multivariate genetic analyses. Re-
sults and implications for future research are
discussed.

Measuring uncertainty in the observation and
evaluation process in assessment centres.
Possible antecedents of uncertainty and its
relationship to rating accuracy

Greco, Riccardo Köln, Germany Maier, Günter W.

Abteilung für Psychologie, Universität Bielefeld,

Bielefeld, Germany Stumpp, Thorsten Abteilung für

Psychologie, Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany

The purpose of this study was first to research
possible antecedents (expertise of observer, criteria-
dimension-fit) of uncertainty occurring throughout
the observation and evaluation process in assess-
ment centres and to investigate its relationship to
rating accuracy. Therefore observers with different
levels of experience (N=56) observed and judged
video-taped exercises and rated their uncertainty for
each assessed dimension. In a second step rating
accuracy was measured and correlated with the
established level of uncertainty. Results indicate
that uncertainty largely depends on expertise of
observer, especially regarding dimensions with a
high fit to the criteria. However, a correlation
between uncertainty and rating accuracy cannot be
confirmed.

Mental health, quality of life and the coping of
stress of undergraduate students from Brazil

Grubits Freire, Heloisa Bruna Dept. of Psychology,

Dom Bosco Catholic University, Campo Grande, Brazil

A cross-sectional study was carried out in a sample
of 466 undergraduate students who were attending
their first and last year in 5 major areas of

knowledge. To assess their Mental Health (MH),
GHQ-60, SF-36 for Quality of Life (QoL), Billings
& Moos Coping Scale to measure coping strategies
to deal with stressful events were used. The students
did better in the physical component of QoL than in
the mental one. They predominantly used active
strategies to cope with stressful events. There were
gender differences as regards MH and QoL
performances. The worst MH scores were for males
from Human and Social Sciences.

Relationship between the values of
organizational culture and human resource
management practices from a gender perspective
Grueso, Merlin Patricia CIDI, Univ. Pontificia

Bolivariana, Palmira, Colombia Anton, Concha

Salamanca, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca,

Spain

The purpose of this research was to identify the
values of the organizational culture which take
effect in the implementation of human resources
practices regarded as fair from a gender perspective.
It used a sample of employees from three organiza-
tions in Cali Colombia and was administered
through a questionnaire that analyzed five values
of the corporate culture and six best human
resource practices from gender perspective. The
results indicate that the values power distance,
masculinity - femininity, uncertainty tolerance,
individualism - collectivism and long term – short
term orientation, predicting significantly implement
good human resources practices from gender
perspective although differently.

The relationship between moral characteristics
and abilities of gifted persons
Gudzik, Svetlana Psychology Department, BSPU,

Minsk, Belarus

One of the important tasks that faces scientists and
practical workers with gifted children is how to
preserve the high level of abilities through all life
cycle of gifted person. In the context of this task the
revealing of the connections between the abilities
(general and special) and moral characteristics of
personality let us to determine the benefits for
personal and social activities of gifted person’s
potential realization. In the paper the results of
investigation of moral characteristics and different
abilities of gifted children are presented and
discussed. Some comparisons are made with the
group of ordinary children.

Informal caregivers of elderly people: Social
network and life satisfaction
Guerra, Sara Dept. of Health Sciences, University of

Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal Vicente, Henrique Health

Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal

Figueiredo, Daniela Health Sciences, University of

Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal Sousa, Liliana Health

Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal

This study aims at characterizing informal carers of
elderly people’s networks and its impact on
satisfaction with life. IARSP-R (Analysis Instru-
ment of Social Network) and SWLS (Satisfaction
with Life Scale) were administered to 30 carers of
elderly dependent people. Main findings suggest
that: i) caregivers’ tend not to include the elderly
person as a member of their network; ii) networks
are based on family and neighbours; iii) life
satisfaction is positively correlated with the number
of friends and relatives in the network. Caregivers’
networks need to be strengthening, mainly through
making use of the potential of the already existing
ties.

Effectiveness of humanistic child and adolescent
psychotherapy
Hölldampf, Dagmar Psychology, University of

Education, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany Theresa,

Jakob Psychology, University of Education,

Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany Behr, Michael

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Psychology, University of Education, Schwäbisch

Gmünd, Germany

Meta analysis about Child- and Adolescent-Psy-
chotherapy show considerable differences. Over the
past 50 plus years, humanistic child and adolescent
psychotherapy has been the subject of over 100
studies reporting pre-post results. The authors are
using meta-analysis methods to statistically com-
bine the results of these studies. The following
hypothesis are surveyed: Children and adolescents
who participate in humanistic psychotherapies
show significant amounts of change over time; in
randomized clinical trials against untreated control
groups, children who participate in humanistic
psychotherapies typically show substantially more
change than comparable untreated clients.

Neuroimaging of therapeutic effects in
schizophrenia

Habel, Ute Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, RWTH

Aachen, Aachen, Germany Koch, Kathrin Psychiatry

and Psychotherapy, University of Jena, Jena,

Germany Kellermann, Thilo Psychiatry and

Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen,

Germany Reske, Martina Psychiatry and

Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen,

Germany Fromann, Nicole Psychiatry and

Psychotherapy, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf,

Germany Wölwer, Wolfgang Psychiatry and

Psychotherapy, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf,

Germany Zilles, Karl Neuroscience and Biophysics,

Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany Shah, N Jon

Neuroscience and Biophysics, Research Center Jülich,

Jülich, Germany Schneider, Frank Psychiatry and

Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen,

Germany

Objectives: Longitudinal neuroimaging studies ad-
dressing therapeutic effects on the cerebral dysfunc-
tions underlying emotion and cognitive deficits are
lacking. Methods: Repeated fMRI was used during
long-term studies testing psychotherapeutic effects
of a Training of Affect Recognition and a training
of attention as well as pharmacotherapy effects on
the neural correlates of these processes. Results: A
specific behavioural improvement could be ob-
served in trained patients only. In parallel, an
activation increase was observed in occipital,
frontal and parietal areas in patients who had
undergone training compared to those who had
not. Conclusion: Specific training effects are prob-
ably reflecting more efficient use of attentional,
perceptual or cognitive strategies.

Choosing how many options to choose from:
Does it depend on affective priming?

Hafenbrädl, Sebastian HEC, Université de Lausanne,

Lausanne, Switzerland White, Chris M. HEC,

Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

Hoffrage, Ulrich HEC, Université de Lausanne,

Lausanne, Switzerland

When making purchase decisions, how many
options do people wish to choose from (i.e., what
is their desired-set-size, or DSS)? An experiment
examined the extent to which DSS depended on:
whether participants approached the issue in a
computational or affective frame of mind (manipu-
lated via priming), and the number (5 vs. 10) and
type of items they could select. Participants also
reported their willingness-to-pay (WTP) for the
selected items. The results suggest that participants
who received computational priming were, as
predicted, sensitive to the number of items, whereas
those who received affective priming were not,
again as predicted.

Mentoring and privacy: The relationship of
environmental privacy and personal disclosure

Hager, Mark J. Psychology, Russell Center 6, Menlo

College, Atherton, USA

This study examined the interaction of perceived
privacy with academic and psychological mentoring

outcomes in a school-based mentoring program in

the USA. College students (N=42; 28 female)

mentoring elementary and secondary students were

surveyed about their perceptions of privacy in

different campus settings. Chi square analyses

confirmed higher levels of acoustic and visual

privacy were significantly related to increased

psychosocial mentoring activities while low levels

of acoustic and visual privacy were related to

increased academic activities (p , .0001 and p ,

.0005). The interaction of privacy and self-disclo-

sure has significant implications for program de-

sign, mentor training and outcomes assessment.

Internet child pornography: The psychology and
psychophysiology of viewing child pornography

Haines, Janet School of Psychology, University of

Tasmania, Hobart, Australia

The aim of this study was to examine the

psychophysiological and psychological processes

associated with viewing Internet child pornography.

A comparison was made between those with and

without a history of child sex offending. In both

cases, criminal charges for viewing child pornogra-

phy were being faced. A guided imagery methodol-

ogy was used to examine responses to personal

experiences. Fundamental differences in the re-

sponse to viewing child pornography were noted

with non-offending being associated with a strong

tension reduction process. Results have implica-

tions for understanding the motivations for this

behaviour and providing explanations for the court.

Does the presence of a weapon shrink the
functional field of view?

Hakoda, Yuji Dept. of Psychology, Kyushu University,

Fukuoka, Japan Yamakawa, Akio Department of

Psychology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

Nobata, Tomoe Department of Psychology, Kyushu

University, Fukuoka, Japan Ninose, Yuri Department

of Computer Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka,

Japan

This research investigated the effect of a weapon on

the functional field of view. Two series of affective

pictures consisting of negative pictures with and

without a weapon were presented to the partici-

pants. They were required to identify the letter

presented at the fixation point along with the

numbers occurring at each corner. Results revealed

that the identification of the numbers was signifi-

cantly low in the case of negative pictures with a

weapon as opposed to that of negative pictures

without one. This result indicates that the existence

of a weapon shrinks the functional field of view.

The investigation of secondary traumatic stress
levels observed in emergency service personnel
in terms of dissociation level, perceived social
support and coping strategies

Haksal, Pinar Ankara, Turkey Dag, Ihsan Psychology

Department, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

In this study, secondary traumatic stress levels of

health personnel working at emergency services are

examined in terms of dissociation level, perceived

social support and coping strategies. Health per-

sonnel working at hospital polyclinics were included

in the study for comparison purposes. 159 emer-

gency service worker and 153 polyclinic worker

received five scales to investigate the relationship

between work place and post-traumatic stress

symptoms, psychopathology symptoms, dissocia-

tion level, perceived social support and coping

strategies. Among the analysis, post-traumatic

stress symptoms, psychopathology symptoms and

dissociation levels of the employers at polyclinics

were significantly higher than that of the employers

at emergency services.

The psychosocial adaptation for displaced youth
(age 16-20) Alsalam area Rabak, White Nile State
Sudan

Hamadain, Osman Psychology, University of Blue

Nile, Edamzine, Sudan

The aim of this study is to examine the psychosocial
adaptation for displaced youth because of wars or
others (age 16-20) Alsalam area Rabak, White Nile
State Sudan. Hugh.M.Bell questionnaire for adap-
tation was used for a random sample 200 persons
analyzed by SPSS. The outcomes are: 1. There were
statistical significant differences in psychosocial
adaptation between displaced youth. a. Worked or
do not in favor of worked. b. Ethnic groups, in
social dimension in favor of Arabs, Southerners,
Noba. c. Educated and non educated. d. Age. e.
Time spent in displaced area. 2. No differences in
the causes of displacement.

Personal-organizational orientation of needs for
job application and its effect

Han, Ying Dept. of Psychology, Peking University,

Beijing, People’s Republic of China Wang, Lei

Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing,

People’s Republic of China

This study explored different job application need
orientations using a self-developed questionnaire. A
total of 285 employees or applicants participated in
the survey. Two factors were identified by EFA,
named as ‘‘personal need orientation’’ (a=.76) and
‘‘organizational need orientation’’ (a=.72), both
significantly correlated to work value, self-efficacy
or individualism/collectivism. The hierarchy regres-
sion analysis showed that personal-need-orientated
individuals have a lower level of job satisfaction and
higher level of turnover intention; organizational-
need-orientation individuals have a lower level of
turnover intention but no significant correlation
with job satisfaction. The findings may help
organizations reduce turnover rate.

A new strategy for learning highly-similar
concepts

Hannon, Brenda Dept. of Psychology, Univ. of Texas

at San Antonio, San Antonio, USA

In educational settings, students are often expected
to learn pairs of concepts, such as fluid intelligence/
crystallized intelligence. For many students these
concepts are difficult to learn because they have
similar definitions that are easy to confuse. The
challenge of learning these similar, yet often
confused concepts is further complicated by the
fact that students are often examined about
differences between the concepts. This research
tests the efficacy of a new strategy—called differ-
ential+associative processing–for learning highly
similar concepts. The results revealed that differ-
ential+associative processing is better than elabora-
tion and that it might even spontaneous transfer to
new contexts.

The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition
of AOC e-sports expertise

Hao, Ning Dept. of Psychology, East China Normal

University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China Wu,

Qinglin Department of Psychology, East China

Normal University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of

China

This study explored the role of deliberate practice in
the domain of AOC E-sports by analyzing the
appraisement of 16 different domain activities made
by 97 top experts. Then 271 players of 3 different
skill levels were selected as subjects to investigate
how the accumulative time spent on deliberate
practice activities affects the player’s skill level. The
study shows that there are 3 kinds of deliberate
practice activities in the AOC E-sport s domain and
that the time different subjects spent on these
activities causes significant differences. We suggest
that the time spent on deliberate practice activities

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can effectively forecast the player’s skill level while
experience can’t be used as a predictor.

The method of the measurement about fear of
crime by a projective technique
Harada, Akira Koshien Junior College, Hyogo, Japan

Toda, Hidetoshi Graduate School of Humanities,

Koshien University, Takarazuka, Hyogo, Japan

Kagemura, Yukihiro Graduate School of Humanities,

Koshien University, Takarazuka, Hyogo, Japan

Sugasawa, Hironari Graduate School of Humanities,

Koshien University, Takarazuka, Hyogo, Japan

This study attempted to measure fear and risk
perception of crime by a projective method. The
experiment of constructing a desirable town for
participants to live in was submitted. On the sheet
that a virtual town area including their home was
printed, the participants arranged the cards that the
elements of a town were painted, for example,
house, hospital, parking, bank and so on. After the
construction was finished, they were asked where
they have felt fear and risk perception of crime. The
result suggested the relation between a position of
home and a location of feeling them.

Self-Regulation as a predictor of delinquent
behavior and socially inconsiderate behavior
Harada, Chika Education & Human Development,

Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan Yoshizawa,

Hiroyuki Faculty of Education, Gifu Shotoku Gakuen

University, Gifu, Japan Yoshida, Toshikazu Education

& Human Developm, Nagoya University, Nagoya,

Japan

This study focused on the temperament and ability
facets of self-regulation, and examined their effect
on delinquent and socially inconsiderate behavior.
Temperament was assessed by the Behavioral
Inhibition System / Behavioral Approach System
scales, and the Effortful Control scale, and ability
was assessed by the Social Self-Regulation (SSR)
scale. Data were collected from 414 high school
students, and 227 college students in Japan. Results
of structural equation modeling revealed that the
direct effect of SSR was stronger than tempera-
ment, and different factors of self-regulation
influence delinquent behavior versus merely socially
inconsiderate behavior. These differences and simi-
larities were discussed.

Context and information reduction
Harsanyi, Geza Institute of Psychology, Humboldt

University at Berlin, Berlin, Germany Frensch, Peter A.

Institute of Psychology, Humboldt University at

Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Individuals learn to optimize performance speed by
reducing task-irrelevant information (Haider &
Frensch, 1996). The nature of context affecting
information reduction was investigated. Partici-
pants performed two categories of the same task,
for one category information reduction was valid,
for the second information reduction was invalid.
The categories were indicated by contextual cues,
which were either arbitrary for the task (Experiment
1) or were structural components of the task
(Experiment 2). Results suggest that the categories
were not discriminated on the basis of surface
characteristics. Rather the categories were estab-
lished, and information reduction was learned when
structural characteristics affect task-processing.

Interaction of organizational environment and
employees personality characteristics as
predictor of counterproductive workplace
behaviors in employees of an Iranian industrial
company
Hashemi Sheykhshabani, Sayedesmaeil Dept. of

Psychology, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz,

Islamic Republic of Iran Shokrkon, Hossein Dept. of

Psychology, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz,

Islamic Republic of Iran Neissi, Abdolkazem Dept. of

Psychology, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz,

Islamic Republic of Iran Shehni Yeilagh, Manijeh

Dept. of Psychology, Shahid Chamran University,

Ahvaz, Islamic Republic of Iran Haghighi, Jamal Dept.

of Psychology, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz,

Islamic Republic of Iran

Interaction relationships of important environmen-
tal variables and personality characteristics to
counterproductive behaviors were investigated.
546 employees randomly selected were surveyed.
Moderated regression analyses showed that person-
ality characteristics moderated relationships be-
tween environmental variables and
counterproductive behaviors. That is, the relation-
ships between environmental variables and counter-
productive behaviors were stronger for individuals
high in trait anxiety and anger and low in
agreeableness and conscientiousness than for in-
dividuals low in trait anxiety and anger and high in
agreeableness and conscientiousness. Personality
characteristics did not moderate the relationships
of organizational constraints and counterproduc-
tive behaviors. In addition, trait anger and con-
scientiousness moderated the relationship of
distributive justice to counterproductive work
behaviors, but trait anxiety did not.

Behavioral outcomes associates with emotional
contagion: A study among direct selling agents

Hashim, Junaidah Business Admin., KENMS, Intern.

Islamic University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Wok,

Saodah DEPT OF COMMUNICATION, KHSIRK,

INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSI, KUALA

LUMPUR, Malaysia

This study investigates how members in the group
are affected by the happiness of their high achievers,
what factors influence the emotional contagion to
occur, and what are the effects of emotional
contagion on group and organization. A total of
86 respondents participated in this study. It is found
that emotional contagion is positively related with
personal outcomes, it has an impact on both the
group and the team. Emotional contagion is also
related to organizational outcomes. The findings of
this research expand previous researches by identi-
fying the outcomes of emotional contagion on
personal, groups, and organization.

Correlation between JIFP and prefrontal activity:
A NIRS study

Hashimoto, Teruo Psychology, Keio Univ.,

Yokohama, Japan Yoshimitsu, Kaeko Psychology,

Keio Univ., Tokyo, Japan Omori, Takahide

Psychology, Keio Univ., Tokyo, Japan Kojima, Shozo

Psychology, Keio Univ., Tokyo, Japan

JIFP_Japanese version of IFEEL (Infant Facial
Expressions of Emotion from Looking at Picture-
s)_was used to study the reactions of potential
caregivers (14 university students) to the varied
emotions of infants, as revealed in their interpreta-
tions of a set of 30 pictures of 1-year-olds. The
prefrontal activity was simultaneously measured by
the near infrared spectroscopy which can easily
measure neural response. This study was approved
by the ethical committee of Keio university. The
interpretations was quantified, and it’s correlation
with prefrontal activity showed emotion-related
and/or attachment-related processes. This prelimin-
ary study suggests the usefulness of JIFP for
screening the aptitude for child rearing is suggested.

Motives of criminal behavior among prison
inmate in Khartoum state, Sudan

Hassan, Khalid Psychology, Elneelein, Khartoum,

Sudan

This research was conducted on (300) inmates
:(216) males, (83) Females to examine the motives
of criminal. To fulfill this aim, the researchers
administered scale for measuring motives of crim-
inal behavior. The collected data were analyzed
statistically by T-test for on sample, Mann Witney
test, One Way Analysis (ANOVA) and product

moment correlation. The results showed that:
Economic motives were predominantly higher
compared to psychological and social motives. No
significant statistical differences were found in
criminal behavior related to gender. There were
significant statistical differences on motives of
criminal behavior among inmates attributed to the
type of crime, and there was negative correlation
between crime motives and education level.

Intelligence testing among students in greater
Khartoum
Hassan, Hajshrife Psychology, Wight Nil, Khartoum,

Sudan

This study examines intelligence testing among
students in greater Khartoum, Sudan. The sample
of study (N= 5549) selected randomly from
primary, secondary schools and universities. The
Standard Progressive Matrices was applied to both
males (N=2961) and females (N=2588) and their
age is ranged between 9-20 years. The study showed
that (a) scores of intelligence increased with the
increase of age (b) significant differences in
intelligence scores between males and female
participants was found in age group 10,11 12, 13
and 18 years and no significant differences in other
ones.

Disproportionate allocation of cognitive
resources during thought suppression in
depressed individuals
Hattori, Yosuke Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

Karasawa, Minoru Graduate School of Enviroment,

Nagoya university, Nagoya, Japan

Depressed individuals often fail to control their
unwanted thoughts. In order to reveal psychologi-
cal mechanisms underling this phenomenon, we
compared response latencies among depressed and
non-depressed college students under a lexical
decision task. Seventy-three participants judged
whether a presented letter string was a word or
not while thinking or not thinking various concepts.
The depressed individuals showed a better perfor-
mance than the non-depressed, only under the
suppression instruction, suggesting that the de-
pressed failed to allocate cognitive resource to the
main task in this condition. Implications for the
study of cognitive processes taking place among the
depressed are discussed.

The ERPs N400 variation by difference of
semantic relation between words
Hayashi, Nao Dept. of Psychology, Japan Women’s

University, Kawasaki, Japan Koyama, Takamasa

Psychology, Japan Women’s University, Kawasaki,

Japan Kawahara, Yuri Psychology, Japan Women’s

University, Kawasaki, Japan

The effect of difference of semantic connection and
relation between words on semantic priming was
investigated by a specific word in a series of
successively presented words. Ten participants were
asked to judged semantic connection and relation
under 3 condition of word connections antonym,
category and syntactic. Results showed that reac-
tion time was shortest the under the antonym
condition and the longest under the same category
condition. This phenomenon suggested that prim-
ing effect were larger in order of antonym >
syntactic > category on RT. Therefore the number
of expected items would effect on difference of
semantic priming. The N400 results showed that
attenuation were not occurred on type of non-
related target.

The BDNF Val66Met polymorphism influences
olfactory processing
Hedner, Margareta Dept. of Psychology, Stockholm

University, Stockholm, Sweden Nilsson, Lars-Göran

Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Stockholm,

Sweden Olofsson, Jonas Psychology, Psychology,

Umeå, Sweden Hummel, Thomas

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Otorhinolaryngology, Otorhinolaryngology, Dresden,

Germany Eriksson, Elias Pharmacology,

Pharmacology, Göteborg, Sweden Melchoir, Lydia

Pharmacology, Pharmacology, Göteborg, Sweden

Larsson, Maria Psychology, Psychology, Stockholm,

Sweden

This study explored the relationship between allelic
variations of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor
(BDNF) and olfactory memory in normal subjects
(n=827). Participants were derived from the Betula
project, a large-scale population-based study focus-
ing on memory and aging. Preliminary data suggest
that the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism affects the
individual variation in olfactory proficiency, such
that met/met carriers were significantly poorer in
identifying odors than val/val carriers. The Val66-
Met effect did not interact with age, suggesting that
the genetic effect is independent of the well-known
aging effect on olfactory functioning.

Effectiveness of leadership styles in the non-
profit sector: Results from a multi-sample study

Hehn, Verena FB Psychologie, Universität Münster,

Münster, Germany Rowold, Jens 2: Applied and Work

Psychology, WWU Münster, FB Psychologie,

Münster, Germany

It seems important to compare and contrast several
leadership theories both from a theoretical and
empirical perspective. Consequently, the present
study contributes to the nomological network of six
leadership styles: Transactional, transformational,
and ethical leadership, LMX, initiating structure
and consideration. Based on data from several
samples (i.e., public and private industries, profit
and non-profit organizations) from the CoLeS
(Context and Leadership Styles) project, evidence
for criterion-oriented validity of these leadership
styles is presented. Implications for leadership
theory and practice are discussed.

Evaluation of the cognitive, behavioral and
physiological responses to two versions of the
Stroop test

Hernandez, Melba Behavioral Science and Tech.,

Simon Bolivar University, Caracas, Venezuela

Two Stroop test versions were used to evaluate
physiological, behavioral and cognitive responding.
Participants: 100 Venezuelan engineering students
aged 18-25. Method: participants were exposed to
both classically and computer administered Stroop
tests. Blood pressure, heart rate, and ratings of test
difficulty and state-anxiety were obtained after each
test. Results: significant differences were observed
in both cardiovascular response and perceived test
difficulty relative to the two Stroop versions.
Classically administered Stroop tests elicited greater
physiological reactivity and higher ratings of test
difficulty. No significant correlations between
perceived test difficulty and state-anxiety were
found; by contrast, a relationship was observed
between perceived test difficulty and high physio-
logical reactions.

Relation between temporal perspective and
motivation towards the socio-labour integration
of minors under judicial measures

Hernandez, Bernardo Psicologia Social, Universidad

de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain Ruiz, Cristina

Psicologia Social, Universidad de La Laguna, La

Laguna, Spain Martı́n, Ana Psicologia Social,

Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain

Hernández Fernaud, Estefania Psicologia Social,

Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain

The study of the social rehabilitation processes of
minors under judicial measures has revealed the
importance of cognitive and motivationals variables
in the efficiency of the intervention programs. This
work analyses the relation between the temporal
perspective and the motivation to realize beha-
viours related to the socio-labour integration. The
questionnaires were administered individually to

171 minors under judicial measures. It was found
positive and significant correlations between orien-
tation to the future, negative past and positive past
measures and motivation measures, but hedonistic
present and fatalistic present measures did not
correlate with those of motivation.

The parent version of the preschool Social Skills
Rating Scale (SSRS) – Analysis of factorial
structure and psychometric properties with a
German sample

Hess, Markus Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin,

Germany Wille, Nora Gesundheitswissenschaften,

Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany Scheithauer,

Herbert Erz.wiss u. Psychologie, Freie Universität

Berlin, Berlin, Germany Kleiber, Dieter Erz.wiss. und

Psychologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Kocalevent, Rüya Erz.wiss. und Psychologie, Freie

Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany Ravens-Sieberer,

Ulrike Gesundheitswissenschaften, Universität

Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany

The Social Skills Rating Scale (SSRS) is a
commonly used tool for measuring social skills.
However recent studies have questioned the factor-
ial structure of the SSRS (parent version). There-
fore the present study tested the factorial structure
of the parent version of the preschool SSRS with a
German sample of 365 children (mean age 4.5
years) stemming from the BELLA-study. We
conducted explorative factor analyses based on an
ordinal data level. In addition internal consisten-
cies, item-total, and inter-item correlations were
used for scale construction. We will present a
revision of the original 4-factor structure of the
social skills scale with a reduced item pool.

Effects of leadership styles on branch-level profit

Hessmer, Stefan Inst. für Arbeitspsychologie,

Universität Münster, Münster, Germany Rowold, Jens

Arbeitspsychologie Prof. Hell, Westfälische Wilhelms-

Uni, Muenster, Germany

Over the last 50 years, several leadership theories
emerged. Empirical research demonstrated the
positive relationship between each of these leader-
ship styles and performance. However, empirical
research that compares and contrasts the relative
effects of these leadership styles on outcome criteria
is virtually nonexistent. Thus, the present study
compared the simultaneous effect of six leadership
styles (initiating structure/consideration, transac-
tional/transformational leadership, LMX, and ethi-
cal leadership) on objective performance (i.e.,
profit). Followers (N = 855) assessed these leader-
ship styles of their respective supervisor (N = 178),
who was the head of one branch of an international
bank company. Results revealed that LMX, initiat-
ing structure and transformational leadership both
contributed to branch-level profit, independently
from each other.

Learning by note-taking vs. learning by drawing
as a follow-up strategy for learning from texts

Hilbert, Tatjana School and Instrut. Psychology,

Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany Nückles,

Matthias School and Instructional Psych, University

of Goettingen, GEMI, Göttingen, Germany Gierk,

Benjamin School and Instructional Psych, University

of Goettingen, GEMI, Göttingen, Germany Zander,

Steffi School and Instructional Psych, University of

Goettingen, GEMI, Göttingen, Germany

Learner-generated drawings or notes are successful
strategies for learning from texts. In a 2x2-experi-
ment, on the one hand, we varied whether learners
were instructed to take notes on six short texts or to
draw an illustration of the texts’ contents. On the
other hand, learners were either allowed to use their
notes/illustration for answering the posttest or not.
Preliminary results showed that learners were better
able to draw conclusions from the learning texts
when they were allowed to use their notes/illustra-
tions in the posttest. Also, drawing led to a more

coherent knowledge of the texts contents than note-

taking.

Selective attention to visual motion is modulated
by emotional distractors

Hindi Attar, Catherine Department of Psychology,

University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany Rose, Michael

Dep. of Systems Neuroscience, University Med.

Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Büchel,

Christian University Med. Center Hamburg, University

of Leipzig, Hamburg, Germany Müller, Matthias M.

Department of Psychology, University of Leipzig,

Leipzig, Germany

There is an ongoing debate over the extent to which

selective attention can prevent the processing of

task-irrelevant emotional distractors. In this fMRI

study subjects attended a display of moving random

dots and were asked to detect short intervals of

coherent motions under two levels of task difficulty.

Concurrently, neutral and emotional faces were

presented in the background which were always

task-irrelevant. Within motion-sensitive area MT

we observed a significantly steeper decrease in

activation with increasing task demands for fearful

face distractors compared to neutral. This finding

implicate a prioritized processing of unattended

threat-related stimuli despite sparse attentional

resources.

Different effects of Schubert’s and Berlioz’s
music on emotion and incidental psychophysical
responses

Hirooka, Mizuho Psychology, Japan Women’s

University, Kawasaki, Japan Kawahara, Yuri

psychology, Japan Women’s University, Kawasaki,

Japan Mochizuki, Toshiko psychology, Japan

Women’s University, Kawasaki, Japan

To examine effects of music on emotion and

incidental psychophysical responses, we recorded

blood volume pulse (BVP) and respiration (RESP)

while the subject listened to Schubert’s and Berlioz’s

music. After the music presentation, Multiple

Mood Scale (MMS) test was done. When the

Schubert’s music was presented, there were in-

creases in BVP rate and RESP amplitude, and

MMS test revealed introverted and affirmative

emotion. When Berlioz’s music was presented, there

were decreases in BVP rate and RESP amplitude,

and MMS test revealed extroverted and negative

emotion. Thus, Schubert’s music appears to be

relaxing while Berlioz’s music appears to make one

nervous.

Which aspects of assessment-tasks matter for
student learning?: The role of expectations and
conceptions of assessment

Hirschfeld, Gerrit Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Münster, Münster, Germany von Brachel, Ruth

Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum,

Germany

This paper investigates how students’ expectations

of particular assessment-tasks (e.g. ‘naming defini-

tions’, ‘justifying an own opinion’) and conceptions

of assessment (e.g. ‘assessment as feedback’, ‘ignor-

ing assessment results) influence the quantity and

quality of students’ learning. 356 students from

different German universities completed an online-

questionnaire about their expectations, conceptions

and use of individual and cooperative learning

strategies. In a SEM-model the assessed five

expectation-factors and four conception-factors

predicted significantly how much time students

spent learning and which strategies they used.

Implications for a model of self-regulated learning

that contains both short-term (expectations) and

long-term (conceptions) factors are discussed.

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Validity of an implicit association test for
assessing the big five personality dimensions

Hirschmüller, Sarah Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany Stopfer, Juliane Inst. für

Psychologie, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

Back, Mitja Department of Psychology, University of

Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany Schmukle, Stefan

Department of Psychology, University of Leipzig,

Leipzig, Germany Egloff, Boris Department of

Psychology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

The Implicit Association Test was adapted to
measure the Big Five personality dimensions. We
present a behavioral study that aimed at assessing
the predictive validity of this Big Five-IAT:
Participants were observed and videotaped in a
variety of socially relevant situations. Behavioral
criteria were derived to represent the five dimen-
sions as well as varying degrees of automaticity and
control. Results demonstrate that the IAT shows
incremental predictive validity for neuroticism and
extraversion but not for the other dimensions.
Moreover these findings were not due to general
effects of valence. Implications for theory and
measurement of implicit self-concepts are discussed.

Measuring mathematics in pre-school age: Rasch
model analyses for determining the
dimensionality of competences

Hirschmann, Nicole Psychology, Vienna University,

Wien, Austria Deimann, Pia Psychology, Vienna

University, Wien, Austria Kastner-Koller, Ursula

Psychology, Vienna University, Wien, Austria

Based on research concerning numerical abilities of
preschool-children, an item pool for the assessment
of mathematical abilities of three- to six-year-olds
was constructed. Five scales were shown to conform
to the assumptions of the Rasch model. They
exhibited high reliabilities and good criterion-
validities. Only low correlations with achievements
in spatial and logical thinking emerged. Age-
progress of the children could be represented well
with the scales. Due to floor- and ceiling-effects
however, none of the scales seemed appropriate for
developmental diagnosis. Therefore, a new scale
with an age-dependent starting-point was con-
structed, which also conformed to the assumptions
of the Rasch model.

Individualized assessment of quality of life in old
age

Holzhausen, Martin Berlin, Germany Martus, Peter

Biometry & Clin. Epidemiol, Charité -

Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany Tesch-Römer,

Clemens Director, Dt. Zentrum für Altersfragen,

Berlin, Germany

Many elderly suffer from multiple chronic health-
conditions. To avoid floor effects, assessment of
quality of life should focus on life-satisfaction
instead of function-related variables. A question-
naire was developed that enables participants to
individually define domains constituting their qual-
ity of life. This individualized approach was chosen
due to vast heterogeneity of impairments and
resources in old age. Domain-specific ratings of
satisfaction and importance are integrated into an
overall life-satisfaction score. The questionnaire
was successfully pilot-tested and pre-validated in
an elderly sample. It allows for comparison of sum-
scores as well as for detailed individual trajectories
of domain-specific and content changes over time.

Attachment behavior style: Different influence on
attribution and emotion

Hu, Ping Public Administration School, Renmin

University of China, Beijing, People’s Republic of

China Guan, Yu Public Administration School,

Renmin University of China, Beijing, People’s

Republic of China

Two studies examined attachment behavior style
difference in attribution and emotion. The results
indicated that (1)the attachment behavior had clear

and significant influences on the social relationship
satisfaction; (2)the attachment behavior styles had
influences on both attribution and emotion. Re-
gression analysis indicated behavior reactive was
explained by two attachment behavior styles, two
kinds of reactive emotion and one attribution
dimension. These findings are consistent with the
idea that adults with different internal working
models of attachment are predisposed to think, feel
and reactive differently in their relationships.

Relation among trauma, trait coping, and
students’ suicide attitude after super typhoon
Saomai

Huang, Xiaozhong Institute of Psychology, Zhejiang

Normal University, Jinhua City, People’s Republic of

China Li, Weijian Institute of Psychology, Zhejiang

Normal University, Jinhua City, Zhejiang province,

People’s Republic of China

Based on theory of ego psychology model and
relational model of stress, the present study was to
explore the relation among trauma, trait coping,
and students’ suicide attitude after super typhoon
Saomai. With 650 participants (10-18 years old)
around landing places of Saomai, Post-trauma
Symptom Reaction Questionnaire, Trait Coping
Styles Questionnaire, and Suicide Attitude Ques-
tionnaire were used. The results indicated that (a)
post-trauma symptom reaction had direct effect on
suicide attitude; (b) the cognitive dimension of post-
trauma symptom reaction had significant predictive
effect on suicide attitude. The results took sides
with relational model of stress, coping had the
contextual feature. cognitive therapy is recom-
mended to adopt for traumatic students.

Women managers’ careers in information
technology field: A cross-cultural comparison
between China and Finland

Huang, Jiehua School of Business, Lappeenranta

University, Lappeenranta, Finland Aaltio, Iiris School

of Business and Economi, University of Jyvaskyla,

Jyvaskyla, Finland

This study explores women managers’ career in
information technology (IT) in China and Finland.
Used Q-methodology, in-depth interview and inter-
pretive analysis as background methodology, which
are based theoretical on a feminist standpoint,
cultural sensitive career theory and Individual
Difference Theory of Gender and IT, this study
links the real experience of women IT managers’
career with the concrete historical, political, and
economic structures of nation and organization.
Results show the career scripts and guanxi (net-
work) bases of women mangers in cross-cultural
context, which imply the gendered nature of IT and
cultural notions of what is an ideal woman.
Implications for HRM are discussed.

Emotions in the process of risky decision making:
Spontaneous verbal expressions

Huber, Odilo W. Psychology Department, University

of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland Bär, Arlette S.

Psychology Department, University of Fribourg,

Fribourg, Switzerland

An experiment investigates spontaneous verbal
expressions of emotions during information search
in quasi-naturalistic risky scenarios. 198 Subjects
got a scarce description of the decision situation.
Subsequently they asked questions, and got match-
ing answers. Spontaneous verbal statements were
recorded and later coded regarding emotional
content. As expected, respective emotions were
connected with evaluation of positive and negative
consequences. Further, process related negative
emotions emerged due to risk taking in choice,
and positive ones if subjects terminated the process
with the choice of an alternative after having
successfully searched for possibilities to defuse its
risky negative outcome.

General knowledge and need for cognition – Is
there a mediating role of behavioral habits?

Huic, Aleksandra Psychology, University of Zagreb,

Zagreb, Croatia Urch, Drazen Psychology, University

of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia Tonkovic, Masa

Psychology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

Tomisa, Tia Psychology, University of Zagreb,

Zagreb, Croatia Ljubotina, Damir Psychology,

University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia Sverko, Dina

Psychology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

Personality and behavioral correlates of general
knowledge were examined. General knowledge was
assessed with an advanced vocabulary test (consist-
ing of words of latin and greek origin). Need for
Cognition Scale (Caccioppo and Petty, 1992) was
administered, along with questions about behavior-
al habits in relation to theaters, museums, movies
and libraries. We also assessed the respondents
exposure to different kinds of media information –
TV, radio, Internet, daily news, scientific and
entertainment magazines and books. Total of 600
respondents (50% male and 50% female; 49% high
school and 51% higher education) participated in
the study. Applied and theoretical implications are
discussed.

Self-consciousness and different ways of
measuring stress

Huic, Aleksandra Psychology, University of Zagreb,

Zagreb, Croatia Kamenov, Zeljka Psychology,

University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia Jokic-Begic,

Natasa Psychology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb,

Croatia Lauri Korajlija, Anita Psychology, University

of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

Self-consciousness is a tendency of the individual to
focus onto him/herself. It consists of two factors –
private and public self-consciousness. Research that
tried to link self-consciousness with levels of stress is
inconclusive. The aim of this study was to examine
individual differences in self-consciousness in rela-
tion to different ways of stress measurement. Self-
consciousness scale was administered together with
three instruments measuring levels of stress. 418
individuals, aged 22 to 68, participated in the study.
Relations among measured variables are discussed
with regard to Trapnell and Campbell’s (1999)
distinction to two self-consciousness motives-rumi-
nation and reflection.

Different perspectives in treating post-traumatic
stress disorder patients after mass disasters and
terrorist attacks

Icoz, Ferhat Dept. of Psychology, Istanbul Bilgi

University, Istanbul, Turkey

This poster is a comparative archival research on
treatment methods of victims of mass disaster and
terrorism, focusing on different instances from the
U.S.A, Israel, Turkey, Finland and Germany. This
poster contains three parts, firstly briefly introdu-
cing PTSD, secondly introducing different incidents
from these countries and symtoms that were
revealed after the incident, and lastly compares
methods used in different indicents. The aim of this
research is to identify different methods and
perspectives used in different incidents in different
countries, to compare possible problems during
treatment and outcomes for patients of these
treatment methods.

Environmental competence in destination
marathon runners

Imamichi, Tomoaki Environmental Psychology, City

University of New York, Hoboken, USA

This project will examine environmental compe-
tence (the ability to deal with one’s surroundings in
an effective and stimulating manner) via destination
marathon runners. A semi-structured interview of
destination marathon runners will provide insight
into environmental competence: how they have
dealt with an unfamiliar environment and with the
challenge of the marathon. In order to successfully

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(bodily and experientially) complete a destination
marathon, the smooth transition with one’s sur-
roundings is essential. Planning and dwelling
practices to achieve this smooth transition, and
bodily and experiential aspects are examined;
concepts of flow and restorative environments are
reevaluated.

Preliminar psychometric properties of the
Portuguese version of the questionnaire about
interpersonal difficulties for adolescents
Ingles, Candido J. Dept. of Health Psychology,

Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche, Spain

Castanheira, Joao Health Psychology, Miguel

Hernandez University, Elche, Alicante, Spain Ribeiro,

Filipe Health Psychology, Miguel Hernandez

University, Elche, Alicante, Spain Garcia Fernandez,

Jose M. Psychology, University of Alicante, Alicante,

Spain

This study evaluated the psychometric properties of
the Questionnaire about Interpersonal Difficulties
for Adolescents (QIDA) in a sample of Portuguese
adolescents. Exploratory and confirmatory factor
analyses supported a four-factor structure of the
QIDA in the Portuguese sample: Assertiveness,
Heterosexual Relationships, Public Speaking, and
Family and Friends Relationships. Internal consis-
tency (a = 0.91) and test-retest reliability (r = 0.84)
were appropriate. The results revealed a clear and
predictable pattern of relationships between the
QIDA and the Social Anxiety Scale for Adoles-
cents, the School Anxiety Questionnaire and the
International Personality Item Pool.

The roll of encoding strategies on face
recognition memory
Ito, Yoshie Institute of HSC, Nihon University, Tokyo,

Japan

This study investigated the influence of facial
expressions and encoding strategies on recognition
memory. Participants looked some happy and
neutral faces they had never seen before, and
judged with distinctive feature judgment assumed
to be isolated of facial features, or distinctive
expression judgment supporsed to lead the config-
ural processing of the faces. About thirty minutes
later, an unexpected recognition test was carried
out. In this retrieval, upright or inverted faces were
presented. The results showed changing expressions
between encoding and retrieval decreased the
recognition performance. Furthermore, the encod-
ing strategies did not influence the memory
performance.

Verbal abuse and cognition in the developing
mind
Ittyerah, Miriam CNRS/ MNHN 5145, Musee de

l’Homme, Paris, France Kochar, Reema Psychology,

University of Delhi, Delhi, India Babu, Nandita

Psychology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India

The study investigated the detrimental effects of
verbal abuse on children. A Verbal abuse scale was
administered to abused and non-abused children of
three age- groups (8 years, 11 years, 15 years) and
self reported measures of verbal abuse were
collected from 180 children. The Cognitive Assess-
ment Schedule was administered. Results indicated
that overall boys performed better than the girls
and abused children performed poorly than the
non-abused children. Developmental changes were
found for the attention and coding tasks, whereas
gender differences were seen only for the attention
tasks. Therefore verbal abuse has consequences that
are detrimental to development.

Determinants of public opinion on sentences and
their preference for different types of sentences
Iviàiæ, Ines Institute of Social Sciences, Zagreb,

Croatia Franc, Renata psychology, Institute of Social

Sciences, Zagreb, Croatia Sakic, Vlado psychology,

Institute of Social Sciences, Zagreb, Croatia

The aim of study was to examine the sociodemo-

graphic variables, crime attributions and sentencing

goals as determinants of opinions on sentences and

preference of sentence for burglary. Data (N=1004)

were analyzed by discriminant analysis. Depending

on the type of dependent variable canonic correla-

tion related to the first significant function ranged

from .25 to .36 while classification results showed

that in average from 49% to 66.1% of cases were

correctly classified. Definition of first function

showed to be related to the type of dependent

variable, but in each case it was mostly defined by

punishment or rehabilitation as sentencing goals.

Unexpected action effects elicit deviance-related
brain potentials and cause attentional distraction

Iwanaga, Mio Hiroshima University, Higashi-

Hiroshima, Japan Nittono, Hiroshi Cognitive

Psychophysiology Lab, Hiroshima University,

Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan

To examine how people perceive the effects of their

actions, we recorded event-related potentials during

a self-paced, random generation task. Sixteen

participants randomly pressed one of two buttons

once every 1–2 s. Each press triggered either a 1000

or 2000 Hz tone. The button–tone combination was

initially fixed, and then became variable. When a

press produced a tone that was initially associated

with the opposite button (p = .15), N2, P300, and a

positive slow wave occurred. Intervals between each

press increased after mismatched tones compared

with matched ones. Action effects that differ from

the expectation cause attentional distraction.

Everyday life heroes (in white): The end of a
dream job? Burnout of general practitioners (GP)

Iwanowa, Anna Institut für Psychologie, Innsbruck,

Austria

This study focuses on the investigation of burnout

and mental health by GP. The specific resources,

requirements and demands in the job of GP as well

as socio-demographic variables were explored by

interviews and questionnaires. A total of 2,500

completed questionnaires were returned and eval-

uated. Job burnout was measured by MBI and

general health by the GHQ. A new questionnaire of

specific job requirements was developed and used to

test the linkage between job characteristics, exhaus-

tion, cynicism and a perception of low personal

accomplishment and general health. The mediating

role of burnout was tested with Structural equation

modelling analysis.

Differences in perceptions of the ward
atmosphere among patients and staff in
psychiatric inpatient care

Jörgensen, Kjetil Nordbö Dept. of Psychology,

Norwegian Univ. of Sci. & Tech, Trondheim, Norway

Römma, Vidat Dept. of Psychology, Norwegian Univ.

of Sci. &, Trondheim, Norway Rundmo, Torbjörn

Dept. of Psychology, Norwegian Univ. of Sci. &,

Trondheim, Norway

Previous research using the Ward Atmosphere

Scale (WAS) has shown that patients and staff

from the same wards may perceive the treatment

environment differently. The aim of the present

study was to replicate the finding that patients and

staff may respond differently to the WAS, and

furthermore to assess the level of agreement

between their scores. 65 patients and 60 staff

members from four different ward units completed

the Ward Atmosphere Scale questionnaire. Signifi-

cant differences between patients’ and staff’s scores

were found. Staff tended to view the ward environ-

ment in a more positive way than patients.

The utility of the personality-interest test in
predicting changes in chronic fatigue in
adolescents: A two-year longitudinal study

Janowski, Konrad Milano, Italy Luszczak, Krzysztof

Dep. of Clinical Psychology, Catholic University of

Lublin, Lublin, Poland Szewczyk, Leszek Dep. of

Clinical Psychology, Catholic University of lublin,

Lublin, Poland

The objective of this study was to evaluate the
potential utility of Personality-Interest Test in
predicting changes in chronic fatigue in adolescents.
103 high school students took part in the study and
were evaluated by means of the Personality-Interest
Test and Cumulative Fatigue Index on their first
year at high school and two years later. The initial
levels of fatigue were found non-significant in
predicting the change in the level of fatigue. Three
subscales from the Personality-Interest Test were
found to predict the future change in fatigue: pro-
social attitudes, linguistic and literary interests and
the preference for living and work in the country-
side.

The relationship between emotion regulation
strategy and memory of children

Jiang, Yuan Sport Psychology, Beijing Sport

University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China Shen,

Deli Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin,

People’s Republic of China Bai, Xuejun Psychology,

Tianjin Normal University, Beijing, People’s Republic

of China

In this study, 336 students from grade five in the
primary school and grade two in the junior and
senior school participate in the experiment. The
study is about the relationship between emotion
regulation strategy and memory. The results of the
study indicate: Recognition RT of the subjects who
adopt cognitive reappraisal is faster than expression
suppression whether word or figure condition.
There is no significant difference in recognition
RT between word and figure condition when the
subjects adopt expression suppression; recognition
RT of word condition is faster than the one of
figure condition when the subjects adopt cognition
reappraisal.

Time as a key factor for a new dynamic model of
job satisfaction: Theoretical concept and
empirical data

Jiménez, Paul Inst. für Psychologie, Universität Graz,

Graz, Austria

The aspect of job satisfaction has been seen as a
relatively static concept. The estimation of changes
which influence job satisfaction has to explained in
a new way: A new instrument which makes it
possible to relate dynamic changes to job satisfac-
tion and also the latest results in research - from a
representative survey in Austria with 1500 persons -
are presented. The scale of development-estimations
shows a high internal consistency with r>.8. The
correlations with external scales show different
validity in the expected direction. The scale helps
to analyse the work situation and also to implement
intervention strategies.

Danger Ideation Reduction Therapy (DIRT):
Preliminary findings with three obsessive-
compulsive checkers

Jones, Mairwen Behav. & Community Health,

University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia Menzies,

Ross Behavioural & Community Hl, The University of

Sydney, Lidcombe Sydney, Australia Vaccaro, Lisa

Behavioural & Community Hl, The University of

Sydney, Lidcombe Sydney, Australia

Objectives: Investigated a new treatment package
for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) check-
ers. Methods: Three OCD checkers received eight
to 14 individual sessions of Danger Ideation
Reduction Therapy (DIRT). Assessment with the
Maudsley Obsessional-Compulsive Inventory, Beck
Depression Inventory-II and Global Assessment of

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Severity was conducted at pre, post and follow-up.
Results: DIRT was associated with significant
decreases in OCD symptoms across all measures
and was maintained over the four-month follow-up
period in all three cases. Conclusions: Strong
support for the efficacy of DIRT was found. All
three cases had a longstanding OCD history (12-30
yrs), yet still responded rapidly to DIRT.

Psychometric properties of two generalized
anxiety disorder questionnaires in Mexican
residents
Jurado, Samuel Facultad de Psicologı́a, UNAM,

México, Mexico Campos, Patrica Psicologı́a Aplicada,

INP"RFM", México, D.F., Mexico

Objective: determine reliability and validation of
the PSWQ and GAD-Q-IV in residents of México
City. Methods: 1504 participants (733 men and 771
women), between 12 and 78 years old (X=26.35,
SD=12.38) answered the spanish version of both
questionnaires. Cronbachs Alfa for the PSWQ was
.76. Concurrent validity between the PSWQ and
GAD-Q-IV was Spearman Rho = .53. Conclusions:
Both instruments are psychometrically relevant to
assess the construct of worry.

Some personal correlates of justice sensitivity
Jurkin, Marina Dept. of Psychology, University of

Zadar, Zadar, Croatia Cubela Adoric, Vera Department

of Psychology, University of Zadar, Zadar, Croatia

The aim of this study was to investigate how the
justice sensitivity from victim, observer and bene-
ficiary perspectives relates to justice beliefs, Ma-
chiavellianism, empathy and anomy. A
questionnaire package was administered in a group
of 178 students at the University of Zadar, Croatia.
The relationships with justice variables and em-
pathy were similar for the three perspectives.
Machiavellianism correlated negatively with bene-
ficiary and observer sensitivity, whereas the anomy
was associated with the victim and observer
perspectives. These results provided partial support
for previous findings and suggest that future
research would benefit from exploring justice
sensitivity in different cultures.

Age differences in social emotions recognition
Justo, Mariline Psychology, University of the Algarve,

Olhão, Portugal Simão, Cláudia Psychology,

University of the Algarve, Olhão, Portugal Martins,

Ana Psychology, University of the Algarve, Olhão,

Portugal

The main objective of this study was to understand
age effect in social emotion (Arrogance, Guilt and
Jealousy) recognition. A hundred and one partici-
pants were distributed by age groups (children,
adolescents and adults). They had to recognize 27
photos representing social emotions. It was asked
the dominant emotion in each photo. All partici-
pants were screened with cognitive tests. Our results
suggest that age has an influence in the recognition
of social emotions in study.

Computer-assisted cognitive training as a
trauma-unspecific intervention for posttraumatic
stress disorder
König, Dorothea Inst. für Klin. Psychologie,

Universität Wien, Wien, Austria Lueger-Schuster,

Brigitte Clinical and Health Psychology, University of

Vienna, Vienna, Austria Kryspin-Exner, Ilse Clinical

and Health Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna,

Austria

Objectives: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
often produces impairments of cognitive functions
such as concentration and memory. The aim of the
pilot study was to evaluate a computer-assisted
cognitive training (CCT) in patients with PTSD.
Methods: Using the programme COGPACK ten
sessions were arranged focusing on exercises
regarding concentration and memory. Results:
After the CCT objective and subjective evaluations

of the patients’ cognitive capacity indicated sig-
nificant improvements, symptomatology was sig-
nificantly decreased. Secondary effects such as
increasing self-esteem were observed. Conclusions:
The evaluation of the CCT provides first indica-
tions of the effectiveness of a trauma-unspecific
intervention for patients with PTSD.

Investigation of responsibility attitude’s validity
and reliability

Kabirnezhad, Sanaz Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran

Mahmood Ali, Majid TABRIZ UNIVERSITY,

PSYCHOLOGY, tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran Sharifi,

Mohammad Amin TABRIZ UNIVERSITY,

PSYCHOLOGY, tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran

At the present research, the validity and reliability
of Responsibility Attitude Scale (RAS) was stu-
died.The result of this research showed that RAS
had acceptable validity coefficient. In this research,
correlation between Responsibility Attitude Scale,
Maudsley Obsessional and Compulsive Inventory
and between Responsibility Attitude Scale, Dys-
functional Attitude Scale were 0.45 and 0/51,
respectively, also validity of the RAS was evaluated
by exploratory factor analysis. In the second
research 76 students from Tabriz took part in order
to study reliability of RAS. The test-retest reliability
coefficient of the scale in one-week interval,
correlation odd and even items and splitting were
0.84, 0.92, and 0.61 respectively. The internal
consistency of the RAS was 0.94.

Self-regulation for learning in primary school:
Relations to achievement goals and school
adaptation

Kambara, Masahiko Educational Psychology, Chiba

University, Chiba, Japan Taketsuna, Seiichiro

Psychology, Gakushuin University, Tokyo, Japan

Ogata, Ryoko Psychology, Gakushuin University,

Tokyo, Japan Takizawa, Eri Psychology, Gakushuin

University, Tokyo, Japan Saito, Sumiko Psychology,

Gakushuin University, Tokyo, Japan Sakai, Fujiko

Psychology, Gakushuin University, Tokyo, Japan

The purpose of this study was to investigate the
relations of self-regulation to achievement goals
and children’s school adaptation. In study I, a
questionnaire on self-regulation for learning was
administered to 131 sixth-grade students. Factor
analysis revealed that self-regulation for learning
was constructed by three factors: general, concen-
tration and self-reward. In study II, 111 sixth-grade
students answered a questionnaire on self-regula-
tion for learning, learning strategies, achievement
goals and school adaptation. Path analysis showed
the positive effect of mastery-approach goal on
general self regulation and also the latter had
positive effect on learning behaviors,mastery-avoid-
ance goal showed negative effect on leaning
behaviors.

Executive control of attention benefits from
positive emotion: ERP evidence

Kanske, Philipp Inst. für Neuropsychologie, Max-

Planck-Institut, Leipzig, Germany Kotz, Sonja A.

Neuropsychology, Max Planck Inst Cogn Brain Sci,

Leipzig, Germany

We previously showed that executive control of
attention is more efficient in the presence of
emotionally negative words (Kanske & Kotz,
2007). Here we addressed the question whether
executive attention also benefits from positive
emotion. Emotionally positive words (e.g. kiss,
happiness) were presented in a version of the
flanker task. The RT conflict effect (incongruent-
congruent) was reduced in emotional trials, the
conflict N200, indexing conflict processing, was
enlarged. These results resemble those for negative
words suggesting that executive control of attention
is more efficient in both emotionally salient positive
and negative situations.

Methods to assess preschool age children
reactions to bombing

Kapor Stanulovic, Nila Dept. of Psychology,

University of Novi Pazar, Novi Pazar, Serbia

Stanulovic, Ada Center for research, University of

Novi Pazar, Novi Pazar,

Preschool children’s cognitive functioning is limited
to operations characteristic for preoperational stage
of cognitive development This means that they
cognitively function best when given concrete visual
tasks. In addition, preschool children have limited
capacity to differentiate among various emotional
states and often have poorly developed vocabulary
to name own feelings. A visual scale that allows a
child to express the intensity of own emotional state
by pointing out on a visual scale its intensity
resolves the above mentioned limitations. Data
from a study assessing the amount of fear reactions
to the experience of bombing will be presented in
which a visual scale to describe the intensity of fear
has been used.

The place attachment and the mental
representations of a public space in a Turkish big
city

Karakus, Pelin Dept. of Social Psychology, Ege

University, Izmir, Turkey Göregenli, Melek Social

Psychology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey

The study aims to determine the mental representa-
tions and levels of place attachment of a public
space (Fair area-Kültürpark) in one of the big cities
of Turkey, Izmir. The data has been collected with
hand-drawn mental maps, semi-structural interview
forms (Francescate & Mebane, 1973; Lynch, 1960;
Manzo, 2005) and questionnaires (Lalli, 1992).
Interviews, maps and questionnaires were con-
ducted with 279 people (135 women and 144
men). The results show that people who live in
Izmir generally evaluate this public space as an
important part of their personal, cultural and
symbolic history and they think this public space
should be conserved and be improved according to
upcoming interests and demands.

Supervisor behavior and employees’ job neglect:
A study of Australian employees

Karimi, Leila Research and Development, Helen

Macpherson Institute, Melbourne, Australia

We investigated the extent to which supervisor
behavior is associated with employees’ job neglect.
We also investigated the efficacy of the Kidwell-
Robie measure of job neglect in a non-U.S. sample.
Australian employees from three organizations
reported on their supervisor’s behavior, as well as
their levels of job neglect. Results from correlation
and multiple regression analysis support our
hypothesis that both positive and negative super-
visor behavior is associated with job neglect. Our
findings provide additional evidence for the im-
portant effects supervisors can have on employees.

Psychological constitution of effectivization of
self-learning

Kasatkina, Olga Psychologie of Education, MSUPE,

Moscow, Russia

The goal of this research is to understand the
psychological aspect of self-study and find a
method that would simplify the process and give
more results. The methods used: 1) the theoretical
analyses; chosen the ‘‘Mind Maps’’ (T. Buzan)(the
‘‘MM’’-method); 2) an empirical research (a form-
ing experiment). The data were processed with the
help of content analyses and expert evaluation. The
students were taught the ‘‘MM’’-method and used
it on the purpose of self-learning. The results of the
experiment held prove that using the ‘‘MM’’-
method makes the process of self-learning more
productive, which has a positive impact on the level
of knowledge of students.

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Measurement invariance between a traditional
and a web-based application of the German
Anxiety Sensitivity Index–3 and its psychometric
quality

Kemper, Christoph Psychology, Gutenberg

University, Mainz, Germany

Web-based psychometric research using adapta-
tions of paper-and-pencil personality/psychopathol-
ogy measures is on the rise. Although web-based
versions may be reliable and valid, they may not
necessarily measure the same constructs as their
traditional antecedents. Measurement invariance is
rarely tested. Within a confirmatory factor-analytic
framework, measurement invariance of a tradi-
tional and a web-based version of the Anxiety
Sensitivity Index–3 (ASI-3; Taylor, Zvolensky, Cox,
Deacon, Heimberg & Ledley et al., 2007) was
evaluated and fully confirmed (N=3360). Reliability
and validity coefficients are reported. The ASI-3
displayed sound psychometric properties irrespec-
tive of its mode of application. Theoretical and
practical implications will be discussed.

Obligations and duties: Hong Kong students’
conceptions of citizenship responsibilities

Kennedy, Kerry Curriculum & Instruction, The HK

Institute of Education, Tai Po, China, People’s

Republic of : Hong Kong SAR

Citizenship responsibilities have been measured in
different ways. Little attention has been paid to
how adolescents as future citizens construct these
responsibilities. This paper will report on a project
concerned with adolescents in Hong Kong and how
they understood the responsibilities of ‘good
citizens’. Drawing on data from the IEA Civic
Education Study, all items relating to student
conceptions of the ‘good citizen’ were re-analyzed
using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis.
A 3 –factor model was identified showing adequate
fit to the data. This model suggested that students
identified obligations and duties as the main
responsibilities of citizens.

Effect of mental simulation training on
educational performance between talented and
normal students in Iran

Khalili, Fatemeh Psychology, Shahid Beheshti

University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran Minakari,

Mahmood Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University,

Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran Pakdaman, Shahla

Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran,

Islamic Republic of Iran

The purpose was to investigate how intelligence
could modulate the effect of mental simulation on
educational performance. Hypothesies : educational
performance improve with mental simulation stra-
tegies. Instruments, for educational performance we
used EPT(Taylor,1999) and for mental simulation
trainning, different strategy. Sampeling .208 ta-
lented and normal students were selected, then
divided to 4 categories. Results: Educational
performance improved with mental simulation
training.It could regulate five skills which form
educational performance, Based on investigating
the effects of IQ, talented students used more
outcome simulation and normal student used more
process simulation.Outcom simulation is more
inetresting for tallented student becouse they used
process simulation apparently.

Tele-therapy: An approach to provide mental
health services to remote and rural areas

Kharkwal, Meena Haucourt Moulaine, France

Mental health services are totally unavailable to
rural and remote India. Mental illnesses are still
considered as life long handicap and most of the
time remain untreated. The objective of the present
study was to find out how the patients from remote
areas can be benefited by tele-therapy. The area of
present study includes a town and surrounding
villages of Himalayan region. The data base is

patients records from researcher’s private practice.
The findings of the study show that it is possible to
provide professional mental health services to rural
and remote areas through telecommunication and
one trained worker in community. The probable
misuse of this approach has also been discussed.

Earthquake behavior rules for disable people
Kirakosyan, Hasmik Psychology, Urartu University,

Yerevan, Armenia

In Armenia disabled people comprise 4,4% of the
population while the people with psychical pro-
blems comprise 0,5% of the population. In absolute
numbers they are 141368 and 15998 respectively.
Therefore our purpose is to develop the earthquake
behavior rules and relevant techniques for those
people. The problem may be solved as follows: N
Study and outline the safety means for people with
physical and psychical defects N Develop guidelines
for the guardians of those people N Teach the people
and their guardians for behavior rules through
lectures and workshops. The necessary assistance
and safety means are selected and implemented at
several special schools.

Increased rumination is associated with poor
internalisation of personal strivings
Kirkegaard Thomsen, Dorthe Department of

Psychology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark

Tønnesvang, Jan Department of Psychology,

University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark Schnieber,

Anette Department of Psychology, University of

Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark Hammershøj Olesen,

Martin Department of Psychology, University of

Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark

Individual differences in rumination may be ex-
plained by differing degrees of internalization of
personal strivings in self-regulation processes. Six-
hundred-and-seventy-seven students completed an
e-based survey including the Rumination-Reflec-
tion Questionnaire, listed five important personal
strivings and rated these on four questions measur-
ing internalisation (extrinsic, introjected, identified,
intrinsic). Correlations showed that a higher degree
of rumination was associated with more extrinsic
strivings (r(674)=0.21, p,0.001), more introjected
strivings (r(675)=0.30, p,0.001), less identified
strivings (r(675)=-0.15, p,0.001) and less intrinsic
strivings (r(675)=-0.15, p,0.001). The results sug-
gest that theories of rumination should include self-
regulation processes and motivation.

The employability development of business
students
Kirovova, Iva Management Dept., Faculty of

Economics, Ostrava, Czech Republic

The educational system should enhance graduates’
employability. Graduates need to be equipped with
the knowledge, skills, and personal qualities re-
quired by organizations and the labor market.
Objective: To determine how students perceive the
effectiveness of their university studies. Hypothesis:
Students evaluate what they gain through university
studies in accordance with employability character-
istics. Setting for the study: Faculty of Economics,
Technical University of Ostrava. Methods: ques-
tionnaire, focus group. Respondents: N=190, MA
students (final year) specializing in management.
Results: Significant differences exist between the
general employability characteristics now required
and those developed through university studies.

Risk and protective factors for juvenile
delinquencies in children with pervasive
developmental disorders: Findings from life-story
research
Kita, Yosuke Graduate School of Education, Tohoku

University, Sendai, Japan Tanaka, Mari Graduate

school of Education, Tohoku University, Sendai,

Japan Kikuchi, Takekatsu Graduate school of

Education, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan

Based on life-stories that reflect their internal

worlds, this study explores risk and protective

factors for juvenile delinquency in children with

pervasive developmental disorders (PDD). Life-

story interviews have been continuously conducted

with an adolescent boy with PDD who committed

an assault. We have identified two risk factors, poor

acquisition of social skills and unstable family and

school environment, and one protective factor,

presence of stable relationships and emotional

bonds. These factors demonstrate three actions for

comprehensive support for them: to teach social

skills, to put in place measures to control a

delinquent activity, and to support their internal

worlds.

Mood states and processing of stereotype
information

Kitamura, Hideya Sociology, Toyo University, Tokyo,

Japan Sato, Shigetaka Sociology, Toyo University,

Tokyo, Japan

The influence of processing of stereotype informa-

tion on the recipients’ mood states were investi-

gated. Forty-three participants were presented with

information which was congruent or incongruent of

the stereotype(the university clubs), and their

affective responses were measured by self-rating

scales and electrodermal activities. The results

showed the level of elaborative thinking functioned

as a moderate variable. Highs in elaborative

thinking kept their attention level throughout the

difficult task including incongruent information,

while lows in elaborative thinking did not keep their

effort and were most pleasant when they read

congruent information of stereotypes. The relation

of affect with cognitive performance was discussed.

Underactivation of left occipitotemporal cortex in
developmental dyslexia: General or specific?

Klackl, Johannes Salzburg, Austria Wimmer, Heinz

NW Fakultät, Universität Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria

Kronbichler, Martin Psychologie, Universität

Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria

The reduced left occipitotemporal (OT) activation

characteristic for dyslexic reading may be specific to

words or reflect a general dysfunction. 13 dyslexics

and 15 controls participated in a functional MRI

study. They had to detect the presence of two

identical adjacent characters in words and strings of

consonants and false fonts. Controls, but not

dyslexics, exhibited increasing OT activation from

false font strings to consonant strings to words. The

group difference was largest for words and smallest,

but still reliable, for false fonts. This pattern speaks

for a general OT dysfunction which becomes most

evident for words.

Measurement equivalence of written C-tests and
multiple-choice C-tests

Klemmert, Hella Bundesagentur für Arbeit, Nürnberg,

Germany

C-Tests are integrative written tests of general

language proficiency based on the concept of

reduced redundancy. Multiple-Choice (MC) C-

Tests offer economical advantages, but their

validity is unclear. Therefore n=1061 customers of

the Psychological Service of the German Federal

Employment Agency completed an established

German C-Test and a computerized MC-Version

in randomized order. Confirmatory factor analyses

and item response theory analyses revealed separ-

able but highly correlated constructs (r=.95). The

MC-Version is not biased with respect to sex, age or

german language proficiency. Due to the positive

results now an English MC C-Test is under

development. Preliminary results will be presented.

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Rasch-scalability of a revised German version of
the Family Relations Test

Kleylein, Meike Inst. für Psychologie I, Universität

Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany Hommers, Wilfried

Department of Psychology I, University of Würzburg,

Würzburg, Germany

The Family Relations Test is used to compare
parents in matters of custody and visitation
disputes. Therefore, the psychometric properties of
a revised German version of the Family Relations
Test were examined using item response theory. The
difference scores ‘‘Mother minus Father’’ of the
scales ‘‘Positive‘‘, ‘‘Negative‘‘, ‘‘Dependency‘‘,
‘‘Sum of positive and negative‘‘, and ‘‘Emotional
balance‘‘ were obtained from a sample of 922
children between 3 and 8 years in age. The results
showed that the scales ‘‘Positive’’ and ‘‘Depen-
dency’’ were consistent with the Rasch-model after
eliminating items. Rasch-scalability of the differ-
ence scales was compared with classical approach.

Measurement differences of verbal cognitive
ability tests in native speakers vs. second-
language speakers

Klinck, Dorothea Psychologischer Dienst,

Bundesagentur für Arbeit, Nürnberg, Germany

What do verbal cognitive ability tests measure when
applied to second-language speakers in comparison
to native speakers? Scores of verbal, numerical and
figural ability tests completed by 65000 second-
language and 115000 first-language clients of the
German Federal Employment Agency were ana-
lysed using SEM: Intercorrelations between the
different verbal tests are of comparable size in both
groups, but in the second-language speakers the
verbal ability construct is more clearly separated
from the figural and numerical ability construct.
Therefore with second-language speakers a verbal
overall-score can be computed, but it reflects more
language proficiency aspects and should not be
aggregated with nonverbal scores.

Development and evaluation of a computerized
adaptive test for the measurement of stress
perception (Stress-CAT)

Kocalevent, Rüya-Daniela AB Psychosoziale

Prävention, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Becker, Janine Psychosomatik, Charité, Berlin,

Germany Rose, Matthias QualityMetric Incorporated,

QualityMetric Incorporated, Richmond, USA Walter,

Otto Psychological Institute IV, Westfaelische

Wilhelms-, Münster, Germany Fliege, Herbert

Psychosomatik, Charité, Berlin, Germany J.B., Bjorner

HealthLab, Qualitymetric, Richmond, Germany

Kleiber, Dieter AB Psychosoziale Prävention, Freie

Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany Klapp, Burghard

Psychosomatik, Charité, Berlin, Germany

This study aimed to develop and evaluate the first
computerized adaptive test for the measurement of
stress perception in terms of two dimensions:
exposure to stress and stress reaction. 1,092
psychosomatic in- and outpatients were studied.
In the first simulation study CAT scores could be
estimated with a high measurement precision
(SE,0.32) using 7.0 +/- 2.3 stress reaction items
and 11.6 +/- 1.7 stress reaction items. Second
simulation study reanalyzed real patients data: 5.6
+/- 2.1 for the dimension stress reaction and 10.0
+/- 4.9 for the dimension stress exposure. Cut-off
scores to differentiate between healthy and subjects
and patients with high stress levels were developed.

Questionnaire modification to increase
diagnostic accuracy

Koehn, Stefan Dept. of Health Innovation, Central

Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia

Morris, Tony School of HMRP, Victoria University,

Melbourne, Australia

Psychological measurements commonly involve
either state or trait assessments. The study’s
purpose was to examine flow state in tennis by

employing a measure consisting of intensity and

frequency scales to increase diagnostic value.

Results on dispositional flow showed a mean of

3.75 (response format 1 to 5; 3=some of the time).

Using a bipolar flow-state measure (-5=strongly

disagree; +5=strongly agree), in combination with a

frequency scale (1=never; 7=always) revealed a

range from -10.52 to 30.39 (M=10.92). In conclu-

sion, highly negative scores indicated the abscence

of positive experiences over time, which assists in

detecting participants for interventions to increase

flow experiences.

The influence of different trait measures of
absorption on the assessment of dispositional
flow experiences in sport

Koehn, Stefan Dept. of Health Innovation, Central

Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia

Morris, Tony School of HMRP, Victoria University,

Melbourne, Australia Watt, Anthony P. School of

Education, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia

The study’s purpose was to examine the relation-

ship between dispositional flow (DFS-2) and

absorption. Previous results (Koehn, Morris, &

Watt, 2005) showed nearly zero correlation (r=.01)

between flow and the Tellegen Absorption Scale

(TAS), a general trait measure of absorption.

Participants (N=320) were physical education

students who completed the DFS-2 and a sport-

specific absorption questionnaire. The sport ab-

sorption measure showed a strong correlation

(r=.71) with dispositional flow, supporting the

connection between both constructs as proposed

by Jackson and Csikszentmihalyi (1999). In con-

clusion, the results indicated the importance of

context specific measures when assessing relation-

ships of personality traits in sport.

The ‘‘blind spot’’ in personnel selection: The role
of unconscious factors in job interviews

Kolominski, Stephan Psychologie, Fernuniversität

Hagen, Hagen, Germany

In personnel selection unconscious factors are

rarely investigated. The theoretical part of this

work relates different psychological approaches

(e.g. organizational-, social-, neuro- and cognitive-

psychological issues) to unconscious decisions in the

job interview. Human-Resource-Managers (N=26)

were asked in semi-structured interviews about hard

and soft factors (e.g. work qualification and

stereotypes) underlying their decisions based on

selection interviews. The results of this study give

hints to the impact of unconscious factors in job

interviews and in personnel selection.

Psychiatric disorders and childhood trauma in
German prisoners with antisocial personality
disorder

Kopp, Daniel Greifswald, Germany Dudeck, Manuela

Psychiatrie Stralsund, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität,

Greifswald, Germany Spitzer, Carsten Kuwert, Philip

Barnow, Sven Orlob, Stefan Lüth, Holger

Freyberger, Harald J.

Given the high prevalence of mental disorders and

trauma among prisoners reported in recent studies,

the comorbidity and childhood trauma experiences

in criminals with antisocial personality disorder

were investigated. Associations of antisocial per-

sonality disorder and early traumatic experiences

with the age at first conviction and the duration of

prison sentences over lifespan were examined. High

rates of comorbid lifetime and current disorders as

well as childhood trauma experiences were found.

Physical abuse and neglect in childhood and

adolescence were positively correlated with dura-

tion of prison sentences over lifespan, antisocial

personality disorder was negatively correlated with

the age at first conviction.

The moderating effect of marital satisfaction on
the relationship between type-A personality and
the level of blood pressure

Korkmaz, Melike Nuray Dept. of Psychology, Middle

East Technical Univers., Ankara, Turkey Bozo, Özlem

Psychology, Middle East Technical Uni., Ankara,

Turkey Onur, Seda Psychology, Middle East Technical

Uni., Ankara, Turkey

The purpose of this study was to investigate the
influence of Type A personality and marital
satisfaction on hypertension. The sample of the
study consisted of 100 participants provided from
Ankara by ad hoc sampling (49 men, 51 women).
All participants completed Medical History Ques-
tionnaire Blood Pressure Battery, Type-A Beha-
viors Inventory, and Dyadic Adjustment Scale.
Moreover, blood pressure levels of participants
were measured before and after the administration
of questionnaires. Moderated regression analysis
was performed to test the hypotheses. The results
indicated that Type A personality, marital satisfac-
tion, and their interaction did not significantly
predict the level of blood pressure.

Emotional interference in health anxiety and the
moderating role of working memory load

Kornadt, Anna Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany Schmidt, Erika

Psychologisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg,

Heidelberg, Germany Witthöft, Michael Clinical

Psychology, Central Institute of Mental He,

Mannheim, Germany Bailer, Josef Clinical

Psychology, Central Institute of Mental He,

Mannheim, Germany

Objectives: Though proposed in cognitive-behavior-
al models of health anxiety (HA), there is no clear
evidence of selective attention to threat cues in HA.
Therefore we investigated the moderating effect of
working memory load (WML) on selective atten-
tion in HA. Method: An emotional stroop task
(EST) with high and low WML was administered to
students high in either HA (N=27) or depression
(D; N=28), and controls (CG; N=29). Results:
Compared to CG and D, students with HA show a
significantly larger EST effect for symptom words
only during low WML. Discussion: Implications
regarding refinements of cognitive models of HA
are presented.

Peculiarities of time identity of Latvian people’s

Korniseva, Alona Dept. of Social Psychology,

Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia

Each epoch demands definite social roles and task
of a person is to correlate peculiarities of epoch and
personal period of his development for successful
performance of these roles. Time orientation means
adequate usage of social roles which are demand of
time. Research on the problem of time demon-
strates that there are differences between psycholo-
gical and social time. The objectives of the research
are directed on discovering influence of personal
and social factors on peculiarities of time orienta-
tion and life strategy. The results of this study
confirms the significance of personal and social
factors in the individual’s time orientation, time
attitude and views of past, present and future
objects.

The priming effect of negative emotional words
on a dichotic listening task

Kouri, Katherine Ilioupolis, Greece

Following the attenuation theory (Treisman, 1960),
the present experiment investigated whether nega-
tive emotional words, verified by GSR measure,
had a priming effect in comparison to neutral words
on a dichotic listening task. Forty-eight under-
graduates received in the attended channel either a
passage or a list of neutral words. The non-attended
message for both conditions consisted of a mixture
of neutral and emotional words (Affective Norms
of English Words) controlled for length and

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abstractedness. Participants were tested on an
implicit (word fragment) memory test having words
from the non-attended message mixed with new of
relative meaning. Results showed overall super-
iority of emotional words over neutral, with greater
effect on the list condition.

Remembered or forgotten?: The collective
remembering the Holocaust and the crimes of the
communist systems

Kovacs, Monika Faculty of Psychology, Eotvos Lorand

University, Budapest, Hungary

The aim of the study was to examine what kind of
differences are there between generations as regards
their picture of history? How is the memory of the
Holocaust related to the memory of communism? A
representative sample of the Hungarian population
was surveyed. Most of the people simple do not
communicate about the past with members of their
family and with friends, however there is a visible
difference between different age groups concerning
their knowledge level and involvement in discussing
the historical past. While on the political level – in
public discourse - it seems there is a strong division
in facing the past, it does not exist on the personal
level.

The interaction between parent-child
relationships and siblings’ personality traits

Kozlova, Irina Psychological Institute, Moscow,

Russia

The aims of the present study were to compare
intrapair similarity of siblings in personality traits
and to estimate parental influences on personality
development. Subjects:70 nonstep families with 2
children. Siblings’ age ranged from 12 to 22 years
old. Methods: EPI; Sensation Seeking Scale;
Parent-child interaction questionnaire. The sibling
correlations obtained for sensation seeking scale
were significant. Paternal neuroticism was related to
older sibling neuroticism. Maternal locus of control
correlated with older sibling’s locus of control.
Influences of father-child relationships on person-
ality traits of both older and younger siblings were
less in comparison with maternal influences

Assessing implicit self-esteem with affective
priming procedures: Improving reliability by
using pictures of participants as primes

Krause, Sascha Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany Schmukle, Stefan Inst. für

Psychologie, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

Back, Mitja Inst. für Psychologie, Universität Leipzig,

Leipzig, Germany Egloff, Boris Inst. für Psychologie,

Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

Research on implicit self-esteem suggests that
affective priming does often not allow for a reliable
assessment of interindividual differences. In two
studies, we analyzed the reliability of affective
priming procedures with an adaptive response-
window. In Study 1 (N=76) initials served as
primes. Results revealed neither a significant prim-
ing effect nor an adequate reliability. In Study 2
(N=85) pictures of participants were used as primes.
In contrast to Study 1, we found both a significant
priming effect and a moderately high reliability.
Implications of these findings for the improvement
of affective priming procedures and the assessment
of implicit self-esteem are discussed.

Feedback processing and moral decision making
in adolescents with behavioral problems: An EEG
study

Kreuter, Joerg Kognitive Neuropsychologie, Freie

Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany Witt, Lisa

Kognitive Neuropsychologie, Freie Universitaet

Berlin, Berlin, Germany Tamm, Sascha Kognitive

Neuropsychologie, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin,

Germany Boesel, Rainer Kognitive Neuropsychologie,

Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany

12 male adolescents recruited from youth welfare
services (attended because of delinquency, drug
abuse, etc.) passed the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT)
and a short personality screening based on NEO-
PI-R items. All participants obtained remarkable
scores for sensation-seeking but showed inconspic-
uous IGT performance compared to same-aged
controls (cf. Witt et al., 2007). In addition these
adolescents were requested to imagine moral
dilemmas in order to make judgements about
proposed action alternatives (cf. Kreuter et al.,
2007). EEG data show increased theta power at
frontal electrodes when rejecting proposed imper-
sonal alternatives. This can be interpreted as high
effort in generating desirable solutions.

Fair School Comparisons – Using previous
knowledge as additional covariate for the
adjustment of school achievement scores

Kroehne, Ulf Inst. für Methodologie, Universität Jena,

Jena, Germany Nagengast, Benjamin Department of

methodology, FSU Jena, Jena, Germany

The value of school comparative tasks relies on the
fairness of the reference scores for the expected
outcome of participating classes. From the theory
of individual and average causal effects different
adjustment methods for such fair references can be
derived. In the "Thüringer Kompetenztests" refer-
ences are estimated based on a saturated regression
model. In our longitudinal approach previous
knowledge from recent tests can be used as
additional covariates. Pre-knowledge can be in-
cluded in two different ways: Predicting a) perfor-
mance or b) class membership of each scholar based
on previous knowledge. The effects of different
parameterizations are presented with empirical data
and in a Monte Carlo Simulations.

An evaluation of a Norwegian vocational
rehabilitation program

Krogstadmo, Borghild Dept. of Psychology,

Norwegian Univ. of Sci. & Tech, Trondheim, Norway

Rundmo, Torbjörn Dept. of Psychology, Norwegian

Univ. of Sci. &, Trondheim, Norway

The main focus for this study is to evaluate a
vocational rehabilitation program. According to a
theory on vocational rehabilitation, health condi-
tions and other factors will influence the rehabilita-
tion process. The result is based on a self
completion questionnaire carried out among parti-
cipant in a vocational rehabilitation program (n =
94). The questionnaire was distributed at three
different times. The response rate was 100%. The
results showed that only optimism about the future
was a significant predictor for the benefit of the
vocational rehabilitation program. The oldest
participants showed the least degree of optimism
about the future during the program.

The impact of ipsative and social standards on
affective reactions depends on the goal

Krohn, Jeanette Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Greifwald, Greifswald, Germany Faisst, Scarlett

Psychologie, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität,

Greifswald, Germany Kücükbalaban, Pinar

Psychologie, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität,

Greifswald, Germany Sperrhacke, Katrin Psychologie,

Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität, Greifswald, Germany

Schildhauer, Katja Psychologie, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt

Universität, Greifswald, Germany Schönpflug, Martin

Psychologie, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität,

Greifswald, Germany

We investigated, if the emotional consequences of
social and ipsative standards during goal attain-
ment depend on the nature of the goal. 278 students
were randomly assigned to one cell in a 2 (above vs.
below social standard) x 2 (above vs. below ipsative
standard) design. They received both, a perfor-
mance and qualitative goal scenario. Anticipated
intensity of affective reactions was assessed. A
threeway ANOVA revealed significant toway inter-

actions between the nature of the goal and both
standards. Descriptive analyses suggest a stronger
impact of social standards for performance goals
and a stronger impact of ipsative standards for
qualitative goals.

The dimensions of the perception of Polish
politicians’ personalities
Krulikowska, Anna Experimental Psychol, Catholic

University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland Gorbaniuk, Oleg

Experimental Psychol, Catholic University of Lublin,

Lublin, Poland Baszczyk, Ewa Experimental Psychol,

Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland

The aim of the undertaken research was to set the
basic dimensions of personalities, with which the
Polish politicians are perceived. The research was
conducted in the stream of the trait theory, using
the material found in Polish lexical research by
Szarota (1995), with the extension of the adjectives
specific for politicians. 700 people, aged 18-75, were
describing 24 politicians with a scale of 148
adjectives. The analysis of 24 factor structures let
us extract some common dimensions of the
politicians’ perceived personalities: Competence,
Extraversion, Agreeableness. The fourth dimension,
Honesty, has only been found in 7 of 24 factor
structures.

Investigating the structure of attention: How do
characteristics of attention and concentration
tests influence their relationship?
Krumm, Stefan Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Marburg, Marburg, Germany Schmidt-Atzert, Lothar

Department of Psychology, Philipps-University

Marburg, Marburg, Germany

Studies examining the structure of concentration
and attention seldom considered different test modi
as a source of variance. We examined 110
participants and administered concentration and
attention tests in five different modi (paper-pencil,
self-paced item-blocks, self-paced single items,
force-paced item-blocks, force-paced single items).
Original versions of different tests correlated only
moderately; tests corresponding in terms of modus
showed strong correlations. A model was estab-
lished with two test factors and three modus
factors. The latter accounted for 60% of variance.
Apparently, the validity of attention and concen-
tration tests strongly depends on specific task
characteristics.

Coordination as a crucial component of
performances in a sustained attention test: The
digit-symbol substitution test
Krumm, Stefan Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Marburg, Marburg, Germany Schmidt-Atzert, Lothar

Department of Psychology, Philipps-University

Marburg, Marburg, Germany

Different researchers proposed a mechanism re-
sponsible for the coordination of single processes. It
was also considered as a component of paper-pencil
sustained attention (SA) tests. Previous research
identified single processes in the Digit-Symbol-
Substitution-Test (DSST), which is regarded as a
SA test. In study 1 (n=199) we predicted the overall
DSST performance with its single processes.
Validity results confirmed that the residual reflected
the coordination of single processes. Study 2
(n=132) showed that gains over practice in the
DSST can also be attributed to the coordination of
single processes. This represented the first evidence
for a coordination mechanism in SA tests.

The influence of anxiety on memory proccesses
and the role of music in mood modification
Kudlik, Agata Faculty of Psychology, University of

Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

The purpose of the study was to investigate the
relationship beetwen anxiety and memory and the
influence of music on mood. We assumed that high
- state anxious would have lower memory results in

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general and better remembering of threatening
words. The experiment was carried out on adoles-
cents with STAI and different emotional words list.
High - state anxious achieved lower general
memory results than low - state anxious at a
tendency level. Both low and high state anxiety was
connected with neutral and positive words prefer-
ence. Relaxing and threatening music had an
influence on mood’s dimensions, measured by
UMACL.

The predictive ability for pupil’s achievement in
mathematics
Kuku, Hamdon Dept. of Psychology, University of

Kordofan, Elobied, Sudan

The predictive ability for pupil’s achievement in
mathematics This study examines the predictive
ability for pupils’ achievement in mathematics by
suing three instruments namely, The Standard
Progressive Matrices (SPM), Torrance Battery for
Creativity (TBC) and Mathematical Intelligence
Indicator (MII). The instruments were applied to a
group of (210) pupils both males (107) and females
(103) selected randomly from Kordofan Basic
schools. The results of the study showed a
significant positive correlation between both SPM,
MII and pupils achievement in mathematics
(P,0.05), and significant positive correlation be-
tween the fluency and flexibility dimension of the
TBC and pupil’s achievement in mathematics
(P,0.01).

Posttraumatic symptoms were worst among
quake victims with injuries following the Chi-chi
quake in Taiwan
Kuo, Hsien-Wen Dept. of Public Health, China Medical

University, Taichung, Taiwan

Objectives: We investigate the posttraumatic stress
disorder (PTSD) and psychological health status
among earthquake victims one year after the quake.
Method 272 quake victims from temporary housing
units were interviewed. PTSD was assessed using
the Davidson Trauma Scale, Chinese version.
Psychological health status was measured using
the Chinese Health Questionnaire. Results Based
on linear and logistic regression models, age and
injury were the only two factors that significantly
affected post-traumatic symptoms and CHQ total
scores. Conclusion It is vitally important to
continue providing psychological counseling and
social support for quake victims, particularly
victims who sustained an injury.

Correlation between adolescent illicit drug use
and family characteristics in Taiwan
Kuo, Hsien-Hwa Nursing Dept., Tao Yuan General

Hospital, Tau-Yuan, Taiwan

Objective: The relationship between adolescent
illicit drug use and family characteristics in Taiwan
was investigated. Methods 12,327 students were
selected using stratified sampling and interviewed
using a structured questionnaire which included
demographic information, life style behavior, his-
tory of illicit drug use and achievement in school.
Results 1.6% of prevalence rate with illicit drug use
was reported from study adolescents. Multivariate
analysis, adjusted for covariates, revealed that the
risk of illicit drug use among adolescents correlated
significantly with low levels of trust from their
parents (OR=3.1). Conclusion It is necessary to
create a better level of awareness and understanding
of the issues and risk factors regarding adolescent
drug use.

Minimization of answer distortion in personality
questionnaires: Does the ipsative OPQ32i capture
normative variances?
Kusch, Rene Immanuel Inst. für Sozialwissenschaften,

Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Hamburg, Germany

Deller, Jürgen Business Psychology, Leuphana

University, Lüneburg, Germany Beauducel, André

Humanities and Social Sciences, Helmut-Schmidt-

University, Hamburg, Germany Albrecht, Anne-Grit

Business Psychology, Leuphana University,

Lüneburg, Germany

Ipsative personality questionnaires can reduce the

effects of social desirability. However, the answer-

ing-format induces artificial dependencies, which

raises questions about its normative interpretability.

In a field study 145 German speaking expatriates

were assessed with the ipsative OPQ32i (SHL, 1999)

and the normative NEO-PI-R (Ostendorf & An-

gleitner, 2004) in seven countries. A significant set

correlation shows that the OPQ32i captures nor-

mative variances (R2shrunk= 0.99). According to a

multi-trait-multi-method matrix relationships be-

tween scales and factors of both instruments are

interpretable conceptually. Therefore, ipsative ques-

tionnaires seem to be applicable for inter-individual

comparisons if some specific conditions are met.

Temperamental determinants of depletion of
self: Control resources in the emotional control
situation

Kwapis, Krzysztof Dept. of Psychology, Catholic

University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland

The aim of the research is answering the question

what kind of an increase in energy features of

temperament favours an increased depletion of self-

control resources and what kind of the increase in

these features favours retaining self-control re-

sources in the situation of repression of emotions.

The research will investigate the relation between

temperament features and depletion of emotional

resources. The research is an experiment with

participation of students. The regression analysis

will be used for the purpose of analyzing of the

data. The research is in progress, the results will be

presented during the conference.

Culturally-derived protective factors in blacks at
risk for suicide

Kyle, Jennifer Dept. of Social Science, BMCC - CUNY,

New York, USA

For Black youth age 15-24, suicide is the 3rd

leading cause of death. The following study

hypothesizes that the rise in the rate of suicide is

attributable to the erosion of culturally derived

protective factors for Blacks. A battery of self-

report instruments were chosen to assess the

following variables: suicidality, family, social sup-

port and protective factors. Data analysis was

performed using logistic regression to investigate

relationships between the predictor (independent)

variables and to estimate the probability of the

outcome variable i.e. suicidal behaviors. Family

involvement and spiritual faith are significantly

related to, and predictive of lifetime suicidal

ideation.

Symbolic variables involved in the use of private-
cars

López Sáez, Mercedes Dept. of Social Psychology,

UNED, Madrid, Spain Lois, David Social Psychology,

UNED, Madrid, Spain

The excessive use of private vehicles has negative

consequences in terms of environmental impact,

health and social well-being. The traditional ap-

proach to these problems has focused almost

exclusively on their technical aspects, neglecting

the existing psychosocial aspects. The study takes

into account, through structural equations metho-

dology, symbolic variables in private-car use, and

related to several transportation motives. Sample:

501 participants, from cities varying in population

size. Main results displayed the influence of socio-

affective and instrumental aspects on the emotion

elicited by car use. The effect of emotion displayed a

predictive power of 12% of the variance of car use.

The relationship between time management
disposition and test anxiety of undergraduates

Lan, Yujuan Psychology, Huazhong normal

university, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China

Objective:To explore the relationship between time
management disposition and test anxiety. Meth-
od:302 undergraduates were investigated by adoles-
cence time management disposition
inventory(ATMD) and the test anxiety inventor-
y(TAI). Results:(1)The grade differences in time
management disposition is significant. (2)The gen-
eral appraisement of time management disposition,
time efficacy and time monitor had significantly
negative correlations with test anxiety and its two
components. (3)Time efficacy was a direct predictor
for test anxiety, while time value and time monitor
had indirect effects on test anxiety by time
efficacy.Conclusion:The test anxiety of undergrad-
uates related to their time management dispositio-
n,especially related to their time efficacy.

Is the correlation between test anxiety and test
performance rooted in feelings of low
competence in test anxious individuals?

Lang, Jonas W. B. Inst. für Psychologie, RWTH

Aachen, Aachen, Germany Lang, Jessica no

affiliation, no affiliation, Aachen, Germany

Researchers disagree whether the correlation be-
tween test anxiety and test performance is causal or
explainable by third variables. A core idea in causal
theories is that test anxious individuals perceive
themselves to be incompetent. We designed two
studies (N=415) with high school students experi-
mentally heightening feelings of competence using a
priming intervention. The association between one
component of test anxiety – test worry – and test
performance diminished in the priming conditions
(Study 1: p,.03; Study 2: p,.01) suggesting that
the association is rooted in a causal low competence
mechanism. Findings for the other component of
test anxiety – test emotionality – were mixed.

Impacts of organizational leadership and culture
on organizational trust: The moderating role of
job cadre

Lawal, Olufemi Psychology, Olabisi Onabanjo

University, Ogun State, Nigeria

This study sampled 362 junior and 192 middle cadre
employees towards investigating the extent to which
their work performance orientations and their
ratings of their immediate superior’s leadership
quality may dictate the amount of cognitive and
affective trusts they hold for the superiors. Data
analysis via two separate 2X2X2 ANOVA revealed
significant main influences of leadership quality and
performance orientation on both affective and
cognitive trusts. The interaction between leadership
quality and employee cadre was significant on
affective trust but not on cognitive trust. Mean
comparisons and post hoc shed more light on the
directions of the significant influences.

What are the core attributes of humanity?

Lee, Sau-Lai Dept. of Psychology, Nanyang

Technological Univ., Singapore, Singapore Lau, Ivy

Yee-Man Sch of Social Sciences, Singapore

Management Universit, Singapore, Singapore

The aim of this research is to study the core
attributes of humanity. In Study 1, we asked
participants to list characteristics that can define
humanity, differentiate human from robot, or
differentiate human from animal. In Study 2, we
asked the participants to rate a set of entities on
their humanity. Some of these entities lacked the
important attributes in defining humanity as
suggested by the results of Study 1. We found three
kinds of attributes are important in defining
humanity and individuals rates entities without
these attributes as less human.

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Attitudes reflecting national identity in
Lithuanian young people population

Lekaviciene, Rosita Dept. of Psycology, Kaunas

University, Kaunas, Lithuania Antiniene, Dalia Dept.

of Psycology, Kaunas University, Kaunas, Lithuania

The aim of the research is to determine the content

and peculiarities of national identity among Lithua-

nian youth. The goals of the research are: to analyze

from the phenomenological point of view the

structure of their national identity and to determine

indicators representing the cultural context of the

country. National identity attitudes were investi-

gated employing an original, anonymous close-type

questionnaire. The structure of the national identity

was established with the help of multistage factorial

validation. We discovered that the attitudes rather

clearly polarize into the components reflecting

modern and traditional attitudes towards nation-

ality. Multidimensional Scaling was used to obtain

the model of gradation of national identity expres-

sion.

Discrimination of facial emotional expressions
during early perceptual processing indexed by
the N170 ERP component

Leleu, Arnaud Laboratoire PSY.CO EA1780, Université

de Rouen, Mont St. Aignan Cedex, France Drouin,

Héloı̈se Université de Rouen, Laboratoire PSY.CO

EA1780, Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France Charvin,

Heidi Université de Rouen, Laboratoire PSY.CO

EA1780, Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France Fiori,

Nicole Université Paris V, UPR 640, CNRS, Boulogne-

Billancourt, France Bernard, Christian Université de

Rouen, Laboratoire PSY.CO EA1780, Mont Saint

Aignan Cedex, France Lalonde, Robert Université de

Rouen, U614, IFRMP 23, Rouen, France Rebaı̈,

Mohamed Université de Rouen, Laboratoire PSY.CO

EA1780, Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France

Objectives: determine how the valence of emotional

expressions could have an effect during early

perceptual processing when subjects had to com-

pare two expressions. Methods: 18 subjects per-

formed the discrimination expression task.

ANOVAs were used on behavioral and electro-

physiological data. Results: Electrophysiological

data indicate a valence effect as early as the

perceptual encoding stage reflected by the N170.

This effect led a reduction of electrophysiological

and behavioral responses when a negative expres-

sion is primed. Conclusions: There is an effect of

emotional valence during early perceptual stage

whereas expression is not yet categorized. This

effect modulates behavioral responses of subjects.

Self-esteem in French-speaking dyslexic children
of special school

Leonova, Tamara Department of Psychology,

University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland Grilo,

Gaëlle Department of Psychology, University of

Strasbourg, Fribourg, France

Researchers have given little attention to self-

perceptions in dyslexic children. To date, the results

are inconsistent and external validity of these

studies is limited to English-speaking dyslexics.

There is no study focused to the self-esteem in

pupils with dyslexia in special schools. Our study

explored self-esteem in French-speaking dyslexics

attending special school in Switzerland. Thirty-five

dyslexics children were compared on different

subscales of self-esteem (Harter, 1985) to 31

children without dyslexia. Results suggest no

significant difference for the perceived social and

physical competence ratings, appearance and gen-

eral self-worth ratings. However, on the cognitive

subscale, dyslexics tend to have lower self-esteem

than normal children of the same age and sex.

Effectiveness of meditation and music technique
as a mechanism of wellness for incarcerated drug
addicts

Leuterio, Ray Dept of Psychology, Colegio San Juan

de Letran, Calamba City, Philippines

This research studied the effectiveness of Medita-
tion and Music technique as a mechanism of
wellness for incarcerated drug addicts. The design
is a multiple pretest-posttest randomized control
group design. 30 selected drug addicts from the
Bureau of Correction were assigned and matched to
2 treatment groups and a control group. Three
mixed ANOVAs with Tukey’s HSD found that
meditation with music significantly improved on
measures of anxiety and depression while the
meditation group improved significantly on psy-
chological health. The study suggests that medita-
tion and music technique are effective in creating
change on the wellness measures among incarcer-
ated drug addicts

Attention resources competition accounting for
specific spatial working memory affected by
emotional context

Li, Xuebing Key lab of mental health, Psychology of

institute,CAS, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Ouyang, Zhengzheng School of Psychology,

Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic

of China Luo, Yue-jia State lab Cogn Neurosci learn,

Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People’s Republic

of China

To explore how emotional context selectively
modulates dissociating spatial and verbal working
memory (WM), event-related potentials were re-
corded from 16 subjects during WM tasks (n-back)
and control tasks (visual search). Parietal P300 of
the spatial WM task was impaired in emotional
context (both negative and positive) relative to
neutral context. This effect was not observed for
verbal WM. In control tasks, the P300 of both
verbal and spatial tasks were affected by emotional
context. The results suggest a specific disruption of
spatial WM by emotional context, indicating more
attention resources competition between emotional
distraction processing and spatial WM.

Social Desirability Response (SDR) in China:
Dimension analysis and situation effects

Li, Feng Institute of Psychology,CAS, Beijing, People’s

Republic of China

The Balanced Inventory of Desirability Response
(BIDR) was administered in three studies to explore
the dimensions and situation effects of SDR. In the
first study, four dimensions were extracted by EFA
(N= 683) which indicated the split of enhancement
and denial on both self-deception and impression
management. Then in the different job analysis
situations, only was the scores of enhancement and
denial of impression management significantly
higher when declaring that the results of job
analysis were for salary reform (N=123). But in
the third study, there was significant difference on
four dimensions between the applicants’ scores
(N=55) and non-applicants’ (N=64).

A comparative study of different types of scales
with online survey and paper-and-pencil
assessment

Li, Yuhui School of Human Resource, Renmin

University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China Ma, Lili

Psychology, Institute of Psychology, CAS, Beijing,

People’s Republic of China Ye, Jieyou Psychology,

Institute of Psychology, CAS, Beijing, People’s

Republic of China Zhang, Jianxin Psychology,

Institute of Psychology, CAS, Beijing, People’s

Republic of China

The study aimed to examine the equivalency of two
administration methods (paper-and-pencil and In-
ternet) of NEO-FFI, General Attitude Scale (GAS),
and Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory
(CPAI). A total of 3074 participants in mainland

China took part in the study with in-group and
between-group design. Analyses with IRT, SEM,
and mean differences supported the equivalence of
Internet and traditional paper-and-pencil adminis-
trations of personality tests (NEO-FFI and CPAI),
but differences found in GAS. In conclusion, the
application of personality scale on the internet was
proved in this study, but for attitude scale, we need
to choose prudently.

Screening executive dysfunction in Parkinson’s
disease with the Frontal Assessment Battery
Lima, Cesar Psychology, Universidade do Porto,

Porto, Portugal Meireles, Laura Psychology,

Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal Fonseca,

Rosália Psychology, Universidade do Porto, Porto,

Portugal Garrett, Carolina Faculty of Medicine,

Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal Castro, São

Luı́s Psychology, Universidade do Porto, Porto,

Portugal

The Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB; Dubois,
Slachevsky, Litvan and Pillon, 2000) is a short tool
for the assessment of executive functions. We
compared the performance on the FAB test by
normal controls (N = 122) and patients with
Parkinson’s disease (PD; N = 50). Correlations
with formal measures of executive functioning were
also carried out. We observed that FAB scores are
lower in PD as compared to controls and correlate
with performances in verbal fluency, Wisconsin
Card Sorting Test and Trail Making Test. These
results show that the FAB test is a useful tool to
identify executive dysfunction in PD.

The health effects of indoor air quality in two
workplaces
Lin, Ping-Yi Nottingham, United Kingdom Kuo, Hsien-

Wen College of Public Health, Environmental Health,

Taichung, Taiwan

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to
investigate the health effects related to indoor air
quality in two kinds of building. Methods Indoor
air pollution, sick building syndrome (SBS) and
quality of life (QOL) of employees were measured
in two kinds of workplace, hospital center and
office in high building. Results QOL scores in
workplace were affected by satisfaction toward
indoor air quality in office, work stress and
perceived indoor pollution score and severity of
SBS. Conclusions The health effects related to
indoor air pollution are chronic not acute, there-
fore, follow up is needed in this study.

Factorial structure of the CES-D Scale among
Chinese high school students
Ling, Yu Medical Psychological Research, The Second

Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, People’s Republic of

China Wei, Yong Test Development Department,

Education Examination Board, Changsha, People’s

Republic of China

The Chinese version of CES-D was completed by
1044 Chinese high school students residing in urban
area and rural area. Confirmatory factor analyses
were employed to obtain a final solution. The
results of confirmatory factor analyses (x2/ df =
4.344?GFI=0.934?IFI=0.915?CFI=0.915?NN-
FI=0.900? RMSEA=0.057) indicated that the
original four factors provide a reasonable good fit
for Chinese high school students: depressed affect,
positive affect, somatic-retardation, interpersonal
relationship.

Trait anxiety modulation of neural responses to
automatic and elaborated processing of threat-
related pictures
Lipka, Judith Biolog. und Klin. Psychologie,

Universität Jena, Jena, Germany Miltner, Wolfgang

H. R. Jena, Germany Straube, Thomas LS für Biolog.

& Klin. Psy, Institut für Psychologie, Jena, Germany

Using fMRI, we investigated effects of trait anxiety
on BOLD-signal changes during explicit and

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implicit emotional processing of threat-related
versus neutral pictures. Thirty-eight healthy volun-
teers participated in this study. Higher levels of trait
anxiety proved to be correlated with relative signal
increases in the insula during the explicit condition
only, whereas moderate levels of anxiety predicted
augmented signal intensity of the dorsal ACC
during the implicit condition. Thus trait anxiety
may interact with attentional focus to determine
brain responses to threat-related information.
Furthermore, activation in the insula and ACC
might represent main mediators of individual
differences in the anxious phenotype.

The event-related potentials study of deceptive
responses to characters and pictures

Liu, Hongguang Elementary Education College,

Capital Normal University, Bejing, People’s Republic

of China

The event-related potentials(ERPs) of 20 healthy
subjects were recorded during deceptive responses
and truthful responses to the two kinds of stimuli.
We come to the following conclusions: 1. Executive
control process of deceptive responses includes a
series of sub-task, which might consume the limit
psychological resources. The amplitude of P300
evoked by deceptive responses is smaller than
truthful responses. 2. Pictures can activate more
related information than characters, and the speed
is faster than the latter. 3. Comparing to characters,
the cognitive process of pictures showed picture
superiority effect during deceptive responding too.

The junior middle school students’ mathematical
estimation performance and its relationship with
their metacognitive ability

Liu, Xiaozhen Psychology Department, Shandong

Normal University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China

This research aims to explore the middle school
students’ mathematical estimation performances
and its relationship with metacognitive ability by
using estimation tasks and the questionnaire of
metacognition to test 547 middle school students in
Grade seven, eight and nine. The results showed
that: the junior middle school students’ mathema-
tical estimation ability is generally low; there is a
strong positive correlation between estimation
performance and metacognitive ability. Among
the four factors of metacognition, self-conscious-
ness had positive correlations with measurement
estimation, computational estimation; plan had
strong correlations with numerical estimation,
computational estimation. Self-consciousness had
significant predictable effect on the students’
estimation performance.

Developing measure of team emotional climate
in China

Liu, Xiaoyu Labor and Human Resources, Renmin

University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China Sun,

Jianmin Labor and Human Resources, Renmin

University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China Härtel,

Charmine E.J.

A four-factor theory of workgroup emotional
climate is derived from a review of the organiza-
tional climate and emotion literature, and the
procedures used to operationalize this model into
a survey measure is described. Data attesting to the
underlying factor structure, internal homogeneity,
predictive validity and factor replicability across
workgroups of the measure are presented. An initial
sample of 396 workgroup members provides the
data for the exploratory factor analysis of this
measure. Responses from 334 workgroup members
are subsequently used to apply confirmatory factor
analysis techniques. The resulting four-factor, 18-
item questionnaire demonstrates robust psycho-
metric properties, with acceptable reliability and
validity.

Effects of emotional activation on state-
dependent learning in daily life

Loeffler, Simone Nadine Biolog. und Diff.

Psychologie, Institut für Psychologie, Freiburg,

Germany Braner, Mike Biolog. und Diff. Psychologie,

Institut für Psychologie, Freiburg, Germany Peper,

Martin Neuropsychologie, Philipps-Universität

Marburg, Marburg, Germany

The aim of the study was to investigate interactions
of emotional state and declarative memory in
natural settings to evaluate the validity of labora-
tory results. We used the Freiburg Monitoring
System for recording subjective state and physiolo-
gical measures to trigger palmtop presentations of
to-be memorized word lists (N=70). Analyses of
variance showed significant differences for the
number and valence of remembered words depend-
ing on the valence of the learning situation and on
the intensity of physiological activation. The results
illuminate the ecological validity of laboratory
studies of mood state-dependent learning suggest-
ing a more differentiated view than previous work.

Emotional experience and regulation of action by
coping with stress: Functional and conceptual
issues

Loos, Helga Dept. Educational Psychology, Federal

University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil Fernandes,

Rosseline Educational Psychology, Federal University

of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil

From a self-regulatory view, our objective is to
understand the role of emotional processing when
coping with stress, disagreeing with the self-
deprecatory roles of emotion in traditional coping
research. 51 children (aged 9-14) from a public
school in Curitiba/Brazil were asked for a true-life
stressful situation. Sadness (42%), followed by
anger (31%) and fear (21%), were the most common
experienced emotions. Despite this, many children
also managed the problem directly and successful.
According to a functional perspective, emotion
should be analyzed as a ‘factor’ of coping, because
any emotional experience activates reorganization
and action programs, towards an adaptive solution.

Deaf children performance in the Universal
Nonverbal Intelligence Test

Lopes, Ederaldo Experimental Psychology Lab.,

Institute of Psychology, Uberlandia, Brazil Lopes,

Renata Ferrarez Experimental Psychology Lab.,

Institute of Psychology, Uberlandia, Brazil Borges,

Claudia Experimental Psychology Lab., Institute of

Psychology, Uberlandia, Brazil Damas Cardoso,

Carolina Experimental Psychology Lab., Institute of

Psychology, Uberlandia, Brazil Oliveira, Flávia

Experimental Psychology Lab., Institute of

Psychology, Uberlandia, Brazil Almeida, Ana Paula

Experimental Psychology Lab., Institute of

Psychology, Uberlandia, Brazil Pacheco, Ana Carolina

Experimental Psychology Lab., Institute of

Psychology, Uberlandia, Brazil

The goal of this work was to carry out an ipsative
analysis of deaf children through the Universal
Nonverbal Intelligence Test (UNIT). Fifteen girls
and 4 boys from a music school took part in this
research. Teh Compuscore data show the only
meaningful difference in the frequency of cognitive
characteristics was found in the comparison of the
items of the secondary scale, Cochran’s Q = 11.8, df
= 1, p , 0.001. Analyzed as a whole, the ipsative
data show that these deaf children present a good
cognitive performance when they are evaluated
through a nonverbal test.

Psychometric properties of the Universal
Nonverbal Intelligence Test: A Brazilian study

Lopes, Ederaldo Experimental Psychology Lab.,

Institute of Psychology, Uberlandia, Brazil Lopes,

Renata Ferrarez Experimental Psychology Lab.,

Institute of Psychology, Uberlandia, Brazil Moreira,

Ana Paula Experimental Psychology Lab., Institute of

Psychology, Uberlandia, Brazil Guimaraes, Claudiane

Aparecida Experimental Psychology Lab., Institute of

Psychology, Uberlandia, Brazil Borges, Cláudia

Experimental Psychology Lab., Institute of

Psychology, Uberlandia, Brazil Aguiar, Reginaldo

Experimental Psychology Lab., Institute of

Psychology, Uberlandia, Brazil Abdo, Fabiana

Experimental Psychology Lab., Institute of

Psychology, Uberlandia, Brazil Lemes, Paula

Experimental Psychology Lab., Institute of

Psychology, Uberlandia, Brazil Silva, Gabriel

Experimental Psychology Lab., Institute of

Psychology, Uberlandia, Brazil Pacheco, Ana Carolina

Experimental Psychology Lab., Institute of

Psychology, Uberlandia, Brazil Lopes, Challynne

Experimental Psychology Lab., Institute of

Psychology, Uberlandia, Brazil

This work aimed to evaluate the validity of

construct and the reliability of the standard battery

of the Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test

(UNIT) in a sample of 163 students, men and

women, in the age within 5-17 years. The data of

the full scale in each subtest were submitted to an

analysis of principal components (PC) (eigenvalue

> 1). The results showed the presence of one

component (56.5% of the total variance). The

reliability (Spearman-Brown) was .77. These results

are promising for the effective use of this test in the

Brazilian context.

Exploring male body image in Taiwan: Drive for
muscularity and its relationship to self-esteem
and quality of life

Lu, Hsueh-Chao Dept. of Psychology, National Taiwan

University, Taipei, Taiwan Chen, Sue-Huei

Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei,

Taiwan

Objectives: Recently, there is a rapid rise of research

interest in the muscularity dimension of body image

among men. Concern for muscularity is suggested

to play a central role in men’s mental health.

Methods: We examined the relationships among

drive for muscularity, self-esteem, and quality of life

in a sample of 200 male college students in a cross-

sectional design. Results: Evaluative component of

drive for muscularity was related to poor self-

esteem, and behavioral component was related to

positive quality of life. Conclusions: Various aspects

of concern over masculinity may play different roles

in Taiwanese college males’ psychological func-

tions.

Assessment style and learning motivation in
students

Luca, Marcela Rodica Psychology, Transilvania

University, Brasov, Romania Cocorada, Elena

Psychology, Transilvania University, Brasov, Romania

Pavalache-Ilie, Mariela Psychology, Transilvania

University, Brasov, Romania Clinciu, Aurel Ion

Psychology, Transilvania University, Brasov, Romania

Hilbert, Rozemarie Psychology, Transilvania

University, Brasov, Romania

Studies in educational psychology focused on the

factors that influence students’ motivation for

learning. This correlational study investigated the

relationship between the evaluative style of the

teacher and the students’ motivation. The 394

students, age 16.83, in 16 English classes, answered

questionnaires on intrinsic/ extrinsic motivation

(Amabile, adapted), perceived value of activity,

competence and locus of control (Viau) as well as

the perceived evaluative style (Cocorada) of five

teachers, in four schools. The results indicate

differentiated perception of the same evaluative

style in connection with intrinsic/ extrinsic motiva-

tion, perceived value of activity, perceived compe-

tence and internal/ external locus of control.

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Neural correlates of dissociative states in
patients with borderline personality disorder

Ludäscher, Petra Psychosomatische Medizin, ZI für

Seelische Gesundheit, Mannheim, Germany

Schmahl, Christian Klinik für Psychosomatik, ZI für

Seelische Gesundheit, Mannheim, Germany

Objective: To investigate the neural correlates of
dissociation in patients with BPD. Methods: Eigh-
teen patients with BPD were investigated. Two
autobiographical scripts, one neutral and one
stress-associated script, were presented during
fMRI. Three outcomes were assessed during the
script presentations: 1. dissociation, 2. pain sensi-
tivity and 3. BOLD signal changes. Results: During
the stress-associated script patients showed 1.
increased dissociation, 2. lower pain sensitivity
and 3. increased activation of the cingulate gyrus
as compared to the neutral script. Conclusions:
Increased activation of the cingulate gyrus during
dissociation in patients with BPD is consistent with
previous studies investigating neural correlates of
dissociation in patients with post traumatic stress
disorder.

The development of young adults’ dating
relationships: The role of antecedent and
personality

Lussier, Yvan Psychology, University of Quebec,

Trois-Rivieres, Canada Alain, Michel Psychology,

University of Quebec, Trois-Rivieres, Canada Lemelin,

Carmen Psychology, University of Quebec, Trois-

Rivieres, Canada

The aim of the present study was to examine
antecedent (e.g., child abuses, family violence,
parental divorce, sexual orientation) and person-
ality variables related to the development of young
adults’ dating relationhips. Participants (N = 1070)
were aged between 16 to 18 years. Of this total, 557
participants had an intimate relationship. The
participants completed sociodemographic, back-
ground, personality and close relationship ques-
tionnaires. Results showed that violence in family
was related to violence in dating relationships. The
higher the age of the first sexual relationship, the
stronger is the actual sexual satisfaction. Personality
variables are significantly associated to couple
adjustment.

The neglected dimension of physical
environment in counselling: Influence of the
consulting room on perceived quality of care

Lyng, James Dept. of Psychology, Cluain Mhuire

Family Centre, Dublin, Ireland Guilfoyle, Michael

Psychology, University of Dublin, Trinity, Dublin,

Ireland

The study investigates whether the physical envir-
onment of the consulting room relates to the
perceived quality of care in counselling. It was
hypothesised that perceived care would be greater
where consulting rooms appeared warm and nicely
furnished than where rooms appeared cold and
poorly furnished. Participants (N=102) rated 28
photographic projections depicting a range of
consulting rooms for perceived quality of care.
Factor analysis produced factors consistent with the
hypothesis and subsequent analysis of variance
found factors differed significantly from each other
(p , .001). As perceptions of care relate to
therapeutic outcome, the consulting room may
have clinical relevance.

Smoking cessation in psychiatric patients

Mühlig, Stephan Inst. Klinische Psychologie, Tech.

Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany

Compared with the general population, psychiatric
patients have a significant higher prevalence of
smoking and nicotine dependence. There is an
increasing awareness for the necessarity to develop
specific interventions for smoking cessation for
these specific subgroups. Conversely, smoking
cessation in individuals with past mental disorders

is associated with a significantly increased risk of

developing exacerbations or relapses of their

psychiatric disorder. This presentation systemati-

cally reviews the etiological associations as well as

the body of evidence regarding to the efficacy of

specific smoking cessation approaches for smokers

with concomitant mental disorders.

World social memory and oblivion of Greeks and
Germans

Madoglou, Anna Dept. of Psychology, Panteion

University, Athens, Greece Melista, Anastassia

Psychology, Panteion University, Athens, Greece

Liaris-Hochhaus, Sylvia Psychology, Panteion

University, Athens, Greece

This research investigates the events which compose

world social memory and oblivion. The partici-

pants, 243 Greek and German students, were asked

to write three events from the world history that

they wished to remember and three others that they

wished to forget, and, then, to evaluate them

according to their positiveness and importance.

Correspondence Analysis (SPAD) was applied to

data. The content of world memory refers to

revolutions, inventions and civilization, whereas

oblivion is surrounded by silences. Despite the

uniqueness of the world history, Greeks and Ger-

mans constructed the memory through the national

viewpoint focusing on their particular historical-

national identity.

Facial expression - The recognition of basic
emotions in alcoholic dependents: Empirical
study with Portuguese

Magalhães, Freitas Facial Emotion Exprssion Lab.,

Faculty of Health Sciences, Porto, Portugal Érico,

Castro Facial Emotion Expression Lab, Faculty of

Health Sciences, Porto, Portugal

This research presents the effect of alcohol in the in

the identification and recognition of the basic

emotions (joy, sadness, anger, surprise, disgust, fear

and contempt). The sample involved 65 Portuguese

(20 women and 45 men) diagnosed with the use of

alcohol disorders (DSM-IV-TR, 2000), aged be-

tween 25 and 70 years. The results confirm that the

alcoholic dependents present difficulties in the

identification and characterization of the universal

basic emotions with exception of the sadness and

anger. The results confirm, still, that the women are

more spontaneous in the identification and char-

acterization of the basic emotions than men.

Values, emotional affinity toward nature and
proenvironmental behaviour

Maier, Kathrin Weißenfeld, Germany Müller, Markus

M. Social and Organizational Psyc, Catholic University

Eichstaett, Eichstätt, Germany Kals, Elisabeth Social

and Organizational Psyc, Catholic University

Eichstaett, Eichstätt, Germany

Building on value-belief-norm theory (Stern et al.,

1999), an extended hierarchical model regarding the

role of value structures for proenvironmental

behaviour is proposed. First, with critical reference

to the purely cognitive approach in VBN-theory, we

suggest to integrate emotional affinity toward

nature (Kals, Schumacher, & Montada, 1999).

Second, it is assumed that the link between general

personal values and environmental beliefs is

mediated by a person’s specifically environmental

value orientation. Results from a questionnaire

study (N=400) support the mediation model.

Including an emotional factor and specific environ-

mental values shows to improve the validity of the

VBN model.

Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral techniques
on performance improvement of student with
medium dyslexia in Iranian primary school
students

Majidi, Abed Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran,

Islamic Republic of Iran Baezzat, Fereshteh

psychology dept., shahid beheshti university, tehran,

Islamic Republic of Iran Khosh Konesh, Ablolghasem

shahid beheshti university, psychology dept., tehran,

Islamic Republic of Iran

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of self-
instruction technique on reading performance of
students with medium dyslexia. So, among the
student educating in third and forth grade of arak
public primary school, 32 students were selected
and they were divided in two groups of experi-
mental and control. Results indicated that self-
instruction technique is significant effective in
reading performance improvement of student. After
4 months, results from performed pursuit shows
that although students marks in experiment group
have decreased to some extent, but yet, difference
between experiment and control groups are sig-
nificant. key words:Cognitive-Behavioral techni-
ques;self-instruction;medium dyslexia.

The influence of proactive personality and coping
on commitment to STEM majors

Major, Debra Psychology, Old Dominion University,

Norfolk, USA Oborn, Kurt Psychology, Old Dominion

University, Norfolk, USA Meert, Shannon

Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, USA

Increasing recruitment and retention in science,
technology, engineering, and math (STEM) educa-
tion and careers is a major focus in the United
States as well as an international concern. Using
web-based survey data from 296 STEM majors at
two universities, results showed that proactive
personality is positively associated with commit-
ment to one’s STEM major. Additionally, the
relationship is fully mediated by students’ coping
strategies. Proactive personality is positively linked
to coping through active planning and is negatively
linked to coping through behavioral disengage-
ment. In turn, active planning is positively linked to
commitment and behavioral disengagement is
negatively linked to commitment.

Genetic and environmental influences on
temperament in Russian early adolescents

Malykh, Sergey Developmental Behavior Genetic,

Psychological Institute of RAE, Moscow, Russia

Lobaskova, Marina Developmental Behavior Genetic,

Psychological Institute of RAE, Izhevsk, Russia

Gindina, Elena Developmental Behavior Genetic,

Psychological Institute of RAE, Moscow, Russia

The aim of current study was to evaluate the
contributions of genotype and environment to
individual differences in temperament in adoles-
cence. Early Adolescent Temperament Question-
naire by M.K.Rothbart (Russian adaptation) was
administered to 57 pairs of monozygotic, 35 pairs of
same-sex dizygotic, and 28 pairs different-sex
dizygotic twins. The children were 10-14-years old.
Structural equation modeling was used for assess-
ment of contributions of genetic and environmental
factors. Results: genetic factors account for 12% of
variance for Inhibitory control scale, 19% for
Perceptual sensitivity, 19% for Shyness, 35% for
Affiliation, 41% for Frustration, 48% for Pleasure
Sensitivity, and 53% for Depressive Mood.

Checklist for screening behavioural problems in
Greek preschool children

Manolitsis, George Preschool Education, University

of Crete, Rethymno, Greece Tafa, Eufimia Preschool

Education, University of Crete, Rethymno, Greece

The purpose of this study was the development of a
checklist for screening behavioural problems in
Greek preschool children and the investigation of
the checklist’s psychometric properties. Preschool

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teachers administered the Behaviour Checklist for

Preschool Children (BCPC) to 800 children aged 3-

6 years old, who attended public kindergarten or

day care classrooms in Greece. Four factors

revealed from exploratory and confirmatory factor

analysis: Disruptive behaviour, Isolation/Immatur-

ity, Anxiety/Insecurity, and Psychosomatic Pro-

blems. Inter-rater reliability and internal

consistency reliability have been shown to be at a

high level. Moreover, results indicated a satisfactory

concurrent validity with other similar behaviour

scales.

Some new classification methods in attribution
hierarchy model

Mao, Meng-Meng Nan Chang, People’s Republic of

China Ding, Shu-Liang Computer Information, Jiang

Xi Normal University, Nan Chang, People’s Republic

of China Chen, Qing Computer Information, Jiang Xi

Normal University, Nan Chang, People’s Republic of

China Zhu, YU-Fang Computer Information, Jiang Xi

Normal University, Nan Chang, People’s Republic of

China

Leighton et al. (2004) proposed a cognitive

diagnostic model named Attribute Hierarchy Meth-

od (AHM). There are two classification methods

for AHM, named Method A and Method B.

However, there are some defects in these two

methods. To fill this flaw, several kinds of new

classification methods for AHM are proposed. The

new methods are based on establishing a series of

indices of the similarity between expected response

pattern and observed response pattern. The results

of simulation indicate that the new methods are

better than methods A and B. And with the slips

increasing the advantage is especially obvious.

Communication within a post-secondary
institution: Analysis and recommendations

Marasigan, John Dept. of Psychology, Kwantlen

University College, Surrey, Canada

This exploratory study analyzes the levels of

communication within a university-college along

ten dimensions of communication. Being the first

investigation on the topic in this institution, it

explores the reality of what the latter spouses as

open communication within the organization. One-

hundred-ninety-five employees, including manage-

ment, faculty, and staff, volunteered to respond to a

10-item survey. Data analysis, both descriptive and

multivariate, reveals disparity among the three

levels of employment in several dimensions. Over-

all, open communication is high but its effectiveness

is average. Recommendations for improvement

from respondents abound.

Who helps victims of natural disasters? An
examination of predictors of helping

Marjanovic, Zdravko Psychology, York University,

Toronto, Canada Struthers, C. Ward Psychology, York

University, Toronto, Canada Greenglass, Esther R.

Psychology, York University, Toronto, Canada

Little is known about why people help natural-

disaster victims. The present investigation examines

the contributions of demographics (age, gender),

social attitudes (prejudice, political orientation),

and personality traits (cognitive empathy, affective

empathy, social responsibility) in predicting help-

ing. In Study 1, participants read about a bogus,

devastating earthquake in South Korea. In Study 2,

participants reported retrospectively on their atti-

tudes about Hurricane Katrina. Results of hier-

archical regressions showed that, across studies, the

predictor variables accounted for significant var-

iance in helping intentions and helping behavior

toward natural-disaster victims. The utility of a

model that combines demographics, social atti-

tudes, and personality traits is discussed.

Uncertainty and the detection of deception

Marksteiner, Tamara Inst. für Sozialpsychologie,

Universität Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany

Reinhard, Marc-Andre Social Psychology, University

of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany Müller, Patrick

Social Psychology, University of Utrecht, Mannheim,

Germany

Higher uncertainty leads to more systematic pro-
cessing of information about the quality of social
exchange relationships. Therefore we hypothesize
that uncertain individuals use more verbal-cues
when making credibility judgments. The study
followed a 2 (Uncertainty: low vs. high) x 2
(Verbal-cues: deceptive vs. truthful) x 2 (Nonverbal
cues: deceptive vs. truthful) factorial design. Lay
persons saw a film where nonverbal and verbal-cues
has been systematically manipulated. Consistent
with the hypothesis verbal-cues only affected the
credibility judgment of uncertain individuals (de-
ceptive: M = 4.22 vs. truthful: M = 5.56) but not of
certain individuals (M = 4.57 vs. M = 4.37).

The effect of religious orientation, political
ideology, fundamentalism, and social dominance
orientation on political intolerance

Markum, M Enoch Department of Psychology,

University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia Ekaputra,

Idhamsyah Department of Psychology, University of

Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia

This paper examined the effects of religious
orientation, religious conservative political ideol-
ogy, religious fundamentalism, and social dom-
inance orientation on political intolerance. Data
gathered from 300 subjects with Islamic back-
ground. Structural Equation Modeling was em-
ployed to test the fit of the proposed model. Results
of the study showed that religious conservative
political ideology has direct effect on political
intolerance. Religious fundamentalism and social
dominance orientation mediated the effect of
religious orientation, religious political conservative
ideology on political intolerance. In testing the
moderating effect, it was found that social dom-
inance orientation better served as the moderator of
the relation between religious conservative political
ideology and political intolerance.

The impact of attachment style on subjective
well-being

Marrero, Rosario J. Dept. de Personalidad,

Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain

Carballeira, Mónica Personalidad, Ev. y Trat. Psic,

Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain

The purposes were to analyze the factor structure of
the Adult Attachment Scale (Collins y Read, 1990)
in Spanish people and to examine the role of
attachment in well-being. 500 adult participants
completed attachment, self-esteem, social support
and subjective well-being measures. Factor analyses
revealed five dimensions, only three were according
with the authors’ model: closeness, depend-dismiss-
ing and anxiety-fearful. ANOVA analyses have
been conducted to know the well-being level
depending on attachment style. Close individuals
had more satisfaction with partner and leisure,
positive emotion, happiness, self-esteem, life satis-
faction, social support; and less negative emotion
than depend-dismissing and anxiety-fearful indivi-
duals.

Do presentation modes of nature influence the
effect on human well-being?: A comparison of
laboratory and field results

Martens, Dörte Economics and Social Sciences, Swiss

Fed. Research Institute, Birmensdorf, Switzerland

Bauer, Nicole Economics and Social Sciences, Swiss

Fed. Research Inst. WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland

Research about the influence of nature onto human
well-being is strongly influenced by experiments
using visual stimulations representing different
environments. We tested if the effect is different

depending on the presentation mode. In an experi-
mental setting, we randomly assigned participants
(n = 197) to either a natural walk in the laboratory
or in the field. The participants assessed well-being
in a pre-post-design. Confirming our hypotheses,
the results show a significantly stronger positive
effect of the field condition on well-being than the
laboratory condition. This indicates that field
research is needed to analyze the effect of natural
environment more specifically.

Assessing multidimensional quality of life:
Construct validation of selected World Health
Organisation Quality of Life 100 facets

Martinez, Carissa Education and Social Work,

University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia Martin,

Andrew Education and Social Work, University of

Sydney, Sydney, Australia Colmar, Susan Education

and Social Work, University of Sydney, Sydney,

Australia

Previous research suggests that quality of life is a
multidimensional construct comprised of psycholo-
gical and physical factors. This study tests the
construct validity of a selection of key psychological
and physical health facets from the WHOQoL-100,
hypothesized to be most relevant to young adults.
Based on data from N=705 young adults, this paper
reports on the psychometric properties of the facets
by assessing descriptive and distribution properties,
reliability, factor structure using confirmatory
factor analysis and invariance of this structure
across gender. The present construct validation
findings provide detailed information on the
structure underpinning selected facets of the WHO-
QoL-100 and quality of life more generally – as
relevant to young adults.

Career pattern and mental health of women in
the child-rearing years

Matsuura, Motoko Ochanomizu University, Tokyo,

Japan Sugawara, Masumi Graduate School of Human

Cultu, Ochanomizu University, Otsuka, Tokyo, Japan

Atushi, Sakai Divison of School Education,

Ochanomizu University, Otsuka, Tokyo, Japan

The purpose of this study is to examine the
relationship between career pattern and women’s
mental health, as mediated by situation of child-
rearing and life dissatisfaction. A questionnaire
survey was carried out using a mailed question-
naire, and 752 women completed (average age 39.8
years). Women asked to answer questions regarding
to their (positive and negative) feeling toward child-
rearing, life dissatisfaction, and self-rating depres-
sion scale. The major findings are as follows : (1)
Career pattern related to husband’s income, nega-
tive feeling toward child rearing, life dissatisfaction,
and depression. (2) Life dissatisfaction and low
positive feeling toward child-rearing were correlated
with higher depression.

Individual differences in multiple-cue learning:
When mathematically proficient students fail to
learn nondeterministic environments

Matton, Nadine University of Toulouse, Toulouse,

France Raufaste, Eric Psychology, University of

Toulouse, Toulouse, France Vautier, Stephane

Psychology, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to
investigate individual differences in the learning of
a multilinear correlational relationship between
cues and criteria. Methods Two samples of
mathematically proficient students (N = 401 and
N = 448) performed two experimental tasks.
Cluster analyses on rolling achievement indices
were computed. Results In either experiment four
learning profiles were identified and 12% of each
sample failed to learn even the simplest relationship
between cues and criteria. Conclusions Correla-
tional tasks can discriminate among mathematical
proficient students.

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The structure of national currency perception

Mazurek, Joanna Dept. of Psychology, Catholic

Univeristy Lublin, Lublin, Poland Kozak, Agnieszka

Psychology, Catholic Univeristy of Lublin, Lublin,

Poland

The purpose of this study is to describe the

structure of perception of a national currency and

compare it to perception of another currencies

recognized as significant to participants. The

semantic differentials were used to collect the

opinions of 228 participants from Belgium, Poland

and the United States of America. Participants

evaluated such currencies as: the Dollar and the

Euro, Polish participants evaluated also the Polish

Zloty. We report an attempt to elucidate some

differences between evaluations of examined cur-

rencies and perception of a national currency

modified by emotional attachment to it.

Choosing between office buildings and converted
heritage houses for professional services

McCunn, Lindsay Psychology, Universtiy of Victoria,

Victoria, Canada Gifford, Robert Psychology,

Universtiy of Victoria, VICTORIA, Canada

How do building facades influence consumers’

choices? In two studies, two building types (office

buildings and converted heritage houses) were

shown to student and community participants,

who chose between them for various services, and

rated them on other dimensions. Participants in

both studies reported that they would be more

comfortable using office buildings for dental,

financial, and medical services. Community parti-

cipants expected to be more comfortable visiting

converted heritage houses for their legal needs.

Participants in both studies expected better dental,

financial, and medical service in office buildings,

but community participants expected higher quality

legal service in converted heritage houses.

Gender dissatisfaction among Iranian youth

Mehryar, Amir Hooshang Behavioral Studies, Inst for

Research on Planning, Tehran, Islamic Republic of

Iran

Objective: To examine degree of satisfaction of

youth with their given sex. Methodology: A survey

of 15000 men and women aged 15-29 years

randomly selected from capital cities of all 30

provinces of Iran. Measure of Gender Dissatisfac-

tion: Expressed wish to have been born male (in the

case of girls) or female (in the case of boys). Major

Findings: Over two-fifth of girls as compared with

only 16% of boys expressed a desire to have been

from the other sex. Comparing youth dissatisfied

with their gender with the rest of sample revealed

significant differences in a number of character-

istics.

A study of family alienation among Iranian
adolescents

Mehryar, Amir Hooshang Behavioral Studies, Inst for

Research on Planning, Tehran, Islamic Republic of

Iran

Objective: To explore contemporary Iranian ado-

lescents’ perception of and attitude to family

environment and determine extent of family aliena-

tion (defined in terms of expressed wish to have

been born in another family). Methodology: Survey

covering a random sample of 5600 boys and girls

aged 15-19 years taken from capital cities of all 30

provinces. Main findings: The overwhelming ma-

jority of subjects live in intact parental homes and

describe their parents’ relations as close. Yet, 17%

wish they had been born in another family. They

differ from the rest of the sample in a number of

social, behavioral and attitudinal characteristics.

The effects of event sponsorship on product
evaluations: The role of company’s corporate
social responsibility

Messner, Matthias Social Psychology, University of

Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany Reinhard, Marc-

André Social Psychology, University of Mannheim,

Mannheim, Germany

Across two studies, it was predicted and found that
products of retailers with negative reputations for
social responsibility are evaluted less favorably than
those of retailers with positive reputations. Further-
more, students penalized socially irresponsible
retailers for sponsoring socially responsible events
(Special Olympics) compared to when they simply
advertised their products. By contrast, students
rewarded socially responsible retailers for support-
ing the Special Olympics. Sponsoring an event
lower in perceived social responsibility (Olympics)
led to better product evaluations for both irrespon-
sible and responsible corporations. These effects
were found to be mediated by students’ global
attitudes toward the sponsor.

Spontaneous emotion regulation following
affective events: Do we have a choice how to
regulate our emotions?

Meyenschein, Kerstin Köln, Germany

People frequently (have to) control their emotions –
this is especially important in the work place, where
successful emotion regulation is crucial for the
success of interpersonal relationships. Evidence
suggests that different forms of emotion regulation
have different costs for the individual. But what
influences the individual’s choice of a specific
emotion regulation strategy in a given situation?
Drawing on Affective Events Theory, the authors
use ‘‘affective events – vignettes’’ to examine the
relative contributions of the personality, the situa-
tion and the personality X situation interactions in
the emotion regulation process in an experimental
setting. Results and their implications are discussed.

Students psychoeducational diagnosis I:
Learning strategies and academic performance

Mezquita-Hoyos, Yanko Psychology, Universidad

Autonoma d Yucatan, Merida, Mexico de Lille-

Quintal, Jose Psychology, Universidad Autonoma d

Yucatan, Merida Yucatan, Mexico Oses-Bargas, Rosa

Psychology, Universidad Autonoma d Yucatan,

Merida Yucatan, Mexico Aguayo-Chan, Jorge

Psychology, Universidad Autonoma d Yucatan,

Merida Yucatan, Mexico

It was identified the learning strategies which are
correlated to a succesful students’academic perfor-
mance. With this purpose, we validated psychome-
trically a questionaire of 50 reactives of learning
strategies with 206 udergraduate students in psy-
chology. Subsequently it was correlated the scores
of 56 of these participants with their academic
performance and it was found a correlation which
was significative between the strategy of organiza-
tion of acitivities and time with the module of
mathematics: moment product coefficient of pear-
son = .27, p , .05. The results were discussed in
theoretical terms, psychometrically, as well as by
the academmic planning of the students.

Change processes in higher education:
Moderating effects of personality variables on
the relationship between commitment to change
and change support behaviour

Michel, Alexandra Inst. für Organ.-Psychologie,

Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

Stegmaier, Ralf Organizational Psychology,

University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

Sonntag, Karlheinz Organizational Psychology,

University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

In the context of organizational change in higher
education, the present study examined the moder-
ating role of personality variables, such as resis-
tance to change, on the relationship between

commitment to change and change support beha-
viour. Predictions were tested using self-reported
questionnaire data of 315 members of academic
staff at a German university. Results revealed that
positive effects of commitment to change on change
support behaviour were stronger for employees low
on resistance to change than for those with high
levels of resistance to change. No significant
moderating effects were found for other personality
variables under investigation.

Profiling voters in Vojvodina
Mihic, Vladimir Department of Psychology, University

of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia Mihic, Ivana

Department of Psychology, University of Novi Sad,

Novi Sad,

Although Serbia in the last fifteen, or so years, is
burdened by the politics much more than needed,
only a few of the researches in the past years deal
with the question: who is an average voter in Serbia
and how does he looks like? The sample of this
research consisted of 352 subjects. We used some
classic variables, but also an attitude scale about
some important political issues in Serbia, as well as
BFI for the measurement of personality traits. The
results show that differences can be found in almost
all of the political attitudes concerning preferences
of the political parties, but out of five personality
traits measured, only one proved statistically
significant (agreeableness).

The phenomenon of immigration: Cultural values
and cultural diversity in Europe
Miryam, Rodriguez Dpt. of Social Psychology, Univ.

Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Inge,

Schweiger Dpt. of Social Psychology, Univ.

Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain José Luis,

Álvaro Dpt. of Social Psychology, Univ. Complutense

de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

It is an undeniable issue that the phenomenon of
the immigration is lived in Europe with preoccupa-
tion and certain pressure because of its conse-
quences. In the present research, we based on the
European Social Survey Questionnaire (2002) and
the Portrait Values Questionnaire (Schwartz, 1992,
2001) to focus on the relevance of the criteria which
determine the acceptance or the immigrant’s rejec-
tion, their consequences, as well as its relationship
with cultural values. Finally, we emphasize the
importance of cultural values -like Harmony or
Egalitarianism- for any initiative or politics in
migratory matter in a European context.

The effects of kinship cue on empathy and
helping intentions
Mitani, Nobuhiro Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan

This study investigated whether the detection of
kinship cue would affect the elicitation of empathy
and help intentions. The existence of kinship cue
was manipulated by similarity in high heritability
attitudes. Total 155 participants completed the
questionnaire consists of target person’s attitude,
evaluation of attitude similarity, scenario, and the
rating of empathy and helping intentions. Regres-
sion analyses revealed that similarity significantly
predicted empathy and helping intentions. Further-
more, empathy mediated the relationship between
similarity and helping intentions. These results
imply the possibility that detection of kinship cue
elicit empathy, which functions as an emotional
kinship cue that leads to helping behavior.

Attachment styles and emotional availability to
infants in young adult females
Miyamoto, Kunio Psychology, Tokaigakuin

University, Gifu-shi, Japan

The objective was to investigate the relations
between attachment styles of female university
students and their emotional availability to infants.
Attachment styles were assessed by two question-
naires of attachment internal working models and

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emotional availability was assessed by Japanese
edition of IFeel Pictures (facial expressions of
infants). Range of used categories was correlated
positively and number of popular responses was
correlated negatively to secure scores. Anxious
individuals showed more popular responses to
infant facial expressions. These results suggested
that young female adults with secure attachment
have the readiness to read emotions and motiva-
tions of infants more flexibly.

Creative processes of community revitalization
from narrative approach: A case study from
Chuetsu earthquake

Miyamoto, Takumi Atsumi Lab., Human Sciences,

Osaka University, Suita, Japan Atsumi, Tomohide

Atsumi Lab., Human Sciences, Osaka University,

Suita city, Japan

The 2004 Chuetsu Earthquake destroyed many
mountainous villages in Niigata Prefecture, Japan.
It accelerated the depopulation and aging of the
communities. How can the local residents achieve
any creative revitalization? Authors have been
conducting a long-term participatory observation
in the region. We are concerned with the ways the
survivors and the outside supporters collaboratively
created new narratives about their community. We
found that if the local residents’ narratives on their
community changed, they could start their commu-
nity revitalization positively and outside supporters
could help it. Finally, we discussed what group
dynamics would do for the revitalization as an
action research.

Self-immunization in adolescence: Does the
functionality of self-stabilizing processes vary
with age?

Moessle, Regine Institut für Psychologie, Universität

Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany Greve, Werner

Institute of Psychology, University of Hildesheim,

Hildesheim, Germany

This research addresses the question whether the
buffering effect of self-immunization on the bur-
dening effect of stressful experiences on subjective
well-being changes during adolescence. Two pilot
questionnaire studies (n1 = 1387; n2 = 122; ages 12-
22) are conducted. Study 1 comprises several
general measures (including self-immunization, self
esteem, stressful life events); study 2 contains more
fine-grained measures of self-immunization with
respect to six traits, ability, centrality and complex-
ity of these traits, stressful experiences and sub-
jective well-being. The first study indicates that the
buffering effect is more pronounced in early
adolescence (,16); first analyses of study 2 support
this finding.

Atypical lateralization in auditory regions of
dyslectic children: Is there a reduced right
hemispheric contribution to temporal integration
and segmentation?

Mohamed, Wessam Inst. für Klin. Psychologie,

Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany Paul,

Isabelle clinical psychology, university of konstanz,

konstanz, Germany Wienbruch, Christian clinical

psychology, university of konstanz, konstanz,

Germany Elbert, Thomas clinical psychology,

university of konstanz, konstanz, Germany

For speech perception, segmentation of the audi-
tory stream into discrete representations is a
prerequisite, producing neural activity with corre-
sponding frequency content. We hypothesize that
degraded auditory representations trigger temporal
integration deficits in developmental dyslexia.
Using magnetoencephalographic source imaging,
we mapped focal slow waves in 48 dyslexic and 20
normal readers (aged 8.2 -11.4) during a passive
auditory odd-ball paradigm. A repeated measure
ANOVA showed hemispheric asymmetry differ-
ences in the density of magnetic slow waves in
perisylvian regions, whereby dyslexic children

showed less right hemispheric delta activity. Results

unprecedentedly suggest impaired right hemispheric

contribution to the speech sound segmentation in

dyslexia.

First accreditation to specialist in forensic
psychology by the psychologist’s official college
of Cataluña, in Spain

Molina Bartumeus, Asuncion COPC, Barcelona, Spain

Almenara, Jaume Decano, COPC, Barcelona, Spain

Cartil, Conxita vicepresidenta sección, COPC,

Barcelona, Spain Farre, Merce secretary, COPC,

Barcelona, Spain Carmona, Anna Tesorera, COPC,

Barcelona, Spain Espada, Carme vocal sección, COPC,

Barcelona, Spain Antolin, Andreu vocal sección,

COPC, Barcelona, Spain Franquesa, Emilia vocal

sección, COPC, Barcelona, Spain Arch, Mila vocal

sección jurı́dica, COPC, Barcelona, Spain

This poster presents the process of accreditation as

Specialist in Forensic Psychology which was

initiated last autumn (2007) by the psychologist’s

Official College of Cataluña, in Spain. After the

official recognition of the speciality in Clinical

Psychology, a wide movement of accreditation is

beginning in our country in other psychological

specialities that could draw the final plan of the

state of the profession as a common line with

specialities that demand skills and specific capa-

cities. Here are exposed the conceptual bases of this

process for the Forensic Psychology and the criteria

that are demanded to accede to the accreditation,

which offer us then the suitable training level for an

expert in this discipline.

Neuropsychological, psychological and social
correlates of antisocial behavior among Peruvian
adolescents in conflict with the penal law: A
study from Moffitt’s taxonomic theory

Morales, Hugo Faculty of Psychology, San Marcos

National University, Lima, Peru

The early identification of those individual and

social characteristics that discriminate among of-

fender adolescents who maintain their antisocial

delinquent behavior along their life span and those

who don’t, constitutes an important strategy for the

design of efficient prevention policies for juvenile

delinquency. Using a discriminant analysis, signifi-

cance Scheffe Test, variance analysis for significant

differences between Groups and Levenes variance

homogeneity test, it was corroborated if the

typology of the antisocial behavior development

taxonomy established by Moffitt is replicated in the

studied sample. The results suggest that the Moffitt

tipology has cross-culture validity and to explain

different profiles at risk amog offender adolescents.

Influence of psychopolitical variables in reactions
to traumatic and hopeful events

Morales Marente, Elena Dept. of Psychology,

University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain Palacios, Marı́a

Soledad Department of Psychology, University of

Huelva, Huelva, Spain Willis, Guillermo Department

of Psychology, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain

Pérez, Jose Marı́a Department of Psychology,

University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain

Researchers have been analysed the influence of

psychopolitical variables in stresful and traumatic

events as 11S, 2001. We have used them also to

explore its influence in a hopeful event. In our

research we present two studies (a traumatic event,

11M, 2004 in Madrid –N= 300- and a hopeful one,

the cease of fire of ETA, 2006 –N= 198) conducted

in Spain. We tested hypothesis related with the

influence of individual’s values and ideological

factors on hopes and fears for the future and other

indexes of out-group prejudice. Analysis showed

which psycho-political variables predicted fears and

hopes.

The HRM perspective on conflict in
organizations: The Portuguese case

Moreira, Ricardo Fac. Human and Social Science,

University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal

Contemporary debate concerning organizational
conflict, independently the different analitical per-
pectives, goes beyond the question of its (dys)func-
tionality. In line with current trends about conflict
and negotiation theories, Portugal has witnessed an
increase of academic research concerning negotia-
tion in organizations, however has not been given
great attention to the political perspective of HR
Management. Many pathways can be explored
regarding the connection between negotiation and
Human Resource Department. Crossing statistical
and content analysis, our investigation seeks to
interpret the views of portuguese human resources
managers concerning organizational conflicts and
the impact these views exert on organizational
efficacy, in an effort to build a close alignment with
the HRM role in negotiation.

Personality judgments based on email addresses
of mobile phones

Mori, Tsutako Dept. of Human Science, Konan

Women’s University, Kyoto, Japan Takahira, Mieko

Research and Development, NIME, Chiba, Japan

This study investigated the accuracy of personality
judgments based on email addresses of mobile
phones, which are very popular personal media
among young people in Japan. The holders’
personalities of 121 addresses were rated by two
judges with the Big Five scale, and the ratings were
compared with the holders’ real-self or ideal-self
ratings. Judge consensus for personality ratings was
significant in all five dimensions. Also, judge ratings
were significantly correlated with Extraversion of
real-self ratings and with Agreeableness of ideal-self
ratings. These findings suggest that email addresses
are used as tools for impression management as
well as self-expression.

What is the first cause of tendency to addiction?
Psychological, environmental or physical

Mosavi Amiry, Seyed Jalal Medical Clinic, Babol,

Islamic Republic of Iran Nikpour, Gholam Ali Dept. of

Psychology, Medical Clinic of Dr. Mosavi, Babol,

Islamic Republic of Iran Homayouni, Alireza

Psychology, Islamic Azad University of Ban, Babol,

Islamic Republic of Iran Emadi Haeri, Marzieh

Addiction studies, Dr Mosavi Medical Clinic,

Babol(Amirkola), Islamic Republic of Iran

The aim of the research is to test this question what
is the first cause of addiction? Psychological,
Environmental or Physical causes.80 addicted
people were randomly selected and Abuse Drug
Assessment Inventory (ADAI) were administered
on them. Chi Square formula was used to analyze
the results. Results showed 55 percent of tendency
to addiction was psychological. Also more analyz-
ing showed 80 percent of continuing causes of
addiction were psychological factors such as fear,
anxiety, sorrow. In regard to result we should put
more emphasise on psychological prevention and
treatment methods so that both tendency to
addiction and continuing causes of addiction
decrease and control.

Public acceptance of wind turbines in Tokyo

Motosu, Memi Interdisciplinary Information,

University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Arakawa, Chuichi

Interdisciplinary Information, The University of

Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

The purpose of this study is to examine the public’s
viewpoint regarding wind turbines in the landscape
of metropolitan city, Tokyo.The author conducted
30 interviews, showing pictures of different districts
in Tokyo. The result indicates that there are
different viewpoints depending on the district,
considering that the design of the wind turbines
should harmonize with the landscape. The study

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concludes that it is necessary for wind turbines to

capture the distinctive features of districts in order

to get public acceptance. If the appropriate design is

followed, the landscape with wind turbines should

be acceptable in the urban area.

Explicit and implicit values of grandmothers and
their granddaughters

Mudyñ, Krzysztof Inst. Applied Psychology,

Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland Pietras,

Karolina Management and Social Com., Jagiellonian

University, Cracow, Poland

The aim of the study was to examine the

correspondence of implicit and explicit values

measures and the convergence of grandmothers

and their granddaughters values.Schwartz’s SVS

and Mudyn’s RN-02 was administered to 80

grandmothers (aged 64-86) and their 80 grand-

daughters (aged 18-30).The results revealed many

inter-correlations, especially between religious or-

ientation and tradition (r=0,63), benevolence

(r=0,36), security (r=0,31), self-direction (r=-0,47)

or stimulation (r=-0,35). The similarities between

grandmothers and granddaughters appeared in

universalism (r=0,51), achievement (r=0,31) and

hedonism (r= 0,33). Further research concerning

the consequences of grandmothers’ stimulation

value is recommended.

Exploring new dynamics of job-involvement: An
empirical study of life-orientation, gender and
occupational stress

Mukherjee, Debjani Bhilai - Chattisgarh, India Singh,

Promila Psychology, Pt.Ravishankar ShuklaUniversit,

BHILAI (CHATTISGARH), India

Industries facing twin challenges of being viable and

competitive in global scenario, exploit man-power

resource by facilitating job-involvement. Breaking

socio-cultural ethos of the east, women are also

joining the industrial sector. In this study 400 (140

females, 260 males) steel industry executive’s life-

orientation, gender and occupational stress were

empirically treated to explore their impact on job-

involvement. Results of 2x2 ANOVA show sig-

nificant interaction effect of life-orientation and

gender on job-involvement F-77.3(P,.001),

whereas life-orientation, gender and occupational

stress in 2x2x3 ANOVA was not significant F-

2.66(P,.05). Results support reconceptualizing the

major determinants of job-involvement and refor-

mulation of placement policies by H.R.M. depart-

ments.

Peace psychology of grassroot reconciliation:
Lesson learned from ‘‘Baku Bae’’ peace
movement

Muluk, Hamdi Department of Psychology, University

of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia Malik, Ichsan

Department of Psychology, Indonesian Peace

Building Inst, Depok, Indonesia

This paper explored the community-based reconci-

liation process mediated by civil society compo-

nents – known as ‘‘The Baku Bae Movement’’ – as

an alternative to conflict resolution and reconcilia-

tion in current Indonesian political context. This

movement applied some principles from peace

psychology such as; multitrack diplomacy, inter-

active problem solving workshop and other media-

tion technique contextualized with indigenous

values. This unique conflict resolution strategy

consists of five stages ranging from dialog to

interactive problem solving workshop, creating

peace zone, and economic empowerment. The

successful of Baku Bae movement suggest the

benefit of bottom-up approach and the role of civil

society in strengthening and empowering survivor

to make their own reconciliation.

Differential prefrontal EEG activity between sport
amateurs and non-sport amateurs during video
clip viewing

Muramatsu, Ayako Psychology, Japan Women’s

University, Kawasaki, Japan Kawahara, Yuli

Psychology, Japan Women’s University, Kawasaki,

Japan Mochizuki, Toshiko Psychology, Japan

Women’s University, Kawasaki, Japan

To examine whether prefrontal activity differs
depending on the amusingness of the video clip,
prefrontal EEG activity was compared between
Sport amateurs and Non-sport amateurs by show-
ing three kinds of video clips; 1) basketball game
(group sport), 2) snowboard game (individual
sport), 3) non-sport documentary. We measured
Beta/Alpha ratio of the prefrontal EEG, and found
that the ratio during the basketball video viewing
was higher in Sport amateurs than in Non-sport
amateurs. This indicates that Sport amateurs are
more amused and show more PFC activity by
videos of dynamic and social sports than Non-sport
amateurs.

Brain areas activated during listening to piano
music

Mutschler, Isabella Freiburg, Germany Speck, Oliver

Hennig, Jürgen Seifritz, Erich Schulze-Bonhage,

Andreas Ball, Tonio Epilepsie-Zentrum, Universität

Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

In this study functional MRI (fMRI) was combined
with cyto-architectonically defined probabilistic
maps to analyze brain responses in 18 healthy
subjects presented with classical piano music and
the relation of these brain responses to the
personality trait of affect intensity. Significant
fMRI responses related to music perception were
demonstrated in the auditory cortex, right and left
inferior frontal cortex (including Broca‘s area),
supplementary motor area (SMA), cerebellum,
and in the amygdala. Correlation of music related
responses with affect intensity were found in a
network of brain areas previously implicated in
emotion recognition (Adolphs et al. 2005), includ-
ing primary somatosensory cortex.

Social intelligence of pedophile sex offenders

Nötzold, Janine Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany Hähnel, Nadine

Institut für Psychologie, Universität Magdeburg,

Magdeburg, Germany Süß, Heinz-Martin Institut für

Psychologie, Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg,

Germany Witzel, Joachim Forensische Psychiatrie,

LKH Uchtspringe, Uchtspringe, Germany

The study tested the hypothesis on pedophile sex
offenders (N = 25) being deficient in social under-
standing and perception when compared to
matched controls (N = 26). Research indicates
pedophiles having problems to perceive emotions
appropriately and to understand social cues in
certain context using victim-specific material. Social
understanding and perception were measured ac-
cording to the performance based Social Intelli-
gence Test Battery Magdeburg (Weis, Seidel & Süß,
2007) by new tasks with children as target stimuli.
ANCOVAs showed no differences in social under-
standing and perception between the groups when
speed performance was statistically controlled
indicating a revision of former theories.

Relationships between organizational obstacles
and innovation organizational climate in the
personnel of an industrial organization

Naami, Abdolzhara Psychology, Shahid chamran,

Ahvaz, Islamic Republic of Iran

the present study examind the relationship between
organizalobstacles as measureed by Karen, Brown
and Mitchlell and the climate for innovation
measure (scott and Bruce) A sample of employees
(N=143), completed quanstionnaires. Results com-
firm the hypothesis by indicating that component of
organizational obtacle (work information, informa-

tion timeliness, work materials, co-workers job
training, avallability of training, guality of training,
work enviroment,work schedule, decision author-
ity, role demand and priorities) were negatively
correlated with climate for innovation.

The relation between behavior of consulting and
psychological distress among Japanese junior
high school students

Nagai, Satoru Inst. of Psychology, University of

Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

The purpose of this study was to investigate the
pattern of consulting behavior among junior high-
school students. Two thousand, three hundred
eighty-three junior high-school students (1245 male
and 1138 female) were asked about consulting
behavior, severity of concerns and Depression Self-
Rating Scale for Children (DSRS). Results indi-
cated that, students with more concerns presented
higher level of consulting behavior. On the other
hand, although high level of consulting behavior
was related with low level of "declining activity and
pleasure (one of factors of DSRS)", relation
between consulting behavior and "depressive mood
(one of factors of DSRS)" was very little.

The relationship between intelligence and
learning processes

Narváez Rullán, Marı́a Dept. of Psychology,

Autónoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain

Lozano, José Héctor Department of Psychology,

Autónoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain

Hernández, José Manuel Department of Psychology,

Autónoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain

Santacreu, José Department of Psychology,

Autónoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain

The present study attempts to analyze relationships
between intelligence and two different types of
learning: a) the acquisition of specific discriminative
learning; b) the improvement in the accuracy during
execution of a dynamic spatial task, which is
assumed not to involve any verbal or discriminative
ability. 267 participants were assessed through
computer-based tasks. A significant relationship
was found between discriminative learning and
intelligence while intelligence was not related to the
improvement shown during the dynamic spatial
task. The results support Sternberg’s hypothesis
(1989) that intelligence is related to the type of
learning that involves discriminative or verbal
abilities.

Self-regulation in vocabulary learning

Nett, Ulrike Erziehungswissenschaften, Universität

Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany Frenzel, Anne Inst. für

Psychologie, Universität München, München,

Germany

This presentation addresses how self-regulation
ability and external constraints regarding the
allocation of study time affects performance in
vocabulary learning tasks. Participants had to learn
Swahili-German translation equivalents and to
rank the perceived difficulty of each pair before
learning (pre-trial JOLs). Self-regulation ability,
operationalized as the relationship between pre-trial
JOLs and self-allocated study time, was positively
related to performance (Experiment 1). However,
total performance was identical when learning times
were externally fixed, based on objective pair
difficulty (Experiment 2). We speculate about the
existence of differentially adequate learning envir-
onments for different types of learners.

Status quo of dysfunctional thoughts in Chinese
senior elementary school students and middle
school students

Ni, Jie Educational Psychology, Hong Kong, China,

People’s Republic of : Hong Kong SAR Sang, Biao

Psychology, East China Normal University, Shanghai,

People’s Republic of China

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The purpose of present studies was to discover the
status quo of the dysfunctional thoughts -‘‘sick,
false, or unreasonable thoughts that cause the
appearance of maladjustment and what’s more,
the emotion disorders’’- in Chinese elementary and
middle school students. 851 students completed the
dysfunctional thoughts scale developed in previous
study. The results showed the status quo of the
dysfunctional thoughts in elementary and middle
school students was beyond optimistic, ‘‘Demand-
ing for best treatment’’ and ‘‘over-perfectionism’’
were the two most severe problems in Chinese
students. Significant gender and age differences
were also found. Our findings gave important
instructive suggestion to school counseling, mental
health education and learning guidance.

Is a happy worker a productive one?

Niklas, Claudia D. Work, Organizational &Business,

Psychologisches Institut / Uni, Mainz, Germany

Dormann, Christian I/O Psychology, Gutenberg-

Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany

Although this question is discussed since the
beginning of organizational psychology, results
are still inconsistent. Using multiple state and trait
measurements obtained in a two-week diary study
(N = 116), job satisfaction, as well as positive and
negative affect (PA, NA) were related to extra-role
and in-role behavior. Our results showed that PA
and NA predicted job satisfaction, which in turn
mediated the relationship of PA and extra-role
behavior. In-role behavior was only influenced by
PA, whereas NA failed to influence any perfor-
mance component. These results support happy-
productive worker thesis and enlarge affective
events theory.

Personality characters as a predictor of tendency
to addiction

Nikpour, Gholam Ali Dept. of Psychology, Medical

Clinic of Dr. Mosavi, Babol, Islamic Republic of Iran

Mosavi Amiry, Seyed Jalal Medical Clinic, Babol,

Islamic Republic of Iran Homayouni, Alireza Dept. of

Psychology, Medical Clinic of Dr. Mosavi, Babol

(Amirkola), Islamic Republic of Iran

The aim of this research is to test this question that
are there specific personality characters that lead to
addiction? Method research is causative-compara-
tive (Ex post facto).153 addicted people and 153
nonaddicted people were randomly selected and
Mocioly’s Characterlogy Inventory (MCI) adminis-
tered on them.The inventory assess personality
based on eight characters: sanguine, indifferent,-
nervous,indolent,indignant,passionate,sentimen-
tee,amorphous.Results showed addicted people are
much more indifferent, sanguine and passionate
than nonaddicted people. Conclusion: In regard to
people with these characters are much more at risk,
they should be trained with special plans and be
cared so that tendency to addiction in them
decrease or control.

Relations among prosocial tendency, guilt and
problem actions in Japanese junior high-school
students

Ninomiya, Katsumi Dept. of Policy Studies, Aichi

Gakuin University, Nisshin, Japan

The present study examined the relations among
adolescents’ prosocial tendency, guilt, and problem
actions. Participants were 1,446 Japanese adoles-
cents (708 males and 738 females) who were seventh
graders (age: 12-13 years). They answered a
questionnaire concerning prosocial tendency (7
items), guilt (25 items), and problem actions (22
items) on a 4-point scale. Females scored higher in
prosocial tendency and guilt than males. The partial
correlation coefficient was significantly positive
between prosocial tendency and guilt. A positive
partial correlation was also found between proso-
cial tendency and problem actions. However, there

was a negative partial correlation between guilt and

problem actions.

Longitudinal study of socio-environmental
experiences, self-worth and emotional/
behavioral problems among junior high school
students

Nishino, Yasuyo Seto, Japan Ujiie, Tatsuo Education,

Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan Ninomiya,

Katsumi Education, Aichi-Gakuin University, Chita,

Japan Igarashi, Atsushi Education, Fukushima

University, Fukushima, Japan Inoue, Hiromitsu

Education, Chiba College of Health Scienc, Chiba,

Japan Yamamoto, Chika Education, Nagoya-Bunri

University, Nagakute, Japan

This study aimed to investigate the role of self-

worth as a mediator of relationships between socio-

environmental experiences and emotional/ beha-

vioral problems using a sample of 359 junior high

school students. They participated in a question-

naire survey three times every four months. Socio-

environmental experiences were assessed using self-

report questionnaire measures of social support and

stressful events. SEM was conducted, and it was

revealed that social support had significant effects

on emotional problems via indirect effects indicated

a mediating role for self-worth. The results of

present study reinforced the need for further inquiry

into specific processes through which adolescents

would become depressed.

Training evaluation: Effectiveness, learning styles
and modes of assistance

Nocera, Antonio Psicologia e Antropologia,

Università di Verona, Verona, Italy Pasetto, Sara

Psicologia e Antropologia, Università di Verona,

Verona, Italy Cubico, Serena Psicologia e

Antropologia, Università di Verona, Verona, Italy

Bellotto, Massimo Psicologia e Antropologia,

Università di Verona, Verona, Italy

The aim of the research is to evaluate the influence

selected individual variables may have on effective-

ness of training; effectiveness of the training actions

supposedly depends also on the link between

training provided and the learning styles of the

participants. The sample is 100 Italian Public

Administration employees. The survey instruments

are: Kolb Questionnaire on Learning Styles, multi-

ple-choice questionnaires on learning, supported by

a time survey on video lesson use. Analysis of the

data highlights significant correlations among the

progress made by the participants, measured

behaviours and learning style.

The influence of reflection and brooding to
depressive symptom: Examination from
subtypes of rumination

Noguchi, Rieko Teacher Education, Hyogo University

of, Joetsu, Japan Fujiu, Hideyuki Science of School

Education, Hyogo University of Teacher Ed, kato,

Japan

This study examined relation among rumination,

coping, stress response and depression symptom,

classified rumination into reflection and brooding.

Research subjects were 835 undergraduate and

graduate students. The results showed that reflec-

tion items were classified into controlled coping,

brooding items were classified into automatic stress

response in Responses to Stress Questionnaire.

Moreover, in female, definition of problem scores,

including reflection items, were negatively corre-

lated to BDI-II scores. In both male and female,

negative thought tendency scores, including brood-

ing items were positively correlated to BDI-II

scores.

History as a content of individual
autobiographical memory
Nourkova, Veronika Psychology, Moscow State

University, Moscow, Russia

With regard to their perspective toward historical
event individuals may be labeled Participant,
Witness, Contemporary, and Successor. To what
extent people employing each of those perspectives
are sensitive to historical information? From 240
Russian participants 20% spontaneously included
historical events in their life stories. There were 20
different historical events. 40% of historical events
mentioned by participants referred to war (‘‘eva-
cuation’’, ‘‘Victory day’’, ‘‘wounding near Mos-
cow’’), while 38% - referred to politic
(‘‘perestroika’’, ‘‘collapse of USSR’’, ‘‘XX Party
Congress’’). People included in their life story
events which were experienced from Participant or
Witness perspective. There was just one case when
Contemporary perspective was employed (‘‘9/11’’).

Second-order retrospective revaluation in human
contingency learning
Numata, Keitaro Psychology, Kwansei Gakuin

University, Nishinomiya, Japan Shimazaki, Tsuneo

Psychology, Kwansei Gakuin University,

Nishinomiya, Japan

Two Experiments were conducted to demonstrate
the second-order retrospective revaluation with 3
cues, T1, T2, and C, and an outcome, in human
contingency learning. Experiment 1 revealed that
ratings about the relation between a target cue T2
and an outcome heightened when first two training
phases involved CT1+ and T1T2+ trials followed
by third phase containing C+ trials, and the ratings
lowered by the third phase containing C- trials. In
Experiment 2, the order of first two phases in the
Experiment 1 was changed, and still the results of
Experiment 1 were replicated. These results clearly
demonstrated the phenomena of second-order
retrospective revaluation.

The authenticity of manager
Nuslauerova, Pavla Dept. of Psychology, Charles

University, Chomutov, Czech Republic

The presented poster concerns the issue of authen-
ticity with the focus on the context of the manage-
rial profession. It is a presentation of the author’s
research. The main aim of the research was the
meaning of the concept of authenticity for managers
and its better understanding within the context of
managers’ working activity. The research includes
17 interviews with 16 participants (1 lecturer and 15
managers from various levels) and observation of 13
managers. In conclusion, based on the obtained
data, the author refines the definition of authenti-
city and recommends paying more attention in
developing the managers’ self-reflection.

Adaptive behavior and skills of young children
with autism
Oakland, Thomas Dept. Educational Psychology,

University of Florida, Gainesville, USA Woolf, Steve

Psychological Services, Beacon Services, Milford,

MA, USA

This study identifies the adaptive behaviors and
skills of 172 children, ages 2 and 3, who display an
Autistic Disorder. Their mean general adaptive
behavior is at the 2nd percentile. The rank order of
their 10 adaptive skills follows: functional academic
(the highest) motor, self-direction, community
resources, leisure, home living, health and safety,
social communication, and self-care skills.

Political participation of youths who have
dropped out of armed conflict and rejoined civil
life
Obando Salazar, Olga Lucia Área de Cognicion,

Instituto de Psicologia, Cali, Colombia

The main objective is to discover the types of
political participation of young men who have

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dropped out of the armed conflict in Colombia and
its incidence in the formulation and implementation
of public policy for youth. The research methodol-
ogy was qualitative and exploratory, through
Participant Action Research (PAR) as an research
method and intervention for emancipation. 60
subjects participated, among them youths who
have dropped out of the conflict, agents from
government, from NGOs and from financial
organizations. Results include new elements about
diversity in the conception of the settings, instances,
mechanisms and processes of political participation
of the youths.

Red moon: Strengthening of feminine identity in
mistreated girls and adolescents

Obando Salazar, Olga Lucia Área de Cognicion,

Instituto de Psicologia, Cali, Colombia

Problem: the supposition of the existence of a
deficit in the state of development of a feminine
identity in girls and adolescents with maltreatment
experience. Corpus: results of the investigation and
intervention project: ‘‘Red Moon: strengthening of
feminine identity in mistreated girls and adolescents
through artistic, psychological and pedagogic activ-
ities’’ by the light of: the contributions of the Social
Psychology. Results: the existence of a feminine
subject, that is stereotyped, unreal, cultural, ethnic
and socially out of context, when it is comparing
with what they say to be and to feel as women.
Methods: Study exploring, Participant actions
research as methodologies of investigation and
intervention emancipators. Participants: 60 adoles-
cents. Discourse analyses.

When does trust in authority and procedural
fairness affect social acceptance of public policy?

Ohana, Kyosuke Environmental studies, Nagoya

University, Nagoya, Japan Hirose, Yukio

Environmental studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya,

Japan

Our study explored the effect of trust in authority
and procedural fairness on poeple’s acceptance of
his policy when information about policy content is
available or not. When people did not know the
content, their acceptance was based on whether the
authority was trustworthy or not. People used
procedural fairness as alternative cue when neither
content nor trust information was available. How-
ever, when people knew the content, their accep-
tance was based on both of content and trust
information, but not on procedural fairness.
Results suggested that procedural fairness affected
acceptance only when neither policy content nor
trust was available.

Relationship between communication,
commitment, identification, job satisfaction and
turnover intentions

Ok, Afife Dept. of Psychology, Atilim University,

Ankara, Turkey Bilgic, Reyhan psychology, middle

east technical uni., Ankara, Turkey Sumer, Hayriye

psychology, middle east technical uni., Ankara,

Turkey

The aim of this study was to examine the relation-
ships between organizational communication, or-
ganizational commitment, organizational
identification, job satisfaction, and turnover inten-
tions. Questionnaires were administered to a sample
of 321 white-collar bank employees who are work-
ing in different branches of different banks in
Ankara. The results revealed that both job satisfac-
tion and organizational identification were signifi-
cant positive predictors of organizational
commitment. Organizational commitment was
found as a significant negative predictor of turnover
intentions. Significance of indirect effect of job
satisfaction and organizational identification on
turnover intentions through organizational commit-
ment confirms the mediation of organizational
commitment.

Participation in school-based extracurricular
activity and adolescent’s school adjustment

Okada, Yuji Hino, Japan

The purpose of this study was to investigate the
relation between school-based extracurricular activ-
ity and adolescent’s school adjustment, by focusing
on adolescent’s morale to the activity. 824 adoles-
cents answered self-report questionnaire, which
consisted of participation in the extracurricular
activity, morale to the activity and school adjust-
ment. Two-way (gender and participation) ANO-
VAs revealed that adolescents with high morale to
the activity indicated high adjustment score com-
pared with adolescents with low morale and
adolescents those who don’t participate any activ-
ities. It was suggested that, for adolescents with low
morale, participation in the extracurricular activity
doesn’t have positive effect on school adjustment.

Determining the attitude toward characters in
television commercials using text data mining:
An analysis of Japanese commercials that feature
famous actresses

Okano, Masao Information and Communication,

Bunkyo University, Chigasaki, Japan Okano, Masami

Bunkyo University, Chigasaki, Japan

This research examined the reason for viewers’
liking or disliking characters in television commer-
cials. For this purpose, commercials featuring
Japanese actresses were shown to 200 college
students. After the presentation, the students were
asked to provide answers pertaining to the follow-
ing: their attitude toward the actress in the
commercial shown on a 4-point scale and the
reasons behind their like or dislike in the form of
free answers. The results of textminig of the free
answers revealed that the reasons for viewers’ liking
or disliking the characters matched the brand
images of the products the latter endorsed.

Influence of consumers’ perception toward
online shopping on online shopping behavior

Okano Asakawa, Masami Junior College, Bunkyo

University, Chigasaki, Japan Okano, Masao Junior

College, Bunkyo University, Chigasaki, Japan

This study examined the factors influencing con-
sumers’ perception toward online shopping and
developed a causal model that explains how this
perception affects their online shopping behavior.
We framed a questionnaire survey for 160 college
students. Utilizing 13 questions pertaining to
consumer perceptions, we conducted a factor
analysis that revealed three factors—security, con-
venience, and navigation. Based on this result, a
causal model was developed, and its validity was
investigated using covariance structure analysis. It
was found that while the ‘‘security’’ factor nega-
tively influences online shopping behavior, the
‘‘convenience’’ factor positively influences it.

‘‘Connectedness with nature scale’’: Validity and
reliability in the Spanish context

Olivos Jara, Pablo Psicologı́a Social, Univers.

Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Aragonés,

Juan Ignacio Psicologı́a Social, Univ. Complutense de

Madrid, Madrid, Spain Amérigo, Marı́a Psicologı́a,

Univ. de Castilla la Mancha, Toledo, Spain

The Connectedness with Nature Scale (CNS) has
been one of the most interesting measures related
with environmental identity. Three studies have
been carried out in order to adapt this scale into a
Spanish context. Two of them have been developed
with university students and the other one with
inhabitants of Madrid. The results obtained by
mean of Principal Component Analysis and Inter-
nal Reliability; suggest just a few changes in the
original scale. The correlation analysis of CNS with
other measures of connectedness, environmental
identity, and Anthropocentric and Biospheric
scales, confirms its convergent and discriminant
validity, and also its internal consistency.

College and technical college student’s self-
presentation: Examination of the evaluation to
own self-presentation and the other’s self-
presentation

Ono, Miwa Graduate School of Literature, Chuo

University, Tokyo, Japan

The purpose of this study was to examine self-
presentation from the following two points; (a)
evaluation and (b) self-concept represented by
speaker and recognized by others.The investigation
methods were self-evaluation test (Rosenberg,
1965), questionnaire and interview. Participants
were two handred students. In brief, High Self
Esteem person have caught own presentation and
other’s presentation from same viewpoint. On the
other hand, Low Self Esteem person have caught
own presentation and other’s one from different
viewpoint. Based on these findings, it suggested that
evaluation of own self-presentation was related to
evaluate other’s presentation.

Relationship of deficiency in abilities and
responsibility of managers with their personality
in gas company

Oreyzi, Hamid Reza Pschology, Isfahan University,

Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran

Managers of Iran Gaz company in two provinces
responded a Job analysis structured interview
instrument. They identified certain aspects of jobs
that make big difference in job performance when
managers have deficiencies and have responsibility
for thoes dimensions of jobs. significant relation-
ship were found between the results job analysis
and personality dimension of managers (P, 0.05)
Findings implications for career development of
managers were identified.

Relationship of job complexity and managers
aptitude in Iran gas company

Oreyzi, Hamid Reza Pschology, Isfahan University,

Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran

59 managerial position of Iran Gas company were
analyzed by applying Professional and Managerial
Position Questionnaire. Managers also completed
to General Aptitude Test Battery. There were
significant relationship between complexity dimen-
sion of jobs and five aptitudes(P,0.05). Implica-
tions of the Findings are current research is
considerable for career development of managers.

Profile analysis of training in Saipa car company

Oreyzi, Hamid Reza Psychology, Isfahan University,

Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran Nouri, A. psychology,

Isfahan university, Iran, Islamic Republic of Iran Amiri,

S. psychology, Isfahan university, Iran, Islamic

Republic of Iran

Profile analysis is the method that investigate
configuration and pattern of data especially in
clinical psychology instruments. In the current
research pattern of data namely training scores
and job analysis were correlated via cattle index.
Conclusions indicate there is deficiency in training
in Scc.

The effect of orthographic regularity on dyslexic
children’ spelling

Ortiz, Rosario Developmental Psychology, University

of La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain

The aim of this work is to study the effect of
orthographic regularity on the spelling in children
with dyslexia. Normal readers (NRD) and dyslexics
(RD) were tested on written spelling tasks. A
2(Group-RD vs. NRD) x 4 (Regularity- regular,
irregular, ruled word and pseudoword) multivariate
analysis of variance revealed an interaction Group x
Regularity. The findings support the hypothesis
that Spanish children with RD experience serious
difficulties in spelling, and that the orthographic
regularity and lexicality have effects on their
performance in written spelling.

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Motivation on science and mathematics across
elementary school to junior high school

Oye, Mayumi Dept. of Bunri, Tokyo Woman’s

Christian Univ., Tokyo, Japan Fujie, Yasuhiko

Department of literature, Kansai University, Suita-city,

Japan

The purpose of this present study was to investigate
development of motivation, academic engagement,
and attitude of students toward mathematics and
science before and after the transition to junior high
school. A survey of students in fifth, sixth graders’
and seventh and eighth graders’(N=1818)was con-
ducted for the purpose of developing a question-
naire to assess Japanese students’ mathematics
motivation. In addition, academic engagement,
attitude on mathematics and science were investi-
gated. The result suggested that motivation in
mathematics was undermined according to grade,
on the other hand, motivation in mathematics was
distinguished among sex.

Facing a real Person: An ERP Study

Pönkänen, Laura Tampere, Finland Hietanen, Jari

Department of Psychology, University of Tampere,

Tampere, Finland Peltola, Mikko Department of

Psychology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland

Kauppinen, Pasi Medical Technology, Ragnar Granit

Institute, Tampere, Finland Haapalainen, Antti

Medical Technology, Ragnar Granit Institute,

Tampere, Finland Leppänen, Jukka Department of

Psychology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland

The present event-related potential (ERP) study
examined whether the processing of faces is
different depending on whether participants (N =
19) are viewing faces live or as pictures. In both
conditions, the participants were shown a face of a
real person and a face of a dummy. The ANOVA
showed that early posterior negativity (EPN)
differentiated between the real face and the dummy
only in the live condition. The result reflects the fact
that a live face is a potentially interacting stimulus.
Therefore, a live face is processed differently as
compared with an inanimate face at the early
processing stages.

May vocational experience affect the pattern of
vocational interests?

Pösse, Bianca PFE, Bundesagentur für Arbeit,

Nürnberg, Germany Dorothea, Klinck PFE, Federal

Employment Agency, Nuremberg, Germany

We explored the influence of vocational experience
on vocational interests. A sample of 2650 customers
of the Psychological Service of the German Federal
Employment Agency completed the agency’s pro-
prietary interest inventory measuring 27 vocational
interests. We compared the vocational interests of
1659 adolescents (making a school-to-work transi-
tion) to those of 991 adults (planning a career
change). In general, adults obtained higher voca-
tional interest scores. Further analyses of specific
interests revealed that adults with an interest-
congruent job outperformed adults with interest-
incongruent job. Results suggest that career coun-
selling has to take vocational experience into
account especially when using an interest inventory.

Parental coherence and transmission of
attributional style to the conflicts between
parents and adolescent

Padrón, Iván Developmental Psychology, Faculty

Psychology, La Laguna, Spain Rodrigo, Maria Jose

Developmental Psychology, Faculty Psychology, La

Laguna, Spain

Causal (locus, stability, controllability) and inten-
tional (hostile, positive) attributions to the conflicts
between parents and adolescent were examined.
Open-ended responses to six conflicts of the father,
mother and adolescent from 270 two-parent
families were categorized. Parental coherence of
the attributional style was significantly moderate in
every dimension especially for the girls no matter

adolescents age. Fathers transmission of attribu-
tions to adolescents was more robust and consistent
regardless of their sex, whereas mothers transmis-
sion was only observed to the girls. Overall, content
of the attribution transmitted by parents was more
positive for girls than for boys.

Perpetuating the inequality: Tokenism and
ideologies that legitimize the system
Palacios, Maria Soledad Dept. of Psychology,

University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain Morales Marente,

Elena Department of Pscyhology, University of

Huelva, Huelva, Spain Vélez, Jonatan Department of

Pscyhology, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain

Portal, Javier Department of Pscyhology, University

of Huelva, Huelva, Spain

The aim of this study is to check if tokenism context
could promote ideologies that justify/legitimize the
system and/or the social structure. We compare this
context with a control, a discriminatory and a
meritocratic context, that we primed by a text about
recent scientific results over the access of women to
the work place. The design was a factorial
intergroup 2 (gender) x 4 (control, tokenism,
discriminatory and meritocratic context). The main
dependent variable was a questionnaire about
ideologies that legitimize the status quo. Partici-
pants were 63 students from the University of
Huelva. Results showed significant differences
between contexts: tokenism is clearly related with
justification ideologies. Also were found gender
differences.

Exploring factor structure of the CDI_TW in
Taiwanese adolescents
Pan, Yuan-Chien Psychology, NTU, Taipei, Taiwan

Chen, Sue-Huei Psychology, National Taiwan

University, Taipei, Taiwan Wu, Chih-Hsun

Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei,

Taiwan

The Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) is a
widely used tool to measure depressive symptoms of
children and adolescents. The present study aimed
to explore underlying factor structure of the Taiwan
version of the CDI (CDI_TW) with 1446 students
aged 13-16 in Taiwan. By using exploratory factor
analysis, the results yielded four factors, i.e., self-
deprecation, sadness, interpersonal problem, and
lack of interest. Being different from the findings of
European and American samples, our findings
suggest of potential cultural differences on depres-
sive symptom manifestations between Taiwanese
and Western children and adolescents. Further
verification of such four-factor structure of the
CDI_TW is needed.

Adolescence identity status: It’s relation to
applied creativity and self-esteem in Greek
adolescents
Paraskevopoulou, Polyxeni Athens, Greece Pischos,

Charalampos PSYCHOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF

ATHENS, ATHENS, Greece

J. Marcia’s adolescence identity statuses (identity
diffusion, identity foreclosure, identity moratorium
and identity achievement) are detected in Greek
adolescent pupils, by "identity status interview").
Levels of applied creativity and self-esteem are
obtained, as well, by Guilford’s and Torrance test
and by Rosenberg’s scale, accordingly. The study
examines the relation between each adolescence
identity status to levels of creativity and self-esteem.

An exploratory study of some sexual behaviours
and psychological adjustment of Indian gay and
bisexual youths
Parekh, Suresh Dept. of Psychology, Shri

M.M.Ghodasara Mahila Col., Junagadh, India

This research may be viewed as the beginning, with
a tiny step, in the totally unexplored field of the
study of homosexuality and bisexuality in India.
The study was carried out with 136 gay and

bisexual participants in the age range of 16 to 26
years and the mean age of 20.8 years. A 49 items/
questions Interview Schedule, covering demo-
graphic items and various sexual behaviour items
was developed and used. Both similarities and
differences have been found on various sexual
behaviours. The correlation analysis showed that
gay or bisexual identity was highly and positively
related to psychological adjustment or ego-strength.

Psychological characteristics of run away youth

Parsian, Monireh Psychology, Teacher Training

University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran Parsian,

monireh psychology, teacher training university,

tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran Moradi, Ali Reza

psychology, teacher training university, tehran,

Islamic Republic of Iran Shahraray, Mehrnaz

psychology, teacher training university, Tehran,

Islamic Republic of Iran

The main aim of the current research is to
investigate the family risk factors with runaway
youth. 107 youth people in two groups including
runaway groups and normal control groups parti-
cipated in this study. Two groups were mached by
sex, age, IQ and the number of sisters and
brothers.The instruments were used in this study
include the Family Functioning Scale,, Raven
Intelligence Test. The results showed that there is
a significant relationship between family risk
facrtors such as cohesion, expressiveness, confilict
with parent, active orientation, cultural orientation,
religious orientation, organization, external locus of
control, family idealization, cancellation, demo-
cratic, lassize-faire and authoritarian family style,
interweave and runaway youth.

High schizotypy is related to increased response
bias and decreased visual sensitivity for
detecting faces embedded in noise

Partos, Timea Dept. of Psychology, University of

Melbourne, Parkville, Australia Cropper, Simon

Psychology - Redmond Barry Bdg, The University of

Melbourne, Parkville, Australia Rawlings, David

Psychology - Redmond Barry Bdg, The University of

Melbourne, Parkville, Australia

Schizotypy has been linked to hallucination-like
visual experiences. We investigated whether re-
sponse biases (beta) or variations in visual sensitiv-
ity (d-prime) were driving this relationship.
Schizotypy questionnaires were administered to a
non-clinical sample, along with a computerized
signal-detection task requiring the discrimination of
faces-in-noise from noise-only images. Incorrect
expectations regarding the ratio of face to noise
images were created for some participants. False-
alarm rates shifted towards participants’ expecta-
tions, regardless of schizotypy. High schizotypy was
consistently associated with higher beta and lower
d-prime. These results implied that decreased visual
sensitivity (along with bias) may influence visual
perception in individuals high in schizotypy.

Positive illusions in the mating domain: When
thinking good about yourself while feeling bad is
a crucial part of your fitness

Pass, Jessica Dept. of Sociology, University of

Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands Lindenberg,

Siegwart Sociology, University of Groningen,

Groningen, Netherlands Park, Justin Psychology,

University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands

Positive illusions have been proposed to be adaptive
(Haselton & Nettle, 2006). We examined whether
maintaining certain positive illusions (e.g., ‘‘I am
desirable as a mate’’) may be essential for motivat-
ing functional approach behavior when fitness-
relevant beliefs are threatened. In two experiments
participants received bogus feedback on their mate-
value. The results revealed that after mate rejection,
participants experienced negative affect and low-
ered self-esteem. Women’s self-esteem was only
lowered when the reason for rejection was their

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physical attractiveness; for men when competence
and status were the cause of rejection. However, as
expected, positive illusions and functional approach
behavior were maintained.

Treatment evaluation of psychosomatic in-
patient rehabilitation
Pausch, Jana Clinical Psychology, Technical

University Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany Muehlig,

Stephan Clinical Psychology, Technical University

Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany

The effectiveness of psychosomatic in-patient re-
habilitation with a cognitive-behavioral orientation
was evaluated (N=229) using patients subjective
health rating and objective criteria. In addition
predictors of treatment outcome were investigated.
Predictor variables were assessed using a battery of
standardized clinical instruments. Pre-post differ-
ences over the treatment duration showed a positive
medium effect size. Multiple regression analysis and
discriminant analysis identified predictors asso-
ciated with a worse treatment outcome: younger
age, absent partnership, lower level of education,
absent employment, somatoform disorders, larger
number of pretreatment, higher degree of comor-
bidity, application for a pension and period of
disability over 25 weeks. Implications are discussed.

Perceptions of European and national identities
of Turkish Cypriot students
Pehlivan, Ahmet Turkish Language Teaching, Cyprus

International Univers., Nicosia, Cyprus Pahin, Feride

Sulen

Nowadays, how children perceive the European
and national identities is important in North
Cyprus. Because political and identical issues are
still in discussion in Turkish Cypriot community.
The aim of the study is to determine how students
construct European and national identities on their
mind. The test which was based on Philippou (2005)
and Barrett and his colleagues’ studies, and a focus
group interview were used in this study. Tests were
completed by 100 15-year-old Turkish Cypriot
students in 5 classes and the group interview were
conducted with only groups of four pupils from
every class totaling twenty students in all. Data
analysis is still in progress.

Repressors are unable to suppress, unless it is
threatening: Coping styles influence intentional
forgetting
Peters, Jan Hendrik Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Mainz, Mainz, Germany Hock, Michael Psychology,

University Mainz, Mainz, Germany

Repressors remember less negative information
than non-repressors. Using a think/no-think task,
we tested whether this is caused by intentional
suppression of unwanted memories: Participants (N
= 88) learned unrelated word pairs (cues and
responses). Subsequently, depending on the pre-
sented cue, responses had to be recalled or
inhibited. One-third of the cues were not presented
during this phase (baseline). Finally, all responses
had to be recalled. While most participants could
permanently inhibit memory independent of word-
valence, repressors showed intentional forgetting
only for threatening words. Consequently, inten-
tional forgetting interacts with the valence of the to-
be-suppressed material and with an individual’s
coping style.

The influence of internet on the political activity
of Ukrainian youth: The possibilities of positive
dynamics
Petrunko, Olga ISPP, Kyiv, Ukraine

According to the sociological researches carried out
in Ukraine, the majority of Ukrainian Net segment
users are interested in politics, because they visit
political sites and discuss political news very active.
However an interest to politics in fact does not
guarantee that many young people participate in

elections and there is a doubtful evidence of their
political activity. The virtual political activity and
creativity in the Charts and on the Forums allegedly
displace the need in the real actions. The influence
of Internet on youths‘ political activity is signifi-
cantly limited by the culture imaging, users’
stereotypes, intellectual-professional level of hyper-
text.

Self-monitoring in the structure of personality
and the factors of its genesis
Polezhaeva, Ekaterina Dept. of Psychology, Moscow

State University, Moscow, Russia

The aim of our study was to analyze the structure of
personality traits, including self-monitoring, as well
as to understand intra-family similarity of person-
ality traits, especially - the dependence of children’s
self-monitoring on different personality features of
their parents. The sample comprised 540 partici-
pants - Moscow and Dubna university students,
their siblings and parents. The most remarkable
results were the following: 1) significant correlation
between self-monitoring and personal features
linked with the phenomenon of power, 2) more
significant correlations between fathers’ and their
off-springs’ traits, including self-monitoring, than
between mothers and their off-springs, 3) self-
monitoring as the basic building block feature in
the correlation matrix of children and their parents.

Purpose-in-life-test: Reliability, factorial structure
and relation to mental health in a Greek sample
Psarra, Evangelia Special Education, University of

Thessaly, Volos, Greece Kleftaras, George Dept. of

Special Education, University of Thessaly, Volos,

Greece

The purpose of the present study was a) to adapt
the Purpose-in-life-Test (PIL) in Greece, b) to
gather empirical evidence on the psychometric
properties of the Greek version of the PIL,
including reliability and factorial structure and c)
to investigate the relationship between meaning-in-
life and psychological health. 401 newly recruited
men for their navy-national-service completed the
Greek versions of the ‘‘Purpose-in-life-Test’’ and
the ‘‘General-Health-Questionnaire’’. PIL was
found to have a good reliability and factor analysis
showed that four factors were abstracted from the
scale, namely, ‘‘sense-of-fullness’’, ‘‘goal-achieve-
ment’’, ‘‘freedom-of-choice’’ and ‘‘death’’. Finally,
PIL factors were significantly correlated to general
health dimensions.

Comparison of the actual and theoretical (cube-
in-globe) structures of the individual sleep-wake
adaptability
Putilov, Arcady Berlin, Germany Putilov, Dmitriy

The three-dimensional Cube-in-Globe model was
propounded to explain the structure of sleep-wake
adaptability. The model distinguishes between two
types of dimensionality, underlying and overt.
Three axes of Globe represent three independently
variable underlying neurobiological parameters,
while 12 ribs of Cube inscribed in this Globe
represent six bipolar overt dimensions (they are
delineated by fixing two underlying parameters in
the area of extreme values, and allowing variation
of the third parameter). Application of the tetra-
circumplex criterion to questionnaire data (n=680)
provided empirical evidence of similarity between
the actual and theorized structures of the sleep-
wake adaptability.

Neurocognitive correlates of public risk
Qin, Jungang Dept. of Psychology, Peking University,

Beijing, People’s Republic of China Han, Shihui

Psychology, Peking University, Beijing, People’s

Republic of China

Although public risk has come to more and more
dominate individual and collective consciousness,
the cognitive and neural processes involved in

public risk identification remain unknown. We

recorded brain activities when observers identified

potential risks involved in public events. Relative to

safe public events, identification of risky public

events resulted in larger amplitudes of P200 and of

LPP. fMRI results further localized these neural

correlates in the vACC and PCC. Both the P200/

LPP amplitudes and the PCC activation magni-

tudes positively correlated with subjective rating

scores of risky events. Our findings support public

risk identification is subserved by an early process

of threat detection and a late evaluation process

based on retrieval of emotional experiences.

Fractal patterns in collective bahaviour. Trends in
political psychology

Quezada, Ariel Psicologı́a, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez,

Viña del Mar, Chile

This study talks about the evidence of political

behaviour as an emergency of a Complex Adaptive

System (CAS). CAS are integrated systems con-

stituted by excitable and interacting individual

components that generate self organization and

facilitate spontaneous behavioural patterns, differ-

ent from its origin and not reducible to it.

Analyzing monthly trends in Political Identification

in Spain and Chile, it could describe patterns of

volatility and change in long-term time series. The

methodology employed to analyze this time series

was Hurst’s Exponent, a tool from Fractal Geo-

metry. This methodology allows discover the

pattern and forecast future trends of this collective

behaviour. The results give support to the operation

of feedback mechanism regulating collective beha-

viour in political psychology.

Quality of work life: Findings from a Portuguese
study

Rafael, Manuel Faculty of Psychology, University of

Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

Attention to human capital within organizations

and to Quality of Work Life (QWL) is an essential

topic in the agenda of human resource manage-

ment. This poster describes the development of a

Portuguese QWL study with 250 participants. Main

results are presented, namely the identification of

relative importance of QWL’ dimensions (job,

career, work relations, personal life and work

conditions, e.g.) with the evaluation of the real

existence of QWL events, and relationship with

other psychological dimensions, namely satisfaction

and job stress. Usefulness of findings for promoting

QWL within an humanistic tradition are discussed.

The circumplex model of organizational
citizenship behavior in a military context

Rafael, Manuel Faculty of Psychology, University of

Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal Abreu, Rute Faculty of

Psychology, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

The circumplex model of Organizational Citizen-

ship Behavior (OCB) was recently proposed by

Moon, Dyne & Wroble (2005) and in the authors’

words can guide both theoretical and empirical

research. This poster presents a study with 461

college students in a military institution that

completed a questionnaire intended to evaluate

Helping, Innovation, Sportsmanship and Compli-

ance dimensions of OCB. Findings indicated

satisfactory levels of reliability of the results. Also

support partially the circumplex model with the

clearly emergence of Helping, Innovation, and

Compliance factors/dimensions. Results are dis-

cussed on implications for future research in human

resource management.

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The role of verbal and non-verbal tests in
determining of laterality in schizophrenic and
depressive patients

Rahimi Taghanaki, Changiz Clinical Psychology,

Shiraz University, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran

We studied the role of verbal and non-verbal tests
in determining of laterality in schizophrenic and
depressive patients. 36 schizophrenic and 27 de-
pressive patients completed two verbal and non-
verbal memory tests including ‘‘Worterlerntest’’
and ‘‘pare-Assoziation-Test von abstrakten Figu-
ren’’. Analyzing the row values using t test showed
that, the difference between two groups was only in
verbal memory test significant (P,0.05). It seems
verbal fluency test, in opposite of non-verbal
memory test, can determine laterality in schizo-
phrenic and depressive patients.

Factors associated in the moral development in
engineering students: An approach
multivariante, Analysis of main components

Ramirez L., Jorge J. Ciencia y Tecnologı́a

Comportam, Universidad Simón Bolı́var, Caracas,

Venezuela

The present work studied the association between
demographics factors and academic abilities with
the level of moral development in a sample of
students of Engineering. The version of the instru-
ment ‘‘Defining Issues Test’’ - DIT- (Rest, 1979)
adapted to Venezuelan context by Zerpa and
Ramirez (2004) was used. The sample was 281
students. An analysis of main components shows
two factors of grouping high and low moral
development; first associated with the feminine
sex, age between 16 and 17 years, parents with
superior formation. The second factor under
development, associated with parents and mothers
with incomplete high school. Will discuss results.

Life attitude and environmental perception of
women in detention

Rana, Neeti Dept. of Applied Psychology, EMPI

Business School, New Delhi, India

Herein, an attempt has been made to investigate life
attitude and environmental perception of Indian
women in detention (N=300). ANOVA by 2x2x2
factorial design with repeated measures and un-
equal cell entries showed that elderly under-trial
women prisoners with no social support had lowest
self control, highest perception of crowding, and
maximum negative attitude towards life. The young
convicts with social support had highest self
control, lowest perception of crowding and max-
imum positive attitude towards life. It is concluded
that women in detention have special needs and
steps to be taken for preparing them for subsequent
release and reintegration into society.

Symbolic battles around a bronze soldier:
Estonian version of intergroup disagreement

Raudsepp, Maaris Psychology, Tallinn University,

Tallinn, Estonia Wagner, Wolfgang Social and

Economic Psychology, Johannes Kepler University,

Linz, Austria

The study aims to analyze the development of a
intergroup conflict (which culminated in violent
events in April 2007), related to interpretation of
the consequences of II World War in Estonia.
Qualitative content analysis of Estonian and
Russian language media texts and accompanying
discussions in the internet reveals systems of hetero-
referential representations, which form various
barriers to intergroup dialogue – institutional and
political, on the one hand (manipulation with
threatened identities), and socio-psychological –
on the other (collective emotions, intercultural
incompetency, procedural injustice, disrespect and
lack of recognition, intensifying distrust). In con-
clusion, some possibilities for promoting conflict
resolution and conciliation are discussed.

Self-reports and peer-reports of depression and
social behaviour: Results of a 4-year longitudinal
study in adolescence

Reicher, Hannelore Inst. Bildungswissenschaften,

Universität Graz, Graz, Austria

Concurrent and longitudinal relations among self-
and peer-reported depression, positive and negative
social behaviour, and perceived family functions
(scales assessing task-fulfillment, role behavior,
communication, emotionality, affective establish-
ment of relations, control, values and norms) were
assessed in 32 pupils starting from grade 9 and four
years later in grade 13. Self-reported depressive
symptoms and positive social behaviour were stable
over time. Self- and peer-reports of depression and
negative social behaviour are not correlated.
Significant increases in some family function scales
were found. In general, these results are discussed
with regard to interpersonal aspects of emotional
problems and developmental tasks in adolescents.

Is there a common construct underlying the need
for cognition, perfectionism, industriousness and
persistence?

Reyes-Lagunes, Isabel Fac.de Psicologı́a, UNAM,

Mexico, Mexico Luis, Garcia Mexico, Mexico Correa-

Romero, Fredi E. Psicologı́a, UAM, Mexico, Mexico

In this poster is presented the adaptation and
validation of five scales from four different
theoretical approximations, the constructs evalu-
ated were Need for cognition, Perfectionism (2
different scales), industriousness and Persistence.
The sample was no probabilistic, intentionally
conformed by 446 participants (male = 47%; Age
mean=23, SD=9) from Mexico City. The scales
present Cronbach’s Alpha values from 0.78 to 0.91,
factor and structural equation modeling analysis
were performed, the results shows an underlying
theoretical construct to the four constructs referred
previously.

Genetic predictors of mood variability in women:
An examination of the estrogen receptor,
androgen receptor and serotonin transporter
genes

Richards, Meghan Dept. of Psychology, Lakehead

University, Thunder Bay, Canada Bird, Jessica

Psychology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay,

Canada Oinonen, Kirsten Psychology, Lakehead

University, Thunder Bay, Canada

We examined whether genetic polymorphisms on
the estrogen-receptor (ERa), androgen-receptor
(AR), and serotonin transporter (5-HTT) genes
affect mood reactivity or mood variability in
women. Over the course of three phases, partici-
pants engaged in: demographic screening, DNA
sample collection, an experimental anxiety induc-
tion, and self-report affect ratings. Preliminary
results for the mood induction procedure revealed
trends suggesting greater overall mood and posi-
tive-affect change for the homozygous long group,
and a greater amount of negative-affect change for
the heterozygous group for the ERa gene. In
addition, we observed greater positive-affect change
for the 8/10-9/10 allele group of the 5-HTT gene.

‘Long term care’ vs ‘independent living’’:
Exploring identity concepts

Rivera, Luz Dept. of Clinical Psychology, Carlos Albizu

University, Gurabo, Puerto Rico Altieri, Gladys

Clinical Psychology, Carlos Albizu University, Gurabo,

Puerto Rico

This paper presents a phenomenological analysis of
semi-structured interviews with 12 elders; 6 living
on long term care facilities and 6 living indepen-
dently. The motivation behind the study was to
identify common themes on the narratives from
elders regarding identity, self image, self esteem and
self care. Results showed the importance of self
actualization development for their perception of

life satisfaction and well being (personal experience
of self and their world).

Age differences in workplace learning
competency
Roßnagel, Christian Jacobs Centre, Jacobs University

Bremen, Bremen, Germany Schulz, Melanie Jacobs

Centre, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany

In an ageing workforce, the informal workplace
learning participation of older workers is increas-
ing. We explored how age affects the learning
competency required for informal learning and
assessed learning, control and self-regulation stra-
tegies in three age groups of workers (18-35, 36-50,
and 51-65yrs). Independent of age, unsuccessful
learners reported fewer control strategies. This
effect was more pronounced for older workers
and was linked to higher cognitive load. Negative
affect was higher for both successful and unsuccess-
ful older learners and was coupled with declining
self-efficacy for unsuccessful learners. Learning
competency was only weakly correlated with
general cognitive ability. Findings inform the age-
differentiated development of workplace learning.

Relation between objective school competence
and perceived school competence in gifted and
non-gifted 9th grade students
Rodrigues da Costa, Ana Faculdade de Ciências

Humanas, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Porto,

Portugal

Objective: To analyse the relation between objective
competence and perceived school competence in
gifted and non-gifted 9th grade students. Method:
A cohort of 171 students (28 gifted and 143 non-
gifted), aged between 13 and 18, answered to Raven
Progressive Matrix, Verbal and Numeric Thinking
Test, Self-Concept and Self-Esteem Scale, and to a
Socio-Demographic Questionnaire. Results: Results
suggest that perceived school competence is related
to objective school competence in 9th grade
students. Moreover, data analysis also suggests that
this relation is stronger in gifted students. Discus-
sion: These results suggest that gifted students
present a more realistic perception concerning their
competence.

Perceived school-competence and socio-
demographic characteristics: Comparison
between gifted and non-gifted 9th grade
students
Rodrigues da Costa, Ana Faculdade de Ciências

Humanas, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Porto,

Portugal

Objective: To analyse if there are differences
concerning perceived school-competence between
gifted and non-gifted 9th grade students, consider-
ing gender and socio-economic status. Method: A
cohort of 171 students (28 gifted and 143 non-
gifted), aged between 13 and 18 answered to Verbal
and Numeric Thinking Test, Self-Concept and Self-
Esteem Scale, and to a Socio-Demographic Ques-
tionnaire. Results: Gender and socio-economic
status in gifted students revealed not to be relevant
to perceived school-competence. However, male
and high income non-gifted students report higher
perceived competence. Discussion: Socio-demo-
graphic characteristics are relevant in the study of
non-gifted students’ perceived school-competence,
but not of gifted students.

Evaluation of visual perception and creativity in
the university classroom
Rodriguez, Maria Elena CEIC, Universidad de

Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico Orozco, Rosalba

CUAAD, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara,

Mexico Maciel, Cristobal CUAAD, Universidad de

Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico

In order to evaluate the level of visual perception
and creativity of 227 students (113 male and 114
female) of 4 university programs in architecture and

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design of the University of Guadalajara, two tests
were used: (1) Rey complex figure and (2) Torrance
Test of Creativity Thinking. Both tests were
adapted to the Mexican context by Beristáin. Tests
were applied at the beginning and the end of the
first semester and at the end of the fourth and
eighth semester. Results showed a statistically
significant increment after the first semester but
not after the fourth and eighth.

Family conflicts, have the same solution
depending of children’s age?

Rodriguez Ruiz, Beatriz Psicologia Evol. y de la Educ.,

University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain Rodrigo

López, Maria Jose Psicologia evol. y de la educ.,

University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain

One of the most significant changes in the Spanish
family system has been the sons and daughters stay
at home till later ages. In this study we analyze the
participation and the use of strategies and goals in
the solution of conflicts depending of the age of
sons/daughters. This sample is composed of 150
families with son/daughter between 15 and 25 years
old. The ANOVA results showed that there are
differences in the conflicts participation. Parents use
similar strategies and goals, whereas sons and
daughters use more negation with age. In sun, it is
necessary to promote different family interventions
depending of children’s age.

French social representation of war and peace

Roland-Levy, Christine Paris, France

Based on recent French history -World War 2, the
war with Algeria during the 60s, and on terrorism
attacks in 1995, we assume that these events
contribute to the building of a ‘‘national’’ discourse.
Thus, these events, having shaped today’s social
representation of peace and war, help us interpret
the discourse used in France about peace, terrorism
and/or wars. In terms of methodology, association
tasks were carried out with three samples, men and
women, aged 18-25; 35-60; 65 and above; these age
groups were chosen because of their proximity with
at least one of the previously mentioned events.

The dark side of mindfulness: Why mindfulness
interventions are not beneficial for everyone

Rosing, Kathrin I/O Psychologie, Universität Gießen,

Gießen, Germany Baumann, Nicola Dept. I -

Psychology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany

This experimental study (N = 57) tested the effects
of a mindfulness induction (i.e., mindfully eating a
raisin) on the susceptibility to expert recommenda-
tions of extrinsic goals. Susceptibility was operatio-
nalized as the tendency to misperceive
recommended extrinsic goals as self-selected. Re-
sults indicated that individuals who have trouble
knowing their own preferences (i.e., low access to
their self-system) are likely to be invaded by expert
recommendations of extrinsic goals after a mind-
fulness induction. These results show that a mind-
fulness intervention might be harmful for some
people – i.e., with low self-access – and is not as
universally beneficial as prior studies suggest.

Using commitment to encourage public
transportation use to go to work

Rubens, Lolita Hauts de seine, Université Paris 10 UFR

SPSE, Nanterre, France

Our study aims at comparing the effectiveness of
commitment and cognitive dissonance in the
environmental field. We expect people to choose
alternative transportation mode instead of their car
to go to work everyday when they are committed.
We have two different studies, the first one
manipulate the level of commitment and the
arguments given to participants. The second one
make participants feel dissonant about their beha-
viour. We expect ‘‘committed and hypocrite’’
participants to give up their car more often than

the control group. The studies are in progress and
the results will be presented during the congress.

The role of emotion and issue ownership in
explaining pro-environmental behavior in
organizations
Russell, Sally UQ Business School, University of

Queensland, Brisbane, Australia Ashkanasy, Neal M.

Faculty of Business, Economics, The University of

Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

Based on the social psychological theory of issue
ownership, we present a model of the emotional
antecedents of pro-environmental behavior. We
argue that more intense emotional reactions to
environmental issues result in stronger issue own-
ership, and therefore increased displays of pro-
environmental behavior. The hypotheses underlying
this model were supported using a structural
equation modeling analysis of questionnaire data
from three large Australian organizations (N=325).
The findings make a significant contribution to
both the environmental psychology and environ-
mental management literatures by offering a greater
understanding of how emotional reactions and issue
ownership predict proenvironmental behaviors
within organizations.

Citizenship and counterproductive behavior in
organizations and employees’ social identity
Rutkowska, Dorota Faculty of Psychology, Warsaw

University, Warsaw, Poland Latawiec, Paulina Faculty

of Psychology, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland

Employees’ social identity may be connected with
organizational citizenship and counterproductive
behavior (OCB and CPB). There seem to be two
most salient reference groups people identify with in
work context: a group of co-workers (organiza-
tional identification) and a group of the same
profession holders (professional identification). In
the correlation study among physicians (n=83) it
was shown that for employee’s whose professional
identification is poor strong identification with an
organization increases OCB level and reduces CPB
level. However, the strength of organizational
identification does not modify the level of OCB
and CPB in employees who strongly identify with
their professional group.

Achievement goals in social interactions: Which
goal promotes learning?
Sülz, Christoph Institut für Psychologie, Universität

Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

In the present study (N=99) participants in different
goal conditions (mastery, performance-approach,
performance-avoidance, and control group) studied
a text, together with an alleged partner connected
via Ethernet. Periodically they were interrupted to
answer a question. After each answer participants
received a manipulated feedback from their ‘‘part-
ner’’ (agreement vs. disagreement). Contrary to
Darnon and colleagues’ findings (2007), partici-
pants in the performance-approach goal condition
benefited from disagreement and performed better
in the subsequent multiple-choice test. But under
agreement both performance goals, compared to
mastery and control condition, lead to worse
learning.

Gender stereotypes about technology:
Prototypes about people involved in technology
Sainz, Milagros Internet Interdisciplin. Inst., UOC,

Castelldefels, Spain López Sáez, Mercedes Social and

Organizational, UNED, Madrid, Spain

A great body of literature evidences the existence of
gender stereotypes about technology that exclude
women from technological fields (Eccles, Barber
and Jozewoficz, 1999; Eccles, 2005). In this study,
we have used parametric and non- parametric
statistical proofs in order to analyze some of those
stereotypes in a sample of 550 adolescents (293 girls
and 250 boys, average age=15, s.d=1.73) in Spain.

Our findings proved the existence of gender

stereotypes about people involved in technology-

related fields concerning their intellectual capacities

and lack of social skills. Role models in technology-

related works are masculine. We discuss our

findings and their practical implications.

Interval timing behavior was affected by
circadian rhythm in rats

Sakata, Shogo Dept. of Behavioral Sciences,

Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan Hattori,

Minoru Behavioral Sciences, Hiroshima University,

Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan Hasegawa, Takayuki

Behavioral Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-

Hiroshima, Japan

Animals have own internal clocks that were called

the circadian rhythm and the interval timing

mechanism. Six Wistar male rats were trained for

five days a week in PI 30-s procedure at the same

time of the day over 60 sessions. The 3-s bin of lever

press responses on probe trials showed a clear peak

point. Response temporal distributions had the

peak time of regression curve fitting with the

Gaussian distribution. The peak time corresponded

to near the 30-s with reinforcement durations. Then

a run of three days experiments were done.

Temporal distributions showed clearly dependent

on the circadian rhythm.

Perceived justice: How different demographic
characteristics can predict it in an organization

Samavatyan, Hossein Psychology, Isfahan University,

Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran Nouri, Aboulghasem

Psychology, Isfahan University, Isfahan, Islamic

Republic of Iran Oreyzi, Hamid Reza Psychology,

Isfahan University, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran

Sanati, Javad Occupational HSE, Polyacryl of Iran

Corporation, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran

Perceived justice has been investigated among the

personnel of a large industrial setting. The ran-

domly selected 420 participants responded to an

attitude questionnaire measuring their attitude

about different aspects of justice in their organiza-

tion. Selective demographic characteristics (such as

education, income, gender, and employment status)

were also measured to find out any possible

relationship and effect on the perceived justice.

The results revealed some significant correlations as

well as differences in perceived justice. Factor

analysis was also conducted to indicate the similar

factor patterns. The findings showed how some

demographic factors can change and form the

personnel’s perception of justice.

Psychometric properties of negative attitudes
toward masturbation inventory on a sample of
Salvadorian adolescents

Santos, Pablo Granada University, Granada, Spain

Sierra, Juan Carlos Personality, Assessment and Ps,

Granada University, Granada, Spain Perla, Felipe

Psychology, Orient University, San Miguel, El

Salvador

OBJECTIVE. This work shows the first psycho-

metric data of Negative Attitudes Toward Mastur-

bation Inventory (NAMI; Abramson y Mosher,

1975) on Salvadorian adolescents. METHOD. A

sample of 610 adolescents filled in the NAMI,

together with Sexual Opinion Survey. RESULTS.

The three factors which were obtained explained

33.53% of the total variance, corroborating the

structure which was proposed by the authors:

Personally experienced negative affects associated

with masturbation (? =0.84), Positive attitudes

toward masturbation (? =0.75), and False beliefs

about the harmful nature of masturbation (? =0.64).

The total scale achieved an internal consistency of

0.82. Two of the three factors significantly correlate

with erotophilia.

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Navigational and learning strategies in
hypermedia learning environments

Schellhas, Bernd Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany

Hypermedia learning environments allow learners
to move through information networks with self-
regulated learning strategies. Forty 10th grade
students were asked to gather information on the
outbreak of Word War I for a knowledge test.
Subsequently, they were confronted with the
recorded replay of their hyperspace behavior
interviewed regarding their intentions and their
proceeding. Learning strategies assessed via this
direct analysis proved to be more reliably related to
learning outcomes as well as to motivation, test
anxiety, and cognitive abilities (questionnaires) than
did previously reported learning strategies (ques-
tionnaire). Deep/nonlinear vs. surface/linear strate-
gies were differentiated, the first being more
effective.

The processing of food cues in binge eating
disorder: An fMRI study

Schienle, Anne Inst. für Klin. Psychologie, Universität

Graz, Graz, Austria Schäfer, Axel Clinical Psychology,

University of Graz, Graz, Austria Hermann, Andrea

Clinical Psychology, University of Giessen, Giessen,

Germany Vaitl, Dieter Clinical Psychology, University

of Giessen, Giessen, Germany

We investigated reward sensitivity in patients
afflicted with binge eating disorder (BED) via
functional magnetic resonance imaging. BED is
characterized by recurrent overeating episodes,
which are not followed by regular compensatory
behaviors. Patients suffering from BED, bulimia
nervosa and healthy controls were exposed to
pictures depicting food and non-food stimuli.
BED patients reported elevated reward sensitivity
and showed enhanced activation in the anterior
cingulate cortex, the insula and the nucleus
accumbens during processing of food cues. Their
valence ratings for food pictures were positively
correlated with involvement of the nucleus accum-
bens, the central structure of the brain reward
system.

Effects of studying abroad on national identity: A
longitudinal field study with German exchange
students

Schneider, Henrike Alexandra Arbeits- und Org.-

Psychologie, Tech. Universität Braunschweig,

Braunschweig, Germany Weitekamp, Katharina

Differentielle Psychologie, Helmut Schmidt

University, Hamburg, Germany Deutsch, Werner

Abteilung f. Entwicklungspsych, TU Braunschweig,

Braunschweig, Germany

Does a stay abroad have an effect on national
identity? National identity was measured by an
online questionnaire concerning ‘‘national feeling’’
and ‘‘political pride’’, which was completed by 292
German high school students. 203 students (treat-
ment group) left Germany for a stay abroad while
the remaining 89 (control group) stayed in Ger-
many. The survey was repeated twice over a period
of eight months. Results of MANOVA indicate
that ‘‘national feeling’’ does increase in the treat-
ment group during the stay abroad, whereas
‘‘political pride’’ remains constant. This implies
that national identity can be modified by intergroup
contact.

Training of visual-auditory integration in dyslexia

Schumacher, Bettina Inst. für Psychologie II,

Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany

Koether, Ralf Psychology, University of Bamberg,

Bamberg, Germany Scheller, Kerstin Psychology,

University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany van

Leeuwen, Cees PDL, Brain Science Institute, Riken,

Wako-shi, Japan Lachmann, Thomas Psychology II,

University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany

AudiLex H is a commercial training program that
aims to practice accuracy and speed of visual-
auditory integration in children with reading
problems in order to enhance their reading skills.
Some researchers have found positive effects on
reading time after training, others failed. The
present study evaluated the effect of long term
training on speed / accuracy of visual auditory
integration in children with dyslexia compared to
controls, the impact on reading speed in both
groups and the stability of the effects. The results
were compared to those of a regular reading
program conducted with different groups, dyslexics
and controls.

Improving the prediction of recycling behavior: A
cross-cultural comparison of the subjective
evaluation of social norms and experienced
emotions in Spain and Brazil

Schweiger Gallo, Inge Psicologı́a Social, U.

Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Torres, Ana

Psychology Departament, Catholic University of

Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil Corraliza, José Antonio

Psicologı́a Social y Metodologı́, U. Autónoma de

Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Spain Rodriguez

Monter, Miryam Psicologı́a Social, U. Complutense

de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón (madrid), Spain

Álvaro, José Luis Psicologı́a Social, U. Complutense

de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón (madrid), Spain

Starting from the premise that the evaluation of the
social norm and experienced emotions should
improve the prediction of carrying out recycling
behavior, we analyzed which factors underlie the
subjective evaluation of the social norm, as well as
the emotions associated with recycling behavior.
The results revealed that in both Spain and Brazil
the most relevant emotions associated with recy-
cling behavior were joy, responsibility and affective
evaluation. Both emotions and affective evaluation
also accounted for a significant increase of the
explained variance. Thus, future research might
take into account these variables for increasing our
capacity to predict recycling behavior.

The collective unconsciousness in politics

Sedrakyan, Sedrak Psychology, Urartu University,

Yerevan, Armenia Sedrakyan, Anahit Psychology,

Urartu University, Yerevan, Armenia

Nowadays in the light of socio-economic and
political changes psychological factors play an
important role. In this sense it is important to
reveal the political consciousness. Irrational, un-
consciousness, together with political consciousness
and self-consciousness plays an important role in
politics. The main content of collective uncon-
sciousness (K. Jung) is archetypes, universal a priori
behavior schedules, special type over-personal
(group and typical) perception types and reaction
types of people from definite ‘‘collective’’. Collec-
tive unconsciousness becomes very dangerous if it
opposes politics. There are existing psychological
methods of impact on politics. In modern civilized
society its influence has decreased and appears only
in extreme situations. Usually in stable socio-
political systems the collective unconsciousness is
expressed too weak.

Well-being across cultures: An investigation of
cultural, individual, and job characteristics
impact on employee well-being

Septarini, Berlian Gressy Faculty of Psychology,

Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia Smith,

Leigh School of Psychology, Curtin Univ of

Technology, Perth, Australia

The prediction of cultural, individual and job
characteristics on occupational well-being (job
satisfaction, anxiety-comfort, and depression-en-
thusiasm) were investigated in two countries.
Hypotheses were tested in 458 university employees
of two universities located in Indonesia and
Australia using canonical correlation analysis and

hierarchical multiple regression. Employee well-

being, indicated by the first canonical variates,

centred on Depression-Enthusiasm and Extrinsic

Jobsat for the Indonesia sample; whereas all well-

being variables loaded on the first dimension for

Australia. Only job characteristics and some

individual factors were found to be predictive,

demonstrating that well-being has culture-specific

dimensions and is related to a complex array of

personality and job factors.

Social projection on environmental concern

Sevillano, Verónica Dept. of Psychology, Castilla-La

Mancha University, Toledo, Spain Aragonés, Juan I.

Social Psychology, Complutense University, Pozuelo

de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain

Do we overestimate or underestimate the preva-

lence of our own attitudes / behaviors related to the

environment? One hundred and ninety one college

students filled in a questionnaire concerning pro-

environmental behaviors and attitudes, and the

estimated percentage of people who hold attitudinal

and behavioral items. From standard analysis of

the False Consensus Effect (FCE), results suggest

that for all items Endorsers’ consensus estimates of

agreement were higher than non-endorsers’ con-

sensus estimates [p values among p,.001 to

p,.016]. From TFCE (Truly False Consensus

Effect) analysis, the significant positive correlations

between the difference scores (diff) and endorse-

ments (end) indicated the TFCE, meanall r(diff,

end) = 0.32 (p,.0001).

Workplace bullying in the voluntary sector: Is
there a need for concern?

Sheik Dawood, Shariffah Rahah Dept. of Psychology,

Internat. Islamic University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

This study investigates the nature and prevalence of

workplace bullying in the voluntary sector. Twenty

two interviews and 178 questionnaires, from 29

British voluntary organisations were analysed.

Fifteen percent of the respondents were bullied

over the last 1 year and 28% in the last 5 years. The

prevalence is higher than among the NHS trusts,

higher education, and civil service sectors, while

almost parallel to the police service and the post/

telecommunications—which have high prevalence

rates. The independent sample t-test identified overt

behaviour and personal harassment as least pre-

valent, and work-related harassment as most

prevalent; hence urging the management to address

this issue.

Natural language analysis of written description
of impressions of science and language subjects

Shimoda, Hiroko Dept. of Medicine, Kyoto University,

Kyoto, Japan Okamoto, Yuji Department of medicine,

Osaka university, Osaka, Japan Fukuyama, Hidenao

Department of medicine, Kyoto university, Kyoto,

Japan Matsuyama, Takashi Dept Intelligence Science,

Kyoto university, Kyoto, Japan Takahashi, Ryosuke

Department of medicine, Kyoto university, Kyoto,

Japan

This research conducted for the purpose of trying to

analyze written description of impressions, clarify-

ing the difference of impressions between science

and language subjects and discussing structure of

sentences and profitability of this method. Subjects

are Japanese university students. We analyzed

written description of impressions. The results are

we clarified the difference of impressions between

science and language subjects, expressly quality of

words and structure of sentences. We found the

profitability of this method of clarifying the

difference of science and language subjects.

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Loving the school... no problem!: The influence of
social skills training in attitudes toward school

Silva, Carla Funchal, Portugal Sousa, Pedro Educação

Fisica, Escola B. S. do Porto Moniz, Porto Moniz,

Portugal

With this investigation, we pretend to analyze the

influence of the participation in a social skills

training program in the participant’s attitudes

toward school, expecting to observe a positive

correlation between the two variables. The program

is being implemented to approximately 44 students

of Porto Moniz Basic and Secondary School, and is

being evaluated with a pre/post-test, using the

Questionário de Atitudes Face à Escola (Candeias,

1996) and a set of personal and social skills

evaluation scales (Jardim & Pereira, 2006). Results

and conclusions will only be available in June,

because the program implementation will only be

completed in May.

Relationships between teachers and parents in
the island of Crete

Simopoulou, Agapi Nursery, University of Ioannina,

Rethymno, Greece

The aim of the study was to define the interpersonal

processes and relationships between teachers and

parents. It was carried out the year 2006 with

N=169 teachers and 1568 parents in 33 urban, semi-

urban and agricultural elementary schools of Crete.

For the purpose of this study a common ques-

tionnaire consisted of 21 close questions for both

groups was designed. It focused on three main

topics: Communication, cooperation and percep-

tion – attitudes. Results: Communication based on

pupils’ performance, behavior and home works.

Cooperation is restricted in financial support.

Attitudes and perception show a significant devia-

tion in basic pedagogical beliefs and a significant

congruity in point of the socioeconomic role of

school.

Justice violations and reactions: Role of justice
cognitions as mediator

Singh, Purnima Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT

Delhi, Delhi, India

Violations of justice norms is frequently seen in

social situations. The three studies examine respec

tively the reactions to violations of distributive,

procedural and interactional justice. The studies

further examine the mediating role of justice

cognitions. Respondents were presented with vign-

ettes where some justice violation had occurred and

their reactions were examined. Reactions were in

terms of justice restoring mechanisms used- retribu-

tion, restoration, forgiveness and others. Results

showed that justice cognitions play a mediating

role. Results are explained in terms of current

theory in justice reserach. Implications of the results

are discussed.

Realtime fMRI and fNIRS based neurofeedback

Sitaram, Ranganatha Inst. of Med. Psychology,

University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

and Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy

(fNIRS) based BCIs are non-invasive techniques

to induce localized changes in brain response, using

online detection and feedback of the BOLD signal,

to study behavioral effects associated with specific

brain regions and their connectivity. fNIRS offers

portability, affordability and ease of use for bedside

monitoring and applications. Despite their poten-

tial, fMRI-BCI and fNIRS-BCI are still in infancy

and waiting to be further explored. The intention of

this talk is to encourage wide-spread usage, by

presenting details of the methods and applications

of fMRI-BCI and fNIRS-BCI.

Can evil be moral?: Moral representations of
good and evil in people with different need for
cognitive closure

Skupele, Irina Riga, Latvia

The study looks at such terms as ’’good’’ and ’’evil’’
from the point of view of different authors in moral
psychology, and there is also practical research
done, looking for associations between NFCC level
(Kruglanski) and five moral foundations. The
research addresses moral representations of a good
and evil person, moral systems ascribed to an
’’extremely good’’ and ’’extremely evil’’ person, as
well as diferences in these representations among
people with low and high NFCC level and people
having different moral foundations. KEY
WORDS: Good, Evil, Need for Cognitive Closure,
5 Foundations of intuitive Ethics, Moral Repre-
sentations.

Fast and frugal or complex and calculating?
Modelling police judgments regarding the
veracity of suicide notes

Snook, Brent Psychology, Memorial University, St.

John’s, Canada Mercer, Jamison Psychology,

Memorial University, St. John’s, Canada

This poster reports the results of a comparison of
the ability of two cognitive models to capture police
officers’ decisions regarding the veracity of suicide
notes. Thirty-eight police officers indicated their
decisions regarding the authenticity of 30 suicide
notes. Participants’ decisions are modelled by the
matching heuristic and Franklin’s Rule. It is argued
that the matching heuristic is a more accurate and
frugal model of police decisions on this task, and
generalizes better to novel data than Franklin’s
Rule. The implications of the results for the
ongoing rationality debate and police decision-
making are outlined.

Violence and maltreatment in the family and in
the group of peers as juvenile delinquency
predictive variables

Soares Martins, Jose Manuel Faculdade de Ciências

Humanas, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Maia,

Portugal

This investigation aimed to know whether physical
and emotional maltreatment experimented by the
subjects through the parents and the group of peers,
as well as emotional and physical violence observed
in the parents and in the group of peers, can explain
the conducts of theft, rules infraction, consumption
and drug dealing, vandalism and aggression against
people. From this investigation, one can conclude
that the several forms of violence and maltreatment,
whether in the family or in the group of peers, are
predictive of the various types of delinquent
behaviours in the young students, as well as the
parents’ negligence. Key-words: observed emo-
tional violence; observed physical violence;phisical
maltreatment; emotional maltreatment;negligence;
juvenile delinquency.

The construction of attitudes toward nations:
Valence effects of priming with person vs. non-
person exemplars

Spanuth, Claudia Sozialpsychologisches Labor,

Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany Jung, So-

Rim Social Psychology Lab, University of Bielefeld,

Bielefeld, Germany Siebler, Frank Social Psychology

Lab, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany

Bohner, Gerd Social Psychology Lab, University of

Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany Echterhoff, Gerald

Social Psychology Lab, University of Bielefeld,

Bielefeld, Germany

To construct attitudes, people need to retrieve
pertinent information. For complex social attitude
objects like nations or organizations, different types
of information (e.g., person exemplars, non-person
exemplars, abstract attributes) can be used. This
construction process may be affected by priming.
Consistent with our rationale, three experiments

reveal effects of subliminal and supraliminal prim-
ing of exemplar types: When participants were
primed to construe attitudes toward nations based
on person (vs. non-person) exemplars (e.g., faces vs.
non-faces) they reported more positive evaluations.
Additional evidence suggests that this valence effect
is partly due to the person-positivity bias (Sears,
1983).

Pathways to collective protest: Calculation,
identification or emotion? A critical analysis of
the role of anger in social movement
participation

Stürmer, Stefan Inst. für Psychologie, Fern-

Universität in Hagen, Hagen, Germany Simon, Bernd

Psychology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel,

Germany

Two studies examined the role of anger in collective
protest. Study 1, a field study in the context of the
German students’ movement (N = 201), suggested
that, when intergroup conflict is intense, anger may
provide an independent pathway to protest. Study
2, a laboratory experiment (N = 182), showed,
however, that this emotional path is rather ‘‘fra-
gile’’. First, analyses demonstrated that the effect of
anger was restricted to the prediction of ‘‘cathartic’’
protest activities. Second, the anger effect was
reduced to nonsignificance when participants,
before indicating their willingness to participate,
encountered an alternative opportunity to reduce
their negative tensions. The implications of these
findings for "entrepreneurs" of movements are
discussed.

Personal and interpersonal determinants of
dating violence in adolescence and young
adulthood

Stavrinides, Panayiotis Psychology, University of

Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus

Purpose of this study was to investigate the factors
that predict the intensity of dating violence at its
three main dimensions: psychological, physical, and
sexual violence. The participants were 300 adoles-
cent and young adult women. Hierarchical regres-
sion analysis shows that dating violence is
significantly predicted by the victim’s self-esteem,
neuroticism, insecure attachment, and prior en-
gagement in violent relationships. At the interper-
sonal level, the results show that young women with
authoritarian and neglectful parents are more likely
to be victims of dating violence.

Competencies of successful entrepreneurs

Steensma, Herman Soc. and Organizat. Psychology,

Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands

Objectives. Determine the core competencies of
successful entrepreneurs. Methods. From a list of
46 competencies, entrepreneurs (N=36) had to
select the 7 criteria that are most essential. Next,
they listed these 7 items in order of importance.
Results. Pro-activity, vision, and willingness to take
chances were by far the most important criteria,
followed by customer-oriented, result-oriented,
managementskills, innovative, networking, creativ-
ity, charisma, self-efficacy. Entrepreneurs scoring
high on essential competencies also scored highest
on: sales volume; future perspective; innovation.
Discussion. It is possible to assess entrepreneurial
quality. Knowledge of the profile of successful
entrepreneurs is useful for investment bankers.

Individual differences in working memory
capacity: Effects of dopamine-related gene-gene
interactions are task-dependent

Stelzel, Christine Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany Basten, Ulrike Inst.

für Psychologie, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg,

Germany Montag, Christian Inst. für Psychologie,

Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany Reuter, Martin Inst.

für Psychologie, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany

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Fiebach, Christian Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

Dopamine modulates cognition like working mem-
ory (WM) or cognitive control. We tested WM
capacity depending on two dopamine-related ge-
netic polymorphisms influencing prefrontal dopa-
mine concentration and D2 receptor density:
Catechol-O-methyl-transferase(COMT) val158met
and DRD2/ANKK1-Taq-Ia, respectively. COMT
effects on WM depended on D2 receptor density
and the specific WM subprocess. VAL- participants
outperformed VAL+ participants in the manipula-
tion of WM contents when D2 receptor density was
high. VAL+ participants with low D2 receptor
densities inhibited distracting information more
successfully when the working memory task was
sufficiently challenging. This reveals the importance
of considering gene-gene interactions and different
WM subprocesses in genetic association studies.

Sustainable development in office building
environments: Contributions of environmental
psychology

Stumpf, Michael Institut für Psychologie, Universität

Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Spada, Hans Institut für

Psychologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

Scheuermann, Michael Institut für Psychologie,

Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Rummel,

Nikol Institut für Psychologie, Universität Freiburg,

Freiburg, Germany Steck, Jürgen Abteilung

Umweltschutz, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg,

Germany

Ongoing climate change and increasing expenses for
resources require a sustainable use of energy in
office environments. Initiated by the Sustainable
University Work Group, the Department of Psy-
chology at the University of Freiburg has devel-
oped, implemented and evaluated several types of
interventions with the aim to promote knowledge,
attitudes, norms and behaviour concerning energy
saving. By combining these psychological interven-
tions with technical adjustments (e.g. modifications
to the schedule of the central heating system) the
department was able to decrease the consumption
of energy significantly, i.e. by approx. 25%. Current
work focuses on stabililizing the established effects.

Behavior problems and motivation of criminal
behavior in adolescence

Stupish, Svetlana Psycholody, Belarussian University

of Law, Minsk, Belarus

The purpose of this study was to examine the
relationship between behavior problems and me-
chanisms of criminal behavior development. Three
sample (N=220) were took part in research: law-
obedient adolescents without behavior problems,
adolescents with externalizing behavior problems
and adolescents committed different kinds of
punishable acts, including homicide, rape, violence,
burglary and robbery. Methods: ‘‘The Subjective
Control’s Level Scale’’ (Bajhyn) and projective
technique ‘‘The Criminal Behavior Motivation’’
(Stupish). Results showed that behavior problems
are strongly related with locus of control and could
increased risk of criminal offending. There some
correlations between level of subjective control and
motivation of criminal behavior.

Letter length and lexicality effects on left
occipitotemporal activation in developmental
dyslexia

Sturm, Denise Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria Kronbichler, Martin

Psychologie, Universität Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria

Wimmer, Heinz NW Fakultät, Universität Salzburg,

Salzburg, Austria

Objectives: This study examined letter length and
lexicality effects in the left occipitotemporal cortex
(OTC) in dyslexia. Methods: Brain activity during
visual word processing in 17 dyslexic and 18 fluent
readers was measured with functional MRI. Re-

sults: Fluent readers showed higher OTC activation

for pseudowords than words, and for long com-

pared to short pseudowords, but no length effect

for words. Dyslexic readers showed less OTC

activation and failed to exhibit any effects of

lexicality or length. Conclusions: In dyslexic read-

ers, OTC activity was not affected by reading

demands. These results suggest a profound dysfunc-

tion of the OTC in developmental dyslexia.

Are different career patterns related to
personality traits?

Suchar, Marek SWPS, Sopot, Poland

The study explores advantages of using a concept of

occupational career in personnel assessment and

selection. Biographical data of 400 job applicants

were statistically analyzed which allowed to identify

6 different career patterns. At the second stage of

the study the sample of 150 was tested with Polish

version of NEO FFI and their individual career

patterns were diagnosed. The result revealed

correlations between career dimensions (changebi-

lity, dynamism, verticality) and Five Personality

Dimensions. The findings general agree with

reports of other authors aditionaly enabling to

specify and clarify the nature of relations between

personality and occupational career providing us

with arguments that the course of individual career

can be to some extent predicted by personality

characteristics.

The Influence of perceptual self-mother relations,
self-image,and reflective self-image from mother
on formation and developmental change of
cognitive self concept through life

Sugita, Chizuko Education and Psychology, Bukkyo

University, Kyoto, Japan

This research aims to find out influencalworking

factors by people’s mothers on the formation and

advancement of self-concept throughout life. I

realized that People do not take copies of their

experience in memory, but in the situation which

self awareness activates, they would reconstruct

their object in. I like to propose several hypotheses.

Hoevere it is impossible because of scarce of space.

First of all, people who easily change their

perceptual structure about self (including self-image

and reflective self-image from mother) as perceptual

object were Ss who have self -concept concernig

environment-oriented self in childhood, conflict

about separation from mother, and devoting

themselves to any work. Ss are college students in

England.

Self-regulation in informal learning environment:
A case study of web-based reading

Sung, Yao-Ting Edu. Psy., National Taiwan Normal

Univ., Taipei, Taiwan Chang, Kuo-En Dept. Computer

and Information, National Taiwan Normal Univers,

Taipei, Taiwan

The purpose of this study was to examine whether

different types of formative tests on hypermedia

integrated learning environment would influence

learners’ self-regulated behaviors. The participants

were 357 junior high school students in Taipei

County. They were randomly assigned to four

treatment groups (mastery group, non-mastery

group, non-formative-test group, and non-remind-

ing group). All participants read four chapters of a

supplementary article and took formative and

summative tests in a wed-based environment.

According to the recorded reading time, reviewing

frequencies, and reviewing time, the experiment

results showed that the feedback from the formative

did not improve the self-regulated behaviors of

students.

Personality in adolescence: Are the Big-Five
domains still stable at the second glance?

Szirmak, Zsofia Inst. für Psychologie, Freie Universität

Berlin, Berlin, Germany

The focus of the present study is the investigation of
the adequacy of an adult self-rating Big Five
personality measure in adolescence. The FFPI (Five
Factor Personality Inventory) was administered to
1100 pupils (M=12,4 years). CFA were conducted
on both halves of the total sample in order to
investigate the convergence of the adolescent
personality structure to the lexically defined adult
Big-Five dimensions and to test measurement
invariance. Though at a first glance major simila-
rities to the adult Big Five domains are obvious, a
closer look reveals some developmentally important
differences. The assumption of measurement invar-
iance could not be confirmed.

The impact of significant other’s expectancies on
self-stereotyping in Japan

Takabayashi, Kumiko Sociology, Hitotsubashi

University, Kunitachi, Japan Numazaki, Makoto

Graduate School of Humanities, Tokyo Metropolitan

University, Kunitachi, Japan

We examined the effects of a significant other’s
expectancies on self-stereotyping. Female partici-
pants responded to whether their mother expected
them to be feminine or masculine and rated the
scale of egalitarian sex role attitude. About two
months later, participants were told to make a
picture of their mother (mother-prime condition) or
their campus (control condition). After that, they
rated themselves on feminine and masculine traits.
As a result, participants’ ratings on masculine traits
were more consistent with their mother’s expectan-
cies in mother-prime condition than in control
condition. Furthermore, this tendency was appar-
ent among participants who had traditional sex role
attitudes.

A study of self-help focusing (SHF):Comparison
between ‘‘Tsubo image focusing’’ and ‘‘Mind
View focusing’’

Takasawa, Keiji Graduate School of Environment,

Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan Ito, Yoshimi

Graduate School of Environment, Nagoya University,

Nagoya, Japan Tsuda, Hisamitsu Graduate School of

Environment, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

Yamazaki, Akira Graduate School of Environment,

Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan Okada, Atsuhi

Graduate School of Environment, Nagoya University,

Nagoya, Japan Mori, Toshinobu Graduate School of

Environment, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

Oguro, Daichi Graduate School of Environment,

Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

111 undergraduates conducted ‘‘Tsubo (Japanese
container) image focusing’’ and ‘‘Mind View
focusing’’, two kinds of self-help focusing. Partici-
pants described what they experienced through
focusing. Authors classified their experiences by KJ
method and compared ’’Tsubo image focusing’’
experiences with ‘‘Mind View focusing’’ ones. In
addition, authors assessed the depth of the experi-
ence. Main results were as follows. (1) The
experience of ’’Keeping a distance from problems’’
was reported more frequently in ‘‘Tsubo image
focusing’’ experiences than in ‘‘Mind View focus-
ing’’ ones. (2) The experience of ’’self-examination’’
was reported more frequently in ‘‘Mind View
focusing’’ experiences than in ‘‘Tsubo image focus-
ing’’ ones.

The study of the effects of social climate (milieu)
of girls high school on fostering their social skills

Talebzadeh Nobarian, Mohsen Faculty of Education,

University of Shahid Beheshti, Tehran, Islamic

Republic of Iran

Dr.Mohsen,Talebzadeh Ensi,Keramaty The Study
Of The Effects Of Social Climate (Milieu) Of Girls
High School On Fostering Their Social Skills

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Abstract: The major objectives of this study are: 1)

Describing school climate (milieu) in two forms

(open and closed milieu). 2) The study of the effects

of the milieu on fostering students social skills.

Therefore the study tested this hypothesis: The

milieu of schools has effects on fostering of students

social skills (social skills here are: self-assertion,

cooperation, empathy and assuming responsibili-

ty).Findings, the research shows that :milieu of

schools has effects not only on students social skills

but also on common variance of above-mentioned

social skills.

Deception about the crime leads to memory
distortion

Tanaka, Mio Dept. of Psychology, Nihon University,

Tokyo, Japan Itukushima, Yukio Psychology, Nihon

University, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, Japan

Deceptions of eye-witnessed event leads to memory

distortion. Previous studies showed three possibi-

lities which affected the memory distortion after

deception. These are disturbing memory rehearsal,

retrieval induced forgetting, and reality monitoring.

This study investigated which factors affect the

memory distortion after deception. First, we

examined that deceptions of eye-witnessed event

disturb to rehearsal original memory. We compared

memory recall after deception to memory recall

without deception and memory rehearsal. Second,

we examined that deceptions of eye-witnessed event

reads to memory confusion between deceptive

memory and original memory.

For what proselfs eat and travel?

Taniguchi, Ayako Risk Engineering, University of

Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan Fujii, Satoshi Civil

engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro,

Tokyo, Japan

To solve or manage real world social dilemmas,

knowledge about characteristic of proselfs who tend

to defect is important. Proselfs are assumed to

prioritize self-interest rather than other’s interest.

We hypothesize that proselfs try to maximize

physical self-interest more strongly, and therefore

maximize spiritual self-interest less strongly, than

non-proselfs. We collected data from students and

faculties in University of Tsukuba, Japan by

questionnaire survey (n = 4,900). In this survey,

we observed egoistic attitude, attitude toward

rapidness and cheapness in travel and attitude

toward volume of meal. All of the correlation

coefficients between these factors were significantly

positive.

How much for your honesty?: The role of values
and incentives in determining honest behavior

Tanner, Carmen Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland Gibson, Rajna Swiss

Banking Institute, University of Zurich, Zürich,

Switzerland Wagner, Alexander Swiss Banking

Institute, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland

Berkowitsch, Nicolas Department of Psychology,

University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland

Economic theories assume that people are oppor-

tunists and behave honestly when it is in their self-

interest to be so. Conversely, the approach of

sacred/protected values maintains that people feel

committed to honesty and keep telling the truth

even though they may forgo gains. We examined

the influences of values and incentives on honesty,

the focus being on behaviors of managers and

investors. Experiment 1 revealed that non-opportu-

nistic CEOs were somewhat less sensitive to costs of

telling the truth than opportunistic CEOs. In

Experiment 2, investors were more likely to invest

into CEOs who were perceived to be committed to

honesty.

Personality traits and value orientation on the
high risk police settings

Tat, Cristina Centre for Psychosociology, Ministry of

Interior, Bucharest, Romania Bozai, Violeta Centre for

Psychosociology, Ministry of Interior, Bucharest,

Romania Turc, Mirela Centre for Psychosociology,

Ministry of Interior, Bucharest, Romania

The aim of the study was to identify the value
orientation of the personnel carrying on high-stakes
settings and the relation between the personality
traits and their personal values. The participants
were 42 police officers working within a rapid
intervention structure. We used California Psycho-
logical Inventory ’’CPI-260’’ and Rokeach Value
Survey. The results show that individual values are
more important than the social ones. There are also
significant correlations between some values and
personality traits. The practical implications are
given by the approach of the values as a part of
psychological selection and also to the study of the
values in organizational context.

Standards of web based course evaluation

Thielsch, Meinald T. Psychologisches Institut 1,

Münster, Germany Haaser, Kristof Psychologisches

Institut 5, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany

Web-based course evaluation can successfully meet
both evaluation and online methodology require-
ments. Pros and cons are discussed and standards
of web based evaluations depicted. Fulfilling these
standards is of great importance since the evalua-
tion results may have personal consequences for
teachers as well as for the whole organization.
Evaluation standards help to raise the acceptance of
the survey on the side of evaluated teachers as well
as on the side of participating students. Standards
are derived from own findings of different studies
(N=577), experiences from regular course evalua-
tions (about N=2500 every term) as well as the
relevant literature.

The Parental-Representation-Screening-
Questionnaire (PRSQ): A new screening
questionnaire to assess risks in the parental
relationship from the perspectives of children
and adolescents

Titze, Karl Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Universität

Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland

The study presents main psychometric properties of
the PRSQ. The PRSQ consists of 36 items
representing 8 scales (cohesion, identification,
autonomy, conflicts, rejection/ neglect, punishment,
emotional burden and fears/ overprotection). A
school-based sample of 649 participants and a
clinic-referred consecutive sample of 194 outpati-
ents aged 10 to 20 years (mean: 14.6), were
surveyed. Construct validity was shown by explora-
tory and confirmatory factor analyses. The internal
consistencies of 13 of the 16 PRSQ scales were
above .80. All PRSQ scales where significantly
correlated with psychopathological symptoms
(CBCL, YSR). Furthermore, they showed conver-
gent correlations to the German EMBU (Schuma-
cher et al., 2000).

Self-efficacy, self-regulation, proactive attitude,
proactive coping and academic performance of
Filipino students

Tolentino, Joanna Guidance Center, La Salle College

Antipolo, Antipolo, Philippines

The study explores the relationship between self-
efficacy, self-regulation, proactive attitude, proac-
tive coping and academic performance of 187
Filipino college students. Correlational analysis
revealed significant positive associations between
self-efficacy, self-regulation, proactive attitude,
proactive coping subtypes and academic perfor-
mance. T-test revealed significant gender differences
in proactive coping, instrumental support seeking,
emotional support seeking and academic perfor-
mance; year level differences in terms of self-

efficacy, proactive attitude, strategic planning,

instrumental support seeking and academic perfor-

mance. Agentic nature influences one’s cognitive,

affective, and goal-directed behaviors. Findings of

the study can be used as a basis for an intervention

program to enhance agentic nature of students.

Factors affecting students’ self-educational
ability: Learning goal, attribution of success and
failure, self-efficacy and implicit theory of
intelligence

Toshiaki, Mori Dept. of Education, Hiroshima

University, Hiroshima, Japan Masuharu, Shimizu

Literature, Kobe Women’s University, Kobe, Japan

Mihoko, Tominaga Nursing and Nutrition, Siebold

University of Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan

This study investigated the relationships between

students’ self-educational ability and their attitude

toward learning. A total of 768 students were

examined on their self-educational ability in their

college age, high school age, and elementary school

age by retrospective questionnaires. They were also

examined on their learning goal, attribution of

success and failure, self-efficacy, and implicit theory

of intelligence. The results showed that students

with more self-educational ability have higher

mastery goal and self-efficacy, and they regard

intelligence as changeable. Implications of these

results were discussed in relation to recent educa-

tional reform in Japan to foster self-educational

ability.

Symptom understatement is gender-related in
patients with arrhythmia: A suggestion for timely
clinical intervention

Trovato, Guglielmo Internal Medicine & Health Psy,

University of Catania, Catania, Italy Catalano, Daniela

Internal Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy

Pace, Patrizia Internal Medicine & Health, University

of Catania, Catania, Italy Marttines, Giuseppe Fabio

Internal Medicine & Health, University of Catania,

Catania, Italy

Objectives: Assessment illness perception, quality of

life and anxiety and depression of patients with

arrhythmias. Method: Sixty patients with arrhyth-

mia completed the IPQ-r, the SF36 and the HADS.

Results: Men perceived greater personal and treat-

ment control and reported a more symptoms than

women. Men reported a better perceived quality of

life than women. No significant difference in the

HADS was observed. Conclusions: Women report

less symptoms and have a less focused perspective

of their own illness. If disease is inappropriately

minimized, serious troubles can derive both on

patients’ compliance and to the work of diagnostic

and rehabilitation teams.

Self-concept instability in everyday classroom
learning: Does it predict long-term school
performance?

Tsai, Yi-Miau Zentrum für Bildungsforschung, Max-

Planck-Institut, Berlin, Germany

Daily classroom learning and frequent competition

and evaluation may pose challenge for students to

maintain a positive and stable self-concept. The

present study focuses on short-term fluctuation in

students’ academic self-concept and its relation with

school achievement. Diary data were collected from

209 adolescents for an average of eight times within

a 3-week period. In addition, school achievement

was surveyed twice over a period of one school

year. Short-term academic self-concept in the three

subjects was positively related, pointing to consis-

tent individual difference across academic domains.

Moreover, higher self-concept instability predicted

lower grades at the end of the school year.

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Identity statuses in relation to parenting styles
and well being

Tung, Suninder Psychology, Guru Nanak Dev

University, Amritsar, India

The study investigated the relationship of Identity
Statuses to the Parenting Styles and Well Being in
adolescents. 210 adolescents (99 boys and 111 girls)
in the age ranging between 17 to 20 yrs comprised
the sample. The data was analyzed using Factor
analysis. Five factors for each sample were obtained
accounting for 68.3% and 66% variance respec-
tively. Results show maternal and paternal concen-
tration to be positively associated with achievement
in boys whereas in girls maternal concentration was
found to be positively associated with the lower
statuses. Well being has not correlated very
significantly with Identity statuses. Results have
been discussed within the Indian cultural context.

Adolescents and their parents post-
comprehensive educational aspirations

Tynkkynen, Lotta Psychology, University of

Jyväskylä, Agora, Jyväskylä, Finland Salmela-Aro,

Katariina Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Agora,

University of Jyväskylä, Finland

This study explored adolescents and their parents
post-comprehensive educational aspirations. We
examined whether the educational aspirations of
the adolescents and parents would be congruent
and what kinds of antecedents and consequences
the congruency had in terms of SES, gender, school
achievement and post-comprehensive education.
The study is longitudinal and includes three
measurement points. At the baseline there were
513 participants. Parents were examined at first
measurement point. We found that there was more
congruency in educational aspirations among those
of higher school achievement and among those
entering senior secondary school. In addition,
associations between gender, SES and congruency
were found.

The emotional modulation of the startle and
post-auricular reflexes in non-criminal
psychopathy

Uzieblo, Katarzyna Dept. of Psychology, University

Ghent, Ghent, Belgium Verschuere, Bruno

Psychology, University Ghent, Ghent, Belgium de

Clercq, Armand Applied Mathematics & Comp,

University Ghent, Ghent, Belgium Crombez, Geert

Psychology, University Ghent, Ghent, Belgium

To assess which specific affective states may be
impaired in psychopathy, we examined the effects
of psychopathy on the emotional modulation of
startle blink and post-auricular reflexes during six
distinct affective events (erotic, thrill, love, threat,
victim, and sad) in 72 male undergraduates. It was
expected that psychopathic traits would be related
to deviant emotional modulation of the reflexes.
However, no such relation was found in this study.
Only distinct associations between self-report rat-
ings and psychopathy were established. The authors
propose tentatively that aberrant startle modulation
is mainly characteristic for individuals with emo-
tional-interpersonal traits who also exhibit chronic
antisocial behaviour.

Career and education oriented adults’ beliefs
about life

Uzole, Tatjana Social Psychology, Daugavpils

University, Daugavpils, Latvia

The research aims to study the career and education
oriented adults’ beliefs about life. The responses on
question - what is life – will be analyzed using the
qualitative content analysis complemented by
quantitative analysis of data. 170 Master students
of Management participated in the research. The
analysis revealed 12 different categories of beliefs
about life. The first three ranks were allotted for the
life as a period of time (25%), as my reality (14%),
and process/reaching aim (13%). The results show

the tendency toward the diffuse beliefs about life as
aimless, horizontal, self-regulated, and materialisti-
cally oriented limited period of time.

Biases in contingency learning: Are outcome
predictions more accurate than causal
judgements?
Vadillo, Miguel A. Dept. de Psicologı́a, Universidad de

Deusto, Bilbao, Spain Musca, Serban C.

Departamento de Psicologı́a, Universidad de Deusto,

Bilbao, Spain Blanco, Fernando Departamento de

Psicologı́a, Universidad de Deusto, Bilbao, Spain

Matute, Helena Departamento de Psicologı́a,

Universidad de Deusto, Bilbao, Spain

It is sometimes assumed that predictions involve
simpler and more accurate cognitive processes than
causal judgements. In our experiment, college
students were exposed to a standard contingency
learning task in which both outcome predictions
and causal judgements were requested. Statistical
analyses showed that, contrary to previous studies,
a well-documented bias, namely the cue-density
bias, was actually stronger in predictions than in
causal judgments.

Host acculturation orientation
Verma, Jyoti Psychology, Patna University, Patna,

India

The objective was to study the host acculturation
orientation of 100 French students of a S. France
University. The instrument used was a 9 items Host
Acculturation Scale. Observations impressed that
the students gave significantly ‘more importance’ to
the idea that the immigrants maintained their
heritage culture in their home rather than in general
or at work. Furthermore, it was only ‘partially
important’ that the immigrants adopted the French
culture in general and at work and ‘not important
at all’ to do so in their homes. Ethnic groups were
not perceived as threatening and comparatively
speaking, they were more accepted than liked.

Social distance of ethno-communicative relation
in Latvia: Psychological analysis
Vidnere, Mara Dept. of Psychology, Daugavpils

University, Jurmala, Latvia Igonin, Dmitry

Psychology, Latvian University, Riga, Latvia Plotka,

Irina Psychology, Daugavpils University, Riga, Latvia

Objective is personality’s ethnical self awareness
and civic identity. Methods. The empirical methods
: - survey of social-psychological indices was
developed (by M.Vidnere, D.Igonins); - modified
Bogardus social distance scale; Study base. We
received of 720 questionnaires. In the result of
social distance scale (SDS) treatment, we obtained
two factors. The first factor in the total factor
interpretation shows that in general we can observe
respondents’ ‘‘orientation towards the West’’. The
second factor that can be called ‘‘orientation
towards familiar national neighbourhood’’ shows
that the highest significance and social acceptance
(favourability) is granted to Polish, Lithuanians,
Estonians, Hebrews).

Psychology and interprofessional training and
collaboration: Results of a comprehensive
program to promote client-centred collaborative
teamwork in mental health services
Vingilis, Evelyn Population & Community Health, The

University of Western Onta, London, Canada Forchuk,

Cheryl School of Nursing, The U of Western Ontario,

London, Canada Orchard, Carole Interprofessional

Health Educa, The U of Western Ontario, London,

Canada Nicholson, Ian Population & Community Hea,

London Health Science Centre, London, Canada

Interprofessional (IP) training and collaboration
has become an expectation in Canadian health care,
with much funding available for training and health
care centres to provide IP care. Yet, virtually all
newly funded training programs and health care
centres do NOT include psychologists. This study,

ending June 2008, provides results of a mixed
methods, multi-measures evaluation of the only
Health Canada funded comprehensive IP initiative
in mental health services and homeless that includes
psychology. Given the strong international push for
IP, this presentation will provide results on
successes and barriers of psychologists and other
health care providers in IP training and collabora-
tion.

Beyond egoism, equality and equity: On the role
of justice in the ultimatum and dictator game
von Sydow, Momme Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

Game theory often refers to the rationality of self-
interested individuals (homo economicus). Ultima-
tum and Dictator Game have been claimed to rebut
this idea, showing that subjects often seek an equal
split of some endowment given to them, even as
‘dictator’. In two experiments, participants first
contributed differently to some common endow-
ment. The splits (and punishments) in the ultima-
tum and dictator games then corresponded to their
contribution, if this contribution took effort (favor-
ing equity over egoism and equality). However, if
this was not linked to effort, the splits favored
equality. Overall, the results favor a non-conse-
quentialist notion of justice.

Neural correlates of different self-conscious
emotions identified by functional magnetic
resonance imaging
Wagner, Ullrich Inst. für Fundam. Neurowiss.,

Universität Genf, Geneva, Switzerland N’Diaye, Karim

Inst. für Fundam. Neurowiss., Universität Genf,

Geneva, Switzerland Ethofer, Thomas Inst. für

Fundam. Neurowiss., Universität Genf, Geneva,

Switzerland Vuilleumier, Patrik Inst. für Fundam.

Neurowiss., Universität Genf, Geneva, Switzerland

Affective neuroscience has revealed the neural bases
of fundamental emotions like fear and disgust, but
little is known about the specific neural correlates of
more complex ‘‘self-conscious’’ emotions like guilt,
shame, and pride. During functional magnetic
resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning, subjects rein-
stated emotional states of personal past situations
(previously specified in a questionnaire) that were
associated with strong feelings of guilt, shame, and
pride. This is the first study that directly compares
the neural correlates of guilt, shame and pride.
Preliminary results point to distinct patterns of
brain activation specifically in prefrontal and
temporal areas for these emotions.

The influences of work and family values on
Chinese and Taiwanese young urban workers’
marriage and childbearing intentions
Wang, Chung-Kwei Dept. of Psychology, Soochow

University, Taipei, Taiwan Lo, Kuo-Ying Department

of Social Work, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan

An indigenous work value scale, which contains
both individual and social oriented work end
values, was developed and administered to 497
Chinese and Taiwanese young urban workers. Men
are less willing than women to accept non-
traditional marriage and childbearing practices.
Chinese are less likely than Taiwanese to accept
these practices. Workers who emphasized more on
autonomy and independence work end values and
less on family values were more likely to accept
these practices. Those who emphasized more on
social benefits work end values and more on family
value were less likely to accept non traditional
marriage and childbearing practices.

Impact of public policy-making procedures on
policy accestability
Wang, Er Ping Center for S-E Behaviors, Institute of

Psychology, CAS, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Li, Da Zhi Graduate School, Cinese Academy of

Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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This research hypothesizes that improving proce-
dures policy-making may make policies more
acceptable. A pilot study was interviewing ten
scholars of vary disciplines. They criticized current
public policies as lacking sensitivity to public issues
and resolving problems ineffectively. Study 2
tracked the procedure of a public policy. Findings
indicated that the hearing of witnesses was not able
to delegate the opinions of the public, so the policy
failed to resolve the problem. Study 3 designed a
quasi-experiment on two Internet website exhibi-
tions of original photo. Results indicated that
inviting visitors to express their desires and sugges-
tions on the exhibition rules increased the rules’
acceptability.

Experiment on Chinese postgraduates
remembering 100 common English sentences by
using MMOASAPMI

Wang, Hong-Li School of Education Science, Guizhou

Normal University, Guiyang, People’s Republic of

China Li, Jinghua School of Education Science,

Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, People’s

Republic of China Liu, Hong School of Education

Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang,

People’s Republic of China Luo, Jing School of

Education Science, Guizhou Normal University,

Guiyang, People’s Republic of China

A experiment was conducted in which Chinese
postgraduates remembered 100 common English
sentences by using the Natural Numeral Imagery
Memory (Method by Memorizing Concrete Objects
Associated with the Shapes of Arabic Numeral to
produce Marvelous Imagination, MMOASAPMI).
The result indicates: with the MMOASAPMI
materials can be recited on random sequence and
only around 2 seconds is needed for each randomly
chosen item; the method can effectively remove the
interference of proactive and retroactive inhibition,
keeping memory for a longer time with less loss; the
method turned out to be practical and efficient in
common English sentences learning.

Impacts of impression regulating on smoking
cessation in Taiwan

Wang, Jui-Hsing China Medical University Hospi,

Taichung City, Taiwan Suen, Mein-Woei Chung Shan

Medical University, Chung Shan Medical University,

Taichung City, Taiwan Ho, M-C Chung Shan Medical

University, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung

City, Taiwan

The ways to help smoking cessation is rare based on
Social Psychology. This study aims at improving
success of smoking cessation by increasing smokers’
impression regulations in order to avoid negative
impressions formed by smoking. Our survey is to
understand negative impressions on female smokers
(negative gender stereotypes). An experiment is
conducted as a 2(stereotype: threat vs.non-threat)
62(situation: regulation vs. non-regulation) design.
Survey results will be expected to reveal typical
negative stereotypes on female smokers. The
experiment results also expected to show that, in
regulation condition while stereotype activated,
female smokers tempt to decrease their smoking-
associated motivation and performance.

From terror to tolerance

Williams, Kinga Agnes Psychological Consultancy,

MENSANA Intercultural, Goring-on-Thames, United

Kingdom

Various cultures create their own world-views by
construing reality in particular ways, while render-
ing alternative world-views threatening. The same is
true of the present cultural-political climate, and
mindfulness of its workings is imperative. The
poster gives an overview of two possibilities of
global psychological management of cultural diver-
sity. One route is a negative feedback-loop, result-
ing in increased other-culture intolerance - the other
is pointing forwards, towards greater other-culture

tolerance. The poster maps out the connection
among Existential Anxiety, Culture-Distance, Cul-
ture-Shock, Constitutive and Regulative Rules,
Cognitive Errors, Terror Management Strategies,
Culture Learning and Intercultural Dialogue, as
well as the relevant theories and hypotheses.

Development of a brief daily hassles scale for use
with adolescents
Wright, Michalle School of Psychology, Griffith

University, Bundall, Australia Creed, Peter School of

Psychology, Griffith University, Bundall, Australia

Day-to-day hassles may be stronger predictors of
psychological maladjustment than negative life
events. Previous measures of daily hassles are
critiqued. An initial focus group was conducted.
Items were collapsed and tested on two samples.
Items that reflected infrequent daily hassles and
gender bias were removed. Principal axis factoring
with an Oblimin rotation yielded two robust
factors: Family Hassles and Peer Hassles, each
containing 5 items. The two-factor structure was
confirmed with the second sample using structural
equation modelling. The two factors showed high
alpha reliabilities. Daily hassles scores were sig-
nificantly, positively correlated with self-reported
anxious and depressive symptoms.

The application of cue-reactivity paradigm in
smoking cessation: A biofeedback study
Wu, Yang School of Psychology, Beijing Normal

University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China Fang,

Xiaoyi School of Psychology, Beijing Normal

University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China Deng,

Linyuan School of Psychology, Beijing Normal

University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Cue-reactivity paradigm is widely used by research-
ers to elicit desires and cravings for tobacco, alcohol
and drugs. Evidence has demonstrated its effective-
ness through self-report craving, physiological
responses and brain imaging. However, studies on
the effect of its practical applications in drug
cessation are quite limited. This study uses cue-
reactivity paradigm by presenting picture stimulus
to help sixty light and heavy smokers to control
their desires for cigarette smoking through four-
session biofeedback training.

Memory bias of emotional words in depression:
ERP evidence in negative affective priming
Xiao, Zhongmin Nanchang, People’s Republic of

China Liu, Mingfan Department of Psychology,

Jiangxi Normal university, P.R, Nanchang, People’s

Republic of China Yao, Shuqiao The Medical

Psychological Rese, Second Xiangya Hospital, Centr,

Changsha, People’s Republic of China Liu, Jianping

Department of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal

university, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China

The study aims to investigate electrophysiological
measures of memory bias processes for emotional
words using event-related potentials. Data collected
from 18 patients with unipolar depression and 18
controls was analyzed in a negative affective
priming task (NAP) with degraded target stimuli.
Both depressed patients and normal controls
showed longer time in response to positive and
negative experimental targets. The depressed pa-
tients showed larger late positive component (LPC)
difference amplitude in response to negative experi-
mental trials than normal controls, however,
normal controls showed larger LPC difference
amplitude in response to positive experimental
trials than depressed patients.

The experimental study of the transmitting
relationship from weather to the expectation of
stock returns in China
Xu, Shaojun College of Economics, Zhejiang

University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China Jin,

Xuejun college of economics, Zhejiang University,

Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China

This study examined the relationships among
weather, mood, personality and the expectation of
stock returns, which were evaluated by experiment
(N=481) conducted on an internet platform. The
results showed that mood can mediate the relation-
ship between weather and the expectation of stock
returns, good weather is apt to cause positive mood
which will cause optimistic expectation of stock
returns. And the extraversion and neuroticism of
personality can moderate the relationship between
negative mood and the expectation of stock returns.
So the result demonstrates the limit of ‘‘effective
market theory’’ and shows that investors are not
always rational.

AIDS awareness among post graduate students
of Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra (India)

Yadav, Rajender Singh Dept. of Eduction, Kurukshetra

University, Kurukshetra, India

100 Postgraduate students of Arts and Science
faculties were randomly selected and given AIDS
Awareness Test. Percentages and t-test were used.
Male students had more awareness than female
students regarding the fact that AIDS is a viral
disease. Female students had better understanding
than male students about the fact that AIDS virus
attack immune system. On certain items male and
female students did not differ significantly. Science
and arts students differed significantly and did not
differ on some items. Study has implications for
Doctors, Government, Teachers, Social workers
and Community Leaders and highlights the need
for AIDS Awareness among masses.

The experimental study on the preschool
eyewitnesses

Yajing, Liu Psychology Depart., East China Normal

University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China

Wenxiu, Geng Psychology Depart., East China Normal

University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China

The present study conducts three sets of compara-
tive experiments simulating policemen inquiry
strategies, doll-aids and picture-aids inquiry strate-
gies to explore different impacts on the accuracy of
the Chinese preschool eyewitnesses. As the sugges-
tive and misleading impact?the results suggest that
after free-recall?preschoolers should be enquired
with open-ended leading questions immediately,
and be asked three-choices forced question for crux
if the former doesn’t work. Judicial application of
doll-aids is promising because testimony accuracy is
improved distinctly with doll-aids and no additional
misleading effects are found. The preschoolers
exhibit much better performance after showing
them prepared pictures containing open-ended
leading information, but misleading effect is also
disclosed after exposure to misleading pictures.

Longitudinal development of global self-worth
and school adjustments during early adolescence
in Japan

Yamamoto, Chika Junior college, Nagoya Bunri

University, Nagoya, Japan Ujiie, Tatsuo Departmen of

Education, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

Ninomiya, Katsumi Department of Policy Studies,

Aichi Gakuin University, Nisshin, Japan Igarashi,

Atsushi Human Development and Culture, Fukushima

University, Fukushima, Japan Inoue, Hiromitsu Health

Science, Chiba College of Health Scienc, Chiba, Japan

The purpose of this study was to examine the
longitudinal development of global self-worth and
school adjustments during early adolescence in
Japan, by using latent growth curve models. School
adjustments were assessed positive attitudes to club
activities, negative attitudes to study, relationships
with teachers, and adjustments to class. Participants
were 449 junior high school students (197 males and
252 females). Results suggested that there were
declines in global self-worth, and initial level of
adjustments to class was related to initial level of
global self-worth, but changes in School adjust-

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ments did not influence changes in global self-
worth.

Rule-based learning of older adults in perceptual
speed and inductive reasoning
Yang, Lixia Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto,

Canada Reed, Maureen Psychology, Ryerson

University, Toronto, Canada Russo, Frank

Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada

Wilkinson, Andrea Psychology, Ryerson University,

Toronto, Canada

In this study, we investigated rule-based learning in
older adults. Thirty-three older adults (ages 57-82,
M = 70.30) were enrolled in an 8-session training
program. Equivalent versions of psychometric
measures of Perceptual Speed (i.e., Digit Symbol)
and Inductive Reasoning (i.e., Letter Series and
Number Series) were administered across different
sessions. To ensure that learning was rule-based
rather than memorization of specific items, same
rules were applied but there was no overlap in items
between different versions of the same test. The
results demonstrated substantial learning effect,
suggesting that older adults are able to apply self-
learned rules to solve new items.

Detection of malingering: A survey of Australian
psychologists’ current practices
Yoxall, Jacqueline School of Psychology, Bond

University, Robina, Australia Bahr, Mark School of

Psychology, Bond University, Robina, Queensland,

Australia Barling, Norman PO Box 1405, Private

Practice, Broadbeach, Queensland, Australia

Objective: To explore Australian psychologists’
beliefs & practices in the detection of malingering
& to establish a retrospective estimation of mal-
ingering prevalence. Method: One hundred psy-
chologists (in psycho-legal practice) completed a
survey adapted from Slick et al. (2003). Statistical
analysis included non-parametric tests & discrim-
minant function analysis. Results: Respondents
retrospectively estimated a 10% prevalence of
malingering in psycho-legal arena, but differed in
endorsment of explanatory models. Conclusion:
Estimation of malingering prevalence in Australia
appears similar to that derived from North Amer-
ican studies. There is indication that exposure to
psycho-legal assessments, beliefs about malingering,
and use of detection strategies may predict psychol-
ogists’ retrospective estimation of malingering
prevalence.

The role of a local community’s discussion forum
in creating social capital: Study of a gated
community in Warsaw
Zajac, Aleksandra Faculty of Psychology, University of

Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

The widespread use of Computer-Mediated Com-
munication and Internet in communal activities can
have fundamental influence on local communities
and level of social capital represented by their
members. Starting with theoretical frames of social
capital, an attempt to describe the role of a local
internet forum in creating sense of community and
its relations with social capital measures was made.
57 inhabitants of a gated community in Warsaw
filled a social capital questionnaire. Results showed
that frequent forum users where more active and
more trustful than non-users. Moreover their social
networks were broader and wider.

Worked example learning about the rules of the
four fundamental admixture operations of
arithmetic
Zhang, Qi Dept. of Psychology, Liaoning Normal

University, Dalin, People’s Republic of China Lin,

Hongxin Psychology, Liaoning Normal University,

Dalin, People’s Republic of China

We hypothesized that second Grade pupils could
learn the rules of the four fundamental admixture
operations of arithmetic and adopted worked

examples having operation step annotations or
not and representing worked examples alternating,
and 48 second Grade pupils were tested in the
study. The results showed that the most of
participants could learn the rules of the funda-
mental admixture operations of arithmetic with
brackets by worked examples; the operation step
annotations had obvious effect on participant’s
learning about the more difficult rules; the partici-
pants needed different quantities of worked exam-
ples when learning different difficult operation
rules.

Citizens’ environmental concern in China: From
perspective of environmental psychology
Zheng, Quanquan Psychology, Zhejiang University,

Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China Pan, Lingyun

Psychology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang

Province, People’s Republic of China

This research explored the mental structure of
environmental concern from the perspective of
psychology. Based on the reviews on domestic
and abroad research materials and interviews of
citizen, an environmental concern questionnaire
was developed with relative high level of reliability
and construct validity, and then an investigation
was conducted involving a sample of 1066 subjects
by this questionnaire to find out the total state of
the citizen’s environmental concern approximately.
At the same time, the relationship of the local
identity and environmental concern was analyzed,
as well as the future environmental protection
behaviors using the Theory of Planned Behavior
(TPB).

Sign systems related to user wayfinding behavior
in interchanging in under-ground stations
Zheng, Meng Cong Chiba, Japan

The purpose of this study is to understand how
signs correspond to various user wayfinding beha-
viors and serve their needs when interchanging in
under-ground stations. Two different distance
interchange routes were set up for wayfinding
experiments. Conversations with the subjects were
coded and categorized based on their wayfinding
process. It is found that the subjects followed some
fixed patterns for finding a sign, recognizing the
direction shown on the sign, determining the
direction, moving, and looking for the next sign.
The act of confirmation is not done by memory but
depends on finding the same sign continuously.

Investigating economy resources and living
means of unemployed drug addicts
Zhu, Mianmao of Political Science and Law, Hainan

Institute, Haikou, People’s Republic of China He,

Jiaofei Haikou, Qiongshan Middle School, Hainan,

People’s Republic of China

Objective: Investigating economy resources and
living means of 400 unemployed drug addicts who
declared unemployed when they were taken to the
hospital. Methods: By talking to addicts, confirm-
ing with their mates and inquiring of their relatives.
Results: 57% cases had committed various crimes
violating the executive regulations and laws. The
three tops ranked on the list were: 16% cases
concerned with gambling, 15% cases concerned
with pornography and 9% cases were thieves
respectively. 18% cases included entertainment and
commerce. Conclusions: The majority of so-called
unemployed addicts might have their illegal means:
committing crimes or undertaking inglorious jobs.

Is virtual nature equally restorative as ‘‘physical’’
nature? An experimental comparison study
Ziesenitz, Anne Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Kassel, Kassel, Germany Krömker, Dörthe

Psychology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany

Nature can help to restore depleted attention
resources or reduce stress. We examined if different
presentation modes of urban nature are equally

restorative. We conducted a combined field/labora-
tory experiment, using a between-subject design to
manipulate presentation modes of a walking-track
through an urban park. After performing a stress-
inducing task, participants (N=118) were randomly
assigned to three presentation modes (in situ, a
video recording, a computer-simulation) or a
control group. We measured salivary alpha-amy-
lase, affect and attention. First analyses show
differences in the in situ and laboratory conditions,
which indicate methodological and practical im-
plications for further studies in that field.

Self-regulation procedures as a mean of
optimization professional’s states during
business-trainings

Zlokazova, Tatyana Psychology, Moscow State

University, Moscow, Russia

The purpose of the study was to investigate
effectiveness of self-regulation techniques in opti-
mizing professional’s state during business-training.
Subjects: 92 training participants. Optimizing pro-
cedures: self-organized rest, progressive relaxation,
progressive relaxation with autogenic training ele-
ments. Dependent measures: self-estimation scales,
physiological indicators, task performance test.
Results showed negative changes in participant’s
state after five hours of intensive education and
specific positive effects of each optimizing proce-
dure. We conclude that self-regulation techniques,
unlike spontaneous regulation, shows system opti-
mization effect which occurs both on the psycho-
logical and the physiological level. Complex self-
regulation procedures, including verbal auto-sug-
gestions, allow forming state more adequate to
tasks demands.

Poster Session Tuesday Afternoon
14:00

Investigation the relationship between
personality and demographic factors with
happiness in pharmachological students in
Kermanshah Medical Sciences University

Abaspour, Parastoo Dept. of Medical Sciences,

Kermanshah University, Kermanshah, Islamic

Republic of Iran Solgi, Zahra psychology factualy,

Eslamabad payamenor university, kermanshah,

Islamic Republic of Iran Karimi, Maryam medical

sciences, kermanshah university, kermanshah,

Islamic Republic of Iran

This study has examined the relationship between
Personality and demographic factors with Happi-
ness. it was hypothesized that it would be significant
differences between males and females in their
happiness and personality factors. Predicting hap-
piness via personality and demographic factors was
one of our aims. On 48 students Personality factors
inventory(costa,1985); Oxford Happiness Inventory
(argyle,1989) with some demographic questions
were applied. The results showed that there is a
negative significant relationship between the neu-
roticism and happiness but there are positive
significant relationship between the others person-
ality factors and happiness. about sex, just the
relationship between happiness and sex was statis-
tically significant. Furthermore extroversion itself
explained %39 of happiness by adding agreeable-
ness and sex it would be%53.

Lexical cohort activation and the dynamic
microstructure of speech production

Abdel Rahman, Rasha Inst. für Psychologie,

Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Semantic interference in speech production has long
been viewed as a prime indicator of competition
during lexical selection. However, recent conflicting
findings - suggesting that these effects are restricted
to categorical relations - have put doubt on the
lexical competition assumption. A series of beha-
vioural and electrophysiological experiments de-

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monstrates that modulating the extent of lexical
cohort activation by meaningful contexts, interfer-
ence can be observed for associates and even
unrelated items. This suggests that lexical selection
is competitive, that lexical cohort activation is a
major determinant for interference effects, and that
the microstructure of speech production is highly
flexible and dynamic.

Spouse selection criterias
Abedi, Fariba Ward of Psychology, Dr. Hamidiye

Clinic, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran Shahraray,

Mehrnaz faculty of psychology, teacher training

university, tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran

The purpose of this study was of investigating
about Spouse Selection Criterias .step 1: we
reviewed criterias in other studies on mate selec-
tion.step 2: we finded specialist view, prepared an
open ended list of criterias and administered to 80
university students Step 3: with results of step 2 we
prepared new list of criterias inclusive 50 adjectives
and administered to 235 university students. after
factor analysis we made a list of Spouse Selection
Criterias in 3 factor: 15 adjectives in factor 1, 13
adjectives in factor 2 and 10 in factor 3.

Mental health improves as a function of social
support
Acuna, Laura Psychology, National University of

Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico Bruner, Carlos A.

Psychology, National University of Mexico, Mexico

City, Mexico

University students (N=649) responded the Health
and Daily Living Form (HDL) and the Social
Support Questionnaire (SSQ). Scores on the sec-
tions of self-confidence, depression and psychoso-
matic symptoms of the HDL were analyzed as a
function of perceived number of lenders of help in
situations of need on the SSQ. Consistent with
Social Impact Theory, increases in perceived social
support resulted in marginal increases on self-
confidence and decreases in depression and psy-
chosomatic symptoms.

Affective picture processing in traumatized
victims of war and torture: An MEG study
Adenauer, Hannah Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany Catani, Claudia

Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz,

Germany Keil, Julian Psychology, University of

Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany Aichinger, Hannah

Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz,

Germany Neuner, Frank Psychology, University of

Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany

In the present study the influence of traumatic stress
on the processing of emotional stimuli was exam-
ined using a visual steady state MEG paradigm
with flickering pictures of varying affective valence.
28 torture victims with Posttraumatic Stress Dis-
order (PTSD) and 38 matched subjects without
PTSD (subdivided into a traumatized and a non-
traumatized group) were compared. A minimum
norm estimation (MNE) technique was used for
source localization. The enhanced processing of
unpleasant arousing stimuli in visual and parietal
regions in PTSD patients will be discussed in the
framework of present theories about elaboration
and memory representation of threatening cues in
PTSD. The study was supported by DFG and
European Refugee Fund.

The impact of a reminiscence program on the
psychological well-being in aged Portuguese
people
Afonso, Rosa Dept. of Psychology, University of Beira

Interior, Covilhã, Portugal Bueno, Belén Psychology,

University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain

Throughout the investigation it was tested whether
the individuals exposed to the reminiscence sessions
would significantly increase their psychological
well-being in relation to the subjects who did not

receive this type of intervention. 90 individuals over
65 years-old participated in this study. They were
divided into three groups: an experimental group,
who was exposed to the reminiscence sessions, a
control group and a placebo control group. All the
subjects carried out pretest and posttest evaluations
answering The Psychological Well-Being Scales.
According to the t tests based on the statistic
program SPSS 15.0, there were significant statistical
increases in the general psychological well-being
within the experimental group.

The relationship between shyness and some
demographic variables of Sultan Qaboos
University students

Al-Damen, Monther Psychology, Sultan Qaboos

University, Al Khod, Oman

This study will investigate the relationship between
shyness and gender, type of college and acheive-
ment of Sultan Qaboos University students. As we
know, shyness is an emotion that affects how a
person feels and behaves around others. It means
feeling uncomfortable, self-conscious, nervous, ti-
mid, or ensecure. It can be analayzed into verious
components : cognitive, affectional and behavioral.
A random sample consisting of 400 male and
female students from different colleges at the
University will be selected for this purpose. A
twenty item shyness questionnaire will be distrib-
uted to be answered by the study sample after
finding its validity and reliability. A statistical
analysis such Means, Standard Deviations, T-tests,
Chi-square and Anova will be used in this study.

Characteristics of personality traits and personal
behaviour of future ballet dancers

Aleksandrovich, Maria Department of Psychology,

Academia Pomeraniensis, Slupsk, Poland

Objectives: The purpose was to study the correla-
tion of personality traits of future ballet dancers
with forms of their personal behaviour. Methods:
NEO-FFI questionnaire (Costa & McCrae, polish
adaptation, 1998) and self-reports on Study of
Personal Behaviour (Senko, 1998). Sample: 103
ballet dancers (54 girls, 49 boys), 14-19 y.o. Results:
There is significant correlation between personality
traits ‘‘Extraversion’’, ‘‘Neuroticism’’, ‘‘Conscien-
tiousness’’, ‘‘Agreeableness’’ and different forms of
personal behaviour. There is no correlation between
personality trait "Openness to experiences" and any
form of personal behaviour. Conclusions: Our data
enrich the psychological portrait of such a closed
professional community as ballet group is.

Psychopathology and quality of life of bariatric
surgery candidates

Andrés, Ana Methodology Behavioral Science,

University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Lecube,

Albert Obesity Unit, Hospital Vall d’Hebrón,

Barcelona, Spain Saldaña, Carmina Department of

Personality, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Quesada, Marta Psychiatry Division, Hospital Vall

d’Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain Gómez, Juana

Methodology Behavioral Science, University of

Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Objectives. The aim of this study is to assess
psychopathology and quality of life of bariatric
surgery candidates. Methods. The participants
(n=100) of this study were obese patients waiting
for the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. The
patients completed some demographical data and
the following questionnaires: DASS-21, BSI and
IWQOL-Lite. Results. The results obtained in this
study describe the profile of these patients regarding
anxiety, depression or stress, among other psycho-
pathological factors. Also, it describes the quality of
life of these patients before surgery. Conclusions.
This study offers a psychological profile of bariatric
surgery candidates.

Prisoner’s Dilemma Games and the Autism-
Spectrum Quotient

Annen, Yasumasa Department of Human Sciences,

Aichi Mizuho College, Toyota, Japan

The relationship between performances in prison-
er’s dilemma games (PDG) and the Autism-
Spectrum Quotient factors (AQ-f) was investigated
with student participants (n=120). Twenty-seven
performances in PDG matched by two strategies
(21 trials each with Random, and Tit-For-Tat) were
analyzed using multiple linear regressions. Results
indicated that when a partner used Random, AQ-f
governed PDG performances significantly more
under the non-rewarded condition when the partner
was recognized as human. Conversely, in the case of
Tit-For-Tat, AQ-f governed PDG performances
significantly more under the rewarded condition.
The AQ-f influences are discussed in relation to
partner’s strategies, recognition of a partner, and
reward.

Epistemic beliefs in elementary school children

Anschütz, Andrea Inst. für Pädagogik, Universität

Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany Wernke, Stephan

Institut für Pädagogik, Universität Oldenburg,

Oldenburg, Germany Moschner, Barbara Institut für

Pädagogik, Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg,

Germany

Subjects in most of the studies about epistemic
beliefs are students, only a few deal with elementary
school children. In our study we questioned if it is
possible to assess their beliefs by standardized
questionnaires. For answering this question we
investigated epistemic beliefs of 3rd and 4th graders
in different ways. In the first study 145 children
answered a questionnaire. In study 2 we interviewed
32 subjects of study 1 about their understanding of
the questionnaire items. Results show that children
are able to verbalize their thoughts about epistemic
beliefs, but they had severe difficulties to under-
stand some of the questionnaire items.

Character strengths and the relationship with
well-being for children and students in Japan

Aoki, Tazuko Graduate School of Education,

Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan Miyazaki,

Hiroshi Faculty of Education, Okayama University,

Okayama, Japan Hashigaya, Yoshimasa Faculty of

Education, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan

Yamada, Tsuyoshi

This study examined the relationships between
character strengths and well-beings in Japan. Forth
graders, sixth graders and eighth graders partici-
pated in this research. We used six character
strengths and two kinds of feeling to classify some
categories by cluster analysis. We found five
categories; courage, wisdoms, justice, respect and
positive feeling. We analyzed the relations between
each cluster category and well-being scales by
multiple regression analysis. We found courage,
justice and respect were related with well-being.
However wisdom was not related with it. All
character categories were related with hope scale.
We discussed about the relations between character
strengths and well-being.

Self-esteem and social attitudes in intellectual
disabled people

Armas Vargas, Enrique Person., Evaluat. &

Psychology, Psychology Faculty, Tenerife, Spain

This study offers empiric results that show disabled
people evaluation of their Self-Esteem and their
Support & Comprehension (S&C) attitudes as well
as Autonomy & Independence (A&I) perceived in
their social environment. Intellectual disabled peo-
ple (n=50) (Light M. R.), 27 men, 23 women (20-55
years). CAE (Self-Esteem Questionnaire) and
CAFA (Social Attitudes Questionnaire) by Ar-
mas-Vargas. CAE (55% variance), factors: Valua-
tion of Efficiency/Utility (alpha=.84); He himself
(alpha=.73); The Others (alpha=.73); Negative

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Comparison with Others (.74). CAFA, (50%
variance), factors: A&I (alpha=.87); S&C (.80).
The valuation of Utility/Efficiency is positively
associated to A&I attitudes (r= .49, p

Superiority of left three-quarter views in face
recognition: Right hemisphere advantage
hypothesis
Arnold, Gabriel Institut de Psychologie, Boulogne-

Billancourt, France Sieroff, Eric Labo Psychologie

Cognitive, Institut de Psychologie, Boulogne-

Billancourt, France

We evaluated the right hemisphere advantage
explanation of the superiority of left three-quarter
views (main features in the left visual field) over
right three-quarter views, in face recognition. We
used a sequential matching task of faces presented
in the left (LVF) or right (RVF) visual fields, or in
the middle of the visual field. Response times were
faster in the middle presentation than in the LVF,
and in the LVF than in the RVF. The left three
quarter advantage was found only with the middle
presentation. These results are in favour of the right
hemisphere advantage hypothesis.

Relationships between self-description and
dominant structure of word meaning
Arro, Grete Inst. of Psychology, Tallinn University,

Tallinn, Estonia

597 men participated in a study on relationships
between dominant structure of word meaning,
personality characteristics and free-response self-
description. The analysis revealed that the indivi-
duals who primarily used everyday concepts think-
ing systematically had fewer self-descriptions.
Metatrait was related more with scientific concepts
thinking than everyday concepts thinking. Sec-
ondly, the result in NEO-PI-R inventory correlated
less with the free-response personality descriptions
in individuals using primarily everyday concepts
thinking. Thus the structure of word meaning can
be one factor mediating the personality as for the
scientific concept thinkers there are available
substantially different mental tools as for everyday
concept thinkers.

Goal orientation and initial motivation: An
integrated approach
Bachmann, Gerhard Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany

To explain the role of motivation in learning, goal
orientation (Elliot & McGregor, 2001) and the
cognitive-motivational-process-model (Vollmeyer
& Rheinberg, 1998) were integrated. 41 partici-
pants’ goal orientation was measured with the
Achievement-Goal-Questionnaire and initial moti-
vation with the QCM after introducing the task
(Sudokus). Performance was measured as solved
numbers. Mastery-approach and challenge corre-
late (r=.32*), as well as performance-avoidance and
fear of failure (r=-.36*). Regressing performance on
initial motivation and goal orientation yielded low
accounted variance, F(8)=2.5, p=.03, with interest
as best predictor. Relating the two explanations to
another helped clarifing each explanation and
supported the importance of interest.

A unified framework to study motorcyclists’ risk
awareness
Banet, Aurélie LESCOT, INRETS, Bron, France Bellet,

Thierry LESCOT, INRETS, Bron, France Martin, Robert

LEACM, Université Lyon2, Lyon, France Bonnard,

Arnaud LESCOT, INRETS, Bron, France Goupil, Céline

LESCOT, INRETS, Bron, France

Research Objective is to provide a common
methodological framework to study motorcyclists’
risk awareness at two complementary levels: ‘‘Social
Attitudes’’ towards risk, and ‘‘Cognitive Abilities’’
to detect risks of accident while driving. The
Methods developed are based on video sequences
showing critical driving situations. Participants had

to watch these sequences then appraise and qualify

the criticality of the situations through a Likert

scale and an Osgood Semantic Differential. Then

they completed Attitudes Questionnaires. Twenty-

one riders participated to this experiment. The

Results obtained enable us to highlight different

categories within the motorcyclists’ population in

terms of risk awareness.

Effect of stimulus eccentricity on the timing of
inhibition of return

Bao, Yan Dept. of Psychology, Peking University,

Beijing, People’s Republic of China Li, Hui Department

of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing, People’s

Republic of China Zhou, Bin Human Science Center,

University of Munich, Munich, Germany

Recent evidence shows that inhibition of return

(IOR) is much stronger in far peripheral areas

relative to the more central visual field. The present

study further examined the time course of IOR in

the two regions with stimuli presented at either 7 or

21 degree eccentricity. Twenty-five university stu-

dents performed a detection task, in which a target

appeared randomly following a peripheral cue with

a varied time interval. Results showed that IOR

disappeared approximately 1 second later at 21

degree relative to 7 degree stimulus eccentricity.

Possible reasons underlying the eccentricity effect of

the timing of IOR were discussed.

Educational needs assessment of nurses work in
hospitals of Tehran University of Medical
Sciences about life skills

Barough, Nasrin community health,

Nursing&Midwifery of Tehran U., Tehran, Islamic

Republic of Iran Sharifi, Nahid community health,

Nursing&Midwifery of Tehra, Tehran, Islamic

Republic of Iran Taghavi Larijani, Taraneh community

health, Nursing&Midwifery of Tehra, Tehran, Islamic

Republic of Iran

Objectives: Determination educational needs of

nurses about (Decision making, problem solving,

Stress management, Critical thinking) Material

&Method This research is a descriptive analytical

study. The sample was randomly219 The instru-

ment was a quantitative questionnaire with 35 items

about life skills The data were Analyzed by SPSS

software. Results The nurses had high educational

needs in Decision making, problem solving, stress

management and there was low educational need in

critical thinking. Conclusion. It is useful to consider

results and to detect abilities, weakness of nurses

and do the future programming in a way which

have the most effectiveness.

Negotiation habilities

Barros, Manuela Faculty Human and social scien,

University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal

Our investigation defines as general objective to

realize a study about negotiation habilities, namely

to analyse the relation between a wide set of socio-

demographic variables, negotiation efficacy and

assertiveness in commercial context. In a portu-

guese sample of 300 subjects, we analyse the

relevance of the relation between negotiation

efficacy and assertiveness in commercial manage-

ment and, for such, we used CEN II (Questionnaire

of Negotiation Efficacy) and EHS (Scale of Social

Habilities). Data, obtained by statistical analysis in

SPSS, show that most of our hipothesis have

confirmation. Research implications are discussed

more deeply in conection with strategic pertinence

of having some negotiation habilities in a commer-

cial context.

The role of auditory sensory memory in
explaining differences in nonword repetition
ability

Barry, Johanna Inst. für Neuropsychologie, Max-

Planck-Institut, Leipzig, Germany Weiss, Benjamin

Psychology, Paris Lodron Universitaet, Salzburg,

Austria Sabisch, Beate Neuropsychology, Max Planck

Institute, Leipzig, Germany Brauer, Jens

Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute, Leipzig,

Germany

Deficits in nonword repetition are heritable and
may be a risk factor for Specific Language
Impairment (SLI). These deficits may derive from
a rapid decay of sensory memory. This hypothesis
was investigated by measuring frequency discrimi-
nation thresholds at different ISIs in two groups of
parents (control versus SLI). A greater increase in
discrimination threshold (JND) with increasing
inter-stimulus interval was not observed in parents
of SLI children, and performance on the task was
not correlated with phonological working memory
measures, suggesting a dissociation between sensory
memory and phonological working memory. Our
findings have implications for models describing
phonological working memory.

Temporal resolution is enhanced by temporal
preparation

Bausenhart, Karin Maria Inst. für Psychologie,

Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany Rolke,

Bettina Psychologisches Institut, Universität

Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany Ulrich, Rolf

Psychologisches Institut, Universität Tübingen,

Tübingen, Germany

In two experiments, we investigated whether
temporal preparation influences the temporal re-
solution of the visual system. Temporal resolution
was assessed by a temporal-order judgment (TOJ)
task. To manipulate temporal preparation, we
varied the time between a warning signal and a
subsequent target stimulus (foreperiod). In this
foreperiod paradigm, short foreperiods enable
better temporal preparation than long foreperiods.
The results are clear-cut: Short foreperiods im-
proved TOJ for two spatially adjacent dots
(Experiment I) and for two spatially overlapping
stimuli (Experiment II). Thus, temporal preparation
improves the temporal resolution of the visual
system.

Cross-modal correspondences between weight,
pressure, brightness and spatial position

Benartzi, Elisheva Dept. of Psychology, Kinneret

College, Emek Hayarden, Israel

Objectives: To propose and examine an ecological
account for cross-modal correspondences. Method:
Participants made similarity judgments of pairs of
cross-modal stimuli differing in weight or pressure
and in brightness or spatial position, and magnitude
estimates of weight or pressure with varying levels
of contextual brightness or spatial position. Dimen-
sions were presented at five levels each. Results:
Consistent congruence relationships among all pairs
of dimensions emerged. Moreover, findings indi-
cated a consistency in the directions of correspon-
dences across dimensions and tasks, providing
support for the ecological account for cross-modal
correspondences, as they underlie most perceptual
dimensions.

The relationship between perfectionism and
psychological symptoms among university
students

Benk, Asli Altis psychological counseling, Istanbul,

Turkey

In this study, following independent variables
considered: age, gender, year, the type of number
of sibling, birth order, the educational background
of their parents, and whether parents live together
or not, and whether they are alive or not, parents’
occupations, the perceived socio-economical sta-

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tus,perceived mother-father-child relations, per-
ceived parenting style and perceive perfectionism
levels from their parents. In order to measure
perfectionism, Multi Dimensional Perfectionism
Scale (MPS), to measure the level of psychological
symptoms, Symptom Check List (SCL-90) and to
reach demographic data, Demographic Data Sheet
have been used in this study. Findings shows that
perfectionism has significant relationship between
all psychological symptoms and most of choosen
independent variables.

What does cloze measure?: The French validation
of a shortened form of standard cloze test

Bennacer, Halim Université d’Orléans, Tours, France

The cloze research has been rather inconclusive
with regard to what cloze tests are measuring
(Brown, 2002). This study describes the validation
of a shortened form of standard cloze test, with a
sample of 561 French pupils aged 11 to 17 from
junior high schools. It also allows identifying the
determinants of cloze achievement. The results
show that this tested form has good psychometric
properties, and evaluates primarily two factors:
grammatical structures and vocabulary acquisition
(Exploratory factor analysis). They support the
cogency of use of rational cloze.

Interaction involvement of university students of
prosocial professions

Bjekic, Dragana Technical Faculty, Cacak, Serbia

Zlatic, Lidija Educational Psychology, Faculty of

teacher education, Uxice, Zlatkovic, Blagica

Educational Psychology, Faculty of teacher education,

Vranje, Stojiljkovic, Snezana Department of

psychology, Faculty of philosophy, Nis,

Communication skills are important professional/
job skills, especially for social interactive profes-
sions. The study of interaction involvement com-
pared students of prosocial oriented professions
(realized in social interaction process, as teachers of
different courses, psychologists, etc.) and nonpro-
social oriented professions (engineers, technologists,
etc.) by using Interaction involvement scale. The
results of the first phase of the research (realized in
the Serbian universities): there are not differences
between students of two professional groups in the
first years of study, but there are differences
between the students of the final years of study.
University education for prosocial professions
improves the interaction involvement.

Influence of patients’ characteristics on nursing
students’ perceptions of cancer situation

Blois, Stephanie Social Psychology Department,

University of Provence, Aix-en-Provence, France

Dany, Lionel Social Psychology Department,

University of Provence, Aix-en-Provence Cedex 1,

France Mahieuxe, Magali Oncology Service,

Dunkerque Hospital Center, Dunkerque Cedex 1,

France Morin, Michel Social Psychology Department,

University of Provence, Aix-en-Provence Cedex 1,

France

Objectives. This study explored how nursing
students integrate informations about cancer pa-
tients into gravity and social support needs percep-
tion. Methods. 719 nursing students completed a
questionnaire including a scenario describing a
cancer patient. Each of the 16 scenarios varied
according to four informations: patient gender;
physical state; psychological state; relatives avail-
ability. Results. MANOVA showed that the four
main effects were significant but the more impor-
tant results concerned psychological state and
relatives’ availability. There are also interaction
effects between these four factors. Conclusion.
Nursing students’ evaluation of patients’ situation
is influenced by patients’ bio-psycho-social char-
acteristics and the way they cope with cancer.

Impulse-control disorders in young adults

Bohne, Antje Psychologisches Institut I, Universität

Münster, Münster, Germany Meiners, Sinje

Psychologisches Institut I, Universität Münster,

Münster, Germany

Objective: Assessment of impulse-control disorders
(ICD) with focus on their prevalence and co-
occurrence of impulsive symptoms. Method:
DSM-IV-based screenings for intermittent explo-
sive disorder, kleptomania, pyromania, pathologi-
cal gambling, and trichotillomania as well as
pathological buying as an ICD not otherwise
specified. Results: Work is still in progress. We
expect to present data of 400 individuals. By now
the database incorporates 160 participants (68.7%
female, age: M=21.9 years). Detailed results will be
presented on our poster. Conclusion: The results
will provide information on the prevalence and co-
occurrence of ICDs and impulsive symptoms in
young adults.

Academic, social and emotional adjustment
among Mandarin/English-speaking students
studying in Canada

Both, Lilly Dept. of Psychology, University of New

Brunswick, Saint John, Canada Di Tommaso, Enrico

Psychology, University of New Brunswick, Saint

John, New Brunswick, Canada

Adjusting to university can be a difficult transition
for many students. Students from China have
added stressors as they cope with this transition in
a new culture and a second language. Thirty-five
students participated in this study which assessed
their adjustment. Students with a secure attachment
were less likely to report social and emotional
loneliness, and were more likely to feel socially
connected and socially assured. Individuals with an
insecure attachment were more likely to be worried
about school, and were less satisfied with life.
Results will be discussed in terms of possible
interventions to make this transition easier for
international students.

Specificity and universality of the attentional bias
in Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Brassard Lapointe, Marie-Laure École de psychologie,

Université Laval, Québec, Canada Langlois, Frédéric

Département de psychologie, UQTR, Trois-Riviàres,

Canada Tremblay, Sébastien École de psychologie,

Université Laval, Québec, Canada

Several studies show an attentional bias towards
threatening information for Generalized Anxiety
Disorder (GAD) patients, though the same bias is
also observed with normal individuals. In the
present study, we compared the extent to which
both groups were biased in processing threatening
information within the attentional blink (AB)
paradigm. Participants had to identify two targets
(threatening or neutral) among distractors.
Although, overall identification was poorer for
GAD patients, the magnitude of the AB was similar
across groups with little impact of threat. Specificity
and universality of the attentional bias are discussed
in relation to pathology and task parameters.

Interpersonal relations in different types of
groups: Mapping social combinations of
relational models

Brito, Rodrigo CIS, ISCTE, Lisbon, Portugal Waldzus,

Sven CIS, ISCTE, Lisbon, Portugal

This study builds on research with relational models
theory and seeks to map models used in inter-
personal relations onto types of social groups. We
first asked student participants in a questionnaire
study to rate acquaintances on items of the four
relational models scales, and then to identify types
of groups to which each relation belonged. Rela-
tions within different types of groups were asso-
ciated to different relational models. For instance,
authority ranking combined with communal shar-
ing in families, but with market pricing in

organisations. We conclude that the cultural

definition of groups determines the combinations

of relational models used.

Linkages between auditory perception and
action: Acoustic affordances

Burton, Joel Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff,

United Kingdom Macken, Bill Psychology, Cardiff

University, Cardiff, United Kingdom Jones, Dylan

Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United

Kingdom

The studyinvestigated whether the presence of

auditory motion in bimodal displays faciliatated

congruent movement towards a visual target.

Participants were asked to make a visual left right

discrimination task whilst simultaneously being

presented with moving auditory stimuli. When the

participants response and auditory stimuli were in

the same direction participants were faster to

responded than when the auditory stimuli was

moving in the opposite direction. The results

indicate that sounds moving in the same direction

did afford participants to move in the direction of

the sound.

Measurement equivalence of the interviewing
self-efficacy scale across samples from Ghana,
Russia, Turkey and Italy

Bye, Hege H. Faculty of Psychology, University of

Bergen, Bergen, Norway Sam, David L. Faculty of

Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

Sandal, Gro Mjeldheim Faculty of Psychology,

University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

Objectives: The objective of this study was to

investigate the measurement equivalence of the

interviewing self-efficacy scale (I-SE) across samples

from four different countries. Methods: University

students from Ghana (n=442), Russia, (n=251),

Turkey (n=407) and Italy (n=383) completed

questionnaires including the I-SE scale. The data

were analysed by means of a multigroup confirma-

tory factor analysis. Results: The analyses support

the configural and metric invariance of the scale

across the four samples. Conclusions: The invar-

iance of the I-SE scale across the samples suggests

that the scale is applicable for research and practice

in a cross-cultural setting.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder in older adults:
Testing Dugas’ conceptual model

Cabrera, Isabel Dept. de Psicologia Biologica,

Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

Montorio, Ignacio Psicologı́a BIOLOGICA Y DE LA S,

UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID, MADRID,

Spain Izal, Maria Psicologı́a BIOLOGICA Y DE LA S,

UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID, MADRID,

Spain Marquez Gonzalez, Maria Psicologı́a

BIOLOGICA Y DE LA S, UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA

DE MADRID, MADRID, Spain Nuevo, Roberto

Psychiatry Service, Hospital de la Princesa, MADRID,

Spain

Objective: to test Dugas’ conceptual model of

Generalized Anxiety Disorder in older adults.

Method: 111 community-dwelling older adults

completed measures of severity-of-worry (SW),

beliefs-about-worry (BAW), negative-problem-or-

ientation (NPO), cognitive-avoidance (CA) and

Intolerance-of-Uncertainty (IU). Results: a hier-

archical regression analysis with the SW as a

dependent variable indicated that IU explained a

significant (p=.034) percentage of variance in

predicting SW after controlling for gender, age,

BAW, NPO and CA (Total adjusted R2=.401).

ONP and IU were the only significant predictors.

Conclusions: these results partially support Dugas’

model of GAD in older adults and highlight the

role of IU in this disorder.

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9.5 months old infants prefer Picasso over Monet

Cacchione, Trix Psychologie, Universität Zürich,

Zürich, Switzerland Bertin, Evelyn Psychologie,

Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland

We examined infants’ visual attention to works of
two painters, namely Picasso and Monet. 24 infants
were randomly assigned to either a Monet or a
Picasso condition. In the Picasso condition, infants
were habituated to paintings by Picasso and were
then presented with an unfamiliar painting by
Picasso and a painting by Monet (and vice versa
in the Monet condition). Results suggest that
infants discriminate between different paintings
and painting styles but that they display a
spontaneous preference for paintings by Picasso.
We are currently conducting control experiments
investigating infants’ basis for their Picasso pre-
ference.

Using inertial information alone to estimate
linear self-displacement with varying durations
of constant velocity

Campos, Jennifer Inst. Biologische Kybernetik, Max-

Planck-Institut, Tübingen, Germany Reimann, Michael

Biological Cybernetics, Max Planck Institute,

Tübingen, Germany Beykirch, Karl Biological

Cybernetics, Max Planck Institute, Tübingen,

Germany Butler, John Biological Cybernetics, Max

Planck Institute, Tübingen, Germany Bülthoff,

Heinrich Biological Cybernetics, Max Planck Institute,

Tübingen, Germany

During self-motion in the absence of vision and
proprioception, inertial information can be used to
compare different magnitudes of linear self-displa-
cement. However, during periods of constant
velocity, no inertial information is available, thus,
how perceived displacement is evaluated during
different durations of constant velocity is unknown.
Here, participants judged which of two inertially
experienced distances was longer. Three durations
of constant velocity (1, 3, 5s) were included in order
to evaluate whether estimates of distance would
vary as a function of constant velocity duration.
The results are described using a model which
accounts for both duration and peak velocity.

Reversal of typical effect of task switching for
random switch

Carmona, Encarna Neurociencia y CC de la Salud,

University of Almeria, La Cañada de San Urbano,

Spain Plaza-Ayllón, Vanesa Neurociencia y CC de la

Salud, University of Almeria, La Cañada de San

Urbano ALME, Spain Alvarez, Dolores Neurociencia y

CC de la Salud, University of Almeria, La Cañada de

San Urbano ALME, Spain Noguera, Carmen

Neurociencia y CC de la Salud, University of Almeria,

La Cañada de San Urbano ALME, Spain

In this study we used a task switching paradigm.
Shift between tasks was associated with an impair-
ment in people’s performance know as switch cost.
This cost is characterized for an increment in
reaction time (RT) and errors compared to a
situation in which no shift is required. The relevant
experimental conditions are: predictable task
switching (AABBAA...) and random task switching
(ABBABA...). In the predictable condition, we
found the classic results; an increase in TR for
switching block (general cost) and an increase in
TR for switch trial in switching block (specific cost).
Nevertheless, in situations of random, we obtain the
reversal typical effect in specific cost. We conclude
that the expectancies are important for the use of
control strategies.

Anger, depression and aggression in children: A
comorbidity study

Carrasco, Miguel Personalidad, Universidad UNED,

Madrid, Spain del Barrio, Victoria Personalidad,

Universidad UNED, Madrid, Spain Gordillo, Rodolfo

Personalidad, Universidad UNED, Madrid, Spain

The purpose of this study was to explore the
comorbidity between depression and aggression in
children and adolescents from Clark and Watsons
model. The sample was composed by 721 children
and adolescents from public schools (Mean age =
12.6; SD = 1.44; 308 boy). Results shown that: (a)
depression, anger and aggression were significant
correlated; (b) depressive children and aggressive
children shown both higher levels of aggression as
well as depression; (c) depression and aggression
shared the emotion of anger and refusal a under-
lying common structure and (d) a three model
factors were better adapted to the structure of
comorbidity proposal.

Future time perspective and education:
Organizational and pedagogical challenges

Carvalho, Renato Gil Dept. de Psicologia, DRE/UMa,

Campanário, Portugal

The study approached students’ future time per-
spective (FTP), with the goal of characterize it,
analyze its behaviour expression and debate which
impact it can have in educative interventions.
Participants were 9th grade students from a rural
school in Madeira, Portugal. There were used both
quantitative and qualitative research techniques.
Results have shown a consolidation of pupils’ FTP
during school year, especially when they’ve experi-
enced specific activities, such as orientation proce-
dures. Results demonstrate as well the association
between FTP and academic success, and emphasize
some agents’ role, namely teachers and school
psychology services, in the construction of student’s
life projects.

The Azorean Schizophrenia high risk study

Carvalho, Célia Ciências da Educação, Universidade

dos Açores, Ponta Delgada - Açores, Portugal Nunes

Caldeira, Suzana Ciências da Educação, Universidade

dos Açores, Ponta Delgada - Azores, Portugal

Medeiros, Helena SUNY Upstate Medical Universit,

Center for Psychiatric and Mol, Siracuse, USA Pato,

Carlos Center for Psychiatric and Mol, SUNY Upstate

Medical Universit, Ponta Delgada - Açores, USA Pato,

Michelle Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate

Medical Universit, Ponta Delgada - Açores, Portugal

The most significant risk for developing schizo-
phrenia is being related to a patient suffering from
the same illness. This pattern argues strongly for a
genetic component in the transmission of schizo-
phrenia. Early experiences of care and abuse and
self perceptions in adult life also seem to be related
to the onset of the disease. Recently, we have
identified a number of promising genetic linkages in
the families we have been studying in the Azores.
Now we are studying personal, relational and social
variables in the onset of illness in this high-risk
population, using inquiry methods.

Automatic and voluntary orienting of attention in
visual search: Two independent processes?

Casagrande, Maria Dipartimento di Psicologia, Roma,

Italy Marin, Ioana Alexandra Dipartimento di

Psicologia, Sapienza - University of Rome, Roma, Italy

Mereu, Stefania Dipartimento di Psicologia, Sapienza

- University of Rome, Roma, Italy Marotta, Andrea

Dipartimento di Psicologia, Sapienza - University of

Rome, Roma, Italy Martella, Diana Dipartimento di

Psicologia, Sapienza - University of Rome, Roma, Italy

Eighteen subjects performed two visual search
tasks, characterized by different cognitive load,
which required to identify a vertical segment
between other segments, all with the same orienta-
tion, and a distractor that could be presented or
not. By varying the orientation of both targets and
distractors, it was manipulated the salience and the
similarity between them, deemed considerable for
bottom-up and top-down components respectively.
Results showed a salience by similarity interaction,
suggesting that, while in high cognitive load
conditions endogenous and exogenous components

can act independently, when the task requires mild

attentional resources, the two processes give rise to

an interaction.

Effects of vigilance decrease on exogeneous and
endogeneous visual orienting

Casagrande, Maria Dipartimento di Psicologia, Roma,

Italy Martella, Diana Dipartimento di Psicologia,

Roma, Italy Mereu, Stefania Dipartimento di

Psicologia, "Sapienza" Università, Roma, Italy

Marotta, Andrea Dipartimento di Psicologia,

"Sapienza" Università, Roma, Italy Bottaro, Giusi

Dipartimento di Psicologia, "Sapienza" Università,

Roma, Italy

It is an aim of this study to assess whether a decrese

of vigilance, obtained by means of a sleep depriva-

tion, affects automatic and voluntary orienting of

attention. Visual orienting was induced by both

central (endogenous) and peripheral (exogenous)

cues. Results show that the decrease of vigilance do

not affect peripheral orienting, but induces a

selective reduction of the facilitation effects, in the

central cueing task. The specific impairment in the

ability to intentionally follow the cue, suggests that

the reducion of allerting produces a worsening of

the voluntary control of attention.

Convergent validity between the dentist’s report
on dental treatment anxiety and the patient’s
self-report

Caycedo, Claudia Psychology, Fundación

Universitaria Konrad, Bogotá, Colombia Cortes, Omar

Fernando Psychology, Fundación Universitaria

Konrad, Bogotá, Colombia Caycedo, Martha Lucia

Odontologı́a, Colegio Odontológico Colombian,

Bogotá, Colombia Palencia, Rafael Odontologı́a,

Colegio Odontologico Colombian, Bogotá, Colombia

Barahona, German Odontologia, Colegio

Odontologico Colombian, Bogotá, Colombia

The convergent validity between the dentist’s report

and the patient’s self- report concerning dental

treatment anxiety is analyzed. The sample was

composed of 132 dentists and 913 patients. A

standarized interview was administered to the

dentist and both MDAS and SDAI rating scales

were administered to the patients. The results,

which showed the reports to be highly convergent,

were analyzed by using descriptive, corelational

statistics, and a model of structural equations which

allowed to identify the main behavioral anxiety

indicators for the dentist as well as the intervention

strategies obtained from them.

Variations of the level of alertness and
performance during a prolonged driving
simulation task: Effects of rest

Chóliz, Mariano Psicologia Basica, Universidad de

Valencia, Valencia, Spain Tejero, Pilar Psicologı́a

Básica, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain Roca,

Javier INTRAS, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain

Pastor, Gemma Psicologı́a Básica, University of

Valencia, Valencia, Spain

Several factors has been linked to the appearance of

drowsiness, reduced alertness and passive fatigue

during a prolonged monotonous task. We studied

the variations of the level of alertness and

performance during a prolonged driving simulation

task in habitual drivers. Then we compared those

results with results obtained in a different group of

participants, habitual drivers too, but who were

allowed to rest by the middle of the task duration.

Results are discussed with respect to the recom-

mendation that drivers should interrupt driving to

overcome the fatigue caused by prolonged driving.

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The influence of parent-child relationship and
self-efficacy on quality of life among university
students and their parents

Chang, Woo-Giy Education, Inha University, Inchon,

Republic of Korea Park, Young-Shin Dept. of

Education, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of

Korea Kim, Uichol Business administration, Inha

University, Inchon, Republic of Korea

This study examines the influence of parent-child
relationship and self-efficacy on quality of life
among university students and their parents. A
total 873 participants (a matched sample of 291
university students and their parents) completed a
questionnaire. The results indicate students’ quality
of life is positively influenced by self-efficacy and
emotional support received from their parents.
Their fathers’ quality of life is positively influenced
self-efficacy and by emotional support received
from their children. Their mothers’ quality of life is
positively influenced by self-efficacy and emotional
support received from their spouse. For university
students, relational efficacy was the best predictor
of quality of life.

Examining the components of worry-trait

Chang, Ben-Sheng Psychology, Soochow University,

Taipei, Taiwan Chung, Shih-Ming Psychology,

Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan

Three core components of worry (excessive worry,
uncontrollable worry, and intolerance of uncer-
tainty) are defined by many scholars. The purpose
of the study is to test the construct validity of
worry. Taiwanese college students (248 students)
filled out worry, anxiety, and depression question-
naires. Results of the study are as follows: (a)
Worry with three core features is supported; (b)
Construct validity and reliability of the worry trait
scale are supported; (c) The worry trait scale is
better than the PSWQ in validity and reliability; (d)
The worry-trait scale is more effective than the
PSWQ in screening GAD.

Verbal violence towards homosexual individuals:
How is it justified in a Greek population?

Chiotis, Georgios Dept. of Psychology, City

University, London, United Kingdom

The present study investigated people’s justification
of violence towards Lesbian and Gay individuals,
and its relation to overt and covert homophobia. A
story portraying an incident of verbal abuse was
created along with a questionnaire measuring
attitudes towards these events, complemented with
the Wright, Adams, & Bernat Homophobia Scale
(1999). The story varied in the sex and the sexual
orientation of the victim, creating 10 groups in
which 700 students were assigned. Results showed
that participants justified more easily verbal vio-
lence towards Gay & Lesbian individuals, and this
was correlated with their measured homophobia
levels.

Remembering, normal aging and executive
function

Clarys, David Dept. of Psychology, University of

Tours, Tours, France Bugaı̈ska, Aurélia Department of

Psychology, University of Tours, TOURS, France

Tapia, Géraldine Department of Psychology,

University of Tours, TOURS, France Baudouin, Alexia

Department of Psychology, University of Tours,

TOURS, France

Objectives: In this study we investigated the
relations between the executive functions and age-
related decline in remembering. Methods: Younger
and older adults undertook a word recognition test
including the Remember/Know/Guess procedure
and were assessed with three specific executive task
(updating, shifting and inhibition) and a complex
executive task. Results: Older adults exhibited a
decline in the number of ‘‘R’’ responses but not in
the number of ‘‘K’’ responses. Analyses showed
that controlling for updating function strongly

removed the age-related variance in remembering.
Conclusions: These findings support the idea of a
central role of updating decline in understanding
age-related deficit in remembering.

Threats of climate change can increase
authoritarian tendencies
Cohrs, Christopher Inst. für Sozialpsychologie,

Universität Jena, Jena, Germany Fritsche, Immo

Dept. of Social Psychology, University of Jena, Jena,

Germany Bauer, Judith Dept. of Social Psychology,

University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany

Threats to social order and stability can increase
authoritarianism, because authoritarian responses
may be perceived as functional to counter specific
threats. We tested the further assumption that even
an unrelated type of threat can produce such
effects. We manipulated (N=44 students) the
salience of threats of climate change to Germany
and found increased authoritarianism and negativ-
ity toward deviant groups. The effect on author-
itarianism was mediated by perceived threats of
climate change. The results point to previously
neglected possible social consequences of climate
change. Ongoing research examines the potential
moderating role of how threats of climate change
are framed.

Mental bipolarity and personnel development
practices in organizations
Colautti, Christian Università IULM, Milano, Italy

Monducci, Valentina Facoltà di Psicologia, Università

degli Studi Firenze, Firenze, Italy Bellotto, Massimo

Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia, Università degli Studi

Verona, Milano, Italy

Drawing from Group-analytic (Napolitani, 1987)
and Work&Organization Psychology theories (Bel-
lotto & Trentini, 1988), we hypothesize a new
framework and explore, through a storytelling
approach, whether managers tend to re-actualize
four relational orientations/polarities (conservation,
innovation, uniqueness and openness) with their co-
workers, corresponding to relational models intro-
jected during early years. With ATLAS.ti 4.2
software, we qualitatively analyzed 30 stories by
managers attending managerial seminars and found
a prevailing innovation relational orientation. This
method could be used to support managers to
become aware of their relational styles and to
promote co-workers harmonic development
through an equilibrium between practices related
to different relational polarities.

The role of attention in object and gist perception
Constantinou, Elena Kokkinotrimithia, Cyprus

Koushiou, Maria Department of Psychology,

University of Cyprus, Strovolos, Nicosia, Cyprus

Avraamides, M.N.

A dual-task experiment was conducted to investi-
gate low and high level of processing under
conditions of inattention. Thirty-seven students
performed an attentionally demanding central task
while responding to a secondary task, that is object
categorization (high level) or gist identification (low
level) in natural scenes. Central task performance
was comparable with participants being unexpect-
edly more accurate on object than gist categoriza-
tion (p, .001). A second experiment comparing the
secondary task stimuli confirmed our initial results
suggesting that saliency of object figures facilitates
their recognition and renders gist perception more
difficult contradicting previous literature.

Self esteem and affective temperaments in
psychiatric nurses
Cordeiro, Raul CESM, Escola Sup. Saude Portalegre,

Portalegre, Portugal Sónia, Galinha Educ. e Currı́culo,

Esc. Sup. Educação de Santarém, Santarém, Portugal

Analysing Self Esteem and Affective Temperaments
of Nurses in Psychiatric and Mental Health
Services, have a crucial importance, because this

fact will influence many phenomena’s in nursing
practice. A total of n=47 nurses, of both sexes, with
average age of 38,57 years, working in Mental
Health and Psychiatry Departments. In the Ques-
tionnaire, were introduced some measures:
TEMPS-A Scale (Akiskal, 1998), and Scale of Self
Personal Appreciation Scale (Ribeiro, 2006). The
results indicate that the population, have a Hy-
perthymic Temperament. Affective temperament of
nurses seems to be a good predictor of leadership
capacity in violence situation at psychiatric services.

Development and initial validation of an infant
rearing pactices instrument

Cortés-Moreno, Assol DIP Aprendizaje Humano,

UNAM FES Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Mexico Romero

Sánchez, Patricia DIP Aprendizaje Humano, UNAM

FES Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Edo. Mex, Mexico

Rearing practices moderate undernourishment ef-
fects on psychological child development. This
study describes development and psychometric data
in support of Responsive Practices and Stimulation
Questionnaire (CuPRE), a caregiver-report measure
of actions oriented to assure the survival and child
development. The initial items were derived from
interviews to 48 caregivers. Item reduction and
reliability were complete with a sample of 242
caregivers. Principal components analysis yielded a
five-factor structure (composed of 23 items),
accounting for 49.9% of total variance. The CuPRE
was found to have good internal consistency (alpha
= 0,83). The results suggest the CuPRE can be a
useful instrument to value rearing practices.

Demographics, rearing practices and health
history: Its relation with nutrition and child
development

Cortés-Moreno, Assol DIP Aprendizaje Humano,

UNAM FES Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Mexico Avilés

Torres, Ana Laura DIP Aprendizaje Humano, UNAM

FES Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Edo. Mex, Mexico

The effects of undernourishment on psychological
development varies according psychosocial factors.
This study assesses the impact of demographic,
organic and rearing variables on nourishment and
psychological development in children aged com-
plementary feeding. A sample of 124 child-caregiver
dyads from four different socioeconomic and
nutritional index communities participed. Antho-
pometrics and child development were assessed.
Demographics, rearing practices, and family health
were measured as possible factors. Multiple regres-
sion models obtained illustrate a major impact of
birth weight on nourishment condition. This factor
is followed by demographic and rearing variables,
which become more important for psychological
child development.

The predictive power of short term goals in
academic adjustment

Cretu, Romeo Zeno Dept. of Psychology, University of

Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania Amza, Madalina

Psychology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest,

Romania

The present research, undertakes a multi-level
analysis of the role that many goals categories,
defined as person variable, have in the differential
adaptation of students (N=332) at academic
requests. The goals were considered repeated
measures nested in person and formed the 1st level
of our hierarchical analysis. Three personality
superfactors – extraversion, conscientiousness and
neuroticism – were introduced at the 2nd level of
our analysis, with the aim of investigating the
between-subject variation. The results of hierarch-
ical analysis show that associative relations are not
identical for all the persons. The personality’s
superfactors succeeded explaining a significant part
of the intercepts variation.

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The use of bodywork in the psychotherapeutic
context

Cronan, Kerry Richard Counselling Centre Ltd.,

Professional Consulting and, Eagle Farm, Australia

The use of the body in the healing process has a
long history in the treatment of human beings. The
integration of the body into a recognized psycho-
logical therapeutic process is slowly gaining recog-
nition from the work of the Touch Research
Institute led by Dr Tiffany Field. There has also
been another significant recent study in a presti-
gious psychological journal, and a new journal has
been published devoted to Body, Dance and
Movement in Psychotherapy. Arguments concern-
ing the physical and consequential psychological
advantages of bodywork will be introduced and
testimonials presented.

Effects of instructional precision and frequency
feedback on instrumental and verbal
performances during training and transfer
sessions in adults

Cruz Alaniz, Yuria Posgrado Cs del Comportamiento,

Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico

Ortiz, Gerardo CEIC-CUCBA, Universidad de

Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico

In the present study, we explored the effects of a)
the precision of the response component of pre-
contact descriptions (i.e. instructions) given in
training and transfer test and, b) feedback density
on instrumental and verbal performances (i.e. rules)
of pre-graduated students, in a first order matching-
to-sample task. Results show better instrumental
and verbal transfer performances in subjects that
received specific and pertinent instructions, suggest-
ing interesting implications about teaching-learning
processes.

Intergroup prejudice of immigrants and natives
in Spain: The influence of ethno cultural origin
and its relation with acculturation process

Cuadrado, Isabel Dept. de Psicologia Social, Open

University Madrid, Madrid, Spain Navas, Marisol

Ciencias Humanas y Sociales, University of Almeria,

Almeria, Spain Carmen, Gomez-Berrocal Psicologia

Social, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

Antonio, Rojas Ciencias Humanas y Sociales,

University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain Oscar, Lozano

Psychology, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain

Starting from the Relative Acculturation Extended
Model (Navas et al., 2004, 2005), this paper is
focused on the relation between prejudice and the
acculturation attitudes (Berry et al., 1989) preferred
by various groups of immigrants and by the native
population. There participate 1389 Spanish persons
and 1293 immigrant persons (397 from Maghreb;
343 from Sub-Saharan Africa; 293 from Romania;
and 260 from Ecuador), all of them residing in
municipalities from Eastern and South Spain.
Results show that the natives who prefer ‘‘exclu-
sion’’ or ‘‘segregation’’, present the highest levels of
prejudice towards the out-group, while those who
prefer ‘‘integration’’ show the lowest levels. This
pattern is shared by the studied immigrants groups

Parent training for families with mental retarded
children

Cuzzocrea, Francesca Scienze dell’Educazione,

University of Messina, Messina, Italy Larcan, Rosalba

Scienze dell’Educazione, University of Messina,

Messina, Italy Oliva, Patrizia Scienze dell’Educazione,

University of Messina, Messina, Italy

The aim of this research was to explore parent-child
interaction processes. Particularly, it was experi-
mented a parent training in order to: a) modify
wrong parents’ believes on mental retardation and
behavioral child’s problems; b) reduce parental
stress and increase parenting skills. 24 couples of
parent with mental retarded children were tested.
The experimental group was trained with commu-
nication and self-regulation strategies, and beha-

vioral and educational techniques for child

management. The results proved the parent training

efficacy. Compare to parents of control group, the

experimental one showed significant exchanges in

perception of children problems, lower stress level

and greater parental competences.

Creative movement performance of Slovak
dancers

Daniskova, Klaudia Dept. of Psychology, Catholic

University, Ruzomberok, Slovak Republic

Creativity as a personal trait of dancers was mostly

measured by figural tests. Researches were not

focused on specific creativity domain of dancers.

The study identifies factors in creative movement

performance of dancers. Torrance Figural Test of

Creative Thinking and Test of Creative Movement

and Motor Associations were implemented with

research sample of 146 subjects. By factor analysis

we found out that originality, elaboration, and

stimulative freedom participate on creative move-

ment performance. We hypothesized and found

that criterions of figural and motor creativity are

different. Answers on motor stimuli and movement

performance represent particular category of diver-

gent production.

Associations between nutrition and cognitive
functioning in older adults

Danthiir, Vanessa CSIRO Human Nutrition, Adelaide,

Australia Wilson, Carlene Human Nutrition, CSIRO,

Adelaide, Australia Nettelbeck, Ted Psychology,

University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia Burns,

Nick Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide,

Australia Wittert, Gary Medicine, University of

Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia

Research indicates a possible role for nutrition in

the maintenance of cognitive functioning in older

age. We are running a parallel double-blind

randomised controlled 18-month clinical trial

(N=400), supplementing normal community-dwell-

ing older adults (65-90 years) with omega-3 fatty

acids. Cognitive functioning is assessed comprehen-

sively; factor scores represent the domains of

working memory, fluid intelligence, short-term

memory, long-term memory and retrieval, inhibi-

tion, processing speed and perceptual speed. These

results report the baseline associations between the

cognitive domains and various nutrients (e.g.,

omega-3 fatty acids, B vitamins), reflecting both

systemic status and intake estimated from food

frequency questionnaires, and health-related bio-

markers.

Action monitoring and perfectionism in severe
major depression

de Bruijn, Ellen R.A. Nijmegen Institute for Cognit.,

Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen,

Netherlands Schrijvers, Didier CAPRI, University of

Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium Maas, Yvonne NICI,

University of Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands

Hulstijn, Wouter CAPRI, University of Antwerp,

Wilrijk, Belgium Sabbe, Bernard CAPRI, University of

Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium

Given the reported impact of affective distress on

the error-related negativity (ERN) and error

positivity (Pe) in healthy subjects, this study will

explore the effect of perfectionism on action

monitoring in severe major depression. Severely

depressed patients (n=35) participated in an ERN

session and completed the Concern over Mistakes

(CM) and Doubt about Actions (DA) subscales of

a perfectionism questionnaire. Analyses revealed

larger amplitudes for the ERN in high DA patients,

and for the Pe in high CM patients relative to low

DA and CM participants respectively, indicating

that action monitoring in severe depression indeed

is influenced by perfectionism traits.

The development of the Workplace Self-Directed
Learning Scale

de Bruin, Karina Psychology, University of

Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa

Self-directed learning is highly applicable in the
rapidly changing world of work. The aim of this
research was to develop an instrument to measure
self-directed learning in the workplace. Participants
were 280 employees from various corporate envir-
onments. The initial 22 items that reflected the
underlying construct of self-directedness were fitted
to the Rasch rating scale model. The final
questionnaire contains 14 items which measures a
single unidimensional construct. Cronbach’s coeffi-
cient alpha for the scale was 0.92. The instrument is
useful to practitioners in workplace settings as part
of their strategies to increase self-directedness in
employees.

The relationship between self-directed learning
and career adjustment amongst women
employees in South Africa

de Bruin, Karina Psychology, University of

Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa

The aim of this research was to investigate the
relationship between self-directed learning and
various factors related to the career adjustment of
women. The Workplace Self-Directed Learning
Scale and the Career Attitudes and Strategies
Inventory were completed by 180 working woman.
The instruments yielded acceptable Cronbach’s
coefficient alphas > 0.70. Pearson’s product-mo-
ment correlation coefficients revealed positive
relationships between self-directed learning and
work involvement, skills development and domi-
nant style respectively and a negative relationship
between self-directed learning and career worries.
The results of the study have important implica-
tions for the facilitation of the career adjustment
and development of women employees.

Visual and auditory ARAS (Advanced Rider
Assistance Systems) in road safety decision-
making

Di Stasi, Leandro Luigi Experimental Psychology,

University of Granada, Granada, Spain Serrano

Jiménez, Jesus Inst. Experimental Psychology,

Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain Álvarez,

Vanessa Experimental Psychology, University of

Granada, Granada, Spain Garcı̂a Retamero, Rocio

Experimental Psychology, University of Granada,

Granada, Spain Antolı́, Adoracion Experimental

Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

Catena, Andres Psicologia Experimental, Universidad

de Granada, Granada, Spain

This study shows that auditory and visual warnings
can either facilitate or slow down the detection of
risk in a simulated car-driving scene. The visual
warning cued both location and time point of the
scene target; auditory warnings indicated only the
point in time of the target. The slowest reaction
time was observed when both auditory and visual
warnings were present, and the scene was risky.
This effect was independent of the type of auditory
cue: speech message, auditory icon or abstract
sound. Our results indicate that simultaneous
warnings from different sensory modalities possibly
will impair the detection of risk

In-group favouritism in minimal group situations:
Does competition change automatic inter-group
evaluation?

Dickel, Nina AE05 Social Psychology, University of

Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany Degner, Juliane

Department of Psychology, Saarland University,

Saarbrücken, Germany Wentura, Dirk Department of

Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken,

Germany

Within a minimal group setting, we tested the effect
of competitiveness of inter-group context on auto-
matic inter-group evaluations assessed by masked

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affective priming. Participants were assigned to
minimal groups allegedly according to their perfor-
mance in a perception test. To manipulate inter-
group context, they watched a recording of a
computer game played by in- and out-group team
members with high vs. low competitiveness. For
high competitiveness, we predicted dissociation
between possessor- and other-relevant evaluations.
The competitiveness manipulation did affect neither
explicit nor automatic inter-group evaluation.
However, we found explicit and automatic in-group
favouritism, only for other-relevant evaluations.
Theoretical implications are discussed.

Psychophysiological prerequisites of
effectiveness of advertising impact
Dikiy, Igor Dept. of Psychology, Southern Federal

University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia

The objective of the research is to study inter-
relationship between effective advertising impact
and individual psychophysiological consumers pe-
culiarities. 32 students took part in the research.
Research methods - semantic differential, Torrens‘s
techniques, gaploscopic techniques (Talanov), tech-
niques of functional brain asymmetry (Tsagarelly)
and Aminov-Shalven Preference Questionnaire. A
degree of advertising effectiveness with predominat-
ing emotional impact is interrelated with a low
degree of psychic activity and weak tension. The
degree of advertising effectiveness with rational
effect is interrelated with high activity of the left
hemisphere and predominance of creative approach
to information processing in consumers of advertis-
ing products.

The effect of implicit priming on risk investment
Ding, Xianfeng Department of Psychology, Huazhong

Normal University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of

China Guo, Dongdong Department of Psychology,

Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, People’s

Republic of China

This study examined the effect of implicit priming
on risk investment in a simulated risk investment
game. 89 college students were divided into 3
random groups. The first group is called ‘‘risk
group’’ which is expected to be induce risky
attitude, the second is called ‘‘conservative group’’
which is expected to be induce the conservative
attitude. The third is control group. ‘‘Unrelated
Events Priming’’ is used to induce different risk
attitudes. The results indicated that the effect of
implicit priming is significant. The risk behaviors in
risk group are more notable than conservative
group and control group.

Changes on parental representations
Diniz, Eva Lisboa, Portugal Rocha, Ana Paula

Psicologia, ISPA, Lisboa, Portugal

The study aims to identify the impact that the
transition from husband/wife to father/ mother role
have on parent’s representations. Participants were
four parents-baby triads who answered the Inter-
view-R (Stern et al., 1989) during the pregnancy
(28th -32nd weeks) and eight weeks after the baby‘s
birth. Although data cannot be generalised, the
results appeared to be interesting: all parents
showed changes on their self-descriptions, on the
relationship with their own parents and on the
perception they had about the baby. Findings
reveal that pregnancy plays an important role on
modifying personal’s internal representations. Key-
words – Parent’s representations, pregnancy, par-
ental role changes.

Social / emotional functioning as predictive of
Kindergarten readiness and success
Dixon, David Dept. of Psychology, Missouri State

University, Springfield, USA

This study contrasted social / emotional vs.
conceptual / language / motor development as
predictors of kindergarten readiness and success.

Just before and at the start of kindergarten, children
were administered the Devereaux Early Childhood
Assessment (DECA; social / emotional develop-
ment) and the DIAL-3 (conceptual / language /
motor development) and assessed for K-readiness.
Near the end of kindergarten, children were
reassessed for K-readiness and evaluated for K-
success. Both DECA and DIAL-3 predicted con-
current readiness (R = .715) and later readiness and
success (Rs = .574 and .583, respectively). In
stepwise analyses, DECA scores ranked above
DIAL-3 scores as predictors.

The integrated computerized system in the
analysis and prediction of the human behaviour
Dorofte, Ionel Dept. of Education, Technical

University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania Dorofte, Tatiana Dept.

of Education, Technical University of Iasi, Iasi,

Romania

The beginning of the hereby research was the
dissatisfaction offered by the classical psychome-
trical diagnosis for the drivers especially. We have
developed methodological and instrumental im-
provements in three directions: 1. More complex
interactive psychometrical tests. A simulator auto
oriented to psycho diagnosis was made and
experimented. 2. A new methodology for statistic
analysis based on the new concept of the «Mobile
Static Functions», internationally published with
the title of «Statistica Nova» [«Nova Statistics »]. 3.
New metrics of human performances based on an
informational interpretation of the empirical data
curve. Being corroborated in an Integrate Compu-
terized System, we succeed in obtaining a validity
coefficient of more than 0.5.

Successful ageing: A psychological approach
Duarte, Mafalda UNIFAI, UNIFAI, Porto, Portugal Paúl,

Constança UNIFAI, UNIFAI, Porto, Portugal

Objectives: Check which are the dimensions men-
tioned by elders as contributes to ageing well.
Method: apply the instrument – Perception about
Successful Ageing – to 51 elders, from 65 to 75
years old. Results: From the data analysis
(SPSS,15.0) it is shown that, at first it is associated
to the health state. Later it associates with variables
of psychological aspect, as the ability to face the
implicit demands of the ageing process itself –
associated coping mechanisms; absence of feelings
of loneliness and a balanced balance between gains
and losses. Conclusion: It assumes a multidimen-
sional perspective, in which the psychological
dimension is very important. Key-words: Elders,
Successful Ageing; Adaptation Strategies.

The dynamics of changes of executive functions
in patients with traumatic brain injuries
Dzierlak, Ewa Dept. of Psychology, University of

Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

The purpose of the study was to observe the
dynamics of changes of executive functions in
patients with light and mild traumatic frontal lobes
injuries. Patients with changes indicated in CT,
were presented with a set of neuropsychological
methods (i.e. Tower of London, Trail Making
Test), three times during two weeks following the
brain trauma. Dynamics of change may differ
according to individual factors (Leon-Carrion et
al.), however in results obtained the general pattern
of improvement may be observed (F (1; 12) = 2.5,
p,0.05), which gives hope for the future evaluation
of methods in neuropsychological rehabilitation.

Evaluation of a psychoeducational boardgame to
promote gender equity and children rights
Echeverrı́a, Rebelı́n Facultad de Psicologı́a, Univ.

Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico Castillo León,

Teresita Facultad de Psicologı́a, Univ. Autónoma de

Yucatán, Mérida YUcatán, Mexico

The aim for this paper is to present the evaluation
of a psychoeducational board game designed to

promote gender equity and children rights through
discussing about integral sexuality and a life free of
violence. The board game was designed through a
participatory action research methodology with the
participation of children, parents and professors of
elementary schools in Merida, Yucatan, Mexico.
The board game is described as well as the
evaluation of the construction process and its
application. The results are discussed considering
content, structure, language, format and utility.

Increasing traffic safety concerning individual
differences
Ehrenpfordt, Ingmar Inst. of Transportation Sy., DLR,

Braunschweig, Germany Kullack, Anke IPMB,

University of Technology, Braunschweig, Germany

Eggert, Frank IPMB, University of Technology,

Braunschweig, Germany

Traffic Safety can be increased by refining the
typical assistance systems. Route calculation with
reference to individual differences will lead to better
driving performance on the generated route. This is
due to a possible reduction of individual stress and
allows choosing stress less infrastructural based
situations associated with less stress thereby enhan-
cing the driver’s performance. Two new basic route
planning characteristics were developed: one to
enable a more stress less routing and the other one
as a training mode to increase drivers’ experience.
Stressful situations were identified and known
avoidance strategies of elderly people were addi-
tionally considered.

Pooling unshared information: An experiment
comparing two different type of computer-
mediated group discussions with face-to-face
group discussion
Eisele, Per School of Managment, Blekinge Inst. of

Technology, Ronneby, Sweden

The aim of the study was to examine effects of
computer-mediated information on the use of
unshared information during group discussion.
The participants (N=77) were psychology students
(37 men and 40 women with a mean age of 28,4)
that were randomised into three different condi-
tions, IT based on writing, IT based on talking and
face-to-face interaction. The result indicate that IT
based on writing affect the use of unshared
information but not IT based on talking, as
compared to face-to-face interaction. Discussions
of this result are being provided.

A field experiment examining effects of an
intervention to increase work group effectivity on
role stress (ambiguity and conflict)
Eisele, Per School of Managment, Blekinge Inst. of

Technology, Ronneby, Sweden

The aim of the present study was to examine a
social psychological intervention effects on attitudes
toward role ambiguity and role clarity. The
experimental manipulation consisted of two differ-
ent type of interventions (role relevant and role
neutral) compared with a control group. The
sample consisted of 4128 participants. Result
showed, contrary to the hypotheses, that both role
ambiguity and role conflict increased after the
intervention. But data collected six months later
showed that role stress (ambiguity and conflict) not
only decreased but did so significantly below the
first measurement.

A two-year tracking study of the language
awareness of immigrant mothers’ children
Fang, Chin-Ya Center for Teacher Education, National

Kaohsiung Normal Univ, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan

Leou, Yea-Mei General Education, Tainan Institute of

Nursing, Tainan, Taiwan

In Taiwan, the number of foreign spouse’s children
increases with years. The Study attempts to realize
the difference of language awareness ability among
these children, and explore whether socioeconomic

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status would be related to the difference. The study
gets the information by tracking for two years with
the materials, including phonological awareness
test, character awareness test, word awareness test,
word recognition test and comprehension test.
Besides the results of two-year tracking, some
suggestions are provided.

Teenage mothers: Which relationships in
comparison with adult mothers?
Faoro-Mottrie, Cindy Clinic psychology, Université

Libre de bruxelles, Brussel, Germany Cailleau,

Françoise Clinic psychology, Université Libre de

bruxelles, Brussel, Belgium De Coster, Lotta Clinic

psychology, Université Libre de bruxelles, Brussel,

Germany

According to the literature, we expect that first
pregnancy and motherhood for teenage mothers
will act as an operator of change in the relationships
with their parents ; whereas these relationships
would rather take place in a process of continuity
for adult mothers. Across eight case studies based
on semi-directive discussions and ‘‘génogrammes’’,
we will demonstrate that results will be confirmed
for most of the teenage mothers and for all of the
adult mothers.

Issues, goals and methods to succeed in
Educational Psychology: Defies from a globalised
world
Ferreira de Almeida, Ana Cristina Fac. Psic. e Ciências

da Educ., University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

Educational Psychology fostered in a changing
world invites pointing out major goals, issues and
focal methods. Our hypothesis is for succeed,
academe and professionally, educational psychol-
ogy ought to be comprehensive, unified. Reviewing
literature and consulting psychologists in educa-
tional settings, from pre-school to life span
opportunities of education, from classrooms to
self-helping groups, we’ve based the analysis on
qualitative research. Defy of inclusion in multiple,
unpredictable contexts and of planning or solve
influential society problems with impact in health,
justice, ...evolve levels of cognitive, emotional and
moral skills requiring educational psychologists to
excel in projects at the modern global world.

Validity of the Work Efficiency Test
Fischer, Anika Institut of Psychology, University of

Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany Seidel, Kristin

Institute of Psychology, University of Magdeburg,

Magdeburg, Germany Süß, Heinz-Martin Institute of

Psychology, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg,

Germany Kersting, Martin Institute of Psychology,

RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany

Efficient working behaviour and routine develop-
ment are important demands in clerical occupa-
tions. The Work Efficiency Test (AET, Seidel &
Kersting, in preparation) is assumed to simulate
processes of skill acquisition (e.g. Ackerman, 1989)
and to predict training performance. 77 bank
trainees worked on the computerised AET, tasks
of the well established Berlin Intelligence Structure
Test (Jäger et al., 1997) and the NEO-FFI
questionnaire. Training performance was measured
by supervisor-ratings and grades in vocational
school. Autoregressive trajectory models and re-
gression analyses indicate routine development
during task completion. AET performance is
significantly correlated with trainees’ grades con-
firming its importance for aptitude diagnostic.

Auditory temporal judgments
Fostick, Leah Ariel University Center, Ariel, Israel Ben-

Artzi, Elisheva Psychology, Kinneret College, Jordan

Valley, Israel Babkoff, Harvey Psychology, Askeolon

College, Askelon, Israel

Objectives: To compare young-controls, dyslexics
and elderly individuals in judgment of spectral TOJ
(temporal order of different frequency tones) at

varying inter-stimulus intervals. Methods: 46
young-controls, 51 dyslexics, and 29 elderly subjects
were tested on cognitive and psychophysical tasks,
including spectral TOJ. Results: The number of
high- accuracy vs. low-accuracy responders within
groups differed significantly: Young subjects, 50%-
50%; dyslexics and elderly, 25%-75%. Hearing
thresholds, education, cognitive ability and speech
comprehension did not predict TOJ accuracy.
Stimulus duration (5-40 msec) predicted the number
of high-accuracy responders for all groups. Con-
clusions: Spectral TOJ is a frequency-modulation
paradigm which improves with stimulus duration.

Starters in the gay scene: Sexual behavior of
young gay men at the start of their coming-out

Franssens, Dirk Work & Soclal Psychology, Maastricht

University, Maastricht, Netherlands Hospers, Harm J.

Work & Soclal Psychology, Maastricht University,

Maastricht, Netherlands

Objective: To assess rates of sexual risk behavior of
young gay men (YGM) during coming-out. Meth-
od: Participants (N=185) within one year of
coming-out, completed an online questionnaire on
sexual risk behavior, and on the role of internet in
partner selection. Results: YGM reported substan-
tial levels of risk behavior with steady and casual
partners. Interestingly, the most common sexual
partners were ‘‘regulars’’ -, i.e., acquaintances with
whom they regularly had sex, but not a steady
relationship. Internet was an important source for
finding sexual partners. Conclusion: These findings
have important implications for safer sex preven-
tion efforts, which will be discussed.

The education of personality and development of
skills for life: A relationship recurrent training
school student of the media

Garcı́a, Rubén Area de Psicologı́a, UAEH, San Agustin

Tlaxiaca, Mexico Cáceres Mesa, Maritza Area de

Psicologı́a, UAEH, San Agustin Tlaxiaca, Hgo,Méxi,

Mexico Romero Ramı́rez, Mucio Alejandro Area de

Psicologı́a, UAEH, San Agustin Tlaxiaca, Hgo,Méxi,

Mexico Ortega Andrade, Norma Angelica Area de

Psicologı́a, UAEH, San Agustin Tlaxiaca, Hgo,Méxi,

Mexico Guzman Saldaña, Rebeca Marı́a Elena Area de

Psicologı́a, UAEH, San Agustin Tlaxiaca, Hgo,Méxi,

Mexico

This study is based on an intervention program at
the Technical Secondary School No. 38 in Pachuca,
Mexico, Hidalgo; the main arms were to promote
the development of skills between students, for a
process of professionalization of teaching, from the
treatment of Education of personality in the context
of the student’s personal growth, and the treatment
of resilience as a generating capacity of these
psychological constructs; arguments theoretical
underpinning model performance of teachers in
terms of the changes that educational reform in
Mexico requires the school from the demands of
contemporary society.

Cortisol reactivity and personality

Garcia de la Banda, Gloria Facultad de Psicologia,

Universidad Islas Baleares, Palma de Mallorca, Spain

Meisel, Victoria Facultad de Psicologia, Universidad

Islas Baleares, Palma de Mallorca, Spain Chellew,

Karin Facultad de Psicologia, Universidad Islas

Baleares, Palma de Mallorca, Spain Riesco, Maria

Laboratorio Analisis Clinicos, Hospital Son Dureta,

Palma de Mallorca, Spain Perez, Gerardo Laboratorio

Analisis Clinicos, Hospital Son Dureta, Palma de

Mallorca, Spain Fornes, Joana Facultad de Psicologia,

Universidad Islas Baleares, Palma de Mallorca, Spain

Introduction: Individual differences in cortisol
reactivity may be related to personality. Objectives:
1 To compare baseline versus stressful cortisol
secretion. 2 To determine the relationship between
cortisol and personality. Methods: Two saliva
samples were collected from 55 students during a
stressful condition and two in the baseline condi-

tion. EPQ-R and NEO-FFI questionnaires were
used to evaluate personality. Results: Cortisol
increased significantly on stressful condition com-
pared with baseline. Cortisol differences correlated
positively with conscientiousness and agreeableness
and negatively with psychoticism. Conclusions:
These results are consistent with the literature
where conscientiousness is considered a good
predictor of healthy status and longevity.

Coping responses and resilient behaviors in
adolescents attending public high schools in
Buenos Aires

Garcia Labandal, Livia Beatriz Faculty of Psychology,

University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Mikulic, Isabel Marı́a FACULTY OF PSYCHOLOGY,

UNIVERSITY OF BUENOS AIRES, Buenos Aires,

Argentina

Present study aims to analyze transition from
Primary to High School of Buenos Aires stu-
dents.500 adolescents, from 13 to 15 years and 68
professors have been administered a battery of five
instruments specially adapted: Coping Responses
Inventory, Perceived Quality of Life, Life Stressors
and Social Resources Inventory and Structured
Interviews to Assess Students Strengths and Tea-
chers’ Educational Practices. Findings show that
teachers are perceived as resilient guides for
students transition from primary to high school.
Family and school contexts are perceived as sources
of resilient behaviors and social support. Coping
responses, positive reappraisal and problem solving,
contribute to school transition.

Violent work encounters on public transport: A
concept to prevent public transport employees
from third party violence

Gehrke, Anne Forschung und Beratung, BGAG

Dresden, Dresden, Germany Erb, Rainer Prävention,

BG BAHNEN, Hamburg, Germany

Public transport employees who are in contact with
customers, e.g. bus drivers or ticket inspectors, are
at an elevated risk of third party violence. As a
result a growing demand for specific training
programs for the prevention of work-related
violence emerges. A specific multiplier training
program for the prevention of work-related vio-
lence was developed. The multiplier training pro-
gram is based on a three-dimensional modular
concept, comprising the phase prior to a conflict,
the conflict phase in itself, as well as the phase after
a conflict situation.

fMRI during affective processing in tinnitus
patients and normal controls

Georgiewa, Petra Klinik für Psychosomatik, Charité -

Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany Rothemund,

Yvonne Klinik für Psychosomatik, Charité -

Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany Bohner, Georg

Klinik für Neuroradiologie, Charité -

Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany Bauknecht,

Christian Klinik für Neuroradiologie, Charité -

Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany Mazurek, Birgit

Tinnituszentrum, Charité -Universitätsmedizin, Berlin,

Germany Klingebiel, Randolf Klinik für

Neuroradiologie, Charité -Universitätsmedizin, Berlin,

Germany Klapp, Burghard F. Klinik für

Psychosomatik, Charité -Universitätsmedizin, Berlin,

Germany

Brain imaging studies suggest that the functional
connectivity of various limbic, prefrontal, and
temporal brain structures can be understood as
the basis for tinnitus. Following the hypothesis of
changes in affective processing in tinnitus set of
tasks was applied in a fMRI-study. Ten patients
with tinnitus and 10 matched healthy controls were
scanned during blocks of auditory stimuli of
different emotional quality: pleasant sounds of
chimes, unpleasant peep tones, neutral words,
words with affective valence, off-periods. The
comparison of patterns of activation in tinnitus

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patients and controls revealed significant differ-
ences in limbic regions, prefrontal cortex and
temporal brain regions.

The effect of writing on short-term and long-term
semantic memory
Georgiou, Georgia Dept. of Psychology, University of

Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus Avraamides, Marios Dept. of

Psychology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus

Objectives: This study examined whether writing
about expected learning material leads to superior
retention than simply previewing material. Meth-
ods: Participants in the experimental group read the
main points of a psychology film that would follow
and wrote down what they knew about the topic
and what they expected to learn from watching the
film. Those in the control group simply previewed
the main points. Results and Conclusion: The
experimental group outperformed the control
group on both immediate and delayed memory
tests suggesting that writing is an effective method
for promoting the encoding and retention of new
information in semantic memory.

Effect of velocity on cortical processing of
auditory motion
Getzmann, Stephan IfADo, Dortmund, Germany

The study investigated the processing of sound
motion, employing a psychophysical motion detec-
tion task in combination with high-density electro-
encephalography. Following stationary acoustic
stimulation from a central space position, the onset
of motion elicited a specific cortical response that
was lateralized to the right hemisphere with both
left- and rightward motion. Higher motion velocity
was associated with larger and earlier cortical
responses and with shorter reaction times to motion
onset. The results indicate a close correspondence
of brain activity and behavioral performance in
auditory motion detection and support the notion
of a motion-specific analysis system.

Attributional style and academic performance
Gherasim, Loredana Ruxandra Psychology, Iasi,

Romania

The reformulated model of learned helplessness
assumes that attributional style has a certain impact
on depression and performance through the inter-
mediary effect of expectations about the occurrence
of future outcomes. We used 2 short-term long-
itudinal designs to examine whether attributional
style for negative and positive events and expectan-
cies work in combination with perception of control
style (Study 1; N=135), academic goals, self-efficacy
and motivational orientation (Study 2; N=280) to
predict students‘ grades. Results indicated that
attributional style predicts grades, 6 weeks later,
in interaction with expectations, specific causal
attributions and control perception. These findings
support diathesis-stress model of depression.

Elders’ mental health in nursing house
Ghoreyshi Rad, Fakhrossadat Tabriz, Islamic Republic

of Iran

Until recently, aging psychological disorder has
been neglected by mental health experts. As the
proportion of people who lives beyond age sixty-
five continues to grow, it will become ever more
important to learn about the disorders by some
older people suffer from and the most effective
means of preventing them. The researches have
shown in that pre-industrial and also in industrial
societies, until mid 20th century, there was nothing
as "elders’ problems". Up to that time, aged people
were never left the society, and there were not so
many people in need of care and attention. On the
other hand, in past times, elders worked till
whenever they could, while now a day they retire
at early years. The problems of old age are not
identical in all of the societies and their historical
periods; they are also different in industrial and

non-industrial, developed and non-developed, rural
and urban societies. In this bereave, I’m going to
show role of nursing home and other extended cares
and facilities in Iranian society, as well as the
outcome of cultural view point on their lives. The
mental health of elders (women and men) in nursing
house are compared with each other. The subjects
of this research have been 60 elders living in nursing
house; and the instrument was the Goldberg health
questioner (G.H.Q. 1972). The results reveal such
health problems such as depression, physical
problems, etc. in correlation with economical status
of the elders. Keywords: Aging and culture - mental
health -psychological disorders- elders.

Attitudes toward young and older persons:
Extended version of the German Aging Semantic
Differential

Gluth, Sebastian Human Development, Max Planck

Institute, Berlin, Germany Ebner, Natalie C.

Department of Psychology, Yale University, New

Haven, USA Schmiedek, Florian Human

Development, Max Planck Institute, Berlin, Germany

We used an extended version of the German Aging
Semantic Differential to assess attitudes toward
young and older persons. Multiple-group confir-
matory factor analysis replicated the 4-factor
solution reported in the literature. Young and older
participants described young persons as more
personally satisfied and peaceful and as more active
and adaptive to change, whereas older individuals
were described as more autonomous and self-
sufficient. More agreeable, extraverted, and posi-
tively tempered participants reported less negative
attitudes toward other people. Results support the
use of the German Aging Semantic Differential and
are discussed in the context of multidimensional
assessments of aging stereotypes.

An ethnographic study with college students in
and from the classroom

González, Yetzabé Behavioral Science and Techn.,

Simon Bolivar University, Caracas, Venezuela

Objective: To understand significant aspects experi-
enced by students during their college studies.
Method: Based on educational ethnography, it uses
the case study and participant observation to build
information in Venezuelan students. The informa-
tion is organized into categories that emerge during
the investigation. Results: Time is the key dimen-
sion. The trimester term is very demanding and
tense, it requires almost exclusive dedication to their
studies and alters food and sleep. It is very
important to have a good study group. Conclusion:
The balance between personal and academic life
constitute the key to cope and finish college studies.

Depression, spirituality and quality of life in
Mexicans elderly

Gonzalez Celis, Ana Fes Iztalaca Posgrado,

Universidad Nacional de Mexico, Estado de Mexico,

Mexico Ruiz Carrillo, Edagardo FES IZTACALA

POSGRADO, UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE MEXICO,

Estado De Mexico, Mexico Trón Álvarez, Rocı́o FES

IZTACALA POSGRADO, UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE

MEXICO, Estado De Mexico, Mexico Chávez Becerra,

Margarita FES IZTACALA POSGRADO, UNIVERSIDAD

NACIONAL DE MEXICO, Estado De Mexico, Mexico

The purpose was to describe the relation of
depression, spirituality and Quality of Life (QoL)
in 75 Mexicans elderly. They applied the Geriatric
Depression Scale (GDS), the WHOQoL-100 (QoL)
with six factors (health, psychological, indepen-
dence, social relations, environment, spirituality).
The results exhibited a correlation between GDS
and QoL (r =-0.482, p ,0.000); and difference in all
dimension of QoL between older persons whithout
and with low and high level depression (F=19.84,
p,0.000; F=29.02, p,0.000; F=19.54, p,0.000;
F=6.71, p,0.002; F=9.22, p,0.000; F=0.76,
p>0.47) excepted for spirituality. It’s concludes that

the spirituality may be one coping for well-being of
the Mexicans elderly.

Evaluation of educational processes for
developing management skills in sports
Gozzoli, Caterina Dipartimento Psicologia, Universita

Cattolica, Milano, Italy Gorli, Mara Dipartimento

Psicologia, Università Cattolica, Milano, Italy

Frascaroli, Daniela Dipartimento Psicologia,

Università Cattolica, Milano, Italy D’Angelo, Chiara

Dipartimento Psicologia, Università Cattolica, Milano,

Italy

This research aims to evaluate processes and
outcomes of 5 editions of the II Level Master
‘‘Sport and Psychosocial Management: Promoting
Cooperation, Mediating Conflict’’ (a training-re-
search project promoted by the Postgraduate
School of Psychology ‘‘Gemelli’’, Catholic Univer-
sity, Milan). Focus is on job skills developed
(planning and coping with complex initiatives,
managing problems related to the new context’s
complexity, developing specific relational compe-
tences) through this pilot experience in the Italian
Academy context. The research analyzes evaluation
questionnaires, narrative notes and board diaries of
90 postgraduate students and 8 interviews to the
Master trainers. Analysis is conducted through two
specific softwares: Atlas.ti and Spss. Data analysis
and results are still ongoing and in progress (end of
5th edition: February 2008).

Assessing social indicators in PIRLS 2001
Groeneveld, Imke IQB, Humboldt-Universität zu

Berlin, Berlin, Germany

In this study the number of books as an indicator of
a students social background was examined using
the German subsample of PIRLS 2001. It was
analysed whether children of Primary school age
already possess the cognitive capacity to estimate
the number of existing books at home correctly.
This skill was identified by Wößmann (2004) as a
social indicator for 15 year olds in PISA 2000. The
results of this study show that the number of books
in PIRLS 2001 related to the German sampling can
be seen as a meaningful indicator of a students
social background.

Informal and formal learning of blue-collar
workers: A qualitative approach to characterize
and contrast operative learning processes
Grund, Axel Inst. für Sozialwissenschaften,

Universität Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany Jöns,

Ingela Social science, University of Mannheim,

Mannheim, Germany

Though widely used in advanced vocational train-
ing, the concept of informal learning is lacking a
substantive theoretical and empirical background.
An inductive empirical study was conducted to
provide further insights. Based on 27 learning
episodes from interviews with blue-color workers,
informal learning processes were characterized and
linked to various psychological constructs. Config-
ural-frequency-analysis indicates that informal
rather than formal learning is associated with self-
determination and self-efficacy in learning, a pro-
spective, continuous and self-driven learning-cycle,
the acquirement of processing-knowledge, a direct
impact on business success and fewer problems in
learning transfer. Implications for future studies are
deduced from a theoretical framework.

Framing the frame: Goodness-of-fit for probe
shapes within rectangular frames
Guidi, Stefano Firenze, Italy Palmer, Stephen

Psychology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, USA

We studied the internal structure of rectangular
frames using judgments of perceived goodness-of-fit
for simple shapes at different positions, orienta-
tions, and directions. Perceived fit appears to be
driven mainly by the symmetry structure of the
frame, with circular probes fitting best in the center,

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along symmetry axes, and at positions symmetrical
to or frame-aligned with a contextual element, when
present. Triangular probes revealed strong orienta-
tional and directional effects that also depend on
symmetry and alignment. Regression models using
these variables account for 70-90% of the variance.
Further experiments reveal that perceived fit is
systematically related to aesthetic preference.

A study on floating children’s school adaptation
and Its relationship with teacher interpersonal
style

Guo, Li-Yan School of Teacher Education, Shenyang

Normal University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of

China Wang, Yang Institute of Teacher Training,

Institute of Teacher Training, Yingkou, People’s

Republic of China

The current study explored school adaptation
among floating children from Northeast China
and examined the effect of teacher’s interpersonal
style on children’s school adaptation. A total of 899
school students (including 455 floating children and
444 local children) participated in the questionnaire
study. Results found that levels of self-acceptance,
teacher-student interaction and academic perfor-
mance were lower for floating children than for
local children. Results also showed that teacher’s
empathy exerted the greatest effect on school
adjustment of floating children. Implications for
educational improvement of floating children were
discussed.

Emotional and typological peculiarities of
professional identity among teachers and
students of teacher training programmes

Guseva, Svetlana Daugavpils University, Daugavpils,

Latvia Dombrovskis, Valerijs Dept. Educational

Psychology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils,

Latvia Murasovs, Vadims University, Daugavpils,

Daugavpils, Latvia Ilisko, Dzintra Pedagogy and Educ.

Psychology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils,

Latvia

This research aims to study the interdependence
between peculiarities of professional identity of
educators, personality typology and professional
burn-out problem. The objective of the research is
to study the ways the professional burn-out
expresses itself among school teachers and students
of teacher training programmes, then linking this
process to the typological peculiarities of person-
ality. Research methods include D.Keirsey Tem-
perament Sorter II and Professional Burn-out
Detection Test. The research points to a significant
correlation between personality types and the most
common characteristics of emotional burn-out
syndrome. The burn-out syndrome begins during
the university training, and continues with teacher’s
employment in schools.

Relationship between spirituality and wellness in
university students sample

Gustainiene, Loreta Theoretical Psychology, Vytautas

Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania

Pranckeviciene, Aiste General Psychology, Vytautas

Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania

Objectives. To examine the relationship between
students’ spirituality and health oriented lifestyle.
Methods. 136 first-second year bachelor students of
Vytautas Magnus University were assessed using
Five Factor Wellness Inventory (Myers, Sweeney,
2005) and Daily Spiritual Experience Scale (Under-
wood, Teresi, 2002). Results. Spirituality was
significantly related to general wellness both in
males and females. More spiritual females paid
more attention to their physical health issues, were
more creative, active, and more resilient to stress.
Spirituality was related to stronger gender and
cultural identity, and positive self-care for both
genders. Conclusion. Spirituality is positively re-
lated with health oriented lifestyle of students.

Relationship among aspects of wellness and job
satisfaction in Lithuaninan male managers

Gustainiene, Loreta Theoretical Psychology, Vytautas

Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania

Pranckeviciene, Aiste General Psychology, Vytautas

Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania

Objectives. To evaluate the relationship between

health-oriented life style (wellness) and job satisfac-

tion among male managers. Methods. 103 male

managers from building and engineering com-

panies in Kaunas (Lithuania) were assessed by
Five Factor Wellness Inventory (Myers, Sweeney,
2005) and job satisfaction scale generated by the
authors of the study. Results. Younger managers
scored higher on Wellness scales (except the
Essential self). Married managers scored higher on
the Essential self scale. Positive correlation was
observed among General wellness scale and its
components, and job satisfaction. Conclusion. Job
satisfaction is positively related to health-oriented
life style (wellness).

Effects of alcohol at low doses on driving-related
performance and self-evaluation

Haga, Shigeru Department of Psychology, Rikkyo

University, Niiza, Japan Masuda, Takayuki

Department of Psychology, Rikkyo University,

Niiza, Saitama, Japan Pong, Neng-on Department

of Psychology, Rikkyo University, Niiza, Saitama,

Japan Oya, Hana Department of Psychology, Rikkyo

University, Niiza, Saitama, Japan

The effects of alcohol on driving-related perfor-

mance and self-evaluation were tested at breath

alcohol concentration levels of 0.15 mg/liter and

0.30 mg/liter (equivalent to a blood alcohol

concentration of 0.03% and 0.06% respectively).

Student participants performed various driving-

related cognitive and psycho-motor tasks in labora-

tory experiments. Following a dose of alcohol, they

predicted their own task performances and repeated

the same tasks. Results showed that alcohol intake,

even at very low doses, impairs performance on

some tasks. However, there was no clear effect of

alcohol on self-evaluation of task-performance

ability.

An fMRI study on crossmodal interactions during
object processing

Hagemann, Cordula Dept. of Systems Neuroscience,

Univ. Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg,

Germany Klinge, Corinna Dept. of Systems

Neuroscience, Univ. Medical Center Hamburg,

Hamburg, Germany Schneider, Till Neuro- and

Pathophysiologie, Univ. Medical Center Hamburg,

Hamburg, Germany Röder, Brigitte Biological

Psychology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg,

Germany Büchel, Christian Dept. of Systems

Neuroscience, Univ. Medical Center Hamburg,

Hamburg, Germany

This study aimed to investigate brain regions

involved in the integration of multisensory object

information. Familiar objects were presented in an

S1-S2 paradigm. The modality of S1 was varied

blockwise (visual, haptic, auditory), while S2 was

always auditory. Within a trial, S1 and S2 either

referred to the same object or to two different

objects. Thirty-one participants took part in this

event-related fMRI study. We compared BOLD

responses in object-incongruent and object-congru-

ent trials. In the crossmodal conditions, the

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) was sig-

nificantly more activated in object-incongruent than

in object-congruent trials. Thus, these data suggest

a significant role of the DLPFC in multisensory

object recognition.

Consequences of the school entry age policy in
Iran: A cross-sectional study of
students’academic achievement, creativity and
social adjustment

Hameedy, Mansoor Dept. Educational Psychology,

Alzahra University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran

Safe, Susan Afrooz, Gholaamali Educational

Psychology, Alzahra University, Tehran, Islamic

Republic of Iran Maghame, Afsaneh Educational

Psychology, Alzahra University, Tehran, Islamic

Republic of Iran

The Iranian children can start schooling only if they
have reached the age of six during the previous
school year. To study the consequences of this
regulation, a cross sectional study was undertaken
in which the academic achievement, creativity, and
social adjustment of two groups of second, fifth,
eight, and eleventh graders were compared. Each of
the two groups consisted either of students born
within the first or the second half of the year.
Results show that there were significant differences
between the two groups in academic achievement
and creativity with the older students being superior
across all grades.

Adult playfulness, organizational playfulness
climate, teaching innovation behavior, job
satisfaction and work performance among
teachers in three areas of China

Han, Cheng-Min Suzhou Vocational University,

Suzhou, People’s Republic of China

There are 1,413 teachers involved to investigate in
three areas (Mainland China, Taiwan and Hong
Kong). There is no significant difference of adult
playfulness among teachers of the three regions.
Teachers from Taiwan perceive higher organiza-
tional playfulness climate than teachers in Main-
land China, who perceive higher organizational
playfulness climate than those from Hong Kong.
Teachers’ innovation behavior is higher in Main-
land China than Taiwan or Hong Kong. Teachers’
job satisfaction is higher in Taiwan than Mainland
China or Hong Kong, but teachers from Mainland
China perceive higher work performance than those
from Hong Kong. Further discussions are gener-
ated. Keywords: playfulness; organizational play-
fulness climate; creativity; innovation; job
satisfaction; work performance

The evaluation of constructing educational
accountability system in China local government:
The application of Fuzzy Delphi Method

Han, Cheng-Min Suzhou Vocational University,

Suzhou, People’s Republic of China

Based upon data of literature review and ques-
tionnaire, conclusions have been reached as follows:
The purpose of educational accountability system is
to offer both teachers and the principal opportu-
nities to develop professionalism. Teachers are the
main persons who take responsible for educational
accountability. Educational accountability system
should take responsible for the students. Taking
students’ and schools’ diversity into consideration
in evaluation is the most important development
criterion of educational accountability system.
Teacher training and curriculum development are
prior items in the educational report. Professional
model is more feasible than other educational
accountability models. Keywords: educational ac-
countability system; accountability; Fuzzy Delphi
method

Evidence for the malleability of group-based
emotions: The role of pride, guilt, and sympathy
in social interaction

Harth, Nicole Social Psychology, FSU Jena,

International Graduate College, Jena, Germany

This research investigates the particular ways, in
which social inequality is experienced. Findings
from vignette studies and experimental games will
be presented that show how distinct group-based

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emotions motivated different inter-group beha-
viour. It was found that a) pride is based on a
focus on legitimate in-group advantage, b) guilt is
based on a focus on illegitimate advantage, and c)
sympathy is based on a focus on the out-group’s
illegitimate disadvantage. Whereas pride motivated
in-group favouritism, sympathy stimulated out-
group support. I will also demonstrate the malle-
ability of these emotions and subsequent beha-
vioural change when the out-group’s response is
taken into account.

The influences of deviation in harmony to the
processing of musical context: A study using
event related brain potentials (ERP)
Hashimoto, Midori Saijo-Cho, Misonou 5614 C-202,

Hiroshima-pre, Japan Konishi, Kenzo School of

Psychology, Kibi International University, Takahashi,

Japan Nezu, Chikako Department of Education, Mie

University, Tsu, Japan

The aim of this study was to investigate the
influence of a preceding musical context to the
unexpected chords using physiological index (ERP).
Subjects consisted of two groups; one having
absolute pitch, the other not having absolute pitch.
Chords with unexpected notes elicited two ERP
effects which are an early right hemispheric
preponderant-anterior negativity (ERAN) and the
late negativity (N5).These components were inves-
tigated relate with the deviation of chords and the
processing of unexpected chords, and compared to
two groups(with absolute pitch or without absolute
pitch).

The relationship between cosmetic behavior and
higher brain function with aging
Hatta, Takeshi Nagoya, Japan Hatta, Taketoshi

psychology, nagoya, Nagoya, Japan Iwahara, Akihiko

psychology, nagoya, Nagoya, Japan

The aim of this study was to examine the relation-
ship between cosmetic behavior and higher brain
function of middle and aged female people.
Participants (N=181) of 39 to 91 yrs old had a
cognitive test battery as a part of medical checkup.
The used cognitive test consisted of items for the
examination of prefrontal brain function. Results
showed that the participants habitually having the
care cosmetic behavior were higher than the
participants habitually did not in several cognitive
tests. These results suggest a relationship between
sustaining of cosmetic behavior and decline of
higher brain function in the aged people.

Objective detection of goosebumps and its
course over the body
Hausmann, Barbara Emotion & Motivation, Institut für

Psychologie, Kiel, Germany Kaernbach, Christian Inst.

für Psychologie, Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany

The feeling of goosebumps is often reported to be
perceived as a reaction spreading over the body. We
objectified these findings in our study. By parallel
skin recordings of different body parts we examined
differences and synchronicities of the goosebump
appearance at a particular time. The objective
examination was carried out with two models of
our custom-built GooseCam. The results show a
variety of time delays between appearances of
goosebumps in the upper and lower parts of the
body. It would be interesting to see whether the
goosebump reaction follows particular patterns,
due to definite types of stimuli.

Recognition and transmission process of skill
acquirement in the Japanese traditional crafts
and modern factories
Hayashibe, Keikichi Dept. of Informatics, Shizuoka

University, Hamamatsu, Japan Amenomiya,

Masahiko Informatics, SHIZUOKA University,

Hamamatsu, Japan

Cognitive and transmission process of acquiring
skills of craftsmen was investigated in order to

effectively inherit the skills in Japanese traditional
craft and modern factories to the next generation.
In traditional acquirement of crafts in Japan, the
original educational system unlike the gradual and
systematic method in school is adopted. The
transmission of the traditional craft in Japan takes
the apprentice system. Long-term period such as
some ten years is necessary for apprentices to
acquire crafts. The support system based infor-
matics for the effective craft acquirement based on
the recognition process is proposed in our study.

The boundary effect and its elimination in
Chinese text reading: The event-duration effect
He, Xianyou Department of Psychology, South China

Normal University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of

China

A Moving window technique was used to explore
the effect of temporal segmentation markers on
boundary effect in Chinese text reading. Experi-
ment 1 examined whether boundary effect could be
observed. Experiment 2 and 3 explored whether
temporal segmentation markers could eliminate
boundary effect. The results showed that the effect
of temporal segmentation markers on boundary
effect depended on the temporal relationship
between the markers and the event before them,
which was referred as event-duration effect. The
results were discussed in terms of the possible ways
of how the markers eliminated boundary effect.

Visuomotor uncertainty influences the frames of
reference supporting motor output
Heath, Matthew Neurobehavioural Laboratory,

University of Western Ontario, London, Canada

We report two experiments examining the nature of
the visual information supporting motor output.
Participants completed grasping and simple reach-
ing movements to targets within pictorial illusions
under predictable and unpredictable visual feed-
back schedules. Maximal grip aperture (Experiment
1) and endpoint accuracy (Experiment 2) for
unpredictable – but not predictable - feedback trials
were ‘‘tricked’’ by the pictorial illusions. Moreover,
analysis of trajectory formation (Experiment 2)
indicated that unpredictable feedback schedules
engendered a mode of control wherein responses
were structured in advance of movement onset.
These results suggest that strategic adaptations to
visuomotor uncertainty influence the visual infor-
mation supporting motor output.

Understanding the internet: Psychological word
norms as indicators of query-specific internet
word frequencies
Heine, Joerg-Henrik Ismaning, Germany Spörrle,

Matthias Department Psychology, Ludwig-

Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany

By using existing psychological word norms
obtained by rating procedures we try to predict
the frequencies of search hits derived from internet
search engines. We used several major search
engines and repeated measurement to develop a
highly reliable scale of internet word frequency. We
presumed that psychological criteria like typicality
and valence of nouns predict the frequencies of
search-operator-specific frequencies of internet
search hits. Regression analysis confirmed this
assumption indicating that the verbal content of
the internet as interactive mass medium can be
predicted by already existing and established
psychological characteristics of words.

Comparison of a sustained attention to response
and a continuous performance format in a letter-
detection task
Helton, William Psychology, Michigan Tech

University, Houghton, USA

A sustained attention to response task (SART),
unlike a typical continuous performance task
(CPT), requires responding to frequent distracters

and withholding responses to rare targets. Sixteen
participants performed perceptually identical letter
detection tasks using either a SART or CPT
response format. Perceptual sensitivity (d’) was
higher and bias (c) was more conservative in the
CPT format than in the SART, p , .001. Bias
became more conservative over trials in the SART,
but stayed relatively constant in the CPT. The
SART response format is much more challenging
and demonstrates different changes over time than
the CPT response format.

General health and loneliness in elders living
with their own families in compare to elders who
were living in nursing homes in Tehran city

Hemati Alamdarlo, Ghorban Tehran, Islamic Republic

of Iran Dehshiri, Gholam Reza psychology,

psychology, tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran Shojaee,

Setareh psychology, exceptional children, tehran,

Islamic Republic of Iran Hakimirad, Elham

psychology, exceptional children, tehran, Islamic

Republic of Iran

Aim of the study was to compare general health
and loneliness between two groups of elders, living
with their families or in nursing homes in Tehran
city. Two hundred eighteen elderly consisted our
sample. GHQ and loneliness questionnaires were
administered on them. Results of two way analysis
of variance indicated that General health of elders
living in nursing homes were significantly lower and
their loneliness were significantly more than elders
who were living with their families. Based on
psycho-cultural situation of elders in Iran, home
based environment is the best place of nurturing
psychological needs of elderlies in Iran.

Learning music as aesthetical experience

Hernández, Marisela Comportamiento, Universidad

Simón Bolı́var, Caracas, Venezuela

This research aimed to assess children and young
people personal and social changes related to their
musical education. Here, we highlight some results
concerning the Aesthetical Sense, understood as
sensitivities and feelings implied in appreciating
artistic forms and their connections to dailylife. We
were guided by principles and methods allied to
Social Phenomenology, so it is assumed that
composers, musicians and audiences, interpret
music as long as they feel and communicate
sensations and emotions. Data was obtained
through qualitative interviews and field notes. The
results has been organized in three Core Meanings:
Senses in action, Extraordinary Dailylife, Me and
Others.

Women and education: An approximation to
women empowerment

Hernandez, Julieta Dept. of Educacion, Juarez

Autonomous University, Villahermosa, Mexico Garcı́a

Falconi, Renan Psychology, Juarez Autonomous

University o, Villahermosa, Mexico Campos, Josefina

Educacion, Juarez Autonomous University o,

Villahermosa, Mexico Garcia Hernandez, Renan Jesus

Psychology, Del Valle University, Villahermosa,

Mexico

Education is an essential tool to insure equality of
conditions between women and men in decision
making positions. This qualitative study was to
analyze the level in which the educational back-
ground of women influences their becoming lea-
ders, and how education influences their actual
leadership situation. A sample of Mexican political
women were interviewed, deepening in several axes
of analysis. In this paper only the results on
education are discussed. It was found that formal
education played an important role and that this
influence goes both ways, since the occupation of
positions of power, make women thrive for higher
and further education.

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Defense style in Iranian sample

Heydarinasab, Leila Psychology, Shahed University,

Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran Shaeeri, Mohammad

reza psychology, Shahed university, Tehran, Islamic

Republic of Iran

This study has examined defense style in iranian
sample with psychometric properties defens style
questionaaire (DSQ -40). 1067 subjects in a non-
clinical sample (666 students, age mean : 16.61 SD:
1.13 and 401 college students, age mean:21.3 SD:
3.8, 527 female,540 male) participated in this
investigation. results : It was found that students
(age mean:16.61) used immature defense styles
more than college students. more over famels used
neurotic styles more than males, men were found to
be immature more than women. This study
considers DSQ-40 a valid instrument for evaluating
iranian defense styles and shows the crucial role of
sex and age in using defense mechanism.

The stress coping model of a case with mild
traumatic brain injury in Taiwan

Ho, Hsueh-Lin Psychology (S115), National Taiwan

University, Taipei, Taiwan Yang, Chi-Cheng

Psychology (S115), National Taiwan University,

Taipei, Taiwan Wu, Yin-Chang Psychology (S115),

National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant public
health problem in Taiwan. Patients with mild
traumatic brain injury (mTBI) often suffered from
a variety of neuropsychological and psychosocial
difficulties. However, past studies focused on stress
coping processes were limited in scope and number.
A case study with semi-structured interview was
designed to comprehensively describe the stress
coping process of a case with mTBI. The results
displayed the patient’s subjective experiences, in-
cluded stressors, coping strategies, interactive pro-
cesses between stress and coping, and related
environmental and personal factors. Moreover,
appraisal might be an important moderator for
mTBI patient’s psychosocial adjustment.

Standard perimetry reflects perceptual and
premotor deficits in hemispatial neglect

Hoffmann, Maria Inst. für Psychologie, Humboldt-

Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany Kaufmann,

Christian Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of

Psychology, Berlin, Germany Fydrich, Thomas

Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of

Psychology, Berlin, Germany Sabel, Bernhard A.

University of Magdeburg, Inst. of Medical

Psychology, Magdeburg, Germany Gall, Carolin

University of Magdeburg, Inst. of Medical

Psychology, Magdeburg, Germany

Impairments in detecting targets and initiating
motor responses in contralesional space character-
ise hemispatial neglect which is often associated
with hemianopic field defects. A modified line
bisection task (Bisiach et al., Neurology, 1990)
was assessed to evaluate perceptual and motor-
intentional deficits in 30 patients with chronic
neglect. Perimetry revealed visual field defects in
76% of the patients. Larger visual field defects were
observed in patients with perceptual impairments.
Patients with premotor deficits showed prolonged
reaction times in perimetry. Thus, perimetry reflects
both perceptual impairments as well as impairments
in motor initiation although motor responses in
contralesional space were not required during
perimetry.

Personality constructs and responsibility in gifted
and normal students in high school

Homayouni, Alireza Dept. of Psychology, Islamic Azad

University, Bandargaz, Islamic Republic of Iran

Taghypour, Hassan Dept. of Psychology, University,

Babol, Islamic Republic of Iran Begic, Ivana Dept. of

Psychology, I University of Croatia Zagreb, Zagreb,

Croatia Nikpour, Gholam Ali Dept. of Psychology,

Islamic Azad University, Babol, Islamic Republic of

Iran Mosavi Amiri, Seyed Jalal Dept. of Psychology,

Medical Clinic, Babol, Islamic Republic of Iran

Allahyari, Rajab Ali Dept. of Sociology, Payame Noor

University(PNU), Babol, Islamic Republic of Iran

The research investigated the role of personality
constructs based on Jungian personality types and
responsibility in gifted and normal students. Re-
search question:Is there significant difference be-
tween personality constructs and responsibility in
gifted and normal students? 92 gifted and 93 normal
students were randomly selected from three educa-
tional districts and Hogan- Champagne’s Personal
Style Inventory (PSI) and California Personality
Inventory (CPI) were administered on them.
Results showed that Gifted are more intuitive,
thinking, perceiving and responsible than normal
students. In regard to results we can set curriculum
plans in educational places that empower and
reinforce these constructs to have more responsible,
creative and gifted people.

Learning styles as a predictor of achievement
motivation and academic performance

Homayouni, Alireza Dept. of Psychology, Islamic Azad

University, Bandargaz, Islamic Republic of Iran

Mohammadzadeh, Rajab Ali Nikpour, Gholam Ali

Dept. of Psychology, Islamic Azad University of Toa,

Mahmoudabad, Islamic Republic of Iran Mosavi

Amiri, Seyed Jalal Dept. of Addiction Studies, Medical

Clinic of Dr. Mosavi, Babol, Islamic Republic of Iran

The research is aimed to investigate the role of
learning styles in achievement motivation and
academic performance.Rsearch question:Do parti-
cular learning styles have more achievement moti-
vation and academic performance.300 students
were randomly selected and Kolb’s learning styles
inventory and Hermans’s achievement motivation
questionnaire were administered on them.Data
were analyzed with ANOVA.Results showed that
there is significant differences between means of
variables in different learning styles.Converger and
assimilator learning styles have high achievement
motivation and better in academic performance
than other styles.The results can be used in planning
for educational goals in order to increasing the
characters of this styles in educational settings so
that students can have better achievement motiva-
tion and better academic performance.

The effects of donepezil on the sleep EEG of
healthy older adults: Implications for sleep-
related memory consolidation

Hornung, Orla Department of Psychiatry, Charité

(CBF), Berlin, Germany Regen, Francesca Department

of Psychiatry, Charité (CBF), Berlin, Germany Dorn,

Hans Department of Psychiatry, Charité (CBF), Berlin,

Germany Anghelescu, Ion Department of Psychiatry,

Charité (CBF), Berlin, Germany Kathmann, Norbert

Institute of Psychology, Humboldt University Berlin,

Berlin, Germany Schredl, Michael ZI Mannheim, ZI

Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany Danker-Hopfe,

Heidi Department of Psychiatry, Charité (CBF), Berlin,

Germany Heuser, Isabella Department of Psychiatry,

Charité (CBF), Berlin, Germany

Aging is associated with cholinergic hypofunction
and memory decline. Cholinergic activity also plays
a crucial role in sleep-dependent memory consoli-
dation. The effects of an acetylcholinesterase-
inhibitor on the sleep EEG of healthy older adults
were investigated focussing on features, which have
been linked to plasticity-related processes, i.e. sigma
and delta activity. Forty-two participants (60-77
years) received 5mg of donepezil 30 minutes before
bedtime in a placebo-controlled, double-blind de-
sign. Donepezil led to an increase in sigma activity
during stage 2 NREM-sleep and delta activity
during slow-wave-sleep (p,.05). These results
suggest that an acetylcholinesterase-inhibitor trig-
gers processes of sleep-dependent memory consoli-
dation in old age.

Psychological distress and well-being:
Overlapped or distinct outcomes in the acute
aftermath of cancer diagnosis?

Hou, Wai Kai Psychology, The University of Hong

Kong, Hong Kong, China, People’s Republic of : Hong

Kong SAR Law, Chi Ching Clinical Oncology, The

Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China, People’s

Republic of : Macao SAR

Objective: To test whether psychological distress
and well-being are separate outcomes in the acute
aftermath of cancer diagnosis. Methods: A con-
secutive cohort of Chinese colorectal cancer (CRC)
patients (N = 234) were recruited and administered
measures of optimism (C-LOT-R), hope (AHS),
social relationships (ChSRQS), depression (HADS)
and positive affect (CAS) immediately and 3-month
postdiagnosis. Results: Multinomial logistic regres-
sions identified separate predictors for depression
and absence of positive affect 3-month after CRC
diagnosis, suggesting the importance of assessing
and intervening well-being as well as distress in
newly diagnosed cancer patients.

Different patterns between children with and
without learning disabilities: The effects of
encoding fluency and retrieval fluency on
judgments of learning

Hou, Ruihe Psychological Counselling, Renmin

University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China Yu,

Guoliang Institute of Psychology, Renmin University,

Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Pattern differences between children with and
without learning disabilities (LD) in the effects of
fluency on Judgments of learning (JOLs) were
investigated. JOLs were elicited either immediately
after study, short or longer delay. When study time
was self-paced, the effects of encoding fluency (EF)
on JOLs decreased with delay, whereas those of
retrieval fluency (RF) increased. When study time
was manipulated, JOLs increased with both EF and
RF. These were true only for normal children,
children’s with LD JOLs mainly based on RF
across conditions, which demonstrated normal
children utilized flexibly different cues to make
JOLs, but not their counterpart.

The neuropsychology of second language (L2)
pronunciation talent

Hu, Xiaochen Hertie Institut, Medizin. Universität

Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany Reiterer, Susanne

Department of Neuroradiology, University of

Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany Ackermann, Hermann

Clinical Brain Research, Hertie Institute, Tübingen,

Germany

The current study aimed at the investigation of the
determinants of the L2 pronunciation talent. 75
German students were assessed with respect to their
English pronunciation ability, intelligence, working
memory, musicality, personality and their English
learning histories. A subgroup was assigned to the
brain imaging examination. Preliminary analysis of
behavioural data revealed a significant positive
relationship between L2 pronunciation talent and
exposure time in native speaking country, with
openness, and with empathy. A multiple regression
analysis using backward elimination indicated that,
exposure time, neuroticism, conscientiousness and
empathy contributed to the talent. Further brain
structural and functional analysis is needed to
understand the foundation of this unique skill.

Differences in chronic patients cared by different
medical settings

Huang, Yun-Hsin Psychology (S115), National Taiwan

University, Taipei, Taiwan Cheng, Yih-Ru Psychology

(S115), National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

Wu, Chih-Hsun Psychology (S115), National Taiwan

University, Taipei, Taiwan Huang, Yang-Wen

Psychology (S115), National Taiwan University,

Taipei, Taiwan Wu, Yin-Chang Psychology (S115),

National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Dealing with chronic patient’s emotional problems
had become an important issue in many primary
care settings. The aim of this study is to investigate
if there were differences in chronic patients among
two local primary care clinics, one in higher (H) and
the other in lower (L) SES area, and a family
medicine (FM) clinic in large medical center in
Taiwan. Negative emotions and disturbed level
were evaluated by questionnaires. The results show
that patients cared by the L clinic reported less
anxiety and felt less disturbed, which might imply
that patients with lower SES might accepted the
disease better.

Adapting to the disease: Differences in emotional
reactions between chronic and non-chronic
disease patients in Taiwan

Huang, Yang-Wen Dept. of Psychology (S115),

National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Wu, Chih-

Hsun Psychology (S115), National Taiwan University,

Taipei, Taiwan Cheng, Yih-Ru Psychology (S115),

National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Huang,

Yun-Hsin Psychology (S115), National Taiwan

University, Taipei, Taiwan Wu, Yin-Chang Psychology

(S115), National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

The purpose of the current study is to understand
the differences in emotional reactions between the
patients with chronic disease and the patients with
recoverable problems (e.g. stomachache), while they
were adapting to the changes in his/her life.
Emotional reactions, disturbed level caused by (1)
increased daily hassles (e.g. taking pills) and (2)
changes in one’s functions were measured by
inventories. The results show that chronic disease
patients reported less negative emotions and lower
level of disturbances caused by functional changes.
These results suggested that most of the chronic
patients might adapt better to the changes caused
by the disease.

Measurement equivalence in Norwegian and
American hardiness scales

Hystad, Sigurd Psychosocial Science, University of

Bergen, Bergen, Norway Eid, Jarle psychosocial

science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway Brevik,

John Ivar Institute of Epidemiology, Norwegian

Armed Forces Medical, Sessvollmoen, Norway

Johnsen, Bjørn Helge psychosocial science,

University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway Laberg, Jon

Christian psychosocial science, University of Bergen,

Bergen, Norway Bartone, Paul T. psychosocial

science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

Objective: To explore measurement invariance in
newly revised Norwegian and American Disposi-
tional Resiliency (hardiness) Scales. Methods:
Using LISREL 8.8, a baseline model allowing all
parameters to be freely estimated for Norwegian (N
= 7264) and American (N = 1101) respondents was
compared to a constrained model. Results: Based
on the changes in goodness-of-fit indexes between
the baseline and more restricted model, results
provided support for measurement equality in the
Norwegian and American scale. Conclusions: Mea-
surement equivalence is pivotal if meaningful
comparison between different cultures and coun-
tries are to be made. The current result suggests that
both Norwegian and American subjects respond to
the revised hardiness scale in a similar manner.

The moderating role of group identification in
complementary stereotype effects

Ikegami, Tomoko Psychology, Osaka City University,

Osaka, Japan

System justification theory contends that people
idealize existing social arrangements by relying on
complementary stereotypes, which ascribe compen-
sating virtues to the disadvantaged and correspond-
ing vices to the advantaged. This study investigates
how ingroup identification moderates this comple-
mentary effect. A questionnaire is given to Japanese
university students to assess their stereotypical

images of a higher- or lower-status out-group

university. Contrary to traditional social identity

theory, ingroup identification accentuated this

effect by enhancing both perceived competence of

a higher-status university and perceived friendliness

of a lower-status university. This suggests that a

collective system-justification motive overrides

group-level interests.

Preparing children for school education: The
sustainability perspective

Ilisko, Dzintra Pedagogy and Educ. Psychology,

Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia Guseva,

Svetlana Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia

Dombrovskis, Valerijs Dept. Educational Psychology,

Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia

The study presents an analysis of different aspects

of development in the process of preparing pre-

school children for school education. The objective

of this study is justification of child’s development

in pre-school educational environment that uses

sustainability elements, based on a synergetic unity

of children’s affective and cognitive spheres. The

method used in this research is Gutkina’s tests that

determine children’s readiness for school education.

The authors conclude that in the pre-school

educational environment arranged without sustain-

ability elements the level of child’s development

regarding their affective-cognitive personality

sphere is not as high as in the environment oriented

towards sustainability.

Mothers beliefs about restrictions in child dietary

Ingrassia, Massimo Pedagogia e Scienze dell’Ed.,

Università di Messina, Reggio Calabria, Italy

Benedetto, Loredana Dept. of Educational Sciences,

Messina University, Reggio Calabria, Italy Rosano,

Mariagrazia Pedagogia e Scienze dell’Ed., Università

di Messina, Messina, Italy

The study investigates maternal beliefs induce them

to select foods that children may eat. Hupkens et al.

(1998) found parents with higher instruction levels

are more restrictive and their dietary habits are

more in line with the recommendations for a

healthy child feeding. 147 mothers of elementary

school-age children were divided into two groups

(low instruction vs. middle-high instruction level).

A self-report questionnaire served to measure the

maternal motivations of their dietary restrictions.

Results show low instructional-level mothers more

responsive to excessive food consumption and child

refusal. The other group seems to be significantly

more attentive to choice ‘‘healthy’’ foods.

The function of the bilingual approach in
language development of preschool deaf children

Isakovic, Ljubica Faculty of Special Education,

University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia Vujasinovic,

Zdravka Deaf and Hard of Hearing Child, School

Radivoj Popovic, Belgrade, Dimic, Nadezda Faculty of

Special Education, University of Belgrade, Belgrade,

Serbia

The aim of study was to examine the function of the

bilingual approach in language development of

preschool deaf children. The sample - 14 children.

We used the picture dictionary and picture story-

book. A qualitative and quantitative analysis was

completed. The results show that the use of

nonverbal communication is significant for the

language development and the personality of deaf

children. Children who have a richer sign language

also, have a richer lexicon, make better use of

sentences and are better at connecting them, and

are able to observe the relations between a series of

pictures.

The effects of a peer health education program
on peer educator’s self health behavior
modification

Ishikawa, Rie Health Psychology, J. F. Oberlin

University, Tokyo, Japan Matsuda, Yoriko Health

Psychology, J. F. Oberlin University, Tokyo, Japan

Okuta, Noriko Health and Welfare, YMCA college of

Human Services, Kanagawa, Japan Kamba, Naoko

Health Psychology, J. F. Oberlin University, Tokyo,

Japan Shibata, Keiko Health Psychology, J. F. Oberlin

University, Tokyo, Japan Kawano, Rika Health

Psychology, J. F. Oberlin University, Tokyo, Japan

Objectives: To examine whether peer health educa-
tors change their own health behavior or increase
motivation for change as a result of their educating
peers, observing peers’ health behavioral change
and being appreciated by peers. Methods: The
intervention participants were 25 Japanese under-
graduates. The participants were assigned to either
Group(1) who received health education or
Group(2) who received health education and
provided health education to peers with similar
health behavioral problems. Results: Group(2)
increased perceived importance for healthy beha-
vior and self-efficacy in achieving healthy behavior.
Conclusions: Health education for peers with
similar problems enhances health educators’ moti-
vation for healthy behavior.

Social exclusion and inequality of the rural
elderly in Bangladesh

Islam, A.K.M. Shafiul Dept. of Sociology, Rajshahi

University, Rajshahi, Bangladesh

This study examines the level of exclusion and
inequality of the elderly people in the rural areas of
Bangladesh. Bangladesh is agro-based and least
developing country. The vast majority of the people
of rural areas are related to agriculture and agro-
based commerce. The elderly people of rural areas
are becoming vulnerable due to socioeconomic
marginalization. With increasing age, the rural
elderly decline their role and status. Basically, they
are excluded from income generating activities,
decision-making process, rural politics and other
social institutions except religious institution. This
study mainly focuses on the socioeconomic depri-
vation of the rural elderly.

The relationship between pain experience,
functional disability and generic health related
quality of life in children with juvenile idiopathic
arthritis in biological therapy

Jeppesen, Johanne H. Psykologisk Institut, Aarhus

Universitet, Aarhus, Denmark Thastum, Mikael

Aarhus Universitet, Psykologisk Institut, Aarhus C,

Denmark Herlin, Troels Skejby, Aarhus

Universiteshospital, Aarhus N, Denmark

This study examined the relationship between
health-related quality of life (HRQOL), experience
of pain and functional disability in children with
juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) in biological
therapy. Thirty-seven children aged 5-17 year
(M=12.49year, SD=3.45year) with JIA in biological
therapy and one of their parents completed
measures of pain experience, functional disability
and generic HRQOL. Significant correlations were
found between children and parents HRQOL-
ratings and children’s pain experience (children:
R= -0.723; parents: R=-0.610, p=0.0001), as well as
functional disability (children: R=-0.784, parents:
R=-0.680, p=0.0001). HRQOL in children with JIA
is highly affected by levels of pain experience and
functional disability.

Semantic relatedness among objects promotes
the activation of multiple phonological codes
during object naming

Jescheniak, Jörg D. Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany Görges, Frauke Inst. für

Psychologie, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

Oppermann, Frank Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

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Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany Schriefers, Herbert NICI,

Radbout University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands

In two picture-word interference experiments the
authors demonstrate that a semantic-categorical
relation between a target object and a context
object (e.g., target: flute, context object: harp)
promotes the phonological activation of the to-be-
ignored context object (as indexed by interference
from a distractor phonologically related to the
context object, e.g., heart). No such activation is
observed if the objects are semantically unrelated.
This observation further supports the notion that
the possibility to establish a coherent representation
among multiple objects affects the information flow
in the conceptual-lexical system during speech
planning (cf., Oppermann et al., in press,
JEP:LMC).

Attitudes toward homosexuality and bisexuality
in adolescents between 15 and 19 years old, in
rural and urban areas of the north of Portugal

Jesus Ferreira, Ana Ciencias Humanas e Sociais,

Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Vila Nova de Gaia,

Portugal Soares Martins, Jose Ciencias humanas e

sociais, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, maia,

Portugal

The purpose of this study was to understand the
adolescent’s attitudes toward homosexuality and
bisexuality, studding differences associated to gen-
der, area of residence (urban or rural), and religion,
using the LFHS (Hansen, 1982) translated by the
authors. The sample is formed by 265 students, ages
15 to 19, from V.N.Gaia (urban) and Lousada
(rural). The results showed that, in general,
adolescents have favorable attitudes toward homo-
sexuality and toward bisexuality, and there are
significant differences concerning gender (girls’
presenting more favorable attitudes). However, we
didn’t find significant differences concerning to the
area of residence and to religion. We found that
homosexuality and bisexuality are positive co-
related, and that attitudes toward bisexuality tent
to be more unfavorable.

Psychological and social recources that increase
resilience through adulthood

Jiménez Abriz, Marı́a Guadalupe Psicologı́a Clñinica y

la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid,

Spain Izal, Maria Psicologı́a Clı́nica y la Salud,

Universidad Autónoma deMadrid, Madrid, Spain

Montorio, Ignacio Psicologı́a Clinica y la Salud,

Universidad Autónoma deMadrid, Madrid, Spain

Resilience is a dynamic process that includes the
positive adaptation within contexts of significant
adversity (Luthar, Cicchetti and Becker, 2000). The
goal research was to find the psychological and
social resources that buffer stress and serve as
resilience constellation. Additionally mediation -
moderation of age and country between resources,
stress and life satisfaction was probed. Sample was
325 mexican and spaniers, age 18 to 87. Results
shown that self esteem, control perception, opti-
mism, acceptance coping, search emotional support
coping and socioeconomical level can predict life
satisfaction and protect upon stress impact.
Furthermore, age served as mediation and country
as moderation variable.

How does the temporal attentional selection
work: Under illusion paradigm

Jin, Mingxuan Dept. of Psychology, Chinese Univ. of

Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China

In current study, we developed the illusion para-
digm to investigate the mechanism of temporal
based attentional selection. The illusion picture was
used as materials to measure and compare the point
of subjective equality under two conditions. The
result indicated the basic temporal selection that the
temporal gap could diminish the effect of illusion.
We further investigated two core hypothesis about
the characteristic of this process. Finally, we

proposed to test the neuropsychology base of the

temporal attentional selection. The results sug-

gested that temporal selection is a robust phenom-

enon wherein temporal cues are used for selected

attention.

Is fluency an independent component of reading?

Joshi, R. Malatesha Dept. of Literacy Education, Texas

University, College Station, USA Sha, Tao

Psychology, Beijing University, Beijing, People’s

Republic of China Binks, Emily Education, University

of Hull, Scarborough, United Kingdom

The National Reading Panel (NRP, 2000) considers

‘fluency’ one of the five basic components of

reading. However, the importance of fluency in

effortless reading is not without controversy.

Perhaps, the importance of fluency may depend

on the orthographic depth of a language; fluency

may be part of decoding in deeper orthographies

while it may be a separate component in shallow

orthographies. Fluency may also be influenced by

how it was assessed. In this report, we present some

results about the role of fluency in different

orthographies and discuss the diagnostic and

educational implications.

The role of phonological analysis act

Jung, Hyewon Dept. of Literature, Chuo University,

Tokyo, Japan

In this research, I examined the role of phonological

analysis. Phonological awareness is concerned with

the understanding of the linguistic characteristics of

each language, and being able to operate the

smallest units in words. The ability to segment

and isolate phonemes is critical to the development

of decoding and spelling skills. The child was

required to place small magnets on the table for the

number of phonemes. This way a problem is solved

in the form of an external act. When an external act

is made, something is learned or internalized.

Decoding control signals for visual spatial
attention from ventral prefrontal cortex

Kalberlah, Christian Attention and Awareness, MPI

CBS, Leipzig, Germany Haynes, John-Dylan BCCN

Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany

Both dorsal and ventral regions of prefrontal cortex

are known to be involved in top-down control of

visual spatial attention. However, it has remained

unclear whether ventral areas encode the spatial

distribution of attention rather than unspecific

mechanisms related to detecting and reorienting,

task difficulty or perceptual load. Using multi-

variate decoding of fMRI signals (Haynes & Rees

2006), we succeeded in decoding the focus of

attention from occipital, parietal, and prefrontal,

especially right ventral prefrontal areas where

topographic mapping approaches failed to identify

an ‘‘attention-o-topic’’ map. Multivariate decoding

is thus a powerful tool for revealing topographically

organised cortical information.

The role of anxiety, multitasking and task
complexity in psychomotor task performance

Kanwal, Harpreet Dept. of Psychology, Panjab

University, Chandigarh, India Chhabra, Preeti Nagpal

The present study was carried out on a total sample

of 200 female students in the age range of 15 to 19

years. Classification on Anxiety levels finally made

165 students available for further study. Four

multitasking conditions and three task complexity

levels based data was subjected to a 3*4*3 repeated

measures ANOVA. The results pointed at a

significant effect of each variable on the psycho-

motor task performance. An interesting differential

impact of the four chosen multitasking conditions

was seen.

Psychophysiological control: Getting
goosebumps when you feel like it

Katzur, Björn H. Inst. für Psychologie, Universität zu

Kiel, Kiel, Germany Kaernbach, Christian Inst. für

Psychologie, Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany

Goosebumps as a reaction to cold or strong
emotional experiences are known to most people
and are controlled by the autonomic nervous
system. Interestingly, however, there are individuals
able to induce goosebumps by conscious effort. We
investigated 14 participants; six of them being able
to induce goosebumps during additional physiolo-
gical measurements. The occurrence of goosebumps
was in some (but not all) cases correlated with
changes in skin conductance, heart rate, blood
pressure and respiration. Furthermore, results from
an internet study are presented in which we
investigated how many people have this ability
and how their techniques differ.

Higher cognitive control reduces conflicts in
visual spatial attention: Electrophysiological
correlates

Kehrer, Stefanie Berlin, Germany Kraft, Antje

Neurology, Charité, Berlin, Germany Irlbacher,

Kerstin Neurology, Charité, Berlin, Germany Koch,

Stefan P. Neurology, Charité, Berlin, Germany

Hagendorf, Herbert Psychology, Humboldt

University, Berlin, Germany Kathmann, Norbert

Psychology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany

Brandt, Stephan A. Neurology, Charité, Berlin,

Germany

We investigated the role of selection difficulty on
conflict processing in the location negative priming
(NP) paradigm. We hypothesized that a more
difficult target selection leads to stronger atten-
tional top-down control, reducing the effects of
arising conflicts. Event-related potentials were
recorded in 25 subjects. A significantly delayed
reaction time for NP- compared to control-trials
was only evident in the easy task. Interestingly the
frontocentral N2 was generally enhanced in the
difficult task as compared to the easy task. Thus, we
conclude that stronger cognitive control is involved
in the difficult task, resulting in a reduced
behavioral NP conflict.

Social skills in traffic: Connections to driver’s age,
sex, experience and driver group

Keskinen, Esko Dept. of Psychology, University of

Turku, Turku, Finland Katila, Ari Department of

Psychology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

Laapotti, Sirkku Department of Psychology,

University of Turku, Turku, Finland Hernetkoski, Kati

Department of Psychology, University of Turku,

Turku, Finland Lammi, Antero Department of

Psychology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

Social skills are important in traffic but how
driver’s age, sex, experience and driver group are
connected to them? As part of a larger research
project a mail survey (n=798) was made for
‘‘everyday’’ drivers, professional drivers, driving
instructors and novice drivers. Questions concerned
attitudes concerning safety and scales measuring
perceived phenomena and own behaviour while
driving. Anova (separately male/female) revealed
that age (males and females) and driver group
(males) were connected to pro- and antisocial
behaviour and irritation and driver group (males)
also to communication. However experience did
not have expected connections to social skills and
behaviour in traffic.

Noun and verb generation investigated with
fMRI: Testing the sensory-motor hypothesis of
semantic representations

Khader, Patrick Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Marburg, Marburg, Germany Jost, Kerstin

Psychology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg,

Germany Mertens, Michelle Psychology, Philipps-

Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany Rösler,

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Frank Psychology, Philipps-Universität Marburg,

Marburg, Germany

Are semantic representations of nouns and verbs
located in visually vs. motor-related brain areas,
according to the "sensory-motor hypothesis"? Se-
venteen participants generated nouns and verbs
triggered by a minimal sentence context (e.g.,
"carpenter cuts...wood" or "carpenter wood...cuts").
Noun generation activated occipital-temporal areas
more than verb generation, indicating stronger
recruitment of visual representations. In contrast,
stronger activation for verbs was not found, as
expected, in the motor cortex, but in the left
prefrontal cortex, presumably reflecting processing
differences that are due to the grammatical status of
the two word categories. Therefore, these results are
only partially consistent with the sensory-motor
hypothesis.

Simbir project for identification of gifted children
in Sudan

Khalifa, Gowaher Dept. of Pyshology, Ministry of

Science, Khartoum, Sudan

This study investigates the identification and
promotion process for gifted children (N=3000)
both males (50%) and females (50%) in primary
schools(9-11 years) in Sudan. The project is named
"Simbir", a famous bird in Sudan a good omen
marking the beginning of the planting season.
Several tools were used in the identification process
including intelligence, creativity, aptitude and
imagination scores. Three special schools were
established in 2005 for the extremely gifted children
and supported financially by the government.
Special enrichment curriculum was designed for
the gifted children. Highly trained teachers and
psychologists were selected for promoting gifted-
ness among children.

Elderly males social benefit through dog walking

Kikuchi, Kazumi Dept. of Gerontology, JF Oberlin

Universty, Tokyo, Japan Osada, Hisao gerontology,

JF Oberlin Universty, Tokyo, Japan

In Japan, the number of pets is larger than the
number of children. People treat their pets like
family. We conducted case studies of elderly men
and their personal networks created by dog
walking. To clarify the benefits of dog walking
networks, we used a Physiological Distance Map to
chart their ego-central networks and compared
these networks with other regular activities within
the community. We found that the dog walking
networks were larger and had a lower density, were
multi-generational, of various backgrounds and
had a larger number of weak tie.

Implicit change detection: Evidence from event-
related brain potential

Kimura, Motohiro Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

Katayama, Junichi Graduate School of Education,

Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan Ohira, Hideki

Department of Psychology, Nagoya University,

Nagoya, Japan

Objectives: Some ‘‘change blindness’’ studies have
provided behavioral evidences of implicit change
detection. The present purpose was to identify brain
activities associated with implicit change detection
using event-related brain potential (ERP). Meth-
ods: Two successive visual displays were presented,
where color change (66%) and no change trials
(33%) were randomly occurred. Participant’s task
was to report whether or not color changed between
the two displays. Results: Compared to no changes,
undetected color changes were associated with
anterior positive ERP at around 160-180 ms.
Conclusions: Implicit change detection is associated
with anterior positive ERP, which provides an
electrophysiological evidence of implicit change
detection.

Which trauma is the worse of them all? The
effects of collective identity trauma/racism and
discrimination

Kira, Ibrahim Center for Cumulative Trauma,

Hamtramck, MI, USA Templin, Thomas Health

Research, Wayne State Unversity, Detroit, MI, USA

Lewandowski, Linda Nursing, Wayne State

University, Hamtramck, MI, USA Ramaswamy, Vidya

Center for Peace and conflict, Wayne State University,

Detroit, MI, USA Ozkan, Bulent Research, Wayne

State University, Detroit, MI, USA Mohanesh, Jamal

Research, Center for Cumulative Trauma, Hamtramck,

MI, USA

A new taxonomy of traumas proposes that
collective identity trauma/ discrimination (Type III
trauma) is the most damaging as it is ongoing. To
check this assumption we conducted two studies.
The first study utilized a sample of 501 of Iraqi
refugees in Michigan. We used measures for
cumulative trauma dose and types, PTSD, CTD
and poor health. The second study utilized 399
mental health clients using similar measures. Both
studies found that collective identity trauma is the
most damaging compared to other traumas. Results
partially validate the proposed taxonomy of trau-
mas, and give a new challenge to clinicians in the
assessment and treatments of traumatized minority
populations and to community leaders and policy
makers.

How does angry face capture attention?:
Evidence from attentional blink paradigm

Kirita, Takahiro Dept. of Psychology, Iwate Prefectural

University, Iwate, Japan Endo, Mitsuo Psychology,

University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan

Using attentional blink (AB) as a measure, we
examined the impact of facial expressions of first
targets (T1) on the discrimination of second targets
(T2). Experiment1, where T1 and T2 were presented
at different locations, demonstrated that when T1
was an angry face, participants quickly shifted their
attention to T1 but held it for longer duration,
resulting in maximum AB. The results of Experi-
ment2, where shift of attention was not required,
showed that happy and angry expressions of T1
yielded the same magnitude of AB, suggesting that
it was delayed disengagement from angry faces that
caused maximum AB in Experiment1.

From the biography of women entrepreneurs to
predictions of success: Innovative approaches to
practices of consultation and finance

Kissel, Dorothea European Business School, Oestrich-

Winkel, Germany Chlosta, Simone chair for

entrepreneurship, European Business School,

Oestrich-Winkel, Germany Klandt, Heinz chair for

entrepreneurship, European Business School,

Oestrich-Winkel, Germany

German women are still less likely to start a
business than men. Evaluations of consultations
with female founders reveal that at the pre-start-up
stage particular conditions of the interview-situa-
tion can exhort a negative impact on the success
forecast of an enterprise. The aim of this study is to
increase the number of female entrepreneurs by
providing a standardised instrument for consulta-
tion and success estimation. Qualitative and quan-
titative methods are employed to capture
biographic data, relevant for success prediction.
The first wave of data-collection involves expert
interviews (half-standardized). The biographic
questionnaire to be developed supports a solid
risk-estimation by the consultants.

Sources of small group motivation in early
adolescence

Klassen, Robert Dept. Educational Psychology,

University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada Krawchuk,

Lindsey Educational Psychology, University of

Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Job, Jenelle

Educational Psychology, University of Alberta,

Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

This study examines early adolescent collective
motivation, with particular focus on the sources
of collective efficacy in small work groups in school
settings. Eleven focus group interviews were con-
ducted with 58 participants in grades six through
nine, with discussion centered on the role played by
collective efficacy beliefs, the sources of collective
efficacy beliefs, and early adolescents’ perspectives
on the characteristics of effective small groups. The
results from the study provide direction for future
research in early adolescent small group motiva-
tion.

Teachers’ occupational well-being and the
quality of instruction: The important role of self-
regulatory patterns

Klusmann, Uta Educational Research, Max-Planck-

Institut, Berlin, Germany Kunter, Mareike Educational

Research, Max Planck Institute, Berlin, Germany

Luedtke, Oliver Educational Research, Max Planck

Institute, Berlin, Germany Trautwein, Ulrich

Educational Research, Max Planck Institute, Berlin,

Germany

The present article investigates the role of engage-
ment and resilience as two work-related self-
regulatory dimensions that predict teachers’ occu-
pational well-being and teachers’ instructional
performance. In Part 1 of the study, data from
1,789 German mathematics teachers were subjected
to a latent profile analysis, yielding four self-
regulatory types (healthy-ambitious, unambitious,
excessively ambitious, and resigned) that differed
statistically significantly on emotional exhaustion
and job satisfaction. In Part 2, the association
between teachers’ self-regulatory type and instruc-
tional performance was examined in a subsample of
318 teachers. Results showed that teachers’ self-
regulatory type predicted the quality of instruction
and differences in students’ motivation.

Berlin stays fit: A 6-month intervention study to
improve cognitive fitness

Klusmann, Verena Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie,

Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany Evers,

Andrea Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, Charité

Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany Schwarzer, Ralf

Health Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin,

Germany Dimeo, Fernando C. Sports medicine,

Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany

Reischies, Friedel M. Psychiatry & Psychotherapy,

Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany Heuser,

Isabella Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, Charité

Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany

The study examines the differential effects of a
physical and a mental 6-month intervention on
cognitive performance. Additionally, we presume
well-being and motive pattern to be important
moderators of cognitive fitness. 252 elderly women
were randomly assigned to a physical fitness course,
a computer course (three times a week each) and a
control group. Measures (pre, inter, post) contain
cognitive tests (e.g., executive control, episodic
memory, verbal fluency, processing speed) and
questionnaires (e.g., well-being, motives). Statistical
analyses include ANOVA, MANOVA and regres-
sion analysis. Preliminary results indicate that
performing a new activity in old age might help to
prevent cognitive decline.

A new measure to assess family functioning in
young adults

Knestel, Andrea Institute of Psychology, Syracuse,

USA

Evidence suggests a relationship between family
functioning and mental health. The types of
relationships students have with their families of
origin, and their perceptions thereof, may be an
important predictor of their subsequent psycholo-
gical functioning. A 20-item measure of family

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cohesion and enmeshment was developed to assist
in the assessment of common young adult pro-
blems. Upon administration to 158 freshmen in an
introductory psychology course, a factor analysis
was conducted. Family cohesion and enmeshment
emerged as two separate constructs. This question-
naire can provide clinicians with a snapshot of how
family functioning may contribute to common
presenting concerns in young adults.

An attitude survey on relations between blood
type and personality

Kobayashi, Sayoko Early Childhood Education,

Nagasaki Women’s Junior Colleg, Nagasaki, Japan

This survey was conducted to clarify an attitude to
relations between blood type and personality, by
asking questions to 245 woman college students. 1.
Their answer shows that they believe in existence of
relations at some 60% of probability. All blood
types showed the same result. 2. After statistical
procedure, 10 significant differences out of 95 types
of personality and behavioral idiosyncrasy, depend-
ing on blood types, were found. 3. There are
significantly more AB type students than others
who feel repulsion for blood type judgment. A
prevalent negative character image for AB type may
affect this result.

A trial to change the social representations of the
real community

Kobayashi, Hitoshi Dept. of Human Sciences, Osaka

University, Osaka, Japan Atsumi, Tomohide Center

for the Study of Commu, Osaka University, Osaka,

Japan Hanamura, Chikahiro Center for the Study of

Commun, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan Honma,

Naoki Center for the Study of Commun, Osaka

University, Osaka, Japan

The objective of this research was to reverse the
process of forming social representations of a real
community –Osaka University. We implemented a
project named as DATA HANDAI Project (DHP).
The project member was the students and faculty
members of the university. They collected data of
the university and designed information-cards
presenting new aspects of the university. The
authors participated in the project as a member
and took field notes. Through this practice, we tried
to reverse the forming process of the social
representations. As a results, the participated
members changed their perspectives and remarks
before joining the project.

Motor learning in suppressed tracking tasks

Kobori, Satoshi Dept. of Elec. and Information,

Ryukoku University, Otsu, Japan Abe, Yosuke Dept. of

Elec. & Info., Ryukoku University, Otsu, Japan

Nakazono, Shogo Dept. of Elec. & Info., Ryukoku

University, Otsu, Japan

We measured tracking performance in two groups
while either the target or the manual cursor was
suppressed for a brief period during each trial. We
used this manipulation to show that motor learning
involves acquiring predictive models of the target
motion and also of one’s own hand movement. We
also found clear positive transfer from learning to
predict one’s own manual action to learning target
motions, and no transfer in the reverse direction.
This asymmetric transfer suggests specific predictive
neural mechanisms for learning to control one’s
own action, as opposed to general prediction of
external events.

Extending the human life span: Assessing pro-
and anti-longevity attitudes

Kogan, Nathan Center for New Constructs,

Educational Testing Service, Princeton NJ, USA

Tucker, Jennifer Psychology, New School for Social

Research, New York, NY, USA Porter, Matthew

Templeton Fellows, The HealthCare Chaplaincy, New

York, NY, USA

Successful efforts by biologists to extend the natural

life span of lower animals has raised the possibility

of extrapolation to humans, which in turn has given

rise to bioethical argumentation, pro and con.

These arguments were converted into pro- and anti-

longevity items yielding a 35-item Life Extension

Questionnaire (LEQ). This was administered to a

mixed-age sample of 164 respondents. Factor

analysis of the LEQ yielded 3 factors labelled

Personal Emotional Rejection, Utopian Vision, and

Social Economic Burden. Age correlated signifi-

cantly with Utopian Vision, older individuals more

readily endorsing pro-longevity items.

The study of relationships among prosocial
behavior and three attitude-components toward
person in need in elementary school children

Kohyama, Takaya Graduate School of Education,

Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan Miyasato,

Tomoe Graduate School of Education, Hiroshima

University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan Yamada, Yohei

Graduate School of Education, Hiroshima University,

Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan Suzuki, Yumiko Graduate

School of Education, Hiroshima University, Higashi-

Hiroshima, Japan Ishii, Shinji Graduate School of

Education, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima,

Japan

The purpose of this study was to clarify relation-

ships among prosocial behavior and three attitude-

components toward person in need by the ques-

tionnaire survey of elementary school children. One

hundred and forty-seven 5th and 6th graders

participated in this survey. The results showed that

most of children had high attitude score on a

cognitive component but it was less corresponding

to prosocial behavior than affective and behavioral

ones. This result indicated that the importance of

affective approach to cultivate prosocial behavior

of children.

How Japanese first-time parents arrange object-
based child-rearing environments during
transition to parenthood

Kojima, Yasuo Dept. of Psychology, Chukyo

University, Nagoya, Japan

Ten Japanese first-time mothers were asked to

record everything that they acquired (purchased,

received as a gift, or borrowed) until one year after

their infant’s birth. Monthly interviews comple-

mented the data. The items could be classified into

several categories, including those that were in-

tended to aid the parent, and those that were

intended to support the development of cognitive or

physical skills and to promote the safety of the

infant. Interview data revealed that items were not

only useful in close parent-child interaction, but

also triggered conflict between them.

Diagnostic of social phobia: Psychometric
properties of the SASKO (Social Anxiety - Social
Competence Deficit)

Kolbeck, Sabine Hamburg, Germany Maß, Reinhard

Dahme, Bernhard Hand, Iver

The SASKO is a new self-rating scale for the

differential measurement of social anxiety and

social deficits, including four subscales which have

been developed by factor analysis: two subscales

describe aspects of social anxiety (speaking, acting

under observation; rejection), two subscales aim at

symptoms of social deficits (performance; compe-

tence). In the present study, the diagnostic validity

of the SASKO was investigated in a sample of

N=68 inpatients with social phobia and a compar-

ison group of healthy controls (N=242). The total

scale shows good internal consistency (Cronbach’s

alpha = .96), good convergent validity (.64-.80) and

outstanding sensitivity (.93) and specifity (.92).

Spoken word intelligibility of young and old
adults with Familiarity-controlled Word lists 2007
(FW07)

Kondo, Tadahisa Communication Science Labs, NTT

Corporation, Atsugi, Japan Ijuin, Mutsuo Institute of

Gerontology, Tokyo Metropolitan, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo,

Japan Amano, Shigeaki Communication Science

Labs, NTT Corporation, Soraku-gun, Kyoto, Japan

Sakamoto, Shuichi Res. Ins. of Elec. Comm., Tohoku

University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Suzuki, Yôiti Res.

Ins. of Elec. Comm., Tohoku University, Sendai,

Miyagi, Japan

To assess aging effects on spoken word recognition,
16 young adults (20 - 38 years old) and 24 old adults
(69 - 83 years old) participated in a spoken word
intelligibility test with the Familiarity-controlled
word lists 2007 (FW07). The results revealed the
significant effects of word familiarity (WF) and
signal to noise ratio (SNR) as well as the significant
interaction between WF and SNR. However, the
interaction was weaker for old adults than young
adults. These results suggests that old adults depend
much on word familiarity in spoken word recogni-
tion.

Coming out: The role of the internet for meeting
potential (sex)partners among young gay men

Koning, Maaike Work and Social Psychology,

Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands

Hospers, Harm Work and Social Psychology,

Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands

Objectives: To examine the role of the internet in
the coming-out process for meeting potential
(sex)partners. Methods: Twenty-nine young gay
men, who had their coming-out in the preceding
year, are interviewed biannually for a period of
three years about the coming-out process. The first
two waves were analyzed. Results: Between the two
waves a shift occurred from the internet as the
primary meeting place for sex(partners) to the
public gayscene. Conclusions: The internet plays a
large role in the beginning stage of the coming-out
process, when it is mainly used as a means of
contacting other young gay men.

An examination on coping in interpersonal stress
of narcissistic personality

Konishi, Mizuho Dept. of Psychiatry, Shiga Univ. of

Medical Science, Otsu, Japan Yamada, Naoto

Psychiatry, Shiga Univ. of Medical Science, Otsu,

Shiga, Japan Sato, Suguru Psychology, Doshisha

University, Kyoto, Japan

Objectives: The objective of this study was to
investigate the coping in interpersonal stress of
narcissistic personality and influence on mental
health. Methods: Participants; 127 college students.
Questionnaire; Narcissistic Personality Inventory-
35 (NPI-35; Konishi, Okawa, & Hashimoto, 2006),
Interpersonal Stress-Coping Inventory (ISCI), Hap-
piness Scale and Stress Response Scale (includes 7
subscales; e.g. depression, physical fatigue). Results
and Conclusion: Multiple regression analyses were
conducted to identify the effects from NPI-35 to
ISCI and influences on mental health. When the
person who had the high NPI-35 goes through the
stress, he/she strives for positively improving the
relationship. And then, he/she feels depressive
mood.

Children’s biological theories on the role of
inheritance

Kornilaki, Ekaterina Preschool Education, University

of Crete, Rethymno, Greece Kitrou, Paraskevi

Preschool Education, University of Crete, Rethymno,

Greece

Children’s understanding of the biological basis of
parent-offspring relations was examined. The study
was not only restricted on children’s theories on the
role of inheritance of physical characteristics, as
most studies did, but also examined its role on a set
of psychological traits, skills, preferences and

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beliefs. Ninety four children aged 7, 9 and 11 were
read stories about babies of biological and adoptive
parents and were asked to judge to whom the child
would resemble. Most young children attributed all
the characteristics to the biological parents, while
the eldest children attributed psychological traits,
skills, preferences and beliefs to the adoptive
parents.

The categorical structure of the perception of
painting: A study of landscape
Korotchenko, Evgeniya Inst. of Psychology, Russian

Academy of Education, Moscow, Russia Petrenko,

Viktor General psychology, Moskow State University,

Moskow, Russia

Purpose: psychosemantical research of categorical
structure of the perception of painting. Methods: -
Multidimensional scaling of landscapes and their
verbal descriptions. The respondents had to com-
pare 100 landscapes according to the emotions each
landscape evoked. Then they had to compare those
verbal descriptions of their moods. Individual
matrices of similarity, received after scaling, were
factorized. -Miller’s classification. The respondents
classified 100 landscapes into some groups. The
data were converted into a cluster tree. The results
indicated qualitative difference between the figura-
tive and verbal languages and gave the grounds for
advancing assumptions about the structure and
features of ‘‘the language of art’’.

Effectiveness of group creativity for different
ways of group organization
Kozlova, Maria Psychology, Moscow State University,

Moscow, Russia

The aim of our study was to examine the relation
between organization of group activity and creative
problems solving effectiveness. For this purpose the
scheme of multifactor experiment and the Russian
version Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking were
used. The sample comprised of 35 groups. If there
was a nominal group, then group became effective
in fluency, flexibility and originality of ideas. If
there was an interactive group, than the group was
effective in resistance to premature closure and
abstractness of titles. If a common-successive
activity was organized in a group, than this group
was effective in elaboration of ideas.

Audio-visual simultaneity judgments in rapid
serial visual presentation
Kranczioch, Cornelia Southampton, United Kingdom

Thorne, Jeremy Institute of Hearing Research, MRC,

Southampton, United Kingdom Debener, Stefan

Institute of Hearing Research, MRC, Southampton,

United Kingdom

We investigated the accuracy of audio-visual
simultaneity judgments in a RSVP task. Healthy
participants indicated which RSVP stimulus was
presented simultaneously with a tone. Data analysis
confirmed a bias towards perceiving the visual
stimulus that was presented one lag before the tone
as being presented simultaneously with the tone.
This constellation was perceived as simultaneous in
about 20% more trials than the truly simultaneous
constellation. This effect is likely related to the
higher processing speed in the auditory modality.
Further analyses will explore whether this misper-
ception is affected by the length of the RSVP
sequence preceding the audio-visual stimulus pair.

Mediating effect of job attribution on role stress
and health strain
Krishna, Anshula Psychology, Vasanta College for

Women, Varanasi, India

The study examined mediating effect of causal
attributions on experience of job stress and its effect
on health in a sample of 300 technical employees.
Participants’ role stress, attributional style and
health status were assessed through psychometric
tools. The results suggest that attribution to ability,

effort and luck/chance for success/failures in job
positively mediate (buffer) the experience of role
stress, while attributions to working condition,
boss, colleagues, nature of job, and management
policies intensify the role stress. It was also noted
that attribution to ability, effort, and luck/chance
moderate, while attribution to other job factors
elevate, the degree of positive relationship between
role stress and health strains.

People older age and life contentment

Kulas, Kristina Zaprešiæ, Croatia Carija, Martina

Preventive programme MPPI, Udruga Igra, Zaprešiæ,

Croatia Niksic, Dubravka Psihologija, Filozofski

fakultet, Zagreb, Croatia Galic, Mia Psihologija,

Filozofski fakultet, Zagreb, Croatia

The goal was to find how personal assessment of
one’s health, way of using free time, social support
and place of living effects life contentment of the
people older age. Two questioner was completed.
The first one consisted of questions concerning
general data, health, way of using free time, social
support. In the second one they estimated their life
contentment. Personal assessment of one’s health,
social support and way of using free time shows to
be the best predictors of life contentment. The place
of living was significantly associated with subjective
health.

Development of driver assistance-systems based
on behavioral strategies

Kullack, Anke Inst. für Psychologie, Tech. Universität

Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany Ehrenpfordt,

Ingmar Transportation Systems, German Aerospace

Center, Braunschweig, Germany Eggert, Frank

Psychology, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig,

Germany

In order to improve lane-keeping-assistance-sys-
tems we applied behavioral strategies. Classical
lane-keeping-systems can be regarded as cognitive
systems because an association between an arbi-
trary signal and the required reaction has to be
established by means of learning processes. Since
this association is subjected to interference and
decay, the functionality of cognitive systems is in
principle suboptimal. These disadvantages can be
avoided by eliciting a steering-reflex. This behavior-
al approach was tested in a simulator-study with 28
participants. First results demonstrate the function-
ality of the principle. It could be of considerable
importance in the prevention of accidents caused by
road-departures.

Effects of extended video stimulation on visual
cogintion in preadolescent children

Kumari, Santha Dept. SMSS, Thapar University,

Patiala, India Ahuja, Simerpreet SMSS, Thapar

University, Patiala, India

Present study investigated the detrimental effects of
video stimulation on visual cognition in preadoles-
cents. School going children, boys and
girls(N=1100) of the age range 9-12 years partici-
pated. Using a television viewing questionnaire, 300
children were categorized as heavy and light view-
ers. They were compared on three different
cognitive variables :attention span, visual memory,
and creative imagination. Light viewers performed
significantly better than heavy viewers on all
variables studied. Findings are explained in terms
of the inhibitory effect of formal features of video
on cognitive mechanisms underlying the evolution
of rich imagery and processes linked to creative
imagination, free play of fantasy etc.

Aging related changes in processing and
retention for visual information

Kunimi, Mitsunobu Dept. of Psychology, Jinai

University, Fukui, Japan Matsukawa, Junko

Psychology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa,

Ishikawa, Japan

Ageing related changes in visual working memory
were examined using matrix patterns. Participants,
in their 20s to 70s, were investigated using the cross-
sectional method, and the N-back task. Zero-back
task that requires only retention and 1-back task
that requires processing and retention were com-
pared. In the 0-back task, recognition was different
between the 20-59 year-olds and the 60-79 year-
olds. Conversely, in the 1-back task, significant
differences were observed between the 20-29 year-
olds and the 40-79 year-olds. These results suggest a
relatively rectilinear decline in the 0-back task
during the 30s and a rapid decline after the 60s.

Prediction of school achievement: A prospective
longitudinal study from kindergarten to
elementary school

Kuschel, Annett Rehabilitationswissenschaften,

Humboldt Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Bertram, Heike Department of Psychology,

Braunschweig University, Braunschweig, Germany

Naumann, Sebastian Department of Psychology,

Braunschweig University, Braunschweig, Germany

Staender, Dagmar Health Centre, Bildungsinstitut

nds.Justiz, Celle, Germany Heinrichs, Nina

Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University,

Bielefeld, Germany Hahlweg, Kurt Department of

Psychology, Braunschweig University, Braunschweig,

Germany

This study followed 204 children from kindergarten
trough elementary school to assess which charac-
teristics are predictors of school achievement. The
various predictor variables were assessed during the
preschool years and follow-up and represented
different domains (i.e. demographic variables, IQ,
phonological awareness, behaviour problems). The
criterion measures were assessed from first Grade
on with standardized tests in reading, spelling and
mathematics on achievements at school. Important
predictors are phonological awareness, intelligence
and family income in reading, but not in spelling,
mathematics. About 30% of the variance was
explained by these factors. Implications for preven-
tion and early intervention will be discussed.

Elementary school boys (but not girls) show a
negative correlation between creativity and
feelings that the teacher encourages them to
share their work

Kyle, Stephanie Dept. of Psychology, Bishop’s

University, Lindsay, Canada Bacon, Benoit

Psychology, Bishop’s University, Sherbrooke, Canada

Stout, Dale Psychology, Bishop’s University,

Sherbrooke, Canada

The present study originally aimed at producing a
valid English translation of the ‘‘My Classroom’’
scale (De Souza Fleith & De Alencar, 2005), and
assessing whether its items correlated with creativity
scores of grade two, three and four children, as
measured with the Williams Exercise in Divergent
Thinking (Form A) (Williams, 1986). Creativity
scores did not vary significantly across ages, but the
evaluations of the climate for creativity became
significantly more negative with age. Interestingly,
the item ‘‘The teacher encourages me to share my
work with other students’’ was negatively correlated
with creativity in boys, but not in girls.

Nutrition scholarship education and relation in
preference and selection food choices:
Application to four behavior programs

López Gamiño, Marı́a del Refugio UIICSE, FESI

UNAM, Tlalnepantla, Mexico Cortés Moreno, Assol

UIICSE, FESI UNAM, Tlalnepantla, Mexico Alarcón

Armendariz, Martha Elba UIICSE, FESI UNAM,

Tlalnepantla, Mexico

This study assessed a nutritional education strategy
and its relation with preferences and food choices.
A 116 elementary school children sample parti-
ciped. Pretest-postest design with comparison
groups was employed. The scholarships were

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assignment to four behavior programs: not instru-
mental, situational instrumental, extrasituational
and transituational. Body Mass Index was evalu-
ated, also preference and food choices. Results
showed scholarships preferered natural food, but
selection painted to industrial food. Significant
differences in extrasituational and transituational
programs sign the preferences and selection food
were modificated after intervention in fourth and
sixth grade. Results suggest to begin nutritional
education starting around nine years.

Testing the relationship between personality and
well-being: Contrasting visually and auditory
impaired older adults

Langer, Nadine Psychological Ageing Research,

Institute of Psychology, Heidelberg, Germany Wahl,

Hans-Werner Psychological Ageing Research,

Institute of Psychology, Heidelberg, Germany Heyl,

Vera Blindenpädagogik, University of Education,

Heidelberg, Germany Jonas, Jost Department of

Ophtalmology, University of Mannheim, Mannheim,

Germany Rohrschneider, Klaus Department of

Ophtalmology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg,

Germany

This paper focuses on the interplay between
personality and subjective well-being in sensory
impaired and unimpaired older adults. Results
(based on 151 visually impaired, 100 auditory
impaired and 150 unimpaired adults between 75
and 94 years, mean: 83 years): Besides considerable
similarities between groups concerning the correla-
tion of extraversion/neuroticism and well-being, for
example, only in the visually impaired and in the
unimpaired group neuroticism correlates with
positive affect (-) and cognitive well-being (+).
Extraversion correlates with cognitive well-being
(+) only in the impaired groups. There is first
evidence that the personality-wellbeing-connection
may be questioned when it comes to sensory
impairment.

Disrupting face biases in visual attention

Law, Anna Dept. of Psychology, John Moores

University, Liverpool, United Kingdom Langton,

Stephen Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling,

United Kingdom

Objectives: To investigate whether a working
memory load disrupts face biases in visual atten-
tion. Methods: Undergraduate participants at-
tempted a dot-probe task known to produce bias
towards faces (Bindemann, M., Burton, A. M.,
Langton, S. R. H., Schweinberger, S. R., &
Doherty, M. J. (2007). The control of attention to
faces. Journal of Vision, 7(10):15, 1-8), both alone
and with a digit-rehearsal secondary task. Results:
At 100ms delay between cue and target: no
modulation of face bias. At 500ms delay: elimina-
tion of face bias for participants attempting dual-
task condition before single-task. Conclusions:
Working memory load can disrupt attentional
orienting to faces.

Participatory research in a school setting: A
process of acculturation

Leblanc, Raymond Dept. d’Education, Université

d’Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada Ducharme, Daphne Speech

and Language disorders, Université d’Ottawa,

Ottawa, Canada

The purpose of the study was to measure the impact
of a training program in phonological awareness
that was offfered to 64 grade 1 and grade 2 teachers
in a francophone school board of the province of
Ontario, Canada. We examined the teacher’s
teaching practices in reading and in their students’
reading achievement. An action research and
training framework guided the collaborative work
between university researchers and teacher partici-
pants. Findings suggest that teacher training in
phonological awareness did produce better achieve-
ment in reading for at-risk students in grade one

and even more significant progress for reading
disabled second grade students.

Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and school-
achievement
Lehmann, Wolfgang Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany Rombusch, Marita

Insitut für Psychologie, Universität Magdeburg,

Magdeburg, Germany Jüling, Inge

Schulpsychologische Beratung,

Landesverwaltungsamt, Magdeburg, Germany

This study investigates connections of motivation
and achievement. Basis is the theory of intrinsic and
extrinsic motivation. Six-grade-students attending
different school types worked on an intelligence
test, an English test and motivation questionnaires.
In students’ self-appraisal extrinsic motivation has a
more important meaning than intrinsic motivation
but intrinsic motivation shows higher correlations
to school marks. Facets of intrinsic motivation are
more closely related to test performances than
extrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivation in one
subject seems to radiate to the other subject while
intrinsic motivation in one subject has only weak or
no connections to intrinsic motivation in the other
subject.

From national glorification through moral
disengagement to appraisals of justice
Leidner, Bernhard Dept. of Psychology, New School

for Social Research, New York, USA Slawuta, Patricia

Psychology, New School for Social Research, New

York, USA Castano, Emanuele Psychology, New

School for Social Research, New York, USA

Proposing an integrated perspective of research on
moral disengagement strategies and collective emo-
tions, the process of moral disengagement in the
context of reminders of ingroup atrocities is
investigated. In our current study, American
participants read a newspaper article about ficti-
tious but reality-related prison tortures in Iraq,
allegedly committed by U.S. soldiers. By means of
path modeling it is shown that the more partici-
pants glorified the U.S., the more they minimized
the victims’ suffering and explicitly infrahumanized
them, which, in turn, led to less intensive group-
based distress, compared to non-glorifiers. Moral
disengagement and distress ultimately predicted
retributive and restorative justice.

Predicting driving manoeuvres via eye
movements
Lethaus, Firas Inst. Transportation Systems, German

Aerospace Center (DLR), Braunschweig, Germany

The aim of this study was to establish whether
characteristic eye movement patterns precede parti-
cular driving manoeuvres. Drivers’ gaze behaviour
was measured prior to and during the execution of
five different driving manoeuvres performed in real
traffic on three different types of road using the
DLR research vehicle ViewCar. The eye movement
data were analysed using Markov matrices of zero-
and first-order. It was found that significantly
distinct gaze patterns precede each of the driving
manoeuvres analysed. The study indicates that eye
movement data might be used as input to advanced
driver-assistant systems in order to recognise
intended driving manoeuvres.

Some latest advances in cognitive load theory
research and it’s teaching implications
Li, Yinghui Shandong Normal University, Ji Nan,

People’s Republic of China Si, Jiwei School of

Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Ji Nan,

People’s Republic of China

The classification of cognitive load have been more
detailed, acceded to the concept of Germane
cognitive load. The mechanism of cognitive load
combined with Schema construct theories were
discussed. Some new measurement method ap-
peared, such as production system, self-report

psychological effort, EEG technology, rapid assess-
ment test. As to the impacting factors of cognitive
load, the level of expertise and multimedia display-
ing method have been investigated. Results of
research on cognitive load theory quickly applied
to teaching practice, guided the mode of instruc-
tion, teaching programs, and teaching software.

The relationship between metacognitive
regulation ability and job performance
Li, Jian School of Psychology, Beijing Normal

University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China Zhang,

Houcan school of psychology, Beijing Normal

University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

With 260 employees from an IT company as
subjects, the relationship between metacognitive
regulation ability and job performance was inves-
tigated. Their information of position ranks, job
performances were collected and metacognitive
regulation abilities assessed. Analyzed by the
hierarchical linear and logistic regression methods,
differences between four career posts were obtained:
Middle managers of sales department had higher
off-line generalizing level and on-line monitoring
level, while those from support department had
higher off-line insight level. But for the employees,
low level of on-line monitoring led to bad sales
credits, whereas low level of off-line global-planning
led to more creative activities.

Mental health status of Chinese elders
Li, Juan Inst. of Psychology, Chinese Academy of

Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China Wu,

Zhenyun Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of

Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Objectives: To evaluate mental health status of
Chinese elders. Methods: Mental Health Inventory
for Chinese Elders, which included emotion, self-
conception, interpersonal relationship, cognition
and adaptation components, was administered to
4208 elders above 55 from all over China. Results:
The status of Chinese elders’ mental health was well
(3.21¡0.39 with score can range 1-4). The status of
mental health declined with aging increasing and
educational degree decreasing. The married couple
had higher scores of mental health than the
divorced and widowed. The level of elders’ mental
health in various areas was inconsistent with that of
economy development of those areas.

Can apology repair the trust?: The role of locus of
control in trust-game
Liao, Zongqing Dept. of Psychology, Peking

University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China Su,

Yanjie Department of Psychology, Peking University,

Beijing, People’s Republic of China

The present study examined the influence of
apology, LOC (the locus of control) on individual’s
trust in 44 Chinese college students. A trust-game
was designed to measure trust behaviors and beliefs,
and LOC score was assessed by Rotter’s scale. The
results indicated an interaction (F (1, 18) =5.709, p
,0.05) between apology and LOC. The internal
LOC individuals accepted the apology more easily
and showed a positive effect, while the external ones
were opposite. It was suggested the relation between
trust repair and apology may take a different form
when situational cues and individual traits are taken
into account.

Semantic interference in delayed picture naming:
Evidence from a new set of stimuli and language
Lima, Cesar Psychology, Universidade do Porto,

Porto, Portugal Castro, São Luı́s Psychology,

Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal

Seventy-two Portuguese college students named
pictures of common objects with superimposed
distractor words in two naming conditions, im-
mediate or delayed, according to the design of
Janssen, Schirm, Mahon and Caramazza (in press).
A new set of pictures (of high or low frequency) and

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distractor words (that were either semantic category
coordinates of the target pictures or unrelated) was
tested. A frequency effect was obtained only in
immediate naming, but semantic interference oc-
curred both in immediate and in delayed naming.
These results give robustness to the claim that
semantic interference in the picture-word interfer-
ence paradigm arises at a post-lexical level of
processing.

How information structure affects semantic
integration in question-answer pairs: A semantic
illusion phenomenon

Lin, Wang Institude of Psychology, Chinese Academy

of Science, Beijing, People’s Republic of China Yang,

Yufang Institude of Psychology, Chinese Academy of

Science, Bei Jing, People’s Republic of China Li,

Xiaoqing Institude of Psychology, Chinese Academy

of Science, Bei Jing, People’s Republic of China Li,

Weijun Institude of Psychology, Chinese Academy of

Science, Bei Jing, People’s Republic of China

ERP was used to explore the role of information
structure (IS) in the processing of WH question-
answer pairs. IS was manipulated by questions such
as who bought vegetable to cook today? /which
vegetable did mum buy to cook today? Relative to
the context, the alternative critical words in the
answers (Mum bought eggplant/beef to cook to-
day.) were either focus or non-focus which was
semantic appropriate or inappropriate. The results
showed that compared to focus, non-focus elicited
larger N400. Moreover, on non-focus but not on
focus there was a semantic illusion effect. The
results suggested that IS can manipulate attentional
resources allocation during language comprehen-
sion and that subjects could make immediate
discourse integration.

Self-supporting of children aged between 6 and
12 years: Theoretical construct and development
of questionnaire

Ling, Hui Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal

University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China

Huang, Xiting School of psychology, Southwest

University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China

Objective: Self-supporting is a Chinese traditional
virtue, this study attempts to explore the connota-
tion, structure and theoretical explanations about
self-supporting in Chinese children. Methods: In
this study we intend to construct the structure of
self-supporting behavior of 6-12 years old children
from two dimensions: the major fields related to
children’s self-supporting behavior, and the mental
functions of such behaviors. Results: The Self-
supporting Questionnaire was constructed accord-
ing to the hypothesis. Exploratory and Confirma-
tory factor analysis found that Self-supporting
Questionnaire of Children had clear factor struc-
ture, high reliability and validity. Conclusions: The
multi-layered structure model of two dimensions
for children’s self-supporting behavior was pro-
posed by this study.

An experimental research on self-schema of
children with different self-supporting levels

Ling, Hui Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal

University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China

Huang, Xiting School of psychology, Southwest

Normal University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of

China

Objective: To validate whether there exist self-
schema of self-supporting and to look into the
differences in amount of recall, amount of recogni-
tion and reaction time between children with high
score of self-supporting and those with low score.
Methods: The self-referent encoding task(SRET)
was assigned to the two groups. Results: The
amount of recognition of self-supporting words by
the two groups is larger than that of non-self-
supporting words; The reaction time of the high
self-supporting group is longer than that of the

other group; there is no significant difference in the
amount of correct recognition. Conclusion: Self-
supporting is not a dichotomy concept of self.

An experimental research on self-imposed delay
of gratification of children with different self-
supporting levels
Ling, Hui Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal

University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China

Huang, Xiting School of Psychology, Southwest

University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China

Objective: To explore the self-imposed delay of
gratification of children with different self-support-
ing levels. Methods: Levels of self-supporting of 272
grade one students were assessed by the Self-
supporting Behavior Questionnaire. Then the Self-
imposed Delay of Gratification experimental task
of Mischel was assigned to the high self-supporting
group and the low self-supporting group. Results:
The delay time and the delay strategy has sig-
nificant difference between children with high self-
supporting and those with low self-supporting.
Conclusion: the development levels of self-support-
ing of children can be used to predict children’s
ability of self-imposed delay of gratification.

Belief in a just world and value for Chinese
students
Liu, Chang-Jiang School of Management, Shenyang

Normal University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of

China Guo, Li-Yan School of Teacher Education,

Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, People’s

Republic of China

Previous research has showed cultural differences of
personal and general beliefs in a just world between
eastern and western worlds, and current study
examined whether the pattern of relationship
between BJW and value in China was different
from that in western world. Chinese students whose
age varied from 13 to 26 completed measures on
BJWs and various values. Results showed that
general BJW was significantly predicted by power
and universalism values, whereas personal BJW was
predicted by achievement and universalism values
after controlling the effect of age. Implications for
cultural variations in the nature of BJW and value
were discussed.

The relationships among mothers’ ego
development, mother-child communication and
adolescents’ ego development and autonomy
Liu, Yih-Lan Center for Teacher Education, National

Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan

Objective: This study investigated how mothers’ ego
development affected adolescents’ ego development
and autonomy by ways of mother-child commu-
nication. Methods: subjects were 137 8 th graders
and their mothers in Taiwan. They completed
questionnaires to measure their ego development,
perceived mother-child communication (mothers
and adolescents) and autonomy (adolescents only).
Results: Regression analyses indicated that
mothers’ ego development and mother-child’s
rational communication style significantly and
positively predicted adolescents’ relating vs. indi-
viduating autonomy. Mothers’ ego development
and mother-child communication did not predict
adolescent ego development. Conclusions: Mothers
who had higher ego development and used rational
communication style tended to facilitate adoles-
cents’ autonomy.

The relationship among the perceived classroom
structure, science epistemological belief,
misconception and academic achievement
Liu, Pei-Yun Education and Human Resource, Hsuan

Chuang University, Hsinchu, Taiwan

The purpose of this study was to investigate the
relationship among the perceived classroom struc-
ture, science epistemological belief, misconception
and academic achievement. Three hundred and

thirty-one seven-grade students completed a self-
report survey assessing their perceived classroom
structure, science epistemological belief and mis-
conception. Results included that (a) constructivist
perceived classroom structure exerted significant
positive effects on individual science epistemologi-
cal belief and academic achievement, but exerted
negative effects on misconception. (b) individual
science epistemological belief was the mediating
variable between the perceived classroom structure
and misconception. Based on findings, the implica-
tions for theory and practice, and for further
research, are also discussed.

Gender differences in health in people over 55

Lizaso, Izarne Dept. of Psychology, Univ. of the

Basque Country, San Sebastian, Spain Sansinenea,

Francisco PSYCHOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF THE

BASQUE COUNT, SAN SEBASTIAN, Spain Aizpurua,

Alaitz PSYCHOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF THE BASQUE

COUNT, SAN SEBASTIAN, Spain Sanchez de Miguel,

Manuel PSYCHOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF THE

BASQUE COUNT, SAN SEBASTIAN, Spain

This study claims to analyse gender differences in
physical, psychological and social health in people
over 55 (Mage= 66 years, SD= 6.35). A semi-
structured interview was used with 161 adults (80
women and 81 men). Also, the following psycho-
social questionnaires were administered: GADS -
screening -, GDS/30, HAS, PGC, Inventory of
Social Resources and COOP-WONCA. Statistically
significant differences were found in several factors:
i.e., women display more sings of depressive and a
lower degree of social support in comparison to
men. This psycho-social questionnaire battery can
be useful to know possible gender differences in
health of people over 55.

Effects of a relaxation programme in older adults’
state of mind

Lizaso, Izarne Dept. of Psychology, Univ. of the

Basque Country, San Sebastian, Spain Sanchez de

Miguel, Manuel PSYCHOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF THE

BASQUE COUNT, SAN SEBASTIAN, Spain Aizpurua,

Alaitz PSYCHOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF THE BASQUE

COUNT, SAN SEBASTIAN, Spain

In this study the effects of a relaxation programme
in state of mind and quality of life in a group of 89
(81 women) older adults (Mage = 72; Mrange = 53–
86 years) were analysed. Anxiety (GADS; Cautela’s
Inventory of Tension and Anxiety Indicators) and
depression level (GADS; GDS/15) and quality of
life (Health-Related Quality of Life COOP-WON-
CA) were evaluated. Pre-post treatment compar-
isons indicate statistically significant differences in
anxiety (GADS) and depression (GADS and GDS)
but not in tension-anxiety nor quality of life.
Relaxation programmes may improve older adults’
state of mind thus their application is suggested.

Production of a normative speech and role of
expression context: Young people’s relationship
with alcohol

Lo Monaco, Gregory Laboratory of Socialpsychology,

University of Provence, Aix-en-Provence, France

Lheureux, Florent Laboratory of socialpsychology,

University of Provence, Aix-en-Provence, France

Chianàse, Laure Laboratory of socialpsychology,

University of Provence, Aix-en-Provence, France

Codaccioni, Colomba Laboratory of socialpsychology,

University of Provence, Aix-en-Provence, France

Halimi-Falkowicz, Severine Laboratory of

socialpsychology, University of Provence, Aix-en-

Provence, France

Students, producing verbal associations about
alcohol, were confronted either with an agent of
health or with a student, and were speaking either
for themselves or as the students would do in
general. The results show that the individuals,
placed in front of an agent of health and directly
implied in the beliefs that they express, tend to

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adopt the speech wished by this agent. However,

this manifest adhesion only appears to be circum-

stantial, insofar as the speech of the individuals is

different when they are expressed vis-a-vis a

member of its group and in the name of this one.

Ways of overcoming psychological barriers

Lozhkin, Georgiy Psychology, Institute of Psychology,

Kiev, Ukraine Volyanyuk, Nataliya Psychology,

Central Institute of Post-Grad, Lutsk, Ukraine

Research object: peculiar features of psychological

barrier manifestations in educational environment.

Methods: self-diagnostics of psychological barriers

(Y.Yermolayeva). Results. It was determined that

psychological barriers are various forms of "fear

syndrome" manifestations having two sides: fear of

losing the habitual, and fear of the new, unusual.

Conclusions. Ways of overcoming psychological

barriers in educational environment imply the

activity in two directions: elimination (liquidation

or decrease) of a psychological barrier; and

psychological barrier neutralization without its

actual elimination.

Work health psychology of women workers in
work settings

Lu, Jinky Leilanie National Institutes of Health,

Manila, Philippines

The study aimed at looking into problems caused

by organizational factors to mental health of

women workers. This was conducted in an export

zone involving 31 industries and an interview with

613 women workers. The results showed that there

were several interactions between variables which

include the following- the need for new quality for

products is associated with the need to upgrade

knowledge and skills, fast-pace work is associated

with heavy physical load, andpoor health and safety

policies. The study proposed for a massive review of

the existing regulations for work and its relations to

mental and psychological health.

A study on the present status and causes of
university students’ loneliness

Lu, Yiping Department of Psychology, Beijing Normal

University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

This study investigates the present status of

university students’ loneliness and its causes from

four scales, namely, friendship, relation with family

members, relation with lovers and relation with

larger groups. The results shows:(1) undergradu-

ates’ loneliness is at a higher level, especially those

introvert ones; meanwhile, loneliness is the most

severe on the relation with lovers scale, and the least

severe on the relation with family members scale.

(2) unfulfilled needs for love, lack of interpersonal

trust, deficiency in communication skills and

weakened relation with parents are the main causes

of undergraduates’ loneliness.

Psychosocial and health issues in the workplace

Lu, Yung Chang Quality Control, Sophia Mineral

Services, Quezon City, Philippines

The study aimed at looking into the problems

caused by organizational factors such as job

autonomy, content of job, nature of task, to mental

health of women workers. This was conducted in an

export zone involving 31 industries and an interview

with 613 women workers. Results showed that the

overall good physical health of workers is affected

by overtime and mental work. Moreover The study

suggests that psychosomatic medicine must be

considered by occupational doctors to promote

occupational health in industries. Policies and

counseling that covers psychosomatic medicine

must also be formulated for the industrial setting.

The evaluation on the effect of happiness
enhancing activities

Luo, Yueh-Chuan National Taiwan Unversity, Taipei,

Taiwan

This study aims to evaluate the effect of happiness

enhancing activities. The participants were 7th

grade students. The experimental groups partici-

pated in 4 various intentional activities to obtain

hope, gratitude, strengths, and the best job; while

the control group simply recalled life experiences.

All of the five groups were administered the pre-test

before the experimental treatment, the post-test two

weeks after the experimental intentional activity,

and the delay test one month after. The results

showed the experimental groups had higher authen-

tic happiness and lower depression than the control

group on both the post-test and the delay test.

An experimental research of the influence of past
feeling experience on self-esteem

Lv, Houchao School of Psychology, Chongqing,

People’s Republic of China Huang, Xiting School of

Psychology, School of Psychology, BeiBei District,

Chongqing, People’s Republic of China

This research is aimed to explore the influence of

past feeling experience on self-esteem. Results show

that: Individuals with positive feelings tend to be

high self-esteem, and negative individuals tend to be

low self-esteem. When recalling high-self-esteem

words, the subjects with positive feelings is sig-

nificantly better than negative subjects; when

recalling low-self-esteem words, the subjects with

positive feelings is significantly worse than negative

subjects. Within subjects of positive feelings, the

recalled number of high-self-esteem words is higher

than that of low-self-esteem words; and within

negative subjects, the recalled number between

high-self-esteem words and low-self-esteem words

has no significant difference.

Negated directives in the context communicative
competence

Maciuszek, Jozef Inst. of Applied Psychology,

Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland

The presentation shows the research into effects of

negations usage in directives. Three experiments

tested effects of ‘pay attention to’ and ‘don’t pay

attention to’ commands on focusing attention. The

indicator of attention focusing was the level of

recollection of details of comic read before. In

following experiments this indicator was time

needed to name the stimulus words’ colors and

the level of these words’ recollection after the

previous task. The results show the paradox of

negated commands which cause similarly great

attention focus on the key objects as direct

commands and far greater focus than in the control

conditions.

Motivation strategy as factor devolepment
person of the school children

Malkin, Valery Centre Psychology, Ural University,

Ekaterinburg, Russia Rogaleva, Liudmila centre

psychology, Ural university, Ekaterinburg, Russia

Physical culture lessons are considered not only to

be a means of physical development of students, but

a matter of their personal development that are able

to develop their possibilities. The solution of this

problem is possible under the circumstance if the

students aware themselves as the subject of the

activity. Motivative technology of the decision of

this task consisted of 4 steps: 1.formation positive

emotions to Physical culture lessons. 2.formation

motivation of achievement of the group and

individual aims. 3.formation motivation to creative

activity. 4.formation motivation for self-realisation

and self-development

Heterosexual men as targets of gay men’s
coming out: Exploring experiences in friendship

Manalastas, Eric Julian Dept. of Psychology,

University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines

If sexual identity is truly socially constructed, then
research on coming out of the closet needs to
include perspectives not just of gay individuals, but
also of the recipients ("targets") of coming out.
Using in-depth interviews, I explored the lived
experiences of N = 12 young heterosexual men who
have male friends come out to them as gay. Coming
out was experienced in diverse, usually indirect
ways, involving mixed affect, identity support,
stereotype-based perceptions, and occasional
homoerotic tension. Interviewees’ normative sug-
gestions for gay men coming out and for their
heterosexual male friends were also analyzed.

An overview of relationship between marital
adjustment and relational beliefs of employed
and married women in Shahid Beheshti
University, Iran

Mansour, Ladan Counseling (psychology), University

of Shahid Beheshti, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran

Abdlo-Mohammadi, Kobra counseling (psychology),

University of Shahid Beheshti, tehran, Islamic

Republic of Iran Etemad, Samar counseling

(psychology), University of Shahid Beheshti, tehran,

Islamic Republic of Iran

To study the relationship between marital adjust-
ment and relational beliefs in employed and
married women, 100 married women employee
randomly were selected from Shahid Beheshti
University, Tehran, Iran. We used Relations belief
indicator (RBI) and dyadic adjustment scale (DAS)
as research tools, one way variance and variable
regression assessments for analyzing data. The
results indicate that there is a meaningful difference
between the relational beliefs of couples (mindset
expectation, undermining opposition, sexual per-
fectionisms, disinterested in changeability of part-
ner) and marital adjustment (partner satisfaction
and agreement) at different educational levels of
assessments. The outcome of this research can be
applied for cognitive education between employed
couples and their corrections in some ineffective
beliefs. Key Words: relational beliefs, marital
adjustment, women employee.

Student’s perception regarding the degree of
aggressivity concerning types of school behavior

Marian, Claudia Baia Mare, Romania Tofane, Vasile

foundation, Il quadrifoglio foundation, baia mare,

Romania

The research is focused on the perception of 595
students on the degree of aggressivity of 18 types of
school behavior. Concerning aggressive level,
Likert’s scale attached to each investigated behavior
indicates that all types of behavior are perceived
relatively undifferentiated by school age children.
However, ANOVA two-ways underlines the pre-
sence of some perception patterns depending on age
and gender. In agreement with social cognition
theory, multiple regression show that perception is
both cause and effect for the frecquence of some
aggressive type of aggression but this causalities do
not cover more than 20% from variance.

Predicting cognitive functioning among
centenarians

Martin, Peter Dept. of Gerontology, Iowa State

University, Ames, USA Cho, Jinmyoung Gerontology,

Iowa State University, Ames, USA MacDonald,

Maurice Gerontology, Iowa State University, Ames,

USA Margrett, Jennifer Gerontology, Iowa State

University, Ames, USA Poon, Leonard Gerontology

Institute, University of Georgia, Ames, USA

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess
a resource and adaptation model predicting cogni-
tive function among centenarians. Methods: Two
hundred and eighty five centenarians and their

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proxies participated in this study. Multiple regres-
sion analyses were used to test predictors of general
cognitive functioning (MMSE). Results: All hy-
potheses received support. The strongest associa-
tions with cognitive functioning were obtained for
residence, functional health and openness to
experience. Centenarians residing in their own
homes, in good functional health and those
relatively high in openness had higher MMSE
scores. Conclusions: Health, individual and social
resources are important predictors of general
cognitive functioning.

Physical health as a predictor of quality of life and
self-esteem: A proposed model and implications
for education- and health-related policy and
practice

Martinez, Carissa Education and Social Work,

University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia Martin,

Andrew Education and Social Work, University of

Sydney, Sydney, Australia Colmar, Susan Education

and Social Work, University of Sydney, Sydney,

Australia

This paper proposes and tests a model of the
predictive relations between physical health and the
outcome factors quality of life and self-esteem.
Unlike much of the recent quality of life literature
that focuses on in-patient or clinical populations,
this study involves a general population of young
people, with a view to understanding perceived
physical health and quality of life in the general
population. Based on a sample of N=705 young
adults (341 male, 364 female), structural equation
modelling showed significant relationships amongst
hypothesised variable sets. The significance of this
study manifests in the important outcome factors
that can be predicted by physical health and the
implications the findings have for education- and
health-related policy and practice.

Is there an association between social emotion
recognition and moral dilemmas judgement

Martins, Ana Psychology, University of Algarve, Faro,

Portugal Reis, Alexandra Psychology, University of

Algarve, Faro, Portugal Justo, Mariline Psychology,

University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal Simão, Claudia

Psychology, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal Ros,

Antónia Psychology, University of Algarve, Faro,

Portugal

An interesting question is to understand whether
emotion processing, particularly social emotions,
has an association with moral judgements. To
investigate this association we tested a sample of
36 participants in two tasks. Participants had to
recognize three social emotions in a Go-NoGo
paradigm and to judge 22 hypothetical dilemmas
(amoral, impersonal and personal moral). The
results showed a negative association between
accuracy in the social emotion task and the
proportion of affirmative answers in the judgment
of personal moral dilemmas. The results are
discussed within a framework suggesting that
adequate moral judgements are dependent of a
normal social emotions processing.

Gender identity in homosexual subjects

Martxueta, Aitor MIDE, FICE, San Sebastian, Spain

Jimenez, Amaia Social Psychology, Psychology, San

Sebastian, Spain

Cultural stereotypes support the idea that lesbian
women are more masculine than heterosexual
women as well as gay men are more feminine than
heterosexual men (Kite y Meaux, 1984). There are
controversial results of different studies that com-
pare gender identity with homosexual and hetero-
sexual groups. The aim of this study is to examine
the differences between gay men and lesbian women
with respect to their gender identity. A transversal
selective design has been used. In this study
participated 110 gay men and lesbian women from
Basque Country. Results: The results suggest that

homosexual subjects are not typified sexually and
they don’t self-describe as masculine as feminine
traits.

Stress responses in public speech
Masamoto, Kaori Fuculty of Human Sciences,

Matsuyama Shinonome College, Matsuyama, Japan

Hayashi, Mikiya Fuculty of Human Sciences,

Matsuyama Shinonome College, Matsuyama, Ehime,

Japan Mimura, Satoru Guraduate school, Nihon

University, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan

In our daily life, we are often forced to make
speeches to be evaluated in public situations. In
such situations, various stress responses like com-
plication for making a speech, anxiety, apprehen-
sive about failure, tension, sweating, hot flash,
palpitation, and so on, are observed. Previous
researches showed that these stress responses alter
as phases progress; the anticipation phase and the
speech phase. In present research, we examined the
change of stress responses throughout the prepara-
tion phase, the anticipation phase and the speech
phase, via pencil and paper questionnaire.

Factors influencing Japanese patient’s
communication behavior during medical visits
Matsuda, Yoriko J. F. Oberlin University, Tokyo,

Japan Ishikawa, Rie Health Psychology, J. F. Oberlin

University, Tokyo, Japan Shibata, Keiko Health

Psychology, J. F. Oberlin University, Tokyo, Japan

Okuta, Noriko Health and Welfare, YMCA college of

Human Service, Kanagawa, Japan Kamba, Naoko

Health Psychology, J. F. Oberlin University, Tokyo,

Japan

Objectives: To examine the factors influencing
Japanese patient’s communication behavior during
medical visits and to test a hypothetical model of
Patient Communication Behavior. Methods: A
questionnaire survey was conducted with 103
undergraduates and 460 adults (Mean age: 39.1,
SD:15.27). Self-construals, assertiveness, Japanese
interpersonal competence, patient communication
behavior, and self-efficacy in information exchange
were measured. Results: ANOVA revealed women
reported more problems in their communication
with physicians than men. Path analysis confirmed
the validity of the model. Conclusions: Assertive-
ness increases self-efficacy in information exchange
directly or via Japanese interpersonal competence,
and which, in turn, leads to less problematic
communication behaviors.

Attentional capture does not cause inhibition of
return
Matsuda, Yukihisa Grad. School of Info Sciences,

Tohoku University, Sendaishi, Japan Iwasaki, Syoichi

Graduate School of Info Sci, TOHOKU University,

Sendaishi aobaku aramaki, Japan

In this study 94 participants were tested with a
spatial cueing task to investigate the relationship
between attentional capture (AC) and inhibition of
return (IOR). The result showed that there are two
separable groups indicating either AC or IOR in
150 msec stimulus onset asynchronie condition in
which AC is reported in most previous study. These
two groups showed the same amount of IOR.
Although participants divided into two groups,
faster RT group and slower RT group, the same
results were confirmed for each group. These results
strongly indicate that AC and IOR are separate
phenomena.

The reaction times to the paired personality trait
terms by selective response tasks
Matsuda, Kouhei Dept. of Psychology, Bunkyo-

Gakuin University, Kanagawa, Japan Sato, Emi

Psychology, Shirayuri College, Chofu-City, Tokyo,

Japan

The bi-polar paired personality trait terms reflects
the one’s smallest semantic network model. The
reaction time was different in the selecting self-

image from the paired personality traits terms. It
hypothesis that personality trait terms ware adjust-
ing myself, reaction time was fast. We measured the
reaction times to 10items(version and nerves) in
simple RT session and personality self-rating
session, when evaluating self-image to the person-
ality traits terms. After classifying personality traits
by the personality inventory, we examined reaction
times to 10terms in simple RT and personality self-
rating session. As a result, adjusted items are more
collate than non-adjusted items.

The influence of motivational aspects and
experience on intention to enrol in online courses

Mattana, Veronica Dept. of Psychology, University of

Verona, San Vito, Italy Bellò, Benedetta Psychology,

University of Verona, San Vito, Italy

In this study we investigated the influence of
students’ experience with computer, online courses
attendance, learning expectations and intrinsic
motivation on intention to enrol in online courses.
A structured questionnaire was administered to 152
students of the post graduate school for assistant
teacher. Results showed that: N Motivational
aspects, online courses attendance and computer
experience predict intention to enrol in online
courses. N Intrinsic motivation partially mediates
the relationship between expectations and intention.
This study stated the significant influence of
motivational factors on intention to enrol in online
courses. Limitation and suggestions are discussed.

Modulation of alertness and its influence on the
spatial distribution of attention and on top-down
control based on Bundesens Theory of Visual
Attention (TVA)

Matthias, Ellen Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

München, München, Germany Bublak, Peter

Neurology Clinic, Neuropsychology Unit, Jena,

Germany Müller, Hermann J. Psychology, LMU,

Munich, Germany Schneider, Werner X. Psychology,

LMU, Munich, Germany Finke, Kathrin Psychology,

LMU, Munich, Germany

Objectives: We studied the influence of alertness on
spatial (distribution of attention) and task-related
(top-down control) weighting parameters of Bun-
desen’s ’Theory of Visual Attention’ (TVA; 1990).
Method: A partial report was administered repeat-
edly to 16 participants in a normal- or a reduced-
alertness state to assess the influence of alertness on
the two parameters independently and within the
same subjects. Results: A rightward spatial bias
appeared under low alertness conditions and was
significantly correlated with direct and indirect
measures of sleepiness/alertness. Top-down control
seemed to be unaffected. Conclusion: The right-
ward bias might be related to functional lateraliza-
tion of the alertness system.

Mental health in Spanish women abused by their
partners: A comparison of psychological and
physical violence

Matud, Pilar Personality, Assessment, La Laguna

University, La Laguna, Spain Fortes, Demelza

Personality, Assessment an Ps, La Laguna University,

La Laguna, Spain

Objective: Analyze differences in mental health
between battered women and women who experi-
enced only psychological violence. Methods: Cross-
sectional study of a sample of women abused by
their partners; 74 of the women experienced
physical and psychological abuse and 74 experi-
enced only psychological abuse. Measures: Scaled
Version of the General Health Questionnaire;
Severity of Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress
Disorders Scale; Physical and Psychological Abuse
Scale. Statistical analysis: Analysis of Variance.
Results. No statistically significant differences were
found between the groups in anxiety, depressive,
somatic, social dysfunction and avoidance symp-
toms. Those who suffered both physical and

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psychological abuse experienced more posttrau-
matic symptoms.

Does prejudice and sexism make us vulnerable to
HIV?
Mayordomo, Sonia Básica, University of Basque

Country, San Sebastián, Spain Landa Ubillos, Silvia

Sciences of Education, University of Burgos, Burgos,

Spain Páez, Darı́o Social Psychology, University of

Basque Country, San Sebastián, Spain

We have contrasted the negative effects of pre-
judiced attitudes and sexism in the systematic use of
condoms. A representative sample of 2935 Spanish
people who answered a questionnaire regarding
their sexual behaviours and risk took part in the
study. In general, a high level of sexism and
homophobia is related to: a) worse information
and identification of myths regarding HIV sexual
prevention; b) more negative beliefs and attitudes
towards condom use; c) less self-perception of
control in negotiating its use; d) less intention and
actual use of a condom. Sexist and homophobic
attitudes should be addressed in HIV prevention
programmes.

Different ways to benefit-finding: Introspective
reflection and communicative sharing
Mehlsen, Mimi Yung Dept. of Psychology, University

of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark Thomsen, Dorthe

Kirkegaard Dept. of Psychology, University of Aarhus,

Aarhus, Denmark Jensen-Johansen, Mikael Birkelund

Dept. of Psychology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus,

Denmark

Objective: To examine differences in benefit-finding
(BF) in positive and negative events. Methods:
Students (n=110) were asked to think of an event
that changed their lives. They reported if they had
talked about the event, and answered question-
naires measuring reflection and BF. Results: Half
thought of positive events, half of negative events.
Positive events: Talking about the event was
associated with greater BF (r=0.43, p,0.01),
whereas reflection was associated with less BF
(r=-0.32, p,0.05). Negative events: Only reflection
was associated with greater BF (r=0.39). Conclu-
sion: Results suggest reflection and sharing experi-
ences are different mechanisms both involved in
BF.

Personality factors, self-cognitions and
happiness in adolescence
Meleddu, Mauro Dept. of Psychology, University of

Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy Scalas, Laura Francesca

Education, University of Oxford, Oxford, United

Kingdom Guicciardi, Marco Psychology, University of

Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy

Happiness is related to extraversion, neuroticism
and self-esteem (Hills, Argyle, 2001). In addition to
these factors, the study examines the relationships
between happiness, emotional autonomy, and self-
concept clarity. A group of 400 students (14- to 20-
years-old) completed the subsequent instruments:
Eysenck Personality Inventory, Emotional Auton-
omy Scale, Self-concept Clarity Scale, Rosenberg
Self-esteem Scale, Oxford Happiness Inventory
(OHI). Correlation coefficients and multiple regres-
sions showed significant links between the OHI
total score and the other constructs under examina-
tion (p , .001). Moreover, hierarchical regressions
highlighted differential contributions of the pre-
dictors in relation to overall happiness, its sub-
factors scores and cognitive components

Dispositional coping with the challenges of
surgery
Melo, Maria da Luz Nursing School, University of

Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal

A research has been down to evaluate how patients
react to information. Investigates the interactive
effect between information about their clinical
situation and the dispositional desire to be given

information, valued by coping style monitoring
versus blunting. The dispositional desire for in-
formation was analysed according to the result of
Miller Behavioural Style Scale - MBSS. According
to the present research the majority of the patients
revel lack of information. The research proved that,
in patients with monitoring coping style, when the
information given was tailed by the dispositional
desire of the patient, he manifests bigger satisfac-
tion and less anxiety.

Cognitive control of memory in a sample of
elderly
Menor de Gaspar Pinilla, Julio Psychology,

Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain Albuerne

López, Fernando Psychology, Universidad de Oviedo,

Oviedo, Spain Cerezo Menéndez, Rebeca Psychology,

Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain

This study examines the relationship between
executive processes and working memory capacity
measures and the performance on item-method
directed forgetting task within a sample of elders
ranging from 60 to 88 years old (n=50). The results
show that in a free recall test restricted to to-be-
remembered items the participants intruded high
proportion of to-be-forgotten items as well as a
reduced directed forgetting effect in a final free
recall test. Furthermore, significant correlations
among working memory capacity and cognitive
flexibility measures and intrusions and directed
forgetting effect were obtained. However, measures
of inhibition were neither correlated with working
memory capacity nor directed forgetting perfor-
mance.

Adult attachment styles and cognitive
vulnerability to depression: The mediational roles
of sociotropy and autonomy
Merino, Hipolito Psicologia Clinica, Universidad de

Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain Permuy,

Beatriz Psicologia Clinica, Universidad de Santiago,

Santiago de Compostela, Spain Fernandez Rey, Jose

Psicologia Social y Basica, Universidad de Santiago,

Santiago de Compostela, Spain

We analyse the mediational role of the personality
dimensions of sociotropy and autonomy in the
relation between certain styles of attachment and
depressive symptoms. In order to do so, a group of
university students carried out the Beck Depression
Inventory, the Personal Style Inventory and the
Relationship Questionnaire. Individuals with at-
tachment styles who have negative models of self
obtained significantly higher scores in the BDI than
those with attachment styles that imply positive
models of self. The data indicated that the influence
of the preoccupied style on depression was deter-
mined by sociotropy, whilst autonomy partially
mediated the relation between the fearful style and
depression.

Is it my turn? Preparing for one’s death after
burying a gay partner from HIV/AIDS
Meris, Doneley HIV Arts Network, New York, USA

This presentation highlights the unique and difficult
stories of three gay men who sustained long-term
HIV-concordant (both HIV-positive) relationships
with their gay partners, cared for and were
witnessed to for their partners’ agonizing deaths,
and now have to confront their own AIDS-related
deterioration that follows the exact pattern of their
deceased partners. LGBT- and grief-clinicians are
provided clinical frameworks on how to meet the
challenges of these gay survivors’ grieving, healing
and dying processes.

Open access: Using the internet for scientific
publishing
Mey, Günter Zentrum für Digitale Systeme, Freie

Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Since the "Berlin Declaration on Open Access to
Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities" has

been released, the claim for open access (OA)—to

make publicly funded journal articles available for

the public—started to reach a wider audience. But

still experiences with OA-publishing are missing to

a large extent. Ways to successfully establish an

OA-journal will be presented by referring to

"Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qua-

litative Social Research"(FQS): Traditional and

innovative ways of publishing are being discussed

which helped FQS—originally coming from Ger-

man qualitative psychology—to become the most

important electronic journal in the field of interna-

tional qualitative research.

Importance of family in psychiatric patients’
recovery from illness

Mfusi, Skhumbuzo Dept. of Psychology, Walter Sisulu

University, Umtata, South Africa

Presentation is based on the results of a study that

investigated the important role that is played by

family members in helping their relatives cope with

a variety of psychiatric illnesses. Both the patients

and their relatives were interviewed regarding the

support available to patients, as well as some of the

challenges confronted by both groups. The results

were that there is an important role that is played

by family members in helping their mentally ill

relatives cope and recover from illness. Also, the

study found that the South African government

needs to provide more mental health specialists,

especially in the rural-situated areas of the country.

Sex differences in the in-group bias with minimal
groups

Mifune, Nobuhiro Dept. of Behavioral Science,

Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan Yamagishi,

Toshio Behavioral Science, Hokkaido University,

Sapporo, Japan

The in-group bias is the tendency to behave

altruistically towards in-group members, but com-

petitively towards the out-group. In minimal

groups, it has been shown that the in-group bias

occurs only when participants know each other’s

group memberships, suggesting that the bias is an

adaptive behavior for generalized reciprocity within

groups. According to evolutionary psychology,

however, males have a tendency to compete with

out-group males, and thus priming participants

with same sex partners may lead to intergroup

competition among males even when their partner

does not know their group membership. To

investigate this hypothesis, we conducted an experi-

ment using minimal groups.

The relation between coping styles and
posttraumatic stress in a sample of police officers

Mihalcea, Andreea Dept. of Psychology, Titu

Maiorescu University, Bucharest, Romania Lita,

Stefan Department of Psychology, Romanian

Academy, Bucharest, Romania Stoian, Bogdan Centre

for Psychosociology, Ministry of the Interior,

Bucharest, Romania

Police stress was the focus of many studies all over

the world, because this work could be sometimes

characterized by brutal problems and impossible

problems, with no clear solution and which are not

easily solved administratively or technically. The

present study investigates the influence of copying

styles on the posttraumatic stress of officers

involved in special missions. The sample consists

of 167 officers who completed the Indices of Coping

Responses and the Mississippi Scale for Combat-

Related PTSD. The results show that (a) low scores

on behavioural coping and high scores on avoid-

ance coping are associated with more posttraumatic

stress (Dr=37%), and (b) avoidance is a maladaptive

coping style because it accounts for 43% of the

PTSD.

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Factors influencing old age: A study of
institutionalized and non-institutionalized elderly

Mishra, Nidhi Department of Psychology, University

of Allahabad, Allahabad, India Dhawan, Nisha

Department of Psychology, University of Allahabad,

Allahabad, India

A qualitative study was done to explore factors
influencing old age among institutionalized and
non-institutionalized elderly. Forty elderly persons
(20 non-institutionalized and 20 living in religious
institutes) of 65-75 years, were asked an open ended
question- "What factors influence old age?’’. Con-
tent analysis of the responses indicated following
factors - family, economic, health, dependency,
spirituality, optimism and functional changes.
Responses indicated that non-institutionalized el-
derly gave importance to family and economic
factors while institutionalized elderly gave impor-
tance to spirituality and positive thinking. These
findings provide an understanding of elderly’s
perception of ageing and the role of religious
institutions in old age.

Stress status among women in teaching
profession in Nigeria

Mivanyi, Yuwanna Jenny Education Technical, City

University Kaduna, Kaduna, Nigeria Abdulkadir,

Asmau Education Technical, City University Kaduna,

Kaduna, Nigeria Bamanja, Becky Education Technical,

City University Kaduna, Kaduna, Nigeria Makarfi,

Amina Administration Section, Teachers Registration

Council, Kaduna, Nigeria

Teaching is one of the professions in Nigeria that
has a high standard, especially with the establish-
ment of Teachers Registration Council in 1993
backed by Act No. 31. Practicalising this standard
could be stressful in the Nigerian acculturated
society, much more for the woman who has
multiple roles at home. The study examines the
stress status of women who are teachers. Guided by
null hypotheses, responses to the researcher-de-
signed questionnaire and stress inventory would be
subjected to mean difference and chi-square analy-
sis. A workshop for stakeholders would superceed
the study to discuss the results for use.

Cognitive interactions between facial expression
and vocal intonation in emotional judgment

Mochizuki, Toshiko Dept. of Psychology, Japan

Women’s University, Kawasaki, Japan

Purpose: We investigated how people integrate
emotions of the face and vocal intonation, which
are congruent or incongruent. Method: Sixteen
elderly people (age: 65–80) and fifteen youth (age:
21–22) participated. Moving images of faces and
voices expressing neutral messages were presented
simultaneously; observers judged the emotions.
Results: When facial and vocal emotions were
incongruent, (1) face was a more dominant cue than
voice for elderly people, but the youth appropri-
ately used both depending on the emotion, and (2)
incongruent expressions were judged more fre-
quently by elderly people as a new fused emotion
of neither the face nor voice.

The effects of associative learning on selective
attention: The role of implicit verses explicit
associations

Money, Sharon Psychology, The University of Kent,

Chartham, United Kingdom Sharma, Dinkar

Psychology, The University of Kent, Canterbury,

United Kingdom

Associative learning is a useful tool for investigating
emotionality. Previously neutral stimuli, when
paired with emotional stimuli, can acquire an
emotional valence though association, enabling
the reduction of confounds that stimuli such as
words can cause. In four experiments we associate
emotional pictures and sounds to nonwords in an
initial learning phase. Performance on associated
and non-associated non-words was compared in a

subsequent colour naming modified Stroop task.
Results indicate that interference from associated
non-words was reduced when the associative
learning was made explicit rather than when it
was incidental to the task.

Mental health: Adolescent’s beliefs and
strategies to access health services

Morais, Camila Psychology, UFRGS, Porto Alegre,

Brazil Koller, Sı́lvia Psychology, UFRGS, Porto Alegre,

Brazil Bucher, Júlia Psychology, UNIFOR, Fortaleza,

Brazil

This study aims to identify beliefs and help-seeking
strategies that adolescents hold on mental health.
120 low and high SES elementary/high-school
adolescents (12-17 years old) answered a self-report
questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and ANOVA
showed that beliefs mainly come from family, which
represents an important source of social support. It
was found a significant gender difference on the
strategies to access health services. For girls, parents
are responsible for mental illness and should look
for help. Boys did not know psychiatrists’/psychol-
ogists’ roles and had concerns on what people
would say. Family context appeared as support for
mental illness

Life style and memory impairment in elderly

Morales, Manuel Experimental Psychology,

University of Seville, Seville, Spain Luque, Elena

EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF

SEVILLE, SEVILLE, Spain Sañudo, Jose Ignacio

EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF

SEVILLE, SEVILLE, Spain Moreno, David

EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF

SEVILLE, SEVILLE, Spain

Objectives: The aim of this investigation was to
study the relationship between cognitive stimulating
activities and memory performance in elderly
people in a longitudinal research. Methods: 150
elderly were studied in two different moments,
existing two-year interval between both measures.
All subjects were assessed in episodic and semantic
memory. Likewise, they completed a cognitive
stimulating activities self-report. Results: The re-
sults showed that less active individuals had bigger
differences between measures in the Boston naming
test. Conclusions: Our study showed that older
people engaged in stimulating cognitive activities
maintain semantic memory better than older people
less interested in these activities.

Do we behave differently as a function of power?

Morales Marente, Elena Dept. of Psychology,

University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain Palacios, Marı́a

Soledad Department of Psychology, University of

Huelva, Huelva, Spain Morano, Marı́a Department of

Psychology, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain

In this research we investigate the effects of power
inequalitites on social relationships at the beha-
vioural level. Specifically, we will use the model
entitle ‘‘Approach-Inhibition’’ by Keltner, Gruen-
feld and Anderson (2003). Participants were Psy-
chology students and they had different power as a
function of the level of their studies. We also
manipulated the legitimacy of the power they had.
We asked them to participate in a decision about
the University policy, and our main dependent
variable was the variability of the behaviours they
repported. Results suggested the relevance of the
asymetry of power in participant’s behaviour.

Happiness and mental health in senile people

Mosavi Amiry, Seyed Jalal Medical Clinic, Babol,

Islamic Republic of Iran Homayouni, Alireza

Dept.Psychology, Medical Clinic, Babol, Islamic

Republic of Iran Nikpour, Gholam Ali Dpt.Psychology,

Medical Clinic, Babol, Islamic Republic of Iran

Golzadeh, Ehsan Dept. Statistics, Payame Noor

University(PNU), Babol, Islamic Republic of Iran

The research investigated the role of happiness in

reduction of mental illness of senile people.

Hypothesis: In senile period happiness can reduce

mental illness.84 senile people ranged 50 to 75 were

randomly selected and Argyl’s Happiness Inventor-

y(AHI) and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ)

administered on them. Data analyzed with Pearson

correlation formula. Results showed negative and

significant correlation between happiness and com-

ponents of mental illness in GHQ. Because of

importance role of satisfaction of life and happiness

in old age the plans should be applied for increasing

of happiness and satisfaction from life to reduce

bad effects of mental illness.

Effect of auditory information processing to
brightness judgment

Muroi, Miya Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo,

Japan

Effect of auditory information processing on

brightness judgment was studied. Participants

performed both an auditory task and a visual task.

In the visual task, they judged the brightness of the

target and answered it with brightness scale

presented after the target, and in the auditory task,

they repeated the sound (Experiment 1), or detected

vowels in (Experiment 2). As a result, only in the

Experiment 1, participants judged the target bright-

er than the real brightness when the auditory

information was presented simultaneously with

the visual target. It suggests that load of the

auditory task affects the visual information proces-

sing.

What determines ’a meaningful life’ for Japanese
mothers: The most important factor is
’satisfaction as a mother’ and second is
’satisfaction with their personal life’ unrelated
with ’satisfaction as a wife’

Nagahisa, Hisako Bunkyo Gakuin University, Saitama,

Japan

In this study, we examine the developmental change

in the relationship between mother’s perception of

‘a meaningful life (ML)’ and self-evaluation

through child-raising stages. Mothers in the early

stages of child raising (N=88), the middle stage

(N=57), and the final stage (N=190) completed

questionnaires about (ML), self-evaluation (satis-

faction as a mother(SM),as a wife (SW), and as an

individual (SI)) and allocation of her personal

resources (her time, energy and money). Regression

analysis indicated that 1) The significant factor for

(ML) change from her mother-role to her personal

life. 2) Throughout the stages, (SM) is more

significant than (SW) in Japanese mothers.

Predicting students’ choices of university majors

Nagy, Gabriel Educational Research, MPI for Human

Development, Berlin, Germany Trautwein, Ulrich

Educational Research, MPI for Human Development,

Berlin, Germany Lüdtke, Oliver Educational Research,

MPI for Human Development, Berlin, Germany

Interests and abilities are related to career choices,

but there is no consensus on the unique role of these

characteristics. The aim of this study was to

investigate the role of vocational interests and

abilities (mathematics, English, intelligence) in

students’ choices of university majors in a large

sample of students (N=3697). Multinomial regres-

sions showed that abilities and interests were both

related to choices when considered in isolation.

However, multivariate models demonstrated that

abilities (and other characteristics) were no longer

predictive when interests were controlled. Results

suggest that individual interests are a major force

behind self-selection into different academic careers.

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Art in a hospital: The role of artists and the effect
of the activities

Nakagami-Yamaguchi, Etsuko Graduate School of

Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan Hirai,

Hironori General affair section, Osaka City University

H, Osaka, Japan Shintaku, Haruo Graduate School of

Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan

The authors had the opportunity to observe art-
activities in a general hospital in Osaka where
several art programs are put into practice since
2000. These programs were characterized by
intensive collaboration with artists, patients and
families, and hospital staffs including us. In this
study, we focused on these collaborative art
activities in the hospital-community. Based on
ethnography, text data from the artists’ narrative
and results of questionnaire surveys, we discussed
the role of artists who produced these art-programs
as collaborative practice, and the effect of the
activities on the people in our hospital-community
from the viewpoint of Group Dynamics.

Self-regulation and consistency of interpersonal
feeling in emotional control of the children in the
United States

Nakata, Sakae Dept. of Psychology, Aichi Gakuin

University, Aichi, Japan

It is examined in quality how they controlled
emotions and coped with them to maintain smooth
communication, from a behavioral response of the
children and a change in facial expression to the
others on a video recorded on this occasion. As a
result, it has become clear that, as for stress coping
of three-year-old children, they substituted an
accessible thing (a stone) for what they wanted (a
ball) in the world of an image and controlled the
situation they failed to manipulate when they could
not get something in the relationship with the
others.

The lower class Brazilian youth and the access to
the university

Nascimento, Eduardo Education, University of São

Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

The theme of the research is the reasons and
aspirations that the lower class Brazilian youth have
about the access to tertiary education. What are the
reasons leading the lower class Brazilian youth to
aspire to university? The hypothesis is that these
aspirations of the lower class Brazilian youth
indicate the existence of a life planning through a
profession that would both lead to economic
improvement and an extended youth condition.
Some aspects of social inclusion, color of skin /
ethnicity and gender might contribute as social
factors in the undertaking of the planning of their
lives.

Structure of dysfunctional thoughts in Chinese
senior elementary school students and middle
school students

Ni, Jie Educational Psychology, Hong Kong, China,

People’s Republic of : Hong Kong SAR Sang, Biao

Psychology, East China Normal University, Shanghai,

People’s Republic of China

The purpose of present studies was to discover the
contents and structure of the dysfunctional
thoughts -‘‘sick, false, or unreasonable thoughts
that cause the appearance of maladjustment and
what’s more, the emotion disorders’’- in Chinese
elementary and middle school students. Literature
review, interview and questionnaire were employed
and 1307 students participated in this research. The
results disclosed a five-factor model including ‘‘self-
defence’’, ‘‘demanding for best treatment’’, ‘‘over-
perfectionism’’, ‘‘passive attitude’’ and ‘‘attention-
seeking’’. The significance of the present studies is
its primary exploration of the dysfunctional
thoughts in Chinese elementary and middle school
students. Our findings fill the blank of the study in

dysfunctional thoughts and make a breakthrough
in theory.

Dysfunctional thoughts of Chinese senior
elementary school students and middle school
students: Contents, structure and status quo
Ni, Jie Educational Psychology, Hong Kong, China,

People’s Republic of : Hong Kong SAR Sang, Biao

Psychology, East China Normal University, Shanghai,

People’s Republic of China

The purpose of present studies was to discover the
contents, the structure and the status quo of the
dysfunctional thoughts -‘‘sick, false, or unreason-
able thoughts that cause the appearance of mal-
adjustment and what’s more, the emotion
disorders’’- in Chinese elementary and middle
school students. Literature review, interview and
questionnaire were employed in two studies. More
than 2000 subjects altogether participated in. The
results showed the structure of the dysfunctional
thoughts in Chinese elementary and middle school
students was a five-factor model structure and the
status quo was beyond optimistic. Our findings
gave out instructive suggestion to school counsel-
ing, mental health education and learning guidance.

The motivation for success as a personal
parameter of innovative activity of students
Nikova-Tsioutsiou, Donka Economic Sociology and

Psych., UNWE-Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria

The work presents the empirical exploration of
motivation for success as a personal parameter of
the innovative activity of students. The question-
naires for testing the innovative activity and the
motivation for success are used in the research. The
extract includes 1200 graduating students from
three economic universities in Bulgaria. The statis-
tical treatment is done by Correlation, Dispersion,
Factor, Regression analyses. Some of the results
and the conclusions are: The innovative activity of
students correlates with their motivation for suc-
cess. The motivation for success has influence on
innovative activity. The motivation for success is a
parameter of innovative activity of students.

Which hemisphere processes the distractor? The
effect of cerebral lateralization on selective
attention
Nishimura, Ritsuko Psychology & Communication,

Aichi Shukutoku University, Mizuho, Japan Yoshizaki,

Kazuhito Psychology, Aichi Shukutoku, Nagakute,

Japan Kato, Kimiko Psychology, Aichi Shukutoku,

Ngakute, Japan Haneda, Satoshi Psychology, Aichi

Shukutoku, Nagakute, Japan

This study aimed to investigate whether or not
selective attention is modulated by cerebral dom-
inance for letter search. Right-handed 24 partici-
pants were asked to discriminate a target letter in a
briefly presented letters-array, while ignoring dis-
tractors. We manipulated visual-field of the target
(left or right visual-field), compatibility between the
target and the distractor (compatible or incompa-
tible) and presentation mode (within- or across-
fields). Results showed that the compatibility effect
was larger when the distractor was presented in
RVF than in LVF irrespective of the presentation
mode. These results suggested that selective atten-
tion is determined by left hemisphere dominance for
letter search.

The influence of emotional and non-emotional
stimuli on the activation of anterior cingulate
cortex using a Stroop paradigm
Nitsch, Alexander M. Biolog. und Klinische Psychol.,

Universität Jena, Jena, Germany Miltner, Wolfgang

H. R. Jena, Germany Straube, Thomas Biologische

und Klinische Psy., Institut für Psychologie, Jena,

Germany

Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been distin-
guished into a ‘‘ventral-affective’’ and a ‘‘dorsal-
cognitive‘‘ subdivision (Bush, Luu and Posner,

2000). Several studies have questioned this appeal.
Our purpose was to develop two Stroop-paradigms,
which only differ in their emotionality. 15 healthy
subjects completed the tasks while brain activation
was recorded using functional magnetic resonance
imaging (fMRI, 1.5Tesla). Reaction times and error
rates displayed a Stroop-effect for both paradigms.
FMRI-data shows both in the non-emotional and
the emotional task increased activation of dorsal
ACC for incongruent compared to congruent trials.
These findings contradict the model of ventral-
emotional and dorsal-cognitive subdivisions in
ACC.

Constructing and testing humor elicitation
models

Nomura, Ryota Educational Pcyhology, Kyushu

University, Fukuoka, Japan Maruno, Shun’ichi

Educational Pcyhology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka,

Japan

To construct a forecasting model that predicts
amount of humor elicited by actual stimuli, 375
Japanese high school and undergraduate students
(M = 18.25, SD = 1.76) were instructed to rate
humor-relevant variables regarding randomly as-
signed 16 out of 48 cartoons. With path analysis,
predictive powers and goodness of fit indices for 3
models were calculated. The results supported the
model assuming that aggressive, sexual, and dis-
criminative components of humor-relevant vari-
ables are activated as by-product of elaboration,
rather than the one assuming the components to
function as an arousal booster. Adaptive functions
of a supported model were discussed.

Is threat sufficient to bias attention? An
experimental investigation

Notebaert, Lies Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium van

Damme, Stefaan Exp. clinical and health psych, Ghent

University, Ghent, Belgium Crombez, Geert Exp.

clinical and health psych, Ghent University, Ghent,

Belgium

Studies reveal that threatening information cap-
tures attention more rapidly than neutral informa-
tion. However, threat stimuli often differ
perceptually from neutral stimuli, leaving the
question unanswered whether threat is sufficient
to bias attention. Therefore, participants performed
a visual search task with equally salient stimuli
(coloured circles). One colour (CS+) was fear-
conditioned using aversive shocks. Task was
responding to a target presented in one of the
circles. A repeated measures ANOVA showed
faster responses to targets in the CS+ colour
compared to the other colours, especially in high-
anxious individuals. We concluded that threat is
sufficient to automatically bias attention in vulner-
able participants.

Influences of the red/blue colour combination
presented in the hemifield on human
performance

Ohashi, Tomoki Miyagi Gakuin Women’s Universi,

Sendai, Japan

Many studies have revealed that colour influences
human performance. In this research, we presented
different colours in the hemifield, and measured the
subjects’ performances with the Compound Digit
Checking Test (measuring attentional switching to
global/local objects) and the Block Design Test
from WAIS-III (measuring visual abstract proces-
sing and problem solving). There were two condi-
tions with respect to the colour combinations: one
condition was red in the right hemifield and blue in
the left one, while the other condition was the
reverse. Twenty-five subjects were randomly di-
vided into two groups, and their blood pressures
were measured during the rest periods between the
tests. The influences of colour on human perfor-
mance were discussed.

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General and health related quality of life in
adolescents with type 1 diabetes
Oles, Maria Inst. of Psychology, Catholic University

Lublin, Lublin, Poland

Objectives: To explore the self-perceived quality of
life (QOL) and health related quality of life
(HRQOL) in adolescents with type 1 diabetes
versus healthy youths. Methods A sample of
adolescents (K=30, M=30) between 12-18 was
investigated by means of The Youth Quality of
Life Instrument (YQOL-R) and The KIDSC-
REEN-52 instrument. Results The overall QOL
and HRQOL of adolescents with and without
diabetes differ between the groups. Conclusions
The findings suggest need to improve the QOL of
adolescents with and without chronic illness and to
examine the determinants of the quality of life in
the both groups of youths.

Generation of causal attributions for functional
and organic pain-analysing the view of children
with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Ostkirchen, Gabriele Gerda Inst. für Klin. Neurologie,

Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Wiegemann, Eva Clinics of Neurology, University

Duisburg Essen, Essen, Germany Cizmowski, Tanja

Clinics of Neurology, University Duisburg Essen,

Essen, Germany Hachemi, Houyem Clinics of

Neurology, University Duisburg Essen, Essen,

Germany Howoritsch-Steinberg, Martina Clinics of

Neurology, University Duisburg Essen, Essen,

Germany Kamberg, Jennifer Clinics of Neurology,

University Duisburg Essen, Essen, Germany Konik,

Anna Clinics of Neurology, University Duisburg

Essen, Essen, Germany Youn, Do Ae Clinics of

Neurology, University Duisburg Essen, Essen,

Germany Ganser, Gerd Clinics of Neurology,

University Duisburg Essen, Essen, Germany Diener,

Hans Christoph Clinics of Neurology, University

Duisburg Essen, Essen, Germany

Causal attributions for functional and organic pain
(AP=abdominal pain; H=headache, RA=rheuma-
toid arthritis) from 162 children with rheumatoid
arthritis („29,01%, R70,99%, mean
age„:10,21R:11,22) were categorised (CAT_SY-
S_PED_PAIN) exhaustively. Overall 1187 causes
were named (AP=416,H=390,RA=381). The "ill-
ness itself ", the "medical treatment’’ and the ‘‘side
effects walking along with it" were generated
predominantly (AP12.8%; H14.6%; RA18.6%).
Sex-specific preferences were found for headache
and rheumatoid arthritis (H:X2(16)=38,218;p=.001;
RA:X2(14)=24,983;p=.035; AP:X2(17)=18,196,p=.337).
Experiences with a recurrent and progressive
disease have a strong impact on functional and
organic pain attributions.

Primary headaches and abdominal pain in our
school: An academic cooperation with a German
grammar school project
Ostkirchen, Gabriele Gerda Inst. für Klin. Neurologie,

Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany Marco,

Grabemann Clinics of Neurology, University Duisburg

Essen, Essen, Germany Lotte, Mandy Clinics of

Neurology, University Duisburg Essen, Essen,

Germany Ostkirchen, Rima Clinics of Neurology,

University Duisburg Essen, Essen, Germany Diener,

Hans Christoph Clinics of Neurology, University

Duisburg Essen, Essen, Germany

This study explores the relationship of primary
headaches, functional abdominal pain and life
quality. 240 scholars participated in 3 groups (pre,
peri and post puberty) each with 80 subjects (40
girls, 40 boys). They completed FSEKB, ROME-III
and KINDL questionnaires. Recurrent pain experi-
ences (mean =58,02; SD=1,174) influence the health
related life-quality in children (mean=64,94;
SD=1,225; F(1,209)=14,332;p,.001). Gender and
puberty have no significant effects (headache
x2(2)=4,158, p=.059; abdominal pain x2(2)=1,178,
p=.429). The impact of recurrent pain on health
related life-quality measures during school-time is

stressed. Data contradict the hypothesized differ-
ences in gender and puberty.

The effect of organizational climate and group
identity on perception of socially inconsiderate
behavior within organizations
Ozeki, Miki Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

Yoshida, Toshikazu Graduate School of Education a,

Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

The purpose of this research was to examine the
effect of climate and group identity on the
perception of socially inconsiderate behavior within
the organization. Organizational climate was as-
sessed through two factors; Management and
Frankness. Group identity was composed of two
factors, Membership and Pride. A total of 601
students who held membership in varsity clubs at
universities participated in a questionnaire survey.
Those scoring high on the Membership factor
perceived more social inconsiderateness within their
club. The Membership factor negatively affected
perception of interpersonal inconsiderateness, while
conversely, the Pride factor affected it positively,
and organizational climate had no influence. These
results indicate that the perception of social
inconsiderateness is an individual level phenomen-
on.

Interference of DVD extracts listening on
attention while driving
Pêcher, Christelle CLLE-LTC, MDR, Université de

Toulouse 2, Toulouse, France Lemercier, Céline CLLE-

LTC, MDR, Université de Toulouse 2, Toulouse Cedex

9, France Cellier, Jean-Marie CLLE-LTC, MDR,

Université de Toulouse 2, Toulouse Cedex 9, France

Present study investigates the interference of DVD
extracts listening on driver’s attentional behaviour.
DVD extracts used were sound film extracts of 5
genres (drama, comedy, action, horror, sentimen-
tal). They were randomly played during a simulated
driving task embedding a Peripheral Identification
Task (PIT). We hypothesized that each genre of
film interferes differently on each driving para-
meter. Results revealed a degradation of long-
itudinal control for action films whereas lateral
control and RTs to PIT are deteriorated for horror
and sentimental films. Implications of the distrac-
tive effect of sound and the nature of extracts will
be discussed.

The emotional state as a factor of inattention in
car driving
Pêcher, Christelle CLLE-LTC, MDR, Université de

Toulouse 2, Toulouse, France Lemercier, Céline CLLE-

LTC, MDR, Université de Toulouse 2, Toulouse Cedex

9, France Cellier, Jean-Marie CLLE-LTC, MDR,

Université de Toulouse 2, Toulouse Cedex 9, France

Quaireau, Christophe LPE, Université de Rennes 2,

Rennes Cedex, France

This aim of this talk will be to highlight the impact
of inattention on the attentional behaviour in
driving. At this time, this thematic is just emerging
from the driving field of research. One of the major
causes of inattention is the degradation of the
emotional state (e.g. sadness and anger). Hence, this
presentation will firstly review epidemiological and
experimental studies about the impact of the
emotional state in driving. Secondly, results of 2
experimental studies performed with a driving
simulator at the University of Toulouse will be
exposed.

The investigation the impact of assertiveness
training on assertiveness and happiness of high-
school girls
Paeezy, Maryam Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran

The sample which was comprised of 30 2nd-grade
high-school girls in the field of Natural sciences
were selected randomly. Gambrill and Richy s
Assertiveness Questionnaire (GRAQ) and a self-
made open-ended questionnaire to investigate the

reasons for nonassertive and Oxford Happiness
Questionnaire (OHQ) were used. The study had five
phases; the pilot, the pre-test, the training, the post-
test and the follow-up. The results showed a
significant difference between both assertiveness
scores, basic assertion and opossitional assertion in
pre-test and post-test and follow-up for the experi-
mental group. The results showed a significant
difference on happiness scores in pre- and post-test
and follow-up for the experimental group.

The rehearsal effect of object-based attention on
object working memory

Pan, Yi Department of Psychology, Zhejiang

University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China Xu,

Baihua Department of Psychology, Zhejiang

University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China

Zuo, Wuheng Department of Psychology, Zhejiang

University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China

Under certain conditions, the contents of object
working memory can influence the guidance of
selective attention. Using nature pictures as the
experimental materials, this study tested the hy-
pothesis that object-based attention may play an
important role in the rehearsal effect on object
working memory for active maintenance of object
representations. This study included two experi-
ments in which two different ways of preventing
attention-based rehearsal from occurring were
separately adopted. The results of the two experi-
ments showed that object-based attention play an
important role in the rehearsal effect on object
working memory for active maintenance of object
representations, and that this attention-based re-
hearsal effect have some ecological validity.

Counselling men who have sex with men (MSM):
Issues and approaches

Pandya, Apurva HDFS, University of Baroda,

Vadodara, India

Present paper discusses counseling issues of MSM
population addressing the sexuality, mental health
and HIV/AIDS issues and explores effectiveness of
counseling techniques and approaches. This study is
based on 100 case study. Various sexuality and
psychosocial issues leads to psychological discom-
fort or psychiatric morbidities like identity crisis,
anxiety, feelings of guilt, substance abuse etc. This
study also noted counselling issues around married
MSM, female partner of MSM, HIV positive MSM
and explores counseling techniques and approaches
with sexual and mental health issues. To conclude,
HIV/AIDS prevention projects, counseling MSM
population is not just restricted to HIV/AIDS and
STIs.

Methodology in the study of the burnout
syndrome in university professors

Paredes Santiago, Maritza Del Carmen Geografı́a

Humana, Universidad de Los Andes, Merida,

Venezuela Viloria Marin, Hermes Antonio Medicion y

Evaluacion, Universidad de Los Andes, Merida,

Venezuela Avendaño Rangel, Francys Andreina

Biologı́a, Universidad de Los Andes, Merida,

Venezuela

In this paper we study the incidence of Burnout in a
sample of University teachers, using the MBI.
Results show level medium of Burnout characterize
by levels medium of despersonalization, emotional
exhaustion and personal accomplishment. We
studied the effects of some variables in the three
dimensions of burnout. Sociological and proffe-
sional variables that were related to these subscales
were: age, sex, and rank. Other variables for:
marital status, have or havent children, and partner
with or without work, were not related to burnout
levels. As for contour of teacher factor: years of
instruction, and academic level, were related to
burnout levels neither.

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Familial similarity in personality

Parshikova, Oxana Psychology, Moscow State

University, Moscow, Russia

The main goal of this study is to analyze similarity
between parents and their offspring and between
spouses as well. At present we have data of 42
families (129 respondents) from Moscow region.
Self-completion questionnaires evaluate different
personality measures of parents and their offspring
(e.g. Big Five, locus of control). The ‘‘generation off
children’’ (mean 21 years, st. dev. 3,1) has higher
level of Extraversion, Openness and Internal locus
of control and lower level of Agreeableness and
Conscientiousness than ‘‘generation of their par-
ents’’ (mean 48 years, st. dev. 6,5). Non-random
mating is found for Agreeableness and Locus of
control.

Cognitive-emotional functioning: Role of
emotional intensity in the anxiety

Pasquier, Aurélie Aix-en-Provence, France Bonnet,

Agnàs Psychologie clinique, Université de Provence,

Aix-En-Provence, France Pedinielli, Jean-Louis

Psychologie clinique, Université de Provence, Aix-En-

Provence, France

Anxiety is an emotional trouble very present in the
general population and it seems to be linked to
depression symptoms. The aim of this study is to
test the relations hypothesis between cognitive-
emotional functioning, anxiety and depressive
symptoms. The study’s sample was formed from a
group of 50 subjects, aged from 18 to 65.
Participants completed Hospital Anxiety and De-
pression Scale (HAD), Affect Intensity Measure
(AIM), Emotional Expressivity Scale (EES) and
Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale (LEAS). Our
results show strong positive correlations between
anxiety symptoms, affect intensity, emotional ex-
pressivity and level of emotional awareness. In
conclusion, this results point out the importance of
emotional variables in the study and treatment of
subjects suffering of anxiety symptoms.

Action of specific rhythms on the consciousness
attention and reaction rate

Pelageykin, Denis I.E.A.P., Moscow, Russia

Were in this work carried out studies of the action
of the specific rhythms, including of sonic for the
purpose of the impact study of their influence on
the consciousness, the cognitive processes, changes
in the reaction rate and attention in subjects. The
estimation of indices was conducted under labora-
tory conditions with the application of test pro-
grams and systems of the pickups of real time.
Tested - students at the age from 20 to 35 years. The
result of a study became the development of the
dependence of the specific types of specific rhyth-
mical action and by results which demonstrate
subjects during the repeated testing. Procedure can
be adapted for a change in the objective indices of
those indicated above.

Can positive emotions contribute to improving
teachers’ personal beliefs about their perceived
self-efficacy?

Perandones González, Teresa Marı̂a Educational

Psychology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain

Castejon Costa, Juan Luis EDUCATIONAL

PSYCHOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF ALICANTE,

ALICANTE, Spain

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact
of positive emotions on teacher self-efficacy. To this
end, 55 secondary education teachers responded to
four instruments: Teacher’s Sense of Efficacy Scale,
NEO-FFI, BarOn EQi and Trait Meta-Mood
Scale. Data analysis involved the use of Pearson
correlation and multiple regression procedure. The
results indicated that high levels of positive emo-
tions are related to high levels of teacher self-
efficacy and the positive emotions contributed
significantly to the prediction of teacher self-

efficacy. The data supported the theoretical ex-
pectation of a linkage between positive emotions
and teacher self-efficacy (Penrose, Perry and Ball,
2007).

Can dysfunctional attitudes, negative
attributional style, pleasant events and
personality features predict future depression? A
twelve-month follow-up of 483 subjects

Perestelo-Perez, Lilisbeth Evaluation and Planning

Unit, Canary Islands Health Service, Santa Cruz de

Tenerife, Spain Peñate-Castro, Wenceslao

Personality, Evaluation and Ps, University of La

Laguna, La Laguna, Spain Bethencourt-Perez, Juan

Manuel Personality, Evaluation and Ps, University of

La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain

Objectives: The current study assessed dysfunc-
tional attitudes, negative attributional style, plea-
sant events and personality failure to predict
depression in young adult. Methods: A group of
483 young adult participated in this longitudinal
study and they were assessed with self-reported
questionnaires. The data analysis consisted of
stepwise multiple-regression. procedures. Results:
Findings suggest that personality construct of
neuroticism and the dysfunctional attitude of
dependency play a role in vulnerability to the onset
of depressive symptoms, while attributional style
did not predict change in self-reported depression
symptoms. Conclusions: Analyses supported A.T.
Beck’s (1976) theory of depression and the big five
model but not the hopelessness theory of depres-
sion.

Cooperative learning and sociometric status

Perez Sanchez, Antonio Miguel Evolutive Psychology,

University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain Poveda Serra,

Patricia EVOLUTIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND DIDAC,

UNIVERSITY OF ALICANTE, ALICANTE, Spain Quiros

Bravo, Soledad EVOLUTIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND

DIDAC, UNIVERSITY OF ALICANTE, ALICANTE, Spain

Objective: verifying that sociometric status and
group cohesiveness increase when cooperative
learning techniques are used. Method: The partici-
pants were 50 students in first year of Compulsory
Secondary Education (average age, 12). We used a
pretest-postest design with non-equivalent control
group. The data was obtained through sociometric
test. To analyse the data we used t-Test of
difference of means and univaried split-plot analysis
of variance. Results: The findings confirmed our
hypothesis. Conclusion: Cooperative learning tech-
niques should be included in the classroom
dynamics. The enhancement of inter-pair relations
improves class atmosphere and academic achieve-
ment.

The role of the mediation of dysfunctional
attitudes in the relation between adult
attachment styles and emotional disorders

Permuy, Beatriz Psicologı́a Clı́nica, Facultad de

Psicologı́a, Santiago de Compostela, Spain Merino,

Hipolito Psicologı́a Clı́nica, Facultad de Psicologı́a,

Santiago de Compostela, Spain Fernandez-Rey, Jose

Psicologı́a Clı́nica, Facultad de Psicologı́a, Santiago

de Compostela, Spain

We analysed the mediational role of the dysfunc-
tional attitudes in the relation between attachment
and depressive and anxious symptoms. In order to
do so, a group of university students carried out the
Beck Depression Inventory, the Trait Anxiety
subscale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the
Dysfuctional Attitudes Scale and the Relationship
Questionnaire. Individuals who had negative mod-
els of self obtained significantly higher scores in the
BDI and STAI-T than those with positive models of
self. The data indicated that the influence of the
preoccupied and fearful styles on depression was
determined by dysfunctional attitudes, whilst the
association of these styles with anxiey was no
explained by DAS scores.

Development of the intimacy of Maternal
Disclosure Scale (IMDS) using Rasch Analysis

Perrin, Marei Victoria, Canada Ehrenberg, Marion

Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC,

Canada Graves, Roger Psychology, University of

Victoria, Victoria, Canada

Objectives: Development of a scale to assess
perceived dis/comfort levels of mothers in discuss-
ing topics of varying intimacy levels with their
adolescent/young adult children. Methods: 55
undergraduates enrolled at a midsize Canadian
university completed the newly developed IMDS.
One parameter Rasch analysis was used to con-
struct the final scale. Results: Final version of the
IMDS possessed good internal consistency (al-
pha=.97), good response difficulty range, and good
spread of retained items. Conclusions: IMDS is a
promising scale to assess mothers’ perceived com-
fort levels in maternal disclosure, which may help to
identify healthy as well as problematic mother-child
relationship dynamics.

Network analysis of respiratory sensations in
sports and stress using flowthrough centrality
measurements

Petersen, Sibylle Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Mann, Charles F.

Computer Science/ Engineering, Southern Methodist

University, Dallas, USA Matula, David W. Computer

Science/ Engineering, Southern Methodist University,

Dallas, USA Ritz, Thomas Psychology, Southern

Methodist University, Dallas, USA

Patients’ self report of respiratory sensations is an
important source of diagnostic information. A
network analysis method of exploring sensations
by a proposed flowthrough centrality measurement
based upon hierarchical maximum concurrent flow
in networks of descriptors is introduced. 582
individuals rated 25 sensation descriptors regarding
situational incidence in sport/exercise and stressful
situations. Arrest of breathing (apnea) was the most
central sensation in the stressful situations network.
For the sport/exercise situations network, the high-
est flowthrough centrality was observed for being
out of breath. These results demonstrate the
usefulness of this method in the analysis of self-
reported symptoms. Future applications are identi-
fied.

The role of friendship on life satisfaction and
well-being for aging adults

Pezzuti, Lina Dep. Clinical Psychology, Universita di

Roma, Roma, Italy Baiocco, Roberto Faculty of

Psychology 1, Universita di Roma, Rome, Italy Laghi,

Fiorenzo Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology 1,

Rome, Italy d’Alessio, Maria Clinical Psychology,

Faculty of Psychology 1, Rome, Italy

Objectives. Research of friendship has recently
extended to study the importance of friendship role
on life satisfaction and well-being for aging adults.
Methods. The research examined aspects of friend-
ship initiation and maintenance in aging adults
(aged 65-85). The study investigated: a) how aging
adults perceive their friendship involvement; b) how
friendship support patterns of later life compare
with those of earlier stages; c) the way in which
friends relate to other source of support; d) the
effect of friendship on perceived well-being and life
satisfaction. Results support the need of a broa-
dened understanding of friendship in the late
adulthood years.

The impact of emotion on memory performance
of depressive patients

Pfütze, Eva-Maria Bochum, Germany Lindenberg,

Annette AG Motivation, Ruhr-Universität Bochum,

Bochum, Germany Pinnow, Marlies AG Motivation,

Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany

Schweinberger, Stefan Psychologie, Universität Jena,

Jena, Germany

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Based on various theories of depression and
emotion it was tested if the recognition performance
of depressive patients relies on the emotional
content of to-be-remembered faces. Therefore,
probands had to memorize sad and happy faces in
a learning phase. Then they had to recognize them
in a subsequent recognition phase, where these faces
were presented as happy, neutral and sad. The
depressive patients recognized the faces they learned
as sad better than the faces they learned as happy,
while healthy controls recognized the faces learned
as happy better than the faces learned as sad. This
evidence that memory in depressive patients works
better with depression-congruent content confirms
the interaction of emotional and cognitive pro-
cesses.

Ecological momentary assessment of anxiety
symptoms: Limited evidence for cognitive
theories of panic disorder

Pfaltz, Monique Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Basel, Basel, Switzerland Michael, Tanja Clinical

Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Kolodyazhniy, Vitaliy Clinical Psychology, University

of Basel, Basel, Switzerland Peyk, Peter Clinical

Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Margraf, Jürgen Basel, Switzerland Wilhelm, Frank H.

Clinical Psychology, University of Basel, Basel,

Switzerland

We tested cognitive theories of panic disorder (PD)
by monitoring anxiety symptoms in 20 PD patients,
20 healthy controls, and a clinical control group (15
patients with PTSD), using an electronic diary.
Participants rated various bodily, cognitive, and
emotional anxiety symptoms five times a day for
one week. The relationship between symptoms was
assessed using vector autoregression. While for
some individuals cognitive factors like expectation
of anxiety seem to mediate anxiety, group results
only provide limited support for theories assuming
a general influence of cognitive factors in the
development and maintenance of panic attacks.

Action observation is affected by viewing
perspective in dance-novices

Pilgramm, Sebastian Bender Instit. of Neuroimaging,

Universität Gießen, Giessen, Germany Zentgraf,

Karen Psychology and Sport Science, Universität

Giessen, Giessen, Germany Stark, Rudolf Bender

Instit. of Neuroimaging, Universität Giessen, Giessen,

Germany Munzert, Jörn Psychology and Sport

Science, Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany

Observing someone performing an action activates
motor and related regions (Rizzolatti, 2001).
Activation can be enhanced, e.g. by motor expertise
(Calvo-Merino et al., 2006). It is unknown whether
novices’ neural networks are susceptible to obser-
ving unfamiliar movements from a first- contrasted
to a third-person perspective (1PP, 3PP). Ballroom
dance videos created by a helmet camera were
observed by 15 novices in a functional magnetic
resonance imaging study. Results show stronger
activation in secondary somatosensory areas and
inferior parietal cortex bilaterally during observa-
tion of 1PP videos implying agency. Therefore,
modulation of motor-related activation also occurs
in novices by different viewing perspectives

What drives risky driving behaviour? An analysis
based on a proposal for redesigning the theory of
planned behaviour

Pimentão, Cristina FCHS, Universidade Fernando

Pessoa, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal

To better understand risky driving behaviour we
are conducting a study based on the Theory of
Planned Behaviour (TPB) but also with the inten-
tion of redesigning it. To achieve this goal we
constructed a questionnaire based on the TPB to
apply to drivers between 18 and 50 years old.
Trough statistical analysis we want to test the
possibility of including an emotional dimension

(e.g., rage) to extend the TPB and to increase its
predictive power. We are expecting that the results
will show us which dimensions of the model are
better predictors of risky driving behaviour. With
this knowledge we can propose relevant guide lines
to train drivers in the beginning and throughout
their driving experience.

Attentional mechanism in depression
Pinnow, Marlies Inst. of Cogn. Neuroscience, Ruhr-

University Bochum, Bochum, Germany Karrasch,

Natalie Inst. of Cogn. Neuroscience, Ruhr-University

Bochum, Bochum, Germany

We consider whether disruption of a specific neural
circuit related to self-regulation is an underlying
biological deficit in depression. Because depressives
exhibit a poor ability to regulate negative affect, we
hypothesized that brain mechanisms thought to be
involved in such self-regulation would function
abnormally even in situations that seem remote
from the symptoms exhibited by these patients. To
test this idea, we compared the efficiency of
attentional networks in a non-clinical high depres-
sive group and a low depressive group. Contrary to
the hypotheses we found no deficits in executive
attention, but depressive subjects showed a severe
deficit in the alerting attention in this pure cognitive
task.

Aphasia: Atypical case
Pinto Monteiro das Neves, Maria Teresa Lisbon,

Portugal

The author presents a clinical case of a man with 68
years old, who suffered a stoke in April 2007. When
evaluating, showed marked difficulty in expressing
himself, agrammatic, with spontaneous speech
reduced and poor content. The pacient presents a
language disorder, nosologically classified in the
field of aphasias. However is not a typical case. The
author present and discuss (Theory of Luria), the
data obtained from neuropsychological assessment
process.

Attitudes towards online health care and
expected impact on physician-patient-
relationship
Pintzinger, Nina Research and Training Practice,

Universität Wien, Wien, Austria Stetina, Birgit U.

Forschung und Ausbildung, Universität Wien, Wien,

Austria Kryspin-Exner, Ilse Inst. für Psychologie,

Universität Wien, Wien, Austria

Objectives: Attitudes towards online health care
and possible changes of the physician-patient-
relationship as a result of using ehealth applica-
tions. Methods: A German-speaking online-sample
was surveyed using the Attitudes towards Online
Health Care Scale (LaCousiere, 2001). Data analy-
sis included statistical inference and descriptive
methods. Results: Results demonstrate little posi-
tive effects for personal health care as a conse-
quence of using ehealth applications; most
participants have negative attitudes to online health
care. The expected changes of the physician-patient
relationship are still unclear. Conclusion: The
patient point of view shows only little impact on
personal health care of ehealth applications and
physician-patient relationship.

Modeling of cooperative processes of networked
teams in critical situations
Pioro, Margarete Naturwissenschaften - EFS,

Forschungsgesell. für Angew., Wachtberg-

Werthhoven, Germany Duckwitz, Sönke Ergonomics

and HMS, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen,

Germany Mann, Cindy EFS, FGAN, Wachtberg-

Werthhoven, Germany Grandt, Morten Ergonomics

and HMS, RWTH - Aachen University, Aachen,

Germany

In critical situations teamwork is frequently neces-
sary. This allows for a flatter hierarchy and a
greater scope for decision making at lower levels.

However, at the same time each member of the
team has an individual and therefore incomplete
view of the situation, so that all of the participants
are dependent on cooperation to obtain an over-
view. To evaluate these complex processes and team
composition, a simulation approach has been
developed. Aiming at the development of a general
system model a process assessment based on
psychological work analysis has been performed
and transferred into an object oriented model
description.

Psychometric properties of the Italian version of
the Transplant Effects Questionnaire (TxEQ): A
study among renal transplant recipients

Pisanti, Renato Dept. of Psychology, University of

Rome, Maddaloni, Italy Lombardo, Caterina Dept of

Psychology, "La Sapienza" Universi, Rome, Italy

Violani, Cristiano Dept of Psychology, "La Sapienza"

Universi, Rome, Italy Poli, Luca Dept of Transplants

surgery, "La Sapienza" Universi, Rome, Italy Berloco,

Pasquale Bartolomeo Dept of Transplants Surgery,

University of Rome, Rome, Italy Giordanengo, Luca

Dept of Medical Psychology, Hospital "S.Giovanni

Batti, Turin, Italy Bennardi, Linda Dept of Medical

Psychology, Hospital"S.Giovanni Battis, Turin, Italy

Objective: The Transplant Effects Questionnaire
(Ziegelmann et al., 2002) is a well designed
instrument to assess several aspect of the emotional
representations in transplant recipients. The aim of
this study was to examine the psychometric proper-
ties of an Italian version of the TxEQ. Method: 125
kidney transplant patients completed the TxEQ, the
inventory on coping strategies (CISS-SV) and the
Anxiety and Depression scales of the SCL-90.
Results: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis sup-
ported the hypothesized five-factor model of TxEQ:
Worry, Guilt, Disclosure, Adherence, Responsibil-
ity. The scales showed acceptable internal consis-
tency and relationships with coping and distress.
Conclusion: Results support the construct validity
and reliability of the Italian version of the TxEQ.

The measure of engagement at work among
Italian health care workers: Factor structure and
reliability of Utrecht Work Engagement Scale

Pisanti, Renato Dept. of Psychology, University of

Rome, Maddaloni, Italy Paplomatas, Alessia Dept of

Psychology, University of Rome, Rome, Italy Bertini,

Mario Dept of Psychology, University of Rome, Rome,

Italy

Objective: To examine the psychometric properties
of the Italian version of the Uthrecht Work
Engagement Scale (UWES) among health care
workers. Methods: 984 health care workers parti-
cipated in two studies that included: the Italian
version of the UWES, the Multidimensional
Organizational Health Questionnaire (MOHQ),
and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Re-
sults: The confirmatory factor analysis supported
the hypothesized three-factor model of work
engagement, consisting of Vigor, Dedication and
Absorption. All of the three dimensions showed
acceptable internal consistencies and, consistent to
our expectations, showed relationships both with
the MOHQ and MBI. Conclusion: The analyses
support the construct validity and reliability of the
UWES.

The perception of type II diabetes: An Italian
adaptation of IPQ-R

Pisanti, Renato Dept. of Psychology, University of

Rome, Maddaloni, Italy Lazzari, David Dept of

Psychology, Hospital "S. Maria", Terni, Italy Marini,

Carla Giulia Dept of Psychology, Hospital "S. Maria",

Terni, Italy Fatati, Giuseppe Dept of Diabetology,

Hospital "S. Maria", Terni (TR), Italy

Objective: The IPQ-R is a valid and extended
instrument to measure illness perceptions. The aim
of the study was to validate an Italian version of
IPQ-R-Diabetes version. Method: The IPQ-R

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Diabetes version was administrated in a sample of
202 type II diabetic patients. Other measures
included: HbA1c, Anxiety and Depression scales
of the SCL-90. Results: The EFA supported the
proposed structures of the IPQ-R. The dimensions
showed acceptable internal consistencies and rela-
tionships both with HbA1c and distress dimensions.
Conclusion: The Italian version of the IPQ-R
Diabetes version showed acceptable psychometric
properties to be used in clinical practice.

Transplant-related stress, coping strategies and
emotional adjustment following renal
transplantation

Pisanti, Renato Dept. of Psychology, University of

Rome, Maddaloni, Italy Lombardo, Caterina Dept of

Psychology, "La Sapienza" Universi, Rome, Italy

Violani, Cristiano Dept of Psychology, "La Sapienza"

Universi, Rome, Italy Poli, Luca Dept of Transplants

Surgery, University of Rome, Rome, Italy Berloco,

Pasquale Bartolomeo Dept of Transplants Surgery,

"La Sapienza" Universi, Rome, Italy Bennardi, Linda

Dept of Medical Psychology, Hospital"S.Giovanni

Battis, Turin, Italy Giordanengo, Luca Dept of Medical

Psychology, Hospital"S.Giovanni Battis, Turin, Italy

Objective: The influences of transplant related stress
and coping strategies on emotional adjustment
among renal transplant recipients were examined.
Method: 101 patients, selected in two national
transplant centres, completed the Scales on Stress
and Guilt of the Transplant Effects Questionnaire,
the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations Short
Version, and the Anxiety and Depression scales of
SCL-90,. Results: Hierarchical regression analyses
showed that the combination of stressors and
coping strategies explained from 42% to 54% of
the variance in emotional adjustment outcomes.
Conclusion: Stressors and coping strategies have
both additive and interactive effects on emotional
adjustment in kidney transplant recipients.

Extending the Job Demands-Control-Support
model: The role of curvilinear relationships
between psychosocial work characteristics and
mental well-being

Pisanti, Renato Dept. of Psychology, University of

Rome, Maddaloni, Italy van der Doef, Margot Section

of Health Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden,

Netherlands Maes, Stan Section of Health

Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands

Lazzari, David Dept of Psychology, Hospital "S.

Maria", Terni, Italy Bertini, Mario Dept of Psychology,

University of Rome, Rome, Italy

Objective: To examine whether curvilinearity would
add explanatory power to the linear relationships
between Karasek & Theorell’s model job dimen-
sions and mental well-being. Methods: Data were
collected by self-report questionnaires including the
Leiden Quality of Work Questionnaire for Nurses
(LQWQ-N), the MBI, and the psycho-somatic
distress dimensions of the SCLR90. The sample
consisted of 1385 nurses. Results: Job demands
showed the most consistent curvilinear associations
across outcomes. Furthermore, all job dimensions
were curvilinearly associated with psychological
distress. Conclusion: The findings from this study
provided partial support for the assumption of
curvilinearity in the relationship between psycho-
social working conditions and well-being.

Managers’ error stories and their impact on
learning

Pittig, Diana Work and Organizational Psych,

University of Giessen, Gießen, Germany Bledow,

Ronald Arbeits- und Org.-Psychologie, Universität

Gießen, Gießen, Germany

Building on past research on error training, we
examined if students can learn from others’ errors.
We let a sample of 50 psychology and business
students listen to managers reporting case studies of
either successes or failures. The learning content for

both conditions was equal. After listening to the
case studies, students in the error training condition
performed better in applying what they had learned
when working on a transfer task. Furthermore, we
found the training condition to interact with
participants’ error orientation. We conclude that
formal and informal learning in work settings can
benefit from deliberately focusing on errors.

Children and adolescents beliefs about the main
problems in stepfamilies, according to their
personal experience

Plasencia, Sonia Psychology, University of La Laguna,

La Laguna, Spain Triana, Beatriz Psycology,

University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain

This study attempts to explore what different
generations think about stepfamilies and the main
problems these have to face, and whether the degree
of personal experience of divorce affects these
beliefs. In this study there were 448 participants,
distributed into age groups (5-6 year-olds; 8-9 year-
olds; 11-12 year-olds and 15-18 year-olds) and also
according to their personal experience of divorce
(50% with experience/ 50% without experience). An
open interview was used to explore their explicit
knowledge about this topic and ANOVAS were
made to analyse the dates. The results show that the
age group and the family experience of divorce were
to affect beliefs about problems in stepfamilies.

The development of managerial abilities of a
person in adolescence

Popova, Galyna of Railway Transport Ukraine, State

Scientific-Research Cent, Kiev, Ukraine Khomulenko,

Tamara Psuchology, Skovoroda Kharkiv NPU,

Kharkiv, Ukraine Podenko, Anton Psychology,

Skovoroda Kharkiv NPD, Kharkiv, Ukraine

The research objective is the analysis of the
structure of personal managerial abilities in adoles-
cence and the determination of features and means
of their development. Method. The author de-
scribes adolescent age abilities to develop manage-
rial abilities. The structure of managerial abilities,
which includes formal-dynamic, social-intellectual,
emotional-adaptive, regulating and communicative-
style characteristics, has been determined by means
of factor analysis (the technique of main compo-
nents with subsequent Varimax-distribution). Re-
sults. A complex of methods of psychodiagnostics
of managerial abilities of adolescent personality has
been suggested: ‘‘Social intellect’’, ‘‘Tolerance to
ambiguity’’, ‘‘Motivation for success’’, ‘‘Commu-
nicative orientation of personality’’, ‘‘Communica-
tive sphere of temperament’’, ‘‘Self-regulation of
behavior stile’’.

The compatibility sequential effect and cognitive
capacity

Privado Zamorano, Jesus Madridejos, Spain Botella

Ausina, Juan Social and Methodology, Universidad

Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Colom Marañón,

Roberto Biological and of the Health, Universidad

Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Suero Suñe,

Manuel Social and Methodology, Universidad

Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Quiroga

Estévez, Ángeles Differential and Work, Universidad

Complutense, Madrid, Spain

The Sequential Compatibility Effect (the Compat-
ibility Effect is larger after an Incompatible trial
that after a Compatible one) has been mostly linked
to the Botvinick et al’s Conflict Monitoring Theory.
However, some controversy has risen related with
an alternative explanation as a methodological
artefact of priming effects on the pure repetition
trials. In this research, a sample of 478 under-
graduate students run three compatibility tasks: an
even-odd digit’s categorization task; a vowel-con-
sonant letter’s categorization task; and a left-right
arrow’s categorization task. The three tasks showed
robust Compatibility Effect, but only the spatial
one showed a significant Sequential Effect. The

relationships between this effect and several cogni-
tive capacities are explored.

Outcomes of a social communication
enhancement program for individuals with
autism within a combined one-to-one and small
group setting
Probst, Paul Hamburg, Germany

A social communication enhancement program for
individuals with autism was evaluated. The pro-
gram is based on "structured teaching", play and
music therapy and was implemented in 21 weekly
one-hour sessions. The findings (based on video
time sampling methods) averaged across the 3
participants (two boys and one female adult)
indicate that cooperative behaviors occurred in
67%, spontaneous communication in 25%, and
reactive communication in 58% of the analyzed
time intervals, and that the program was consis-
tently positively rated by the participants’ parents.
The results of this first evaluation provide some
evidence for the clinical validity of the intervention
program.

Traumatic events, posttraumatic stress and
depressive symptoms among drug users in
treatment – preliminary data
Pulcherio, Gilda Graduated Program, PUCRS, Porto

Alegre/rs, Brazil Strey, Marlene Graduated Program,

PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil Sarti, Paulo Graduated

Program, PUCRS, Porto Alegre/rs, Brazil

Fensterseifer, Daniel Graduated Program, PUCRS,

Porto Alegre/rs, Brazil Pinent, Carlos Graduated

Program, PUCRS, Porto Alegre/rs, Brazil

Objective: The present study is investigating the
posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSD) and depres-
sive symptoms among male with substance dis-
order. Methods: All the subjects (n=50) were
Brazilian psychiatric outpatients. SPSS 11.5 was
used by the statistical analyses. Results: 96,4% of
drug-addicted in treatment had experienced to at
least 1 lifetime traumatic event. 40% punctuated a
total score in the Davidson Trauma Scale which
suggests PTSD. Positive correlation between PTSD
severity symptoms and severity depressive symp-
toms (p,0, 005) were found. Conclusions: The
trauma evaluation in the addict patients’ history is
essentially important as a preventive factor of the
chronic PTSD and treatment.

Effects of double negation and mismatch in
Chinese sentence: Evidence from eye movements
Qingrong, Chen Psychology, Nanjing Normal

University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China Deng,

Zhu Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing,

People’s Republic of China Tan, Dingliang

Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing,

People’s Republic of China

In the present study, readers’ eye movement were
monitered when they processed Chinese sentences
and pictures. The results revealed that double
nagation as a special negation was not more
difficutl to be verified than affirmation. The effect
disappeared on the total fixation time and fixation
times. While the sentence was presented before
picture, there was also the mismatch effect.
Semantic mismath was inevitable to increase
participants’ cognitive load and had immediate
effects on eye movement. But the mismatch effect
was modulated by syntactic complexity. Negation
was more difficult to be verified and integrated than
affirmation and double negation in the mismatch
condition.

Analyzing group performance in navy teams. An
application of Graph metodology
Quezada, Ariel Psicologı́a, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez,

Viña del Mar, Chile

The aim of this research is to discover the pattern of
relation in small groups that allow the best
performances. For this purpose, we generate 10

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small groups that work as a functional team,

solving problems during 1 hour. Latter, we describe

its frequency, direction and type of relation within

groups. This description is translated into digraphs,

a particular kind of Graph Methodology. After

comparing and making a hierarchy of group

performance, we suggest a relation between perfor-

mance and kind of digraph generated, under the

hypothesis that in groups uniformly integrated

(Chilean Marines), the different performances are

associated to different kind of interactions.

The effect of family communication patterns on
happiness in high school students of Shiraz

Rahimi, Mehdi Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran

Jowkar, Bahram Educational psychologh, Shiraz

University, shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran

The aim of study was examining the effect of family

Communication patterns on happiness. The sample

group included 200 girls and boys students selected

by cluster random sampling from high schools of

Shiraz. Revised versions of Oxford Happiness and

Koerner-Fitzpatrick Family Communication Pat-

terns scales were used. Cronbach alpha coefficient

and factor analysis showed acceptable reliability

and validity of the instruments. Results of two way

ANOVA revealed that consensual and pluralistic

patterns in comparison to protective and laissez-

faire patterns had higher scores in happiness scale.

Gender was a moderator variable.

A study of the relationship between religious
attitudes and psychological health of Iranian
male and female university students

Rahimi Taghanaki, Changiz Clinical Psychology,

Shiraz University, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran

Kamranpour, Farideh 4. Stage, Ferdosi Street-Yas

Building –, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran

We investigated the relationship between religious

views and psychological health of the iranian male

(n=232) and female (n=238) students from Shiraz

University. They completed General Health Ques-

tionnaire (G.H.Q) and a Religious Attitude Ques-

tionnaire (R.A.Q). Analyzing the row values using

ANOVA and correlation coefficient showed that,

the female students had more problems in psycho-

somatic disorder, behavioral disorder, depression

and anxiety, but the difference was only for

depression significant (P,0.01). Regarding reli-

gious attitudes, the female subjects showed higher

averages. There was a positive correlation (P,0.05)

between religious attitudes and psychological

health, but the girls showed a stronger relationship

(P,0.01).

Assessing of psychological causes, social
economical divorce in applicants divorce in
courts of families at Tehran city (1385-1386)

Rahmani, Narges Kafshgarkola Bozorg, mazandaran,

Ghaemshahr, Islamic Republic of Iran Ghasimi, Mitra

mirdamad, tehran, tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran

mohtashami, jamileh mirdamad, teran, tehran,

Islamic Republic of Iran

Articles and methods:The tools of this investigation

was questionnaire investigation that it had designed

by surveving sources and past studying. Fin-

dings:The average and criterion deviation indicators

concerned divorcefactor at psychologicall range,

parts of the investigation showed that the most of

samples investigation for lack of understanding in

decision and the range of social factor to have

culturall difference by husband and the range of

economical factor of divorce too expenses of living

it is most important. Discution and result: Accord-

ing to result in this research, the factors of divorce,

psychical factor is the first place and social and

economical factors are in the second place.

The role of task demands on memory and
naming RTs in a transparent orthography

Raman, Ilhan Dept. of Psychology, Middlesex

University, London, United Kingdom Hancerli, Sevil

Psychology, Middlesex University, London, United

Kingdom

The role of orthographic transparency on cognitive
processes involved in reading has been debated for
nearly three decades. The aim in the present study is
to examine the role of task instruction on reading
performance and memory in reading a totally
transparent orthography, namely Turkish. Previous
research in Turkish has shown that reading in a
transparent orthography is under the strategic
control of readers when task demands are manipu-
lated (Raman et al, 2004). We report a series of
experiments whereby the role of task demand is
explored on memory and naming of transparent
Turkish words.

Differential effects of number of letters on word
and nonword naming latency: Revisited

Raman, Ilhan Dept. of Psychology, Middlesex

University, London, United Kingdom Kokten, Ozge

Psychology, Middlesex University, London, United

Kingdom

Previous research conducted in English has shown
that number of letters has an impact on RTs in a
naming task (Weekes, 1997). The aim of the current
study is to explore whether similar effects would be
found in Turkish characterized by unique transpar-
ent relationship between print and sound. Previous
research in Turkish has shown that readers can
adopt a lexical strategy in reading (Raman, Baluch
& Besner, 2004). Participants named words and
nonwords manipulated on length and frequency in
naming tasks and data were subjected to regression
analyses. The findings are discussed within the dual-
route model of reading.

Abstract thought - A challenge for theories of
embodied cognition

Rasch, Thorsten Gen. and Educ. Psych., University of

Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany

The emergent approaches of embodied cognition
propose that mental processes and representations
are entirely grounded in perception and action. This
theory is apparently limited with regard to abstract
thought, because abstract concepts are inherently
non-pictorial, symbolic representations. However,
contemporary cognitive linguistics describes even
abstract thought in terms of embodiment: abstract
concepts are considered as just metaphorical
projections of gestalt-like image schemas, derived
from bodily experiences (e.g. blockage, path,
container). In fact, our experimental study revealed
accelerated reading times and improved recall for
abstract sentences, when reading was primed by
short visual animations of semantically matching
image schemas.

Group ethics in clinical settings

Rasera, Emerson F. Instituto de Psicologia,

Uberlândia, Brazil Albino, Emı́lia C. A. Instituto de

Psicologia, Univ. Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia,

Brazil

This study aims to describe the meanings of ethics
to psychologists working with groups in clinical
settings in a Brazilian city. Data collection consisted
on in-depth interviews with ten psychologists about
ethical principles and group ethics. Data was
qualitatively analyzed and emphasized the mean-
ing-making process. The main results were: an
ethical stance characterized by an interaction of
professional and personal issues; absence of specific
group practice training; confidentiality as the main
ethical principle for group practice; and an en-
hanced sense of ethical commitment when coordi-
nating groups. These understandings invite to
reflect about group practice training and its ethical
consequences.

Cognition, intuition, creation

Rettenwander, Annemarie Innsbruck, Austria

Neuhauser, Gebhard Institute of Psychology,

Leopold-Franzens-University, Innsbruck, Austria

Lantschner, Ulrike Institute of Psychology, Leopold-

Franzens-University, Innsbruck, Austria Walder,

Kathrin Institute of Psychology, Leopold-Franzens-

University, Innsbruck, Austria Zeillinger, Katharina

Institute of Psychology, Leopold-Franzens-University,

Innsbruck, Austria Kerle, Carina Institute of

Psychology, Leopold-Franzens-University, Innsbruck,

Austria Krug, Nadja Institute of Psychology, Leopold-

Franzens-University, Innsbruck, Austria Horn, Birgit

Institute of Psychology, Leopold-Franzens-University,

Innsbruck, Austria Gmachl-Wejbora, Stephanie

Institute of Psychology, Leopold-Franzens-University,

Innsbruck, Austria

The aim of this study was to investigate how artists’

thinking about creative problem solving in their

work departs from academic theories on this

subject. For instance how do artists cope with

difficulties like ‘‘fear of the empty sheet’’? Do they

define phases in the creative process like academic

theories do? 112 professional artists (e.g. painters,

stage designers, writers) took part in this study

(supported by the young researchers fund of

Innsbruck University). Qualitative analysis based

on Grounded Theory shows, that artists’ theories

about creative process differ significantly from

academic theories – and that there are marked

differences between several genres.

About the effect of aesthetics and symbolism on
experience and behavior in libraries

Richter, Peter Arbeits-, Organis.-Psychologie, Techn.

Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany Dufter,

Michael Psychology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany

Seeliger, Maria Psychology, TU Dresden, Dresden,

Germany

Two contemporary libraries in Dresden (SLUB)

and Cottbus (IKMZ) are compared. The research

focuses on experience and performance of users,

mainly students. The hypothesis suggests that both

equally equipped libraries reveal a difference in

symbolic effect. Accordingly SLUB is more likely to

be a place of concentration and silence, IKMZ a

place of work and communication. 200 users each

are surveyed, with data collection centered upon the

reading areas. Questionaires were implemented

regarding the level of activation as well as aestethic

and symbolic evaluation. Information on study

behavior (continous reading, communication, inter-

action, etc.) was registered by observation. Vari-

ables of social-demography and personality (Big

Five) were controlled. The results validate the

empirical hypothesis.

Spatial representations in skilled typing

Rieger, Martina Inst. für Psychologie, Max-Planck-

Institut, Leipzig, Germany

Spatial representations in skilled typists were

investigated by dissociating spatial positions (key-

congruence) and names (name-congruence) of keys

on a keyboard. Participants responded with crossed

hands to the color of colored letters. The keys were

either without names (Exp1) or renamed (Exp2).

This resulted in effector-congruent, incongruent,

and different name/key congruent conditions. In

Exp1 participants showed facilitation in the key-

congruent/name-neutral condition. In Exp2 partici-

pants showed interference in the key-congruent/

name-incongruent condition. No effect was ob-

tained in the key-incongruent/name-congruent con-

dition. Thus, key names are neither sufficient nor

necessary for the activation of spatial representa-

tions in skilled typing; they are however processed.

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Elderly drivers’ performance in a lane-change
task: Dual-task decrement and the investment of
effort

Rinkenauer, Gerhard Modern Human-Machine

Systems, IfADo, Dortmund, Germany Wilschut, Ellen

S. Ageing and CNS alterations, IfADo, Dortmund,

Germany

Secondary task demands introduced by driver
assistance systems affect driving performance.
Especially elderly drivers are vulnerable to dual
task interference. We assessed the effect of second-
ary task complexity on driving performance for
young and elderly participants. A lane-change task
was used as primary task and a visual search task
with different search complexity levels as secondary
task. Results revealed a reduced performance of
elderly participants. These participants also showed
severe and stronger dual task decrements with
increasing visual search complexity. Multiple re-
gression analyses of objective and subjective mea-
sures suggest that elderly drivers have a better self
estimation of invested effort.

Manipulating the frequency of a preview word
N+2: Examining lexical parafoveal-on-foveal
effects in a boundary paradigm

Risse, Sarah Allgemeine Psychologie I, Universität

Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany Kliegl, Reinhold

Allgemeine Psychologie I, Universität Potsdam,

Potsdam, Germany Engbert, Ralf Allgemeine

Psychologie I, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam,

Germany

From a distributed parallel processing perspective
immediate effects from preprocessing parafoveal
word(s) on the current fixation can be predicted
(i.e., parafoveal-on-foveal effects). Moreover, these
effects should not necessarily be constrained only to
low-level visual characteristics but generalized to
lexical properties of parafoveal words. In a gaze-
contingent display change paradigm (Rayner, 1976)
with the boundary set after word N, the frequency
of word N+2 was manipulated instead of using
random letter strings as incorrect previews. With
this manipulation, linear mixed-effect models can
be implemented to test different hypotheses about
the dynamical origin of preprocessing effects (e.g.,
the mislocated fixation hypothesis).

Training needs assessment with a focus on best
practice: Specification of crew resource
management training requirements

Ritzmann, Sandrina Organisationspsychologie,

Universität St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland

Hagemann, Vera Lehrstuhl für Organisationspsy,

Universität St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland

Although Crew Resource Management (CRM)-
trainings are applied in aviation and other indus-
tries and a lot of research exists, little is known
about what practitioners actually do. Within a
CRM-training project, a training needs assessment
is conducted. We investigate best industry and
current training practice by interviewing key
informants of companies doing CRM- and similar
trainings, by observing trainings and by analyzing
literature, documents and legal requirements. This
data and critical incident interviews will be used to
specify training requirements. First results show
that practitioners are generally convinced of the
importance of CRM-trainings, but that participants
still judge CRM as "psycho-babble".

Clinical psychology: Searches and challenges

Rodrı́guez Sánchez, José Luis Puebla, Mexico

At this moment Clinical Psychology faces different
challenges, the answers it give to this challenges, will
it allow to continue being the most popular
psychological area and with a greater number of
practitioners in psychology; to find its identity and
over all, to give answers to the social and health
demands, necessities and exigencies, that constitutes
the reason of their existence. The following work

shows a general and personal vision of the
challenges that Clinical Psychology faces, of its
present state and of answers that are expected of it
and of its practitioners.

Adopted teenagers and their vertical and
horizontal relationships: Issues and specific
characteristics
Rosenfeld, Zoé faculté de psycho et educ, Université

Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium Lotta, De

Coster faculté de psycho et educ, Université Libre de

Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium Isabelle, Duret faculté

de psycho et educ, Université Libre de Bruxelles,

Bruxelles, Belgium

The present research explores the parental and non-
parental relationships developed by adopted teen-
agers: do they express specific characteristics or
pathological risks linked to the adoption? An
interesting way to approach the different represen-
tations of the parental and non-parental relation-
ships is to use a "genogramme imaginaire’’ which
can include both vertical and orizontal relation-
ships. The imaginary character of the ‘‘genogramme
imaginaire’’ offers adopted teenagers the possibility
to represent both their social and biological
relationship and to integrate their double origins
so as to respect any potential loyalty conflict.

Inhibitory process outside of the attentional
focus
Rossini, Joaquim Instituto de Psicologia, Univ. Fed.

de Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil Galera, Cesar

Psicologia e Educação, Universidade de São Paulo,

Ribeirão Preto, Brazil

Purpose: Provide evidence of a spatial inhibitory
mechanism of irrelevant information outside of the
attentional focus. Method: Thirteen participants
were instructed to discriminate a target letter (O or
W) that appeared in the center of screen within a
rectangular cue. Flanker letters, compatible or
incompatible with the targets were displayed inside
or outside of the cue. Results: RT shows a
reduction of the effect of the incompatible flanker
presented outside the cue area and a beneficial
effect of congruent flanker inside the cue area.
Conclusion: The results are compatible with an
inhibitory process outside of attentional focus.

Adolescents’ future time perspectives and self-
efficacy
Roura Mas, Francesc Departament d’Orientació.,

Escola Pı́a., Barcelona, Spain Hernández Encuentra,

Eulàlia Psic.ologia i Educació, Univ Oberta de

Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain Estaún, Santiago

Psicologia Bàsica, Univ. Autònoma de Barcelona,

Bellaterra, Spain Cladellas-Pros, Ramon

This study discusses adolescents’ future-time per-
spectives during their final year at secondary school
and explores the relationship between these per-
spectives and their perceptions of self efficacy.
Subjects included 280 students (mean age 17.7
years) and four different instruments were used to
gather data. A descriptive analysis shows the
content, the extension and the perceived control
over future plans and fears. And the associative
analysis shows that an internal control over projects
is significantly and positively related to self-efficacy.
Results allow us to identify themes for a tutorial
action plan that could contribute to a holistic
educational project.

Long-term effects of organizational development
in residential care for the elderly focused on the
interests of both residents and employees
Roux, Pascale Forschungsgruppe SoWi,

Fachhochschule Vorarlberg, Dornbirn, Austria

Fredersdorf, Frederic Forschungsgruppe SoWi,

Fachhochschule Vorarlberg, Dornbirn, Austria

From 2003 to 2005 corporate culture based on the
needs of residents was implemented in two institu-
tions for residential care for the elderly in Vorarl-

berg (Austria). Three employee surveys give
evidence of the positive effects (Fredersdorf et al.,
2006). A follow-up employee survey (105 employ-
ees) in 2007 analyzed the sustainability. Distinctions
between all employee surveys were determined by
Kruskal-Wallis-tests. 12 of the 22 dimensions have
improved significantly over 5 years, only one
dimension has deteriorated significantly. This result
demonstrates that organizational development fo-
cused on the interests of residents and employees
shows long term effects in addition to the interven-
tion itself.

The management of complex work tasks: The
improvement of mental models and performance
by applying a spatial planning methodology

Saifoulline, Rinat Universität Bamberg, Bamberg,

Germany von der Weth, Rüdiger Business

Administration, HTW Dresden, Dresden, Germany

Schönwandt, Walter IGP, Universität Stuttgart,

Stuttgart, Germany Hemberger, Christoph IGP,

Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany Grunau,

Jens IGP, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany

A methodology for spatial planners has been
developed to support complex tasks like the design
of traffic concepts. The effects of this methodology
were evaluated: Teams had to work on two
planning tasks (n=58). Half of the subjects were
trained before the first task, the others before the
second task. Behaviour was recorded and the results
assessed. Knowledge about methodology and their
own work processes was examined. Our research
showed significant improvement of performance
and changes in planning behaviour. Both these
findings correlate with a convergence of mental
models within teams.

Effect of family-friendly employment policies on
applicant attraction: An intergroup relation
perspective

Saitere, Sanita Dept. of Psychology, University of

Latvia, Riga, Latvia

Study applies intergroup relations framework to
examine impact of family-friendly employment
policies statement and image emphasizing family
identity on perceived organizational attraction to
applicants of different parental status. Participants
(N=134, age 20-45, 38 males) viewed one of four
randomly distributed hypothetic job ads and
completed Organizational Attraction Measurement
(Highouse, et al., 2003). Conducting 2x2x2 (state-
ment, image and status) MANOVA, the study
found no effect of statement on attraction, and
effect did not differ by parental status, but found
interaction between statement, image and status
F(1,134)=4,27, p,0,05) with statement and image
unexpectedly decreasing attraction of parents.
Implications for recruitment are discussed.

A developmental process of sense of trust in
significant others: An internal working model
theory perspective

Sakai, Atsushi Education and Human Sciences,

University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan Sugawara,

Masumi Letters and Education, Ochanomizu

University, Tokyo, Japan Tanaka, Mami Letters and

Education, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan

A developmental process of sense of trust in
significant others in childhood and early adoles-
cence was examined using data from a longitudinal
study of 310 twins. According to the Internal
Working Model (IWM) theory (Bowlby, 1973),
one’s experiences and representations of the rela-
tionships with parents predict the quality of
relationships with outside of the family members.
Results showed that the genetic and environmental
factors which affect on the quality of sense of trust
in parents in childhood consistently affect on the
quality of sense of trust in best friend in early
adolescence. Findings are discussed in terms of
IWM and behavior genetic perspectives.

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Word typicality effect on the conceptual system
in bilinguals

Sakaki, Yuko Chikushi Jogakuen University, Fukuoka,

Japan

The purpose of the experiment was to investigate
the conceptual system in bilinguals. How do the
similarity of the two languages and the levels of
proficiency of the second language affect the
organization of representation? Japanese-English
and Japanese-Korean bilinguals were asked to read
lists consisting of words with different levels of
typicality and instructed to recall words in an
arbitrary order. The number of recall and degree of
category clustering were submitted to analysis of
variance. The results showed that the structures of
representation were different between Japanese -
English and Japanese-Korean bilinguals as profi-
ciency of the language increased.

The qualitative analysis of conceptual
understanding of combinatorial problems during
and after the peer interaction

Sakawaki, Takako Dept. of Education, Waseda

University, Tokyo, Japan

The study aimed to analyse the conceptual under-
standing of combinatorial problems (mainly per-
mutations) during and after peer interaction as
compared with individual training. The participants
were 15 dyads and 11 individuals of 5th graders.
During interaction or training, they solved the
series of tasks, such as, predicting the number of
permutations with justification, checking it by
making permutations, justifying the result, etc.
(adapted from Piaget & Inhelder, 1951/1975; cf.
White, 1982). Their responses to these tasks and
related questions in post-tests were qualitatively
analysed. The result showed generalized under-
standing of combinatorial problems wasn’t easy
even among the peer interaction group.

Children’s response biases to sensible and
absurd questions

Samuels, Mark Psychology and Education, New

Mexico Tech, Socorro, New Mexico, USA

Two experiments compared responses to sensible
and nonsensical questions. Two groups of 24
preschoolers (mean age=3:7 and 4:11, respectively)
and 24 adults participated in experiment 1. Across
participants, questions in a yes/no format (e.g., Is
an apple louder than a circle?) and forced choice
format (e.g., Which is louder an apple or a circle?)
were compared. Despite told to answer ‘‘silly’’ to
nonsensical questions, preschoolers consistently
answered absurd questions. Younger and older
preschoolers performed better on sensible forced
choice than yes/no questions, t(23)=2.57, p,.05 and
t(23)=3.86, p,.001, respectively. Experiment 2
investigated whether feedback improved the ability
to identify nonsensical questions.

Consumption practices and life style of the
lesbian, gay, trans (transsexuals, transgenders
and cross-dressers) and bisexual population in
Bogotá, Colombia

Sandoval Escobar, Marithza Cecilia Psychology,

Konrad Lorenz Foundation, Bogotá, Colombia

The objective of the study was to identify the
consumption practices and to describe the life style
of the lesbian, gay, trans and bisexual population in
Bogotá (Colombia). The research had a mixed
methodology qualitative and quantitative. In gen-
eral, it was found that the four populations show
consumption that fit with their lifestyle; they spend
considerable amounts of money on entertainment
and experiential consumption; they prefer high-
positioned brands and they represent an important
consumption segment for themselves. This study
contributes to the knowledge and recognition of the
lesbian, gay, trans and bisexual population in
Colombia as consumers.

Factorial structure of driver test battery for
drivers

Santos, Pablo Granada University, Granada, Spain

Catena, Andrés Experimental Psychology, Granada

University, Granada, Spain Castro, Ángel

Developmental Psychology, Granada University,

Granada, Spain Buela-Casal, Gualberto Personality,

Assessment and Ps, Granada University, Granada,

Spain

OBJECTIVE. Analyze the factorial structure of
Driver Test battery for drivers. METHOD. 3773
participants response to Advance Speed task and
Bimanual Motor Coordination task. A factorial
analysis and logistic regression was done, the latter
in order to analyse each item contribution to final
puntuation. RESULTS. Three factors explain
53.49% of total variante. First of them (30,68%)
means distance desviation in advance speed task,
second (15.88%) corresponds to error numbers and
time in coordination task, and third (6,93%) is time
of desviation in advance task. CONCLUSIONS.
This battery shows a good factorial structure, but
studies using more heterogeneous samples are
needed

Bimanual coordination in tool use:
Transformations and targets

Sattler, Christine Psychology, MPI CBS, Leipzig,

Germany Massen, Cristina Psychology, MPI CBS,

Leipzig, Germany

When a tool is used to touch a target, the required
body movement jointly depends on the tool’s
transformation rule and the target’s location.
Recent evidence from unimanual tool use suggests
that prior information on the transformation rule is
more beneficial for movement preparation than
prior information on the location. Here, we
investigated the relative importance of transforma-
tion rules and locations in bimanual tool use.
Participants simultaneously operated two tools with
congruent versus incongruent transformation rules
to touch targets at congruent versus incongruent
locations. The results are discussed in the light of
research on bimanual reaching without tools.

Will the cat catch the mouse? 5- to 10-year-olds
probability judgments and choices in drawing
with replacement

Schaub, Simone Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland Rapp, Andreas F.

Counselling Centre, School Psychological, Stuttgart,

Germany Figner, Bernd Psychology, Columbia

University, New York, USA

Recent research contrasted the development of
intuitive vs. explicit processing in risky decisions.
We used a novel board game to assess how 129
children (aged 5, 6, 8 and 10) and adults integrated
probability information and aspiration level in their
choices and judgments. ANOVAs showed clear
improvement in choice with age. Judgments also
improved from age 5 to 6, with the latter perform-
ing at adult level. However, judgment in 8-10 year
olds was oversimplified compared to both 6-year-
olds and adults, presumably caused by increased
reliance on (suboptimal) explicit strategies. These
findings are consistent with developmental dual-
process models of decision making.

Prevention of early relational troubles and
socialisation of infants: The experience of the
‘‘Maison Verte’’ founded by Françoise Dolto

Schauder, Claude URP/SCLS, Faculté de psychologie -

ULP, Strasbourg, France

Places that take in tiny children accompanied by a
relative, according to the pattern of the Maison
Verte inaugurated in 1979 at Paris, have opened
almost all over the world. Anonymous and without
appointment, the visitors come to meet and talk.
Receiving persons, formed to listen attentively, help
young and old to express in words the difficulties
and suffering they are lead to live before these

problems transform into symptoms. Illustrated with

a short film, our dissertation will explain in what

this original experience and its rules, methods,

thrusts and limits consists.

Development of professional competencies
during students‘ internships

Scheibner, Nicole FB 12, AB Evaluation, Freie

Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany Hapkemeyer,

Julia AB Evaluation, FU Berlin, FB 12, Berlin, Germany

Soellner, Renate AB Evaluation, FU Berlin, FB 12,

Berlin, Germany

Objective: Assessment of the development of

professional competencies during internships within

Bachelor programmes. Methods: An online ques-

tionnaire for students doing an internship (N~100)

was developed. The acquisition of competencies

was measured by self-ratings using a retrospective

pretest-posttest design. Supporting and inhibitory

factors (motivation, self-efficacy, structure of in-

ternship) for the gain of competencies are identified

using structural equation modelling. Results: The

change of students‘ competency level after intern-

ship and factors associated with the success of

internships will be reported. Conclusion: To opti-

mize the organisation of internships profile analysis

can be used to match levels of competencies of

students and requirements of internships.

The Discussion Coding System (DCS): A real time
instrument to analyze communication processes

Schermuly, Carsten Inst. für Psychologie, Humboldt-

Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany

The DCS aims at coding essential aspects of

communication processes in real time or videosup-

ported without much time and effort. This instru-

ment will help researchers to analyze larger samples

in an economical manner, and it will help practi-

tioners in quickly diagnosing ongoing discussions

and to give timely feedback. A trained observer

registers who is speaking what (key phrases) to

whom and rates the relationship affect on friendly-

hostile and dominant-submissive scales. Addition-

ally, the function of each statement can be

categorised. In several studies the DCS demon-

strated its reliability and validity. The DCS is

especially useful for studies of group decision

making.

General causality orientation is associated with
positive and negative domain-specific
expectation about the future

Schnieber, Anette Department of Psychology,

University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark Thomsen,

Dorthe Kirkegaard Department of Psychology,

University of Aarhus, Aarhus C, Denmark

Tønnesvang, Jan Department of Psychology,

University of Aarhus, Aarhus C, Denmark Olesen,

Martin Hammershøj Department of Psychology,

University of Aarhus, Aarhus C, Denmark

Is there a relationship between general causality

orientation and expectations about the future? 849

newly admitted students completed measures of

autonomous and impersonal causality orientation

and expectations about compatibility in 3 domains

of life at university: interest in courses’ topics,

academic skills, social skills. Students with a higher

degree of autonomous orientation tended to have

higher expectations about social compatibili-

ty(r=.22, p,.01) and about interest in courses’

topics (r=.25, p,.01). Students with a higher degree

of impersonal orientation tended to have lower

expectations about all 3 domains (r’s=-.21 to -.30,

p,.01). Causality orientation seems to pertain to

expectations about the future.

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The emotional Stroop effect: Disentangling
attention and threat

Schupak, Assi Psychology and Education, The Open

University of Israel, Raanana, Israel Chajut, Eran

Psychology and Education, The Open University of

Israel, Raanana, Israel Caspi, Avner Psychology and

Education, The Open University of Israel, Raanana,

Israel Algom, Daniel Psychology, Tel Aviv University,

Tel Aviv, Israel

The emotional Stroop effect shows that people are
slower to name the print color of emotional
compared with neutral words. Whether the source
of the effect is mainly attentional or mainly
automatic is debated in the literature. In an attempt
at resolution, we presented emotional and neutral
words in color along with color words in black.
Stroop effects obtained with neutral words but were
greatly diluted with emotional words. The results
confirm the power of emotional words to capture
attention and suggest a new paradigm for probing
the sources of the emotional Stroop effect.

The effects of dispositional and situational goal
orientation on feedback-seeking behavior

Seijts, Gerard Richard Ivey School of Bus., University

of Western Ontario, London, Canada

Individual behavior does not solely depend on
preferences for certain goals (that is, goal orienta-
tion), but also on situational factors. For example,
it is not always possible for individuals to be able to
enact on their personal preferences; work settings
contain cues (e.g., competitive reward structures)
that help determine behavior. Studies directed at
predicting behavior should therefore make a con-
certed effort to understand both the person and the
situation. I surveyed MBA students on their
dispositional goal orientation and perceptions of
the goal climate at their school. Both dispositional
and situational goal orientation contributed to the
prediction of feedback-seeking.

Is there a person inversion effect that indicates
relational information processing from preschool
to adulthood?

Seitz-Stein, Katja Inst. für Entw.-Psychologie, Kath.

Universität Eichstätt, Eichstätt, Germany Rossmeisl,

Uwe Developmental- & Education, Cath. University of

Eichstätt, Eichstätt, Germany

Matching a newly seen face to an internal face norm
(Expertise-Thesis, Diamond & Carey, 1986) is
disturbed by face inversion and causes a decrease
of recognition performance. Since the internal norm
works more efficiently with increasing experience,
experts are impaired to a greater extend. The
present study applies the inversion paradigm to
whole person recognition. 200 participants from
five age groups (six-, eight-, ten-, twelve-years and
adults) carried out a recognition task with upright
and inverted persons. Results indicate an overall
age effect and age dependent differences of stimulus
orientation and therefore support the crucial role of
relational information in person recognition.

Mechanisms of producing a foreign language
text

Sekret, Iryna foreign languages, state technical

university, Dnieprodzerzhinsk, Ukraine

The research concerns mechanisms of producing
foreign language texts (FLT) at different levels of
foreign language competence. Foreign/Native text
productions of 500 students were examined by
methods of observation, introspection, interview,
discourse and statistic analyses. The domination of
the mother tongue mechanisms in realization of
syntactical relations was proved. Of 32 denotative
links (Z. Klichnikova) only 6-14 in FLT were
revealed (mostly subjectivity, predication and attri-
bution). Therefore skills of producing FLT should
be scanned and developed on the base of the native
language and considering mechanisms involved in
process of real life writing.

Stress on the phone? Evaluation of a stress
management training for call center agents

Semmler, Melanie Münster, Germany Rowold, Jens

Psychological Institute, University of Münster,

Münster, Germany

The experience of stress is common among employ-
ees, with negative side-effects (e.g. absenteeism).
Especially in call centres, high stress levels have
been reported. Many stress interventions have been
developed up to now. It would be economically
beneficial to reduce such training programs to
relevant contents, but most of them are not
specified for a particular target group (Busch,
2004). The present study mainly deals with the
evaluation of a stress management training adapted
to call center agents. Within a pre-post test design
with control group and follow-up measure it is
explored whether the intervention has effects on
stress scales, such as perceived chronic stress.

Measurement by subjective estimation: Testing
for separable representations

Seri, Raffaello Dipt. di Economia, Università

dell’Insubria, Varese, Italy Bernasconi, Michele

Dipartimento di Economia, Università dell’Insubria,

Varese, Italy Choirat, Christine Dept of Quantitative

Methods, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain

Studying how individuals compare quantitative
stimuli is a fundamental problem often addressed
through ratio estimation: individuals are asked to
give estimates of the ratio of the stimuli. Several
psychophysical theories (among which Stevens
power-law) claim this process involves cognitive
distortions. These theories result in the so-called
separable representations (Narens 1996, Luce
2002), including Stevens model. We perform a
psychophysical experiment in which 20 subjects
answer to 90 questions concerning distance and
area ratios. We conclude in favor of the separable
representation model, but reject Stevens model. As
a byproduct, we provide estimates of the psycho-
physical functions of interest.

Cognitive therapy alone and combined with
pharmacotherapy in the treatment of depression

Shamsaei, Farshid Psychiatric Nursing, Hamedan

University, Hamedan, Islamic Republic of Iran Rahimi,

Aliraza Psychiatry, Hamedan university of medical,

Hamedan, Islamic Republic of Iran Zarabian, M.

Kazem Psychology, Hamedan university of medical,

Hamedan, Islamic Republic of Iran

Objective: The purpose of this study was to
compare the Efficacy of antidepressant medication,
cognitive therapy and combination of cognitive
therapy and antidepressant medication in the
treatment of major depressive disorder. Method:
This study was an experimental research. The
samples were 120 depressive patients. With random
sampling the sample was divided in three groups.
Results: Statistical analysis showed cognitive ther-
apy, medication and combination Cognitive ther-
apy intervention and medication were significant
effect in depression therapy. ONE WAY ANOVA
showed significant difference between cognitive
therapy and medication with combination of
cognitive therapy and medication. Conclusion:
The advantages of combining antidepressants with
cognitive therapy are equivocal.

Irritable bowel syndrome: A case study

Sharma, Vandana Dept. of Psychology, Meerut

College, Meerut, India

Irritable bowel syndrome: A case study This case is
about a female patient(38years) suffering from IBS
for the last three years and had undergone various
types of treatment and medication. But did not got
relief. In depth case study was taken to find out the
causes or stressors responsible for this syndrome.
As an intervention relaxation technique followed by
visual imagery was used. Behavior modification
technique was also used in the form of self

monitoring, frequency charts and positive reinfor-
cement schedules. Therapy proved very effective
and there was a drastic decrease in her symptoms
and discomforts within a month. After two months
of regular sessions symptoms were very much in
control and very near to normal standards.

An education of entrepreneurships using
network based collaboration
Shibuya, Kazuhiko Riken, Saitama, Japan

Internet collaboration and networked activities
using PC and mobile devices becomes to be
accelerated. Especially, real money trading had
appeared the business activities bridging between
actual and virtual worlds. So, there are needs to
educate appropriately skills and experiences of
networking for students. Thereby, the Ubiquitous
jigsaw for networked collaborative learning is
effective to train anyone who seek to do entrepre-
neurship coordinating between actual and online
activities. Particularly, I applied it to entrepreneur
as Limited Liability Partnership. It appears that this
learning style is to fit for networked collaboration
and partnerships consisted of different backgrounds
beyond global and local interconnections.

The effects of specific syntax training on
children’s false belief understanding
Shu Liang, Mo School of Psychology, HuaZhong

Normal University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of

China Yanjie, Su Department of Psychology, Peking

University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

This study aimed to examine the role of specific
syntax on false belief understanding in Chinese 3-4-
years olds. Eighty-four children were divided into
four groups: two syntax-training groups, one
misrepresentation-training and one control group.
After two training sessions, we found two syntax-
training groups performed significantly better on
false belief tasks in the post-test than the controls,
but not significantly better than misrepresentation-
training group. Children’s false belief performance
was improved by specific syntax training, which
may provide an important framework for children
representing false belief, although it may not be a
necessary condition for children passing the false
belief test.

The attachment system and the defensive
regulation of attention
Silva, Catarina Dept. of Psychology, ISCTE, Lisboa,

Portugal Esteves, Francisco Psychology, ISCTE,

Lisboa, Portugal Soares, Isabel Psychology,

Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal

The attachment system can trigger defensive
processes to prevent the processing of emotion-
ally-relevant information. This study investigated
such processes using a rapid serial visual presenta-
tion of pictures, in which participants searched for a
single target. Critical stimuli comprised by emo-
tionally negative/positive, or neutral pictures were
included, either two or four items before the target.
Preliminary analysis indicated that participants
with attachment insecurity, as compared with those
with attachment security, showed faster reaction
times when the critical distractor is an emotional
stimulus. These results may highlight the use of
preemptive forms of defense when processing
emotionally-relevant information to the attachment
system.

The effects of a psychiatric inpatient treatment
programme
Simonsen, Inge-Ernald Dept. of Psychology,

Norwegian Univ. of Sci. & Tech, Trondheim, Norway

Rundmo, Torbjörn Dept. of Psychology, Norwegian

Univ. of Sci. &, Trondheim, Norway

The core aim of the present study was to examine
the effects of a psychiatric inpatient treatment
programme. The programme is based on a biopsy-
chosocial approach. A group of inpatients com-

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pleted a questionnaire by admission to the ward

unit (N=80). They completed the same question-

naire at the time of discharge (N=65). The response

rate at pre- and post test was 88%. The results

showed a significant positive effect of the treatment

programme on degree of subjective satisfaction and

overall psychological distress. Model test showed

that degree of subjective satisfaction and perceived

coping ability was positive associated with overall

psychological distress.

Language usage as moral disengagement
strategy in post-violent situations

Slawuta, Patricia Dept. of Psychology, New School

for Social Research, New York, USA Leidner,

Bernhard Psychology, New School for Social

Research, New York, USA Castano, Emanuele

Psychology, New School for Social Research, New

York, USA

Building on research on moral disengagement and

language use in intergroup contexts, it is investi-

gated whether communication can serve the pur-

pose of moral disengagement. American

participants were confronted with a newspaper

article on fictitious incidents of torture and killing

of imprisoned Iraqis. The conditions only differed

in the responsibility of the wrongdoings (U.S. vs.

Iraqi soldiers). High glorifiers gave more external

explanations and described ingroup atrocities as

less causal, intentional, and goal-driven than out-

group atrocities, whereas there was no such

difference for low glorifiers. These findings support

the idea that biased language can effectively

function as a moral disengagement mechanism.

Attentional capture by feared animal stimuli

Soares, Sandra Dep. CNS, Psychology Section,

Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Esteves,

Francisco Psychology, ISCTE, Lisbon, Portugal

Lundqvist, Daniel Dep. CNS, Psychology Section,

Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Ohman,

Arne Dep. CNS, Psychology Section, Karolinska

Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

Across two experiments we investigated attentional

capture by animal feared stimuli using visual search

procedures. The results showed that spider fearful

individuals were specifically sensitized by their

feared stimuli, detecting a spider faster than snakes

or control stimuli. On the contrary, no such effect

was found for snake fearful participants, who could

not detect snakes faster than spiders. Although the

screening, using snakes and spiders fear question-

naires, resulted in two comparable groups, a rating

task showed that snake fearful individuals evalu-

ated snakes as negative and arousing as spiders,

while spider fearful participants clearly differen-

tiated those two categories.

Chinese Perfectionistic Self-presentation Scale: A
validation study

Song, Shanggui Dept. of Academic Affairs, Jinan

University of Shandong, Jinan, People’s Republic of

China Yu, Hairong Psychology Department, Jinan

University of Shandong, Jinan, People’s Republic of

China

Perfectionistic self-presentation is a maladaptive

self-presentational style composed of three dimen-

sions: perfectionistice self-promotion, nondisplay of

imperfection, and nondisclosure of imperfection.

The present study was to examine the reliability and

validity of the Chinese Perfectionistic Self-Presenta-

tion Scale(CPSPS). Nine hundred and fifty college

students in China participated in the study. The

factor structure and psychometric properties of

CPSPS were explored. The results revealed that the

Chinese Perfectionistic Self-Presentation Scale has

good reliability and validity and can be used in

college students in China.

Transfer effect differs in the positive vs. negative
emotional situations

Sozinov, Alexei Lab. Neural Bases of Mind, Institute of

Psychology, RAS, Moscow, Russia Laukka, Seppo

Learning Research Lab, Oulu University, Oulu,

Finland Siipo, Antti Learning Research Lab, Oulu

University, Oulu, Finland Alexandrov, Yuri Lab.

Neural Bases of Mind, Institute of Psychology, RAS,

Moscow, Russia

We studied whether the transfer effect is related to
emotions. Two visual discrimination tasks were
presented with a 5-minute break to children (mean
age of 12 years) in different order and with two
emotionally burdening instructions. The negative
transfer effect was evident only in the negative
emotional situation. We conclude that the proactive
effect of learning on formation of previous memory
is related to the valence of emotions. The results are
discussed in terms of united concept of conscious-
ness and emotion (Alexandrov & Sams, 2005,
Cogn.Br.Res., 25:387). Supported: RFH 07-06-
00481a

Key competences for apprentices

Stäudel, Thea Wirtschaftspsychologie, Hochschule

Harz, Baunach, Germany

As job demands on apprentices in industrial and
technical occupational areas are increasing, key
competencies (methodological, social, self compe-
tencies) become more important. We asked 128
apprentices and 45 instructors from 36 German
enterprises to rate the importance of 24 ’soft skills’
relevant to vocational training and their actual
qualification (questionnaires). Results indicate that
apprentices know the demands of their jobs and are
achievement-oriented. Compared with their instruc-
tors’ assessment, they overestimate their real key
abilities except for social competences. Qualifica-
tion measures should be taken particularly with
regard to problem solving abilities, divergent
thinking, initiative and the ability to cope with
pressure.

Criterion validity of the multidimensional scale of
irrational beliefs with respect to anxiety,
depression and life satisfaction

Strobel, Maria Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

München, München, Germany Bekk, Magdalena

Psychology, LMU München, München, Germany

Spörrle, Matthias Dept. for Psychology, Ludwig-

Maximilians University, München, Germany

Using a sample of 200 participants, this study seeks
to establish criterion validity of the Multidimen-
sional Scale of Irrational Beliefs (MSIB), a newly
developed, purely cognitive measure of irrational
beliefs. As predicted by Rational Emotive Behavior
Therapy, scores on the MSIB are correlated highly
and positively with scores on Beck’s Depression
Inventory and the trait scale of the State-Trait-
Anxiety Inventory. Moreover, analyses reveal
medium-sized negative correlations with life satis-
faction. Each of these relations is shown to be
unaffected by age, sex, social desirability, and
common method bias. Differential associations
between subdimensions of the MSIB with criteria
are discussed regarding the separability of irration-
ality concepts.

Depression and quality of life of Nepalese women

Subba, Usha Kiran Kathmandu, Nepal

The study examines the relationship between
depression and quality of life. Both Quantitative
and Qualitative methods was used. A questionnaire,
QOL, BDI (II) and Diener’s Satisfaction with Life
scale (SWLS) was applied to a sample of 333
women comprising from general and psychiatric
patients of different ecological zones. T-test, ANO-
VA, Pearson correlation and Regression Analysis
were applied for analysis of data. Result shows a
mean score of depression was 18.98, QOL was
140.92 and SWLS was 19.85. A significant differ-

ence between caste, social class and depression was
found. A negative relationship between depression,
QOL and Satisfaction with life was found.

Filial responsibility for parents in adults
Sugiyama, Kanako Nagoya, Japan

The present study examined the relationship of
unmarried adults with their parents and filial
responsibility. Participants were 126 Japanese
adults (30 males and 96 females : age 20-51). They
completed a questionnaire concerning their rela-
tionship with their parents (10 items) and their filial
responsibility on a 5-point scale. Females felt their
relationship with their parents was more equitable
than their male counterparts. Gender differences
were not found in filial responsibility. The adults
who had a good relationship with their parents had
a more positive filial responsibility in all situations
than those who did not have a good relationship.

Pride and self-evaluative emotions: New
directions toward a social, linguistic and
relational theory
Sullivan, Gavin Brent Berlin, Germany

Insights about positive self-evaluative emotions and
pride, in particular, are often described in cognitive
appraisal terms. While cognitive appraisal models
appear to explain the types of variabilities of
emotion that are manifest in experience and
expression, the roles of language, relationships
and culture are overlooked. This paper reports on
theoretical work to contextualize and subsume
cognitive features of pride in a new way of
understanding important features of the self and
identity that occur in conversation-based practices.
Empirical work and practical applications are also
provided to demonstrate the benefits of rethinking
self-conscious positive emotion in linguistic, social
and relational terms.

From Chinese teachers’ eyes: Factors that
enhance educational quality and reduce pressure
in schools
Sun, Hechuan RIEEA, Shenyang Normal University,

Shenyang, People’s Republic of China Feng, Cailing

School of Educational Sciences, Shenyang Normal

University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of

China Yang, Xiaolin Education, Shenhe District

Committee, Shenyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of

China Zong, Feifei RIEEA, Shenyang Normal

University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of

China Ma, Jianyun Students Affairs Office, Xinjiang

University, Ulumuqi, People’s Republic of China Sun,

Yujia FAEM, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing,

People’s Republic of China

Enhancing educational quality while reducing
pressure in schools is a great challenge yet a
controversial and paradoxical problem worldwide.
Since success of reforms greatly depends upon what
teachers believe and what they think, a project has
been carried out since 2005. It investigated percep-
tions of 700 full-time teachers in public senior
secondary schools across three provinces in north-
ern China. Both qualitative and quantitative
approaches (questionnaires, interviews, SPSS 11.5,
factor analysis) were used. The findings show: the
ranked influence order looked like a pyramid shape:
the relationship closest to the students (the parental
level and the teachers level) had the strongest
influence. In addition, 45 effective factors at five
different levels were identified by the Chinese
teachers.

E-mailing as a way of making connections for
children using augmentative and alternative
communication
Sundqvist, Anett SIDR - IBL, Linköping University,

Linköping, Sweden Rönnberg, Jerker ibl, Cidr,

Linköping, Sweden

In a 12-week study a symbol-based e-mail client was
implemented for children using augmentative and

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alternative communication (n = 12). Quantitative
and qualitative aspects of the e-mails were analyzed.
In total, 231 e-mails were sent. The e-mails were
analysed post hoc into eight descriptive topic
categories, with social etiquette being the dominat-
ing category. The results are discussed in relation to
Theory of Mind understanding. E-mailing en-
hanced the social network of the children and gave
them a new social arena.

Acquisition of social theory of mind in children
using augmentative and alternative
communication

Sundqvist, Anett SIDR - IBL, Linköping University,

Linköping, Sweden Rönnberg, Jerker ibl, SIDR,

Linköping, Sweden

This study focused on the acquisition of Theory of
Mind (ToM) in children (aged 7-13) with severe
speech impairment using augmentative and alter-
native communication (AAC). The AAC-group (n
= 13) was compared to a typically developing group
matched on nonverbal mental age. Tests concerning
cognitive and language development, first and
second order ToM and social ToM were used.
Importantly, no significant difference between the
two groups was found on the tests above, suggest-
ing that cognitive ability rather than social experi-
ence accounts for the data. Nonverbal intelligence
and vocabulary proved to be the best indicators of
ToM ability.

The predictability of the cognitive function from
the Fagan Test of infant intelligence

Suzuki, Keita Graduate School of Education, Tohoku

University, Sendai, Japan Tatsuta, Nozomi Graduate

School of Education, Tohoku University, Sendai,

Japan Nakai, Kunihiko Graduate School of Medicine,

Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan Satoh, Hiroshi

Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University,

Sendai, Japan Hosokawa, Toru Graduate School of

Education, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan

The Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence (FTII) is a
standardized test for measuring cognitive function
in infancy through a preferential looking technique.
The present study was examined the relationship
between the FTII and cognitive function in child-
hood through a longitudinal study. The subjects
were 133 mother-child pairs. The FTII was
administered when children were 7 months old.
Cognitive function was evaluated at 42 months old
using the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Chil-
dren (K-ABC). The results showed no significant
relationship between the FTII and the K-ABC.
These findings suggest that the FTII is a poor
predictor of the later cognitive development.

Temporal training in aphasia therapy

Szymaszek, Aneta Dept. of Neuropsychology, Nencki

Inst. of Exp. Biology, Warsaw, Poland Szelag, Elzbieta

Laboratory of Neuropsychology, Nencki Inst of Exp

Biol, Warsaw, Poland Lewandowska, Monika

Laboratory of Neuropsychology, Nencki Inst of Exp

Biol, Warsaw, Poland Seniow, Joanna Department of

Neurology, IPiN, Warsaw, Poland Fink, Martina

Generation Research Program, Ludwig-Maximilian

University, Bad Tölz, Germany Ulbrich, Pamela

Generation Research Program, Ludwig-Maximilian

University, Bad Tölz, Germany Churan, Jan

Generation Research Program, Ludwig-Maximilian

University, Bad Tölz, Germany Wittmann, Marc

Generation Research Program, Ludwig-Maximilian

University, Bad Tölz, Germany Pöppel, Ernst

Generation Research Program, Ludwig-Maximilian

University, Bad Tölz, Germany

Objective: The improvement of auditory speech
comprehension (ASC) following a specific temporal
training was tested in aphasic patients. Methods:
using temporal-order-threshold paradigm timing
abilities were measured for either two clicks
(monaural presentation) or two tones (400,
3000Hz, binaural presentation), presented in a

rapid sequence. Aphasic patients participated in
eight sessions of the specific temporal or non-
temporal control training. Results: The temporal
training yields improvements both timing and
comprehension. The control training did not
improve these both abilities. Conclusion: Temporal
training improved language abilities. Supported by
the KBN grant nos PBZ-MIN/001/PO5/06, BMBF
01 GZ 0301, NN402434633.

The effect of hope therapy on increasing
satisfaction in life and happiness in elderly
people
Tabaeian, Sayedeh Razieh psychology, Isfahan

Univercity, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran Tabae

Emami, Shirin psychology, Isfahan Univercity,

Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to
increase the feeling of happiness and satisfaction
in life among elderly people through hope therapy.
Methods: Thirty 60-70 year old elderly domiciled at
Isfahn Elderly House served as two experimental
and control groups. Only,the experimental group
received ten sessions of hope therapy. The two were
pre-tested and post-tested through the Oxford
Happiness Scale and Life Happiness Scale. Results:
The results of Manova analysis suggests a signifi-
cant difference between the two groups (p,0.05).
Conclusions: The results suggest the positive effect
of hope therapy on increasing happiness and
satisfaction of life in elderly.

The functions of autobiographical memory and
depression
Tagami, Kyoko Faculty of Education, Hirosaki

University, Hirosaki, Japan

Relationship between the functions of autobiogra-
phical memory and depression was investigated.
Nonclinical university students (n=123) remem-
bered the most important episode of their life
history and rated their affectivity and functions.
They also completed the Beck Depression Inven-
tory, the Trait Meta-Mood Scale, and the Depres-
sion-Anxiety Mood Scale. Remembered episodes
were categorized as positive or negative and
whether their functions were directive, social, or
self. Results showed a negative memory bias in
depression and indicated functions of autobiogra-
phical memory that were characteristic of depres-
sion. These results are discussed in terms of the
functions of autobiographical memory and emotion
regulation in depression.

Antecedents and outcomes of career decision:
Based on various types of groups
Tak, Jin-Kook Dept. of Industrial Psychlogy,

Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea Lee,

Dong-Ha Industrial Psychlogy, Kwangwoon

University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

The purpose of this study was to examine the
relationships between career decision and its ante-
cedents and outcomes with a sample of various
types of youth groups. Data were obtained from
panel data. Concerning its relations with the
antecedents, sex was not related to career decision.
Age and school year were significantly related to
career decision. Concerning differences in career
decision among the four youth groups, the em-
ployed group had the highest score in career
decision whereas the high school students had the
lowest score. Concerning its relations with the
outcomes, career decision was significantly related
to experiences of career counselling, vocational
training, satisfaction to the major, GPA, job
satisfaction, and turnover intentions.

Development of a new emotion recognition task
Takahashi, Tomone Faculty of Education, Shinshu

University, Nagano, Japan Nakashima, Mitsuhiko

Saku Child Guidance Center, Saku-city, Saku, Japan

Hashimoto, Shigune Graduate School of Education,

Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan Nakamura, Akiko

Student Councelling Center, Matsumoto University,

Matsumoto, Japan Yamamoto, Natsumi Graduate

School of Education, Shinshu University, Nagano,

Japan

A new emotion recognition task was developed.

The task consists of an emotional prosody recogni-

tion task and a face-voice recognition task.

Sentences used in the task were rated for their

emotional contents and were combined with

matched and non-matched emotional prosody. A

total of 626 university students participated. The

results indicated that (1) those who scored high on

the new task had lower scores on the Autism

Spectrum Quotient and higher scores on the

Empathic Experience Scale than those who scored

low; (2) females scored higher than males. These

results provided evidence for the validity of this new

task.

Relationship among unwillingness to attend
school, narcissistic tendency and Big 5 in
adolescence

Takahashi, Michiko Nagoya, Japan

The purpose of this study was to investigate the

relationship among unwillingness to attend school,

narcissistic tendency and Big 5 personality model in

adolescence. Three Scales were administered to 300

subjects. The result of variant analysis associated :

It was revealed that high scores of unwillingness to

attend school showed high narcissistic tendency

scores and low scores of extroversion, neuroticism,

openness and agreeableness. These results suggested

that unwillingness to attend school had significant

relationships with narcissistic tendency and Big 5

personality model.

Noise improvement in contrast detection is
changed by temporal property of stimulus

Takahashi, Tsutomu Psychology, Kwansei University,

Nishinomiya, Japan Yagi, Akihiro psychology,

Kwansei University, Nishinomiya, Japan

A phenomenon, optimal noise improves detection

of subthreshold stimulus compared to no noise

stimulus, is called stochastic resonance (SR). How-

ever, it is unclear whether optimal noise enhances

the subthreshold stimulus above threshold or

emphasizes stimulus ON/OFF. In present study,

we measured the contrast detection thresholds

(CDT) of Gabor patch with/without the stimulus

ON/OFF as a function of noise contrast. Result

showed that the both CDT were decreased by

optimal noise compared to those of without noise.

This result shows that noise affected the transient

luminance change and couldn’t always be explained

by previous model of SR.

The examination of functional classification and
developmental process of communicative
behaviors in infancy

Takeshita, Kanako Human-Environment Studies,

Kyushu University, Hyogo, Japan

This study aimed to functionally classify commu-

nicative behaviors and examine their developmental

associations. A survey was conducted for the

caregivers of 351 infants who aged from eight to

twenty-two months. The factor analysis indicated

that joint attention behavior comprised two factors

(understanding of pointing finger and occurrence of

pointing finger gestures) and that social attention

behavior comprised four factors (showing and

imitation, reaction in a novelty situation, under-

standing other’s intention, and noticing other’s

emotion). Based on the adapted developmental

model by structural equation modeling, it was

suggested that the behavior of showing and

imitation was important in developing communica-

tive behavior.

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Error processing and attentional control: ERN/Ne
and Pe in a task-switching paradigm

Tanaka, Hideaki Dept. of Psychology, Otemon Gakuin

University, Osaka, Japan

The purpose of the present study was to investigate
relationship between error processing and atten-
tional control in a task-switching paradigm. The
present study studied an error-related-negativity
(ERN/Ne) and positivity (Pe), an ERP component
reflected error processing. My task-switching para-
digm employed the Eriksen flanker task and the
color discrimination task. The results indicated that
the amplitude of Pe decreased in a task-switching
paradigm, but the amplitude of ERN/Ne did not
have a change. Thus, the present results support the
notion that both error-related components (ERN/
Ne and Pe) represent different aspects of error
processing. Only Pe reflected attentional control of
error processing.

The influence of behavioral interaction on
assessment performance in leaderless group
discussion

Tang, Linlin I/O Psychology, Zhejiang University,

Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China

The candidates’ behavioral interaction in leaderless
group discussion was analyzed in this study. We
asked 5-participants-contained groups (N=82) to
complete a given problem-solving task in 60
minutes. Divided into two groups, eight experienced
assessors either evaluated the content of oral
statement or observed and recorded the frequencies
of the candidates’ movement and expression. It’s
found that the interaction of behavior (smiles, nods)
had an impact on assessment performance, while
the fitness of group members’ personality operated
moderating effects on this relationship. Results
showed that the higher fitness was, the stronger
influence of behavioral interaction on assessment
performance was.

Organizational identification, organizational
change orientation and perceived effectiveness
of change: A field study

Tang, Ningyu School of Management, Shanghai

Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of

China Ni, Ning School of Law and Politics, Shanghai

Normal University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of

China

Through a field study in a Chinese State Owned
Company which is experiencing a big organiza-
tional change, the paper studies the relationship
among organizational identification, organizational
change orientation and perceived effectiveness of
change. By surveying 428 employees at different
level in the company, it reveals that (1) employees’
organizational identification has significant rela-
tionship with perceived change effectiveness; (2)
employees’ change orientations (process-orientation
versus result-orientation) have different effect on
their perception of the effectiveness of change;(2)
employees’ organizational identification moderates
partially the effect between change orientation and
the perceived effectiveness of change.

Emotional memory can modify Posttraumatic
Stress Disorder-associated changes in
recollective experience

Tapia, Géraldine Saint Julien-en-Born, France Clarys,

David Psychologie, UMR CNRS 6215, Tours cedex 1,

France El Hage, Wissam Sciences du comportement,

EA 3248, Tours, France Bugaiska, Aurélia

Psychologie, UMR CNRS 6215, Tours cedex 1, France

Belzung, Catherine Sciences du comportement, EA

3248, Tours, France Isingrini, Michel Psychologie,

UMR CNRS 6215, Tours cedex 1, France

Objectives. The purpose of the study was to
investigate the effects of Post-Traumatic Stress
Disorder (PTSD) on emotional recollection. Meth-
ods. A group of PTSD patients and a control group
were compared on the Remember/Know procedure

with negative, positive and neutral words. PTSD
patients met the PTSD criteria according to the
DSM-IV diagnostic features (APA, 1994). Analysis
consisted of two separate analyses of variance for
Remember and Know responses. Results. Results
showed that for negative words PTSD participants
produced more Remember responses than controls.
Conclusions. This tendency to recollect negative
information more vividly may explain trauma-
related memory disturbances in individuals with
PTSD.

Factors affecting the early human development

Tatsuta, Nozomi Graduate School of Education,

Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan Suzuki, Keita

Education, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan Nakai,

Kunihiko Environmental Health Sciences, Tohoku

University, Sendai, Japan Satoh, Hiroshi

Environmental Health Sciences, Tohoku University,

Sendai, Japan Hosokawa, Toru Education, Tohoku

University, Sendai, Japan

This study examined how an 18 months-old child
development can be predicted from pre/post natal
variables including home environment. The Bayley
Scales of Infant Development (BSID) was adminis-
tered to 379 children at 7 and 18 months old. There
was a small but significant correlation between the
two BSID scores. Step-wise regression analysis
selected child sex, maternal IQ and home environ-
ment as significant variables for mental develop-
ment (R2=0.115, p,.001), and birth weight and
gestation period for psychological development
(R2=0.055, p,.001). These results confirm that
various bio-psycho-social factors affect the early
human development.

Effects of sleep deprivation on a dynamic visuo-
spatial recognition task

Tejero, Pilar Psicologı́a Básica, University of Valencia,

Valencia, Spain Chóliz, Mariano Psicologı́a Básica,

University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain Pastor,

Gemma Psicologı́a Básica, University of Valencia,

Valencia, Spain Roca, Javier Psicologı́a Básica,

University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain

The effects of sleep deprivation on some short-term
memory processes involved in driving a vehicle were
studied in habitual drivers. Data were obtained in
subjects who performed a dynamic visuo-spatial
recognition task while driving in a simulator.
Results obtained in analyses of variance on
recognition measures suggested that partial sleep
deprivation can lead to an impairment in short-term
memory processes when memory load is moderate
(6 or 7 vehicles), but not when it is low (4 or 5
vehicles). A significant interaction between memory
load, sleep deprivation and time on task was found.

Effects of visual-auditory stimulus onset
asynchrony on speech discrimination and
auditory event-related potentials

Thorne, Jeremy MRC Institute of Hearing Res., Royal

South Hants Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom

Debener, Stefan Southampton Section, MRC Institute

of Hearing Res, Southampton, United Kingdom

Multisensory investigation often uses synchronous
stimuli presentation, although vision (V) usually
precedes audition (A) in natural settings. We
manipulated VA stimulus onset asynchrony
(SOA) in an auditory speech discrimination task
(N=17) from 0-100ms. ANOVA revealed a main
effect of SOA condition on response time (F=2.2,
p=.05), with best performance at SOA=80ms.
Analysis of auditory evoked potentials revealed
main effects of condition (F=13.7, p,.0001) and
mode (AV versus A+V; F=14.9, p,.002) on P2
latency, and a condition-by-mode interaction
(F=3.2, p,.02). Shortest P2 latencies were also at
SOA=80ms. The similarity of behavioural and
physiological effects suggests that non-simultaneous
onsets facilitate AV integration.

The emotional modulation of the attentional
blink: Effects of taboo and non-taboo arousing
stimuli in a dual and single task paradigm

Tibboel, Helen Exp. Clinical & Health Psych., Ghent

University, Ghent, Belgium De Houwer, Jan Exp.

Clinical & Health Psy, Ghent University, Ghent,

Belgium Crombez, Geert Exp. Clinical & Health Psy,

Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

The Attentional Blink (AB) refers to the difficulty
in identifying the second of two masked targets (T1
and T2), if these are presented in quick (within 500
ms) succession. The aim of this study was to
examine the impact of arousing stimuli on the AB.
Our questions were: (1) Can arousing T1 stimuli
interfere with processing of subsequent targets? (2)
Are arousing T2 stimuli processed more efficiently
and can they thus attenuate the AB? (3) Are these
effects different when only T2 needs to be reported?
(4) Is the AB modulated by any type of arousing
stimuli?

Values driving change: A case study

Tiernan, Joan Psychology, University College Dublin,

Dublin, Ireland Doddy, Joseph Psychology, University

College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland

Schein (2004) notes that basic assumptions hold the
key to understanding what drives culture change.
These assumptions reshape the values that guide the
organisation (Morgan, 1997). This study examined
a semi-state, human services organisation that had
undergone reorganisation and culture change as a
result of a merger. Six core values relevant to
organisational development emerged from depth
interviews with thirteen managers across thirteen
different business units including leadership, integ-
rity, client-centredness, teamwork, unceasing learn-
ing, and excellence. Retest at 18 months revelated
that new values has been assimilated into existing
work practices, indicating evidence of the emer-
gence of a new culture.

Reading behaviour in German school children

Tiffin-Richards, Simon Inst. für Psychologie II,

Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany

Lachmann, Thomas Psychology Unit II, University of

Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany

Proficient reading requires the integration of com-
plex cognitive processes. Causes of failure to
achieve proficient reading in school-aged children,
despite adequate intellectual and educational para-
meters, has in the literature been attributed to
deficits in phonological, visual and rapid informa-
tion processing. The present research investigated
word and pseudo word reading in young school-
aged children. The study was conducted in German,
a language with distinct phonological and ortho-
graphic regularity. The experimental groups con-
sisted of normally developed readers and
participants with specific reading difficulties. Re-
sults contrast reading speed and accuracy of Ger-
man readers with and without specific reading
difficulties.

What’s in a face? The perception of threat and
disfigurement

Tinati, Tannaze School of Psychology, University of

Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom

Stevenage, Sarah, V. School of Psychology,

University of Southampton, Southampton, United

Kingdom

This study examined perceiver reactions toward
facial disfigurement. Thirty participants were
shown happy, angry, neutral and disfigured faces
in a dot-probe task. A face was presented followed
by a cue in the same (valid) or different (invalid)
location with 250 msecs delay between face and cue.
Analysis suggested that angry faces caused aversion
of attention on invalid trials for high anxious
participants. This reaction was absent with disfig-
ured faces. Instead, subjective feedback indicated a
disgust response than a threat response to disfig-

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urement. Identifying the behavioural and psycho-

logical difference between these responses may

facilitate public awareness campaigns in reducing

overt reactions.

Being fed up: The impact of task repetitiveness
on mental satiation and cardiovascular reactivity

Tomaschek, Anne Arbeits- & Organis.psychologie,

Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

Schultze, Thomas Economic and Social Psychology,

University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

Mojzisch, Andreas Economic and Social Psychology,

University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany Schulz-

Hardt, Stephan Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany Richter, Peter Work &

Organisational Psyc, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany

Previous field studies suggest that repetitive work is

associated with health risks. However, research has

largely neglected the affective experience during

repetitive work. In a laboratory experiment simu-

lating an office environment we examined the

impact of task repetitiveness on mental satiation

(i.e., the feeling of being fed up) and cardiovascular

reactivity. As predicted, participants in the high

repetitive condition reported an enhanced increase

of mental satiation over time and showed a more

elevated systolic blood pressure than participants in

the low repetitive condition. The increase of mental

satiation over time was more pronounced for

action-oriented than for state-oriented individuals.

Developing emotion education program for
elementary school students in China

Tong, Yuehua Dept. of Psychology, Jinan University

of Shandong, Jinan, People’s Republic of China Song,

Shanggui Dept. of Psychology, Jinan University of

Shandong, Jinan, People’s Republic of China

Social-emotional learning is an important part in

psychological health program. However, most

psychological health programs in China did not

address this issue. Emotion Education Program

consists of ten activities which are designed to help

children develop the ability to better understand

emotions. There are three themes in the program:

(a)understanding one’s and other’s emotions,

(b)learning to express and control emotions, and

(c)maintaining positive emotion. The activities are

carried out in groups for ten weeks, and are based

on modeling, role-play, coaching, and discussion.

Effectiveness and implications for school counseling

are discussed.

Perfectionism and mental health: The mediation
role of coping

Tong, Yuehua Dept. of Psychology, Jinan University

of Shandong, Jinan, People’s Republic of China He,

Guangming Dept. of Psychology, University of Jinan,

Jinan, People’s Republic of China

562 university students in China completed mea-

sures of perfectionism (concern over mistakes,

personal standards, organization, parental expecta-

tions), coping (mature coping such as problem-

solving and help-seeking, immature coping such as

self-blame, avoidance, fantasy), and mental health.

Path analyses indicated that mature and immature

coping partially mediated the relations between

concern over mistakes and mental health. Mature

coping partially mediated the relations between

personal standards and mental health, but fully

mediated the relations between organization and

mental health. Immature coping partially mediated

the relations between parental expectations and

mental health. Implications of the present findings

for counseling and intervention are discussed.

Relationships between psychological capital,
authentic self and turnover intention: A study of
call center tele-consultants

Tong, Jiajin Dept. of Psychology, University of Peking,

Beijing, People’s Republic of China Wang, Lei

Psychology, The Peking University, Beijing, People’s

Republic of China Guo, Fang Psychology, The Peking

University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Based on the theory of positive psychology,
especially the part of positive organizational
behavior and psychological capital, this study
explored the relationship among positive capital,
authentic self, and turnover intention in 266 tele-
consultants. Results showed that hope state (one
component of psychological capital) and self-choice
(one component of authentic self) predicted lower
employee turnover intention. Meanwhile, self-
choice mediated the relationship between hope
state and turnover intention. Hope state would
affect turnover intention more if an individual had
a stronger self-choice. These findings help to better
understand turnover intention and turnover activ-
ities within an organization.

Psychological contract breach: Meta-analytic
structural equation modelling

Topa Cantisano, Gabriela Social and Org. Psychology,

UNED, Madrid, Spain

Meta-analytic procedures were used to examine
relationships between psychological contract per-
ceived breach and outcome variables (organiza-
tional commitment, job satisfaction and
organizational citizenship behaviors). Our review
of the literature generated 41 independent samples
in which perceived breach was used as a predictor
of these personal and organizational outcomes.
Potential moderator variables were examined, and
it was found that they explained only a percentage
of variability of primary studies. Structural equa-
tion analysis of the meta-analytical pooled correla-
tion matrix indicated that the relationships of
perceived breach with satisfaction, OCB, intention
to leave and performance are fully mediated by
organizational trust and commitment.

Profile of socio-affective competences of school
children at psychosocial risk

Torres, Alezandra Evolutive Psycology, University of

La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain Rodrigo, Maria Jose

Evolutive Psycology, University of La Laguna, La

Laguna, Spain

A differential profile of socio-affective competences
between two groups of children from at risk and
non at-risk family environments was examined. The
sample was 216 children, aged 6 to 12 years.
Attachment representations; self concept; locus of
control; attributions of peer behaviour; teacher’s
perception; externalization, internalization and so-
cial-cognitive problems were evaluated. A discrimi-
nant function analysis was carried out to determine
the extent to which the socio-affective competences
reliably distinguished between at–risk and non at-
risk group. Aggressiveness, externalizations, shy-
ness, and social-cognitive problems for at- risk
group and social self-concept for the non at-risk
group significantly contributed to the classification.

Behavioral maps in clinical interventions: A
proposal

Torres, Carlos CEIC, Universidad de Guadalajara,

Guadalajara, Mexico Becerril, Rodrigo CEIC,

Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico

Contingency Analysis it’s a methodological frame-
work to identify psychological problems and
strategies of behaviour modification. It consisted
in 5 steps: a) Analysis of micro-contingencies
system, b) Evaluation of macro-contingencies
frame, c) Problem development, d) Solutions
analysis, and e) interventional procedures. This
work show a way to classify and integrate
information obtained in the first steps of the

contingency analysis in order to the identify one
of two kinds of psychological problems: Incon-
gruities between macro and micro-contingencies, or
behavioural competences.

First contacts with the adoptive child: Positive
and negative experiences on international
adoption

Triana Pérez, Beatriz Psicologı́a Evolutiva, University

of La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain Rodrı́guez Suárez,

Guacimara Psicologı́a Evolutiva y de la E, University

of La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain Plasencia Carrillo,

Sonia Psicologı́a Evolutiva y de la E, University of La

Laguna, La Laguna, Spain Sánchez Gutiérrez,

Morerba Psicologı́a Evolutiva y de la E, University of

La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain

The number of children adopted from abroad has
increased in Spain in the last decades. Because of
the importance of international adoption in our
society, it is crucial to know how the adoptive
parents’ experiences are when they have the first
contacts with their adoptive children. 150 adoptive
families participated in the study. All of them
answered an open interview. Taking into account
the information given by the families, we analyzed
different experiences, some of them positive and
some negative. It is essential to take into account
this information in order to give professional advice
to future adoptive families.

Temporal acuity, working memory, and the
prediction of psychometric intelligence

Troche, Stefan Inst. für Psychologie, Universität Bern,

Bern, Switzerland Helmbold, Nadine Inst. für

Psychologie, Universität Göttingen, Göttingen,

Germany Petras, Christina Inst. für Psychologie,

Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

Rammsayer, Thomas Inst. für Psychologie,

Universität Bern, Bern, Switzerland

Temporal acuity (TA) of the brain is closely
associated with intelligence. The present study
investigates mechanisms underlying this functional
relationship and asks whether higher TA leads to
better temporal organization of capacity-limited
resources, e.g., working memory, which are re-
quired to perform on intelligence tests. Applying
structural equation modelling, TA, assessed by
various temporal tasks, was found to reliably
predict working memory capacity (WMC) in 200
participants. WMC was highly correlated with
psychometric intelligence. The findings support
the assumption that the relation between TA and
intelligence is due to better temporal organization
of capacity-limited resources in individuals with
higher TA.

Cross-modal tactile-auditory saltation

Trojan, Jörg Otto-Selz-Institut, Universität Mannheim,

Mannheim, Germany Getzmann, Stephan Ageing and

CNS alterations, IfADo, Dortmund, Germany Möller,

Johanna Otto Selz Institute, University of Mannheim,

Mannheim, Germany Kleinböhl, Dieter Otto Selz

Institute, University of Mannheim, Mannheim,

Germany Hölzl, Rupert Otto Selz Institute, University

of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany

Saltation is a spatiotemporal illusion in which the
judged position of a stimulus is shifted towards that
of a subsequent stimulus. Here, we investigated
cross-modal tactile-auditory saltation using a 2AFC
paradigm. Sequences of three stimuli (reference,
attractee, attractant) were presented as taps on the
forehead and/or lateralised sounds via headphones.
Participants judged attractee positions relative to
references of the same modality. Auditory attrac-
tees were mislocalised towards attractants of either
modality. Tactile attractees were clearly affected by
tactile, but hardly by auditory attractants, demon-
strating an asymmetry in tactile-auditory spatio-
temporal processing relevant to cross-modal inte-
gration.

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Children in residential care: Development and
attachment representations

Tropa-Alves, Rita Child Protection, Santa Casa

Misericórd Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal Vieira-Santos,

Salomé Clinical Psychology, Lisbon University-

Psychology, Lisboa, Portugal

This study’s aim is to characterize development and
attachment representations in a group of kinder-
garten children (aged 4-5) in institutional care.
Participants were distributed into two groups: G1 –
children in residential care (n=25); G2 – children in
a family environment (n=25). Portuguese versions
of the Griffiths Mental Developmental Scale and
the Attachment Story Completion Task were used.
A statistical comparison of the groups was made
using the Main-Whitney test. G1 children present
lower competence in linguistic expression and
comprehension, and display a more insecure
attachment type. The results tie in with others
referred to in literature, mainly in terms of
attachment.

The development of source monitoring in
children: Contributions of working memory and
binding ability

Turon, Heidi School of Psychology, University of

Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia Chalmers, Kerry

School of Psychology, The University of Newcastle,

Newcastle, Australia

The relationship between source monitoring, work-
ing memory and binding ability was investigated in
116 children aged between five and nine. Children
completed an external source monitoring task
(choosing between two soft toys as sources), three
measures of working memory, and a visual binding
task. Results showed significant effects of age and
cue type (perceptual, temporal or both) on source
monitoring ability. There were also significant
correlations between source monitoring perfor-
mance, backward digit span and binding ability.
In contrast to several previous studies, these results
suggest that external source monitoring ability
continues to develop beyond the age of 6.

Reshaping of sences: Methaforization as
reinterpretation of personal psychological
experience

Tymofyeyeva, Nataliya Institute of Psychology, Kiev,

Ukraine

Metaphor combines mythopoetic and discource-
logic ways of world cognition. Through creating an
image and appealing to imagination it helpes to
generate new sences perceived and fixed by reason.
It shapes notions about objects and presents the
way of thinking about them, carrying out a
modelling role in cognition process. As a powerful
means of receiving, recording and transmission of
psychological knowledge, metaphor provides for
effectiveness of various interpersonal influences. It
facilitates seizure of personal psychological experi-
ence (resolving conflicts, overcoming obstacles for
personal growth, ets.). Our study focuses on
different ways of using metaphorization as an
instrument of psychological experience’s reinterpre-
tation.

The effect of physiognomical individuality on
specific emotional impressions

Ueda, Sayako Dept. of Psychology, Japan Women’s

University, Kawasaki, Japan Koyama, Takamasa

Psychology, Japan Women’s University, Kawasaki

city, Japan

The facial structures vary from face to face. The
facial expressions have tendency provided by
senders’ physiognomy. In the experiment, partici-
pants were asked to judge the photographs of
neutral and smiling faces from the impression based
on positive – negative dimension. It was found that
the positive or negative tendency of impression in
neutral faces coheres with one in smiling faces. This
result suggests that we can divide the faces into two

facial types. The positive type, i.e. people with this

type provide facial impression in positive way for

receiver. And the negative type, vice versa.

The effects of coping methods on guilt over a
period of time

Ueichi, Hideo Social System and Management,

University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan Oishi, Mariko

Policy and Planning Sciences, University of Tsukuba,

Tsukuba-shi, Japan

The guilt feeling includes affection with shame and

regret that arises when people do what they must

not do (action guilt: hurt people and committed a

crime) or when they abstain from doing what they

must do (inaction guilt: broke a promise and

violated a rule). This study classified several

situations wherein people feel guilty into two

generic categories: interpersonal and rule-breaking

situations. Employing the questionnaire method,

we examined the changes in guilt, shame, and regret

over a period of time and discussed the effects of

coping methods (rationalization, self-searching, and

self-justification) on the reduction of guilt in each

category.

Craving for transcendence: God as substitute for
addictive agents?

Unterrainer, Human-Friedrich ARS Addiction

Research Society, Gesellschaft ’’Grüner Kreis’’, Graz,

Austria Ladenhauf, Karl-Heinz Pastoraltheology, Karl-

Franzens-University, Graz, Austria Wallner, Sandra

Addiction Research Society, Medical University Graz,

Graz, Austria Liebmann, Peter ARS Addiction

Research Society, Medical University Graz, Graz,

Austria

Objectives: Is the desire for religious-spiritual well-

being increased in substance dependents living in a

therapeutic community? Method: N=504 probands

were investigated. Addicts living in a therapeutic

community (N=60), general medical patients

(N=100), oncological patients (N=81), and healthy

controls (N=263). A multidimensional instrument

for religious-spiritual well-being (MI-RSB 48) was

used together with established questionnaires to

assess sense of coherence (SOC-13 scale) and ways

of coping (FCQ-LIS). Results: Addicts showed

lower bio-psycho-socio-spiritual well-being and less

adequate coping strategies than other patient

groups and the controls. Conclusions: Religious-

spiritual intervention techniques might further

improve the treatment in a therapeutic community.

Who knows how much? Sociodemographic
profile and general knowledge

Urch, Drazen Zagreb, Croatia Huic, Aleksandra

Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy,

Zagreb, Croatia Ljubotina, Damir Department of

Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Zagreb, Croatia

Tonkovic, Masa Department of Psychology, Faculty of

Philosophy, Zagreb, Croatia Tomisa, Tia Department

of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Zagreb, Croatia

This study examined relative influence of socio-

demographic factors on general knowledge. Gen-

eral knowledge was measured using The Advanced

Vocabulary Test (words of Latin and Greek

origin).The following sociodemographic data was

collected: gender, age, degree of education, profes-

sion, current work status, average monthly income,

town size. Foreign language knowledge as well as

whether or not participants learned Latin or Greek

during their schooling was also appraised. Total of

600 respondents participated in the study. Results

of a hierarchical regression analysis are discussed.

Best predictors proved to be degree in higher

education and excellent knowledge of English

language.

Puerto Rican women’s perceptions and attitudes
toward domestic violence

Vàzquez Torres, Hecmary Bayamòn, Puerto Rico

The present study investigated perceptions related
to domestic violence within marital relationships. A
sample of 112 Puerto Rican female university
students between 17 and 26 years of age rated
conflicts between husband and wife on a 7-point
Likert scale, reacting to cases of physical abuse.
Results indicated that a majority of respondents
(57%) thought that abuse warranted arrest,
although consequences were split between jail time
(29%) and counseling (28%). Further aspects of
responsibility, justice, and morality are also ex-
plored in this study. Conclusions address cultural
and gender aspects of marital conflicts and spousal
abuse.

Ruminative style predicts motivational changes
after a negative mood induction

Vázquez, Carmelo Dept. of Psychopathology,

Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain Hervas,

Gonzalo Dept. of Psychopathology, Universidad

Complutense, Madrid, Spain Romero, Nuria Dept. of

Psychopathology, Universidad Complutense, Madrid,

Spain

Recent research has shown that ruminative re-
sponses may be boosted by a pattern of low BAS
(Behavioral Activation System) and high BIS
(Behavioral Inhibition System) which may have
motivational implications. In this research we
explored whether this motivational BIS/BAS pat-
tern, associated to rumination, can be affected by
current mood. Ruminators and non-ruminators
were assessed with a state version of BIS/BAS
scales before and after a negative mood induction
procedure. Our results showed that, after induction,
participants with a ruminative style had a signifi-
cantly lower sensitivity to reward whereas levels of
sensitivity to punishment remained unchanged.
Implications for the understanding the cognitive
and motivational nature of rumination are dis-
cussed.

What do you expect when you are depressed: An
analysis of the effects of mood on sentence
completion

Vázquez, Carmelo Dept. of Psychopathology,

Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain Moreno,

Eva Pluridisciplinar Institute, Universidad

Complutense, Madrid, Spain Provencio, Maria Dept.

of Psychopathology, Universidad Complutense,

Madrid, Spain Sanchez, Alvaro Dept. of

Psychopathology, Universidad Complutense, Madrid,

Spain

Following an extension of the standard ‘cloze’
probability norming procedure (e.g., Federmeier et
al., 2007), this study analyzed whether mood affects
the expectation of negative or positive outcomes.
Participants (N=179) were presented a series of 70
uncompleted sentences. They were required to
complete them with a final word which would
imply either a positive or a negative ending as coded
by independent raters (Kappa=.85). Participants
also completed a number of questionnaires related
to positive and negative mood and depression
severity. Our results confirmed the hypotheses of
a mood-congruent effect on sentence completion
which is discussed in terms of current theories of
mood and cognition.

Understanding of the new information presented
in verbal andvisual forms by pre-school children

Vaganova, Natalia Creativity Psychology, Institute of

Psychology, Kyiv, Ukraine

The article covers issue of understanding of new
information structures by pre-school children, these
structures being presented in audio- and visual
forms (oral messages – rhymes, notions, tales,
stories, pictures, drawings). Theoretical analysis of
concept of understanding enabled us to define main

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psychological indicators and determinants of its

manifestations. Elicited were the features specific to

the process of understanding of new information by

pre-school children through determination of sub-

jective path marks and devising of new image-

notions underlying the understanding. Crucial role

of the analogy and combinatory mechanisms in

development of new semantic constructions was

elucidated. Pilot experimental instructional system

was developed that is intended for training children

in analyzing new information structures and form-

ing relevant skills.

Relation of core self-evaluations, organizational
commitment and turn over intention

Valencia, Marshall Dept. of Psychology, De La Salle

University, Manila, Philippines

The study tested a structural model that looks at

turnover intention as a function of organizational

commitment and core self-evaluations (CSE). Sur-

vey data from 190 call center agents in the

Philippines was analyzed using structural equations

modeling. Results indicated negative correlations

between CSE and turnover intention. Normative

and affective commitment is indirectly related to

turnover intentions with CSE as a mediator.

Continuance commitment was not related to both

CSE and turnover intention. The discussion high-

lights the viability of the CSE construct as a

significant mediator in the turnover intention –

organizational commitment nomological network.

Misinformation effect in emotional/neutral
pictures

Valeri, Sara Dep.of Psychology, University of Rome,

Rome, Italy Candel, Ingrid Dep.of Psychology,

University of Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands

Inguscio, Lucio Dep.of Psychology, University of

Rome, Rome, Italy Marucci, Francesco Dep.of

Psychology, University of Rome, Rome, Italy

Mastroberardino, Serena Dep.of Psychology,

University of Rome, Rome, Italy

The aim of this study is to integrate ‘‘misinforma-

tion effect’’ and ‘‘emotional arousal’’ paradigms,

comparing the memory performance of subjects

after a presentation of emotional and neutral

pictures. We examine the effect of environmental

sounds as misinformation to evaluate the overlap

between real picture and post congruent audio

stimuli. We explore, furthermore, how different

ways to provide misinformation can affect people’s

memory evaluating the memory performance for

misleading/no misleading sounds and leading/no

leading questions.

Gay parenthood in The Netherlands

van Balen, Frank Educationial Sciences, University of

Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands Bos, Henny

Educationial Sciences, University of Amsterdam,

Amsterdam, Netherlands Van Rooij, Floor

Educationial Sciences, University of Amsterdam,

Amsterdam, Netherlands

This study examines whether planned gay fathers

differ from heterosexual fathers on parenting.

Twenty-three planned gay fathers were compared

with 100 heterosexual fathers. Data were collected

through questionnaires, in the Netherlands. Most

gay fathers shared child-rearing with the biological

mothers of their children and were part-time

fathers. Compared to heterosexual fathers, they

reported more often happiness as motive for having

a child, experienced greater negative parental

treatment, felt less competent and more pressure

to justify parenthood, and sought more social

support. This indicates that gay fathers feel less

secure, which might be related to part-time parent-

ing and societal rejection.

Conscious and unconscious proportion effects in
masked priming

van den Bussche, Eva Dept. of Psychology, Katholieke

Universiteit Leuven, Kortrijk, Belgium Segers, Gitte

Psychology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven,

Belgium Reynvoet, Bert Psychology, Katholieke

Universiteit Leuven, Kortrijk, Belgium

The global neuronal workspace theory (Dehaene &
Naccache, 2001) proposes that it is impossible for
an unconscious stimulus to be used strategically to
enhance task performance (bottom-up effect), while
a fully consciously perceived stimulus can be used
to improve task performance (top-down effect).
These hypotheses were confirmed by the present
study. We found that subjects were able to use a
manipulation of the proportion of visible Arabic/
number word targets to enhance task performance
(experiment 1), but they were unable to use a
manipulation of the proportion of invisible Arabic/
number word primes to enhance task performance
(experiment 2).

Job characteristics, self-regulatory skills, goal
progress, and employee well-being

van der Doef, Margot Dept. of Health Psychology,

Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands Volkova,

Anastasia Dept. of Health Psychology, Leiden

University, Leiden, Netherlands

Against the background of the Job demand-control
model, this study examines whether demands and
control are associated with self-regulatory skills,
progress on personal work goals, and well-being.
235 employees completed a questionnaire assessing
job characteristics, self-regulatory skills (e.g. plan-
ning, attention control), goal progress, and job-
related well-being. High skill discretion, and to a
lesser extent high decision authority and low
demands, were directly related to well-being.
Furthermore, skill discretion had an indirect effect
on well-being, mediated by self-regulatory skills and
goal progress. Skill discretion may influence em-
ployee well-being partially through its positive
effects on self-regulatory skills and goal progress.

Modality-independent and modality-dependent
processing of syntactic gender violations in left
cytoarchitectonic BA 44

van Ermingen, Muna Aachen, Germany Heim, Stefan

Brain Imaging Center West, Research Centre Jülich,

Jülich, Germany Amunts, Kathrin Institute of

Medicine, Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany

Huber, Walter Abt. Neurolinguistik,

Universitätsklinikum Aachen, Aachen, Germany

This fMRI study investigates whether left BA 44
supports the processing of gender violations in
spoken and written determiner phrases independent
of stimulus modality. The gender decision times
were longer for violated vs. correct stimuli. A
conjunction analysis of decisions for visual and
auditory stimuli revealed common activation in left
BA 44. Moreover, in BA 44 activation was stronger
for violated than for correct stimuli. The data
support the view that left BA 44 is involved in the
processing of syntactic gender violations.

The self-learning in inline-skating classes at
school

Viciana, Jesus Physical Education and Sport,

University of Grenade, Granada, Spain Román,

Blanca Physical Education and Sport, University of

Grenade, Granada, Spain Miranda, M” Teresa

Physical Education and Sport, University of Grenade,

Granada, Spain Martinez, Manuel Physical Education

and Sport, University of Grenade, Granada, Spain

Martı́nez, Juan C. Physical Education and Sport,

University of Grenade, Granada, Spain

The aim of this research was to promote inline-
skating self learning in students through problem-
solving tasks. 49 students (13,7 years old) received
instruction for 16 days during Physical Education
classes. Students and the teacher assessed the

specific skills prior to and after the treatment in a
scale of 7 categories (within 2 different items). The
data which associates the subjective learning level
with an objective teacher’s assessment, shows
significant differences (p=.005) in dynamic balance,
velocity and direction control, jump ability, body
and feet laterality. The problem-solving tasks can
be used to facilitate the autonomy and self-
motivation inline-skating learning process.

Influence of textual coherence in generation of
textual and extratextual inferences in university
students
Vieiro, Pilar Psicologia Evolutiva, University of La

Coruna, La Coruna, Spain

The aim of this work is to analyze the influence of
textual coherence in the generation of textual and
extratextual inferences in university students. Forty
university students were used: twenty read a
secuencial text with high coherence and the other
twenty read a text with low coherence. We measure
the recognition of on-line inferences. Results
showed no significant differences in the generation
of both types of inferences according to the level of
textual coherence. Keywords: inferences, reading
comprehension, textual coherence

Design of competencies-based model using the
organizational climate survey
Villavicencio Carranza, Miguel Alejandro Mexico City,

Mexico

The organizational climate survey is generally used
to identify worker’s perceptions about different
elements that affect their performance. Although
these results help to diagnose the organization’s
main problems, can also be useful to design a
competencies-based model for human resource’s
training and development. Thus, a competencies-
based model was designed using the results
obtained from an instrument (alpha=.96, factorial
analysis=.60) that evaluates 16 organizational
climate factor’s. The model includes competencies
like: human relations, communication and feed-
back, supervision, support and commitment. In-
troducing this competencies-based model type, the
organization is able to design T&D programs and
to incorporate elements for HR performance
improvement.

The influence of explicit and implicit goals on the
allocation of spatial attention
Vogt, Julia Dept. of Psychology, Ghent University,

Ghent, Belgium de Houwer, Jan Department of

Psychology, PP05, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

Moors, Agnes Department of Psychology, PP05,

Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Crombez, Geert

Department of Psychology, PP05, Ghent University,

Ghent, Belgium

This study examined whether stimuli relevant to a
person’s current goals influence the automatic
allocation of spatial attention. Healthy volunteers
responded to targets that were preceded by cues
consisting of stimuli relevant to an explicit goal
(Experiment 1) or an implicit goal (Experiment 2).
Repeated measurement ANOVAs conducted on the
reaction times revealed that goal relevant stimuli
evoke an attentional bias through holding of
attention compared to other activated stimuli.
These results support old and recent accounts in
attention and motivation that propose an early
modulation of attention by the current goals of a
person.

Managing injury management performance to
improve outcomes for long- term claimants
Volleman, Theodora Premier and Cabinet,

Government of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia

Heim, Michael

The present study implements a measurement
systems approach based on psychological principles
to improve case management performance in

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resolving long term Workers Compensation claims.

A total of 27 case managers handling 150 claims

were randomly allocated to either a minimal

intervention group or a control group. Participants

in the intervention group confidentially rated their

own monthly case management performance using

a scale developed for this purpose. They then

received a graph of the average ratings for the entire

group against which they could compare their own

performance. The findings are discussed in the

context of effective low cost interventions in injury

management.

The structure of Inferiority Complex, its
expression and levels

Vorone, Santa Social Psychology, Daugavpils

Universitaty, Daugavpils, Latvia

In this paper the expression of inferiority complex,

its structure and levels of development are analyzed.

Attention is given to psychological development of

personality in the aspect of dynamics of the

inferiority complex concept and to problems in

personality development from the perspective of

clinical psychology. It was found that the inferiority

complex develops dynamically and gradually, and

that it has three levels of development: 1) situa-

tional; 2) complex as personality feature; 3) clinical.

The inferiority complex is composed of complex

structure of personality disorders: emotional, social,

cognitive and clinical disorders.

How straight are straight people exactly?

Vrangalova, Snezana Human Development, Cornell

University, Ithaca, USA Savin-Williams, Ritch Human

Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA

This study examined different methods of assessing

sexual orientation and investigated inconsistencies

in the various dimensions of this concept among

heterosexually-identified individuals, a finding fre-

quently reported for non-heterosexuals. Three-

hundred students aged 18 to 42 (82% heterosexual)

completed a web-administered survey. Sexual or-

ientation was assessed using multiple measures.

Although sexual behaviors were largely consistent

with heterosexual self-identification, sexual attrac-

tions and fantasies were strikingly non-exclusive.

Consistent heterosexuals differed from inconsistent

ones in certain aspects of their sexual histories.

Implications for the nature and meaning of sexual

orientation components and for the traditional

simplistic assessment of sexual orientation are

discussed.

A study on the development of 3-6 year-old
children’s emotion understanding ability from
the perspective of the theory of mind

Wang, Xiao Ying Dept. of Psychology, Northeast

Normal University, Changchun, People’s Republic of

China Zhang, Yu Mei Psychology Department,

Northeast Normal University, Changchun, People’s

Republic of China

The purpose of this research is to verifying the age

characteristic, the sex difference and the overall

development situation of the 3,6year old children’s

emotion understanding ability development from

the Perspective of the Theory of Mind in China.

This study employs the experimental method. The

research includes four levels?including the emotion

exterior performance, the emotion reason under-

stood, the conflict emotion understood and the

emotion regulation. The result indicates that:3,6

year-old children’s emotion understanding ability

from the perspective of the theory of mind is

increasing, but there is no significant difference. The

development of emotion understanding for children

is not straightness, and has the task particularity.

Construct dimension of the employee’s content
of organizational socialization in China

Wang, Minghui Department of Psychology, Henan

University, Kaifeng, People’s Republic of China Ling,

Wenquan School of Management, Jinan University,

Guangzhou,Guangdong, People’s Republic of China

Fang, Liluo Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy

of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Objectives: Organizational socialization is a learn-
ing process by which an individual adjusts the
attitudes, behaviors he or she needs to participate as
an organizational member, the purpose of the study
is to explore the construct dimension of the
employee’s content of organizational socialization
in China. Methods: The methods involved literature
review, interview, pilot study and survey, The
survey data was mainly analyzed with exploratory
factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis.
Results: The results showed that organizational
socialization content of Chinese employees was
comprised of organizational culture, job compe-
tency, interpersonal relationship and organizational
politics. Conclusions: The four-dimension construct
can reflect the contents which Chinese employees
should learn in the process of organizational
socialization.

Neuroticism, extraversion, emotion regulation,
nagative affect and positive affect: The mediating
roles of reappraisal and suppression

Wang, Li Inst. of Psychology, Chinese Academy of

Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

This study examined the mediating role of emotion
regulation between neuroticism and negative affect
and between extraversion and positive affect.
Participants were 1,000 Chinese undergraduate
students. The results of structural equation model-
ing indicated that neuroticism and extraversion
contributed to negative affect and positive affect
indirectly through reappraisal beside the direct
contribution respectively. Furthermore, neuroticism
and extraversion explained 22% of the variance in
reappraisal, and neuroticism and reappraisal, ex-
traversion and reappraisal explained 42% and 28%
of the variance in negative affect and positive affect,
respectively.

Response compatibility effect of gaze and arrow
direction

Wang, Hsioa Ling Psychology, ChungYuan Christian

University, Chung Li, Taiwan Chao, Hsuan-Fu

Psychology, ChungYuan Christian University, Chung

Li, Taiwan Kuo, Chun-Yu Psychology, ChungYuan

Christian University, Chung Li, Taiwan

From an evolutionary perspective, although both
eye gaze and arrow direction are usually classified
as central cues of attention, they are believed to
have different impacts on human cognition. The
current study aimed at investigating the differential
effects of eye gaze and arrow direction on attention
by studying their response compatibility effects
(Experiments 1–4) and by examining the influences
of social and nonsocial cues on their effects
(Experiments 2–4). The results indicated that eye
gaze and arrow direction are different.

The long-term effects of maternal discipline on
children’s conflict resolution ability

Wang, Lin Dept. of Psychology, Chung Yuan

University, Chung Li, Taiwan

This study examined the extent to which maternal
disciplinary styles and direct instructions influenced
children’s goal setting and chosen strategies in
conflict resolution one year later. Maternal styles
include positive inducement, negative force and
non-involvement. The direct instructions are
grouped as assertive, prosocial and yielding strate-
gies. Using regression-analysis, data from 568 (275
boys and 293 girls) Taiwanese children from the
2nd to 5th grade and their mothers were analyzed
across 2 years. Findings indicated that mothers’

direct instructions of prosocial strategies one year
ago influenced daughters’, but not sons’, setting
altruistic goal and using prosocial strategies in peer
conflict resolutions.

The time course and source localization of false
belief reasoning revealed by an event-related
potential study
Wang, Yiwen Research Center for Learning S,

Southeast University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of

China Lin, Chongde School of Psychology, Beijing

Normal University, Beijing, People’s Republic of

China

To investigate the neural substrates of false-belief
reasoning, the 32 channels event-related potentials
(ERP) of 14 normal adults were measured while
they understood false-belief and true-belief used
deceptive appearance task. After onset of the false-
belief or true-belief questions?N100, P200 and late
negative component (LNC) were elicited at centro-
frontal sites. False-belief reasoning elicited a
significant declined LNC than true-belief in the
time window from 400 to 800ms. The source
analysis of difference wave (False minus True) at
650ms showed a dipole located in the middle
cingulated cortex. These findings suggested that
false-belief reasoning probably included inhibitive
control.

Dynamic dissociation of person perception and
theory-of-mind reasoning investigated by event
related brain potentials
Wang, Yiwen School of Psychology, Shandong

Normal University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China

Liu, Yan Research Center for Learning S, Southeast

University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China Lin,

Chongde Institute of Developmental Psy, Beijing

Normal University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of

China

To investigate the dynamic dissociation of theory-
of-mind(tom) reasoning and person perception,
event-related potentials(ERP) were recorded from
17 normal undergraduates while they were watching
three kinds of cartoons. The amplitudes of P200
and 300-400ms for scene pictures were significantly
lower than person perception and tom-cartoons,
which the two latter were no difference. From
900ms, the mean amplitudes of tom-cartoons were
further dissociated from the person perception.
Results reveal that two sub-processes might be
involved in theory-of-mind reasoning and person
perception.

Effects of presenting mode of reading material on
children reading activity
Wang, Aiping Beijing Normal University, Psychology

school, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Objective: To study effects of three presenting
modes of reading material on children reading
activity. Method: 36 fifth-year pupils who have high
and low read levels read three articles with three
presenting modes: paper, electronic text, and
hypertext-format. Results showed: (1) the scores
of readers with higher reading level are better than
lowers; the scores of schoolgirls are better than
schoolboys in conditions of three presenting modes;
(2) children reading comprehension don’t been
affected by different presenting modes of reading
materials; (3) children have higher evaluation to
hypertext than other presenting modes. Conclusion:
most of children can accept and familiar non-linear
text quickly.

The role of subtitle in the children’s incidental
learning
Wang, Aiping Beijing Normal University, Psychology

school, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Objective: The role of subtitle in children’s in-
cidental learning. Method: three factors: reading
levels, pinyin, new word dense, Results: (1) first and
three grades children can acquire more new words

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in high dense condition than low one; (2) the new

words first-grade children with low reading level

acquired are same as high reading level ones in

pinyin subtitles condition, but are lower signifi-

cantly than high reading level ones in no-pinyin; (3)

the new words in pinyin subtitle conditions three-

grade children with high reading level acquired

aren’t different from ones of low and no-pinyin.

Conclusion: incidental learning made use of sub-

titles is a favorable method for children acquiring

vocabulary knowledge.

Manipulated facial expressions in relation to
subjective emotional reactions

Waterink, Wim Dept. of Psychology, Open Univ. of

the Netherlands, Heerlen, Netherlands Van der Laan,

Catheleyne Psychology, Open University of the

Nether, Heerlen, Netherlands Van Hooren, Susan

Psychology, Open University of the Netherl, Heerlen,

Netherlands

It was investigated whether specific facial expres-

sions moderate the experience of induced emotions.

Sixty subjects participated in a cover story experi-

ment. Different facial expression where brought on

by keeping objects between teeth or lips, activating

or not activating facial muscles underlying basic

emotional facial expressions. Multiple regression

analysis led to the finding that for subject where

smiling muscles were activated, relatively higher

positive emotional reactions on neutral stimuli were

accompanied by higher positive emotional reactions

on positive stimuli. So, as part of a therapeutic

intervention, activating smiling muscles seems more

beneficial for subjects who, in general, show initial

positive reactions.

Career changers as teachers: Motivations, work
perceptions and how it all turns out

Weinmann-Lutz, Birgit Inst. für Psychologie,

Universität Trier, Trier, Germany

The purpose of this study was to investigate the

positive effect of career change on important

professional variables for teachers, like self-efficacy,

motivation and work perceptions. Questionnaires

of a total of 876 first versus second career teaching

students (at the beginning and the end of their

training) and experienced professionals were in-

cluded; 128 thereof were longitudinal data sets. 47

biographical interviews were made. Multivariate

analyses of variance, repeated measurement ana-

lyses and content analyses were undertaken. Career

change has a positive effect on self-efficacy, realistic

and idealistic work perceptions; pronounced gender

effects were found.

Previous target location and movement direction
increase reaction times in a joint movement task

Welsh, Timothy Faculty of Kinesiology, University of

Calgary, Calgary, Canada McDougall, Laura Faculty of

Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada

Weeks, Daniel Department of Psychology, Simon

Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada

Inhibition of return (IOR) refers to longer reaction

times to targets appearing in the same location as a

previous event. IOR also occurs at the target

location of another person’s action. Movement

direction and target location was confounded in

previous between-person IOR research because

participants sat across from each other and

responded to common targets. Here, participants

sat beside each other so we were able to determine if

target location repetition or movement direction

repetition was responsible for between-person IOR.

Results indicate that both location and movement

direction are coded in the observer and indepen-

dently evoke the processes underlying IOR.

Multimethod validation of a screening
instrument for job related affective well-being

Wendsche, Johannes Inst. für Arbeitspsychologie,

Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

Uhmann, Stefan Clinical Psychology, TU Dresden,

Dresden, Germany Tomaschek, Anne Work and

Organizational Psych., TU Dresden, Dresden,

Germany Richter, Peter Work and Organizational

Psych., TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany

Research has mainly focused on non-specific
affective states at the work place: stress and
satisfaction. Based on a two-dimensional model of
affect (valence, activation) we tested the validity of
a more comprehensive, one-click, and semantic-free
screening instrument assessing job-related affective
states. As proposed, the ‘‘affective grid’’ corre-
sponds to the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule
(Study 1). Furthermore, its sensitivity was examined
in an experiment inducing different affective states
(Study 2) and by applying it before and after oral
examinations (Study 3). Studies 4 and 5 showed
associations to performance, perceived job strain
and cardiovascular reactivity in virtual and assem-
bly-line work.

Cross-modal attention and letter recognition

Wesner, Michael Psychology, CBTC-Lakehead

University, Thunder Bay, Canada Miller, Lisa

Psychology, CBTC-Lakehead University, Thunder Bay,

Canada

Although there is extensive evidence supporting
top-down modulation of visual and auditory
perceptual processes within the same modality,
there remains ambiguity as to how these mechan-
isms operate on perceptual processes across sensory
modalities. Using a letter pairing paradigm, we
presented capital letter pairs that were either
structurally (e.g., [R] [P]) or phonetically (e.g., [B]
[V]) similar and asked participants to indicate the
appropriate coding classification, with the added
caveat that these letters could be presented unim-
odally as controls, or concurrently in both mod-
alities. Reaction time and accuracy measurements
with different intermodal attentional instructions
and letter classifications revealed complex top-
down, task-dependent interactions.

My home is my identity: Studies on regional
identity

Wiederhold, Uta Prof. für Sozialpsychologie, TU

Dresden, Dresden, Germany

The paper proposes a new theoretical concept of
regional identification on the background of social
identity approach (Tajfel et al.). The main idea is to
specify regional identity not by territoral definition
like residence but as a shared group membership
which rests on processes of intergroup differentia-
tion. An individual feels commited to a region
because she/he feels attached to the people who live
there. A new scale measuring regional identity
(a=.955, N=293,) shows evidence for a membership
dimension of regional identity. Furthermore differ-
ent SEM-models will be tested to fit the database.

Avoidance behaviour of socially anxious women
in virtual social interactions

Wieser, Matthias Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany Pauli, Paul

Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg,

Würzburg, Germany Mühlberger, Andreas

Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg,

Würzburg, Germany

Objectives: Combining virtual reality and eye-
tracking allows the investigation of avoidance
behaviour in highly controlled social situations.
Method: High (HSA) and low socially anxious
(LSA) participants and controls were confronted
with virtual characters showing averted or direct
gaze while eye movements and head posture were
recorded. Results: HSA compared to LSA showed
more backward head posture in response to male

avatars with direct gaze. Furthermore, HSA and

controls looked less long at the male avatars with

direct gaze than to male avatars with averted gaze.

Conclusions: HSA who are confronted with social

interaction of opposite sex show avoidance beha-

viour.

Revisiting age of acquisition effects in Spanish
word reading

Wilson, Maximiliano ISTC-CNR, Rome, Italy Cuetos,

Fernando Cognitive Neuroscience, University of

Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain Burani, Cristina Cogntive

Sciences, ISTC-CNR, Rome, Italy

We studied Age of Acquisition (AoA), and its

relationship with Frequency and Imageability to

evaluate whether lexical-semantic variables influ-

enced word reading in a transparent orthography as

Spanish. Fifty-six Spanish adult readers performed

Lexical Decision (LD) and Word Naming (WN)

tasks, with a fully orthogonal design (AoAxFre-

quency, AoAxImageability). ANOVAs were con-

ducted. Both AoA and Frequency, but not

Imageability, affected LD, with larger AoA effects

for Low-Frequency and Low-Imageability words.

In WN the effect of Word frequency was stronger

than that of AoA. These results are in support of

lexical non-semantic reading aloud in transparent

orthographies as Spanish.

Evidence for negative automatic evaluation and
better recognition of bodily symptom words in
health anxiety

Witthöft, Michael Inst. für Psychologie, ZI für

Seelische Gesundheit, Mannheim, Germany Schmidt,

Erika Clinical Psychology, Centr. Instit. of Ment.

Health, Mannheim, Germany Kornadt, Anna Clinical

Psychology, Centr. Instit. of Ment. Health, Mannheim,

Germany Bailer, Josef Clinical Psychology, Centr.

Instit. of Ment. Health, Mannheim, Germany

Objectives: Negative automatic evaluations (NAE)

of disorder related stimuli are considered as crucial

in various psychopathologies. In health anxiety

(HA), NAE might be responsible for the observed

memory bias toward health threat stimuli. Meth-

ods: Three experimental groups (people with HA,

elevated depression scores (D), and controls (C)

were compared on an implicit association test (IAT)

as a measure of NAE and a recognition task (RT).

Results: Focusing on the accuracy data, people with

HA demonstrated greater NAE in the IAT and

better recognition of symptom words in the RT.

Conclusions: NAE of symptoms might maintain

health threat representations in memory.

Group-based self-control: The influence of social
identification on individual control strategies

Woltin, Karl-Andrew International Graduate College,

Universität Jena, Jena, Germany Sassenberg, Kai

Knowledge Media Research Cente, Knowledge Media

Research Cente, Tübingen, Germany

A self-regulation perspective to (inter)group moti-

vation is applied that combines the action phase

model, describing control strategies given a pre- and

post-deadline phase of individual goal pursuit, with

social identity theory. We expect that the more

group members identify with their group, the more

they will engage in phase-adequate control strategy

usage (i.e., group-based self-control). This hypoth-

esis was supported for behavioural intentions and

behavioural measures in a scenario experiment with

natural groups and in two laboratory experiments

using quasi-minimal groups and manipulating

social identification. The findings point to the

possibility of applying theories concerning con-

trolled individual self-regulation to (inter)group

contexts.

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Intergenerational differences in the values of
children and family among Korean university
students and their parents

Woo, Jo-Eun Dept. of Education, Inha University,

Incheon, Republic of Korea Kim, Uichol Business

administration, Inha University, Inchon, Republic of

Korea Park, Young-Shin Dept. of Education, Inha

University, Incheon, Republic of Korea

The purpose of this study is to examine inter-
generational differences in the values of children
and family among university students and their
parents. A total of 600 respondents (a matched
sample of 200 university students and their parents)
completed a questionnaire. The results indicate that
positive values of children for university students
emphasize psychological aspects, such as personal
satisfaction and happiness. For their parents,
positive values of children emphasize familial and
social aspects, such as depending on their children
when they are old and continuing the family line.
For negative values of children, university students
are more likely emphasize constraints in their
personal, occupational and social life. Overall,
parents are more likely to emphasize traditional
familial obligations than university students.

The influence of cognitive holding power,
intelligence and mathematical achievement on
children’s realistic problem solving

Xin, Ziqiang School of Psychology, Beijing Normal

University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China Zhang,

Li School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University,

Beijing, People’s Republic of China

The study aimed to explore whether first and
second order cognitive holding power perceived by
children in classroom, fluid intelligence, and math-
ematical achievement can predict their solving
standard and realistic problems. Results from an
investigation of 119 Chinese 4-6th graders showed
that: (1) children’s intelligence and general mathe-
matical achievement significantly predicted their
performance on both realistic and standard pro-
blems, however, second order cognitive holding
power predicted their performance on realistic
problems but not standard problems; (2) the
relationship between first order cognitive holding
power and children’s correct answers to realistic
problems was mediated by second order cognitive
holding power.

Fourth to sixth graders representation of area-of-
rectangle problems: Influences of relational
complexity and cognitive holding power

Xin, Ziqiang School of Psychology, Beijing Normal

University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

The aim of the study is to explore 382 4-6 graders’
representation level of area-of-rectangle problems
belonging to four templates with different relational
complexity, and influences of cognitive holding
power on it. The results showed that students’
representation level improved with grades, and their
representation level of four templates had clear
hierarchical order. The representation level of each
template was significantly predicted by both first
and second order cognitive holding power, more-
over, the predictive power increased from template
1 to template 4, but the predictive directions were
opposite.

Affective aspects of learning: Adolescents’ self-
concept, achievement values, emotions and
motivation in learning mathematics

Xiong, Junmei München, Germany Tippelt, Rudolf

Department of Education, University of Munich,

Munich, Germany

The study aimed at describing adolescents’ affec-
tive-cognitive processes in learning mathematics.
Eleventh graders (n = 464) from two metropolitans
in China were administered Motivated Strategies
for Learning Questionnaire (Pintrinch et al., 1991),
Academic Emotions Questionnaire – Mathematics

(Pekrun, et al., 2005), etc.. Correlation-regression
statistics revealed that emotions correlated with
Strategies use, Self-concept, and Achievement
values positively or negatively based on the valence
of the emotions. In addition, Boredom (ß = -.27, p
, .001), Metacognitive self-regulation (ß = .20, p ,

.001), Performance approach (ß = .13, p , .01), and
Parental control (ß = -.25, p , .001) were predictors
of Math achievement. Math achievement is a
function of affective-cognitive processes.

2-4 years old children’s inhibition and impulsivity
Xu, Qinmei Inst. for Psychology, Zhejiang University,

Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China Geng, Fengji

Psychology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s

Republic of China

Objectives?To test children’s inhibition and impul-
sivity. Methods: 53 subjects (23 boys and 30 girls,
M = 35.11 months, SD = 6.47) were classified as
inhibited, intermediate and uninhibited children
based on fearfulness paradigm (Kochanska et al.,
2001). The impulsivity was measured by delay tasks
(Aksan and Kochanska, 2004). The differences in
impulsivity among 3 groups were examined by one-
way analysis of variance with post-hoc tests.
Results: Differences among 3 types were found (F
= 5.97, P , .01); intermediate children’s impulsivity
was lower than both of inhibited and uninhibited
ones. Conclusions: Inhibition was not directly
related to implusivity.

Suspicions and the interaction of corporate
values with consumer values
Yabsley, Evan Faculty of Business, Central

Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia

This study shows how company values and public
statements of corporate social responsibility (CSR),
are processed through the prism of the consumer’s
values and suspicion attributions. A between-within
design surveyed 1000 Queensland consumers, uti-
lised stimulus material generated from five Aus-
tralian brands’ CSR statements, a suspicion
attribution scale and the Schwartz Value Scale.
When controlling for reputation, confirmatory
factor analysis and structural equation modelling
show mediation of personal values magnifies or
suppresses suspicions of corporate egoism. The
study both confirms prior studies of individual
interaction elements, and also makes a unique
contribution with a complete model not con-
founded by reputation.

A study of socio-psychological characterstics of
alcohol abusers among Kurukshetra University
boys hostellers
Yadav, Rajender Singh Dept. of Eduction, Kurukshetra

University, Kurukshetra, India

The study was conducted on 90 male students(Al-
cohol Abusers) residing in hostels of Kurukshetra
University, Kurukshetra (India) selected through
snowball sampling technique using self developed
non-directive interview schedule. Percentages and
frequencies were calculated for analysis and inter-
pretation of data. The study highlighted general
background of alcohol abusers, causes of alcohol
coping behaviour. Majority of the alcohol abusers
started taking alcohol at the age of 20 yrs & above
and developed this habit in the company of friends
and significantly large number of alcohol abusers
did not want their parents to be informed about
their habit of taking alcohol.

Relationship between attitudes toward suicide
survivors and views on suicide
Yamanaka, Akira Faculty of Business Administr.,

Hokkai-Gakuen University, Sapporo, Japan

Attitudes on Suicide Survivors scale (ASS) was
developed and the relationship between these
attitudes and views regarding suicide was examined.
Factor analysis of ASS identified five factors:
Rejection of Contact, Finger-Pointing, Confusion

on Contact, Commiseration, and Considering

Suicide Taboo. Moreover, factor analysis of re-

sponses to the Views of Suicide Scale (Nakamura,

1996) identified three factors that were different

from those of previous studies: Connivery, Orienta-

tion to Living, and Active Contradiction. Certain

factors of the ASS correlated with the three factors

in the Views of Suicide Scale.

The study on the development of the spatial-
numerical representation in Chinese children

Yang, Tao Research Insitute of Basic Edu, Beijing

Normal University, Beijing, People’s Republic of

China

This study was designed to observe the develop-

ment of children’s spatial representation of num-

bers, with the bilateral parity response task and the

number color response task. 5 to 12 year-old

Children and adults were participated in the study.

The results showed: (1) Spatial representation of

numbers appeared in 5-year-old children and stably

existed in children from 5 to 12 year-old. (2) The

development of children’s spatial representation of

numbers was significantly correlative with their

ages. As the children’s ages increasing, the size of

the SNARC effect gradually decreased. (3) The task

had different sensitivity to the children in different

age.

Experiences of youth about psychological
outcomes of substance dependency

Yazdani, Mohsen Nursing Faculty, University of Med

Sciences, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran Fereidooni

Moghadam, Malek Nursing Department, Abadan

Nursing Faculty, Abadan, Islamic Republic of Iran

Nasiri, Mahmood Nursing Faculty, University of Med

Sciences, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran Yazdannik,

Ahmad Reza Nursing Faculty, University of Med

Sciences, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran

Objectives: In the recent years young people are the

main victims of Substance dependency. Present

study was done to describe the experiences of youth

about psychological outcomes of substance depen-

dency. Methods: This research is a phenomenolo-

gical study. Participants were 12 youth with that

was selected with purposive sampling method. Data

analysis was done via Colaizzi method. Results: The

main concept was derived from this study were

psychological outcomes that included four sub-

themes. Conclusions: The results showed that

people after substance dependency showed many

negative outcomes. So three approaches of indivi-

dual, family and community centered in levels of

prevention suggested.

The changes of Chinese value orientation: Cross-
generation comparisons using Rokeach Value
Survey

Ye, Qian Dept. of Psychology, Beijing Normal

University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China Yan,

Gonggu Psychology, Beijing Normal University,

Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Social transition in China, characterized by the

Reform and Opening-up policy, impacts Chinese’s

values greatly. 737 subjects were sampled nationwi-

dely to take Rokeach Value Survey by ranking and

rating items. The results indicate that two methods

have same function on measuring personal values.

Males prefer individual orientated values, while

females prefer social/affiliation orientated values.

Compared with other generations, the post-80s,

born after 1980, pursue various things but value less

on Universalism (A world of peace, Equality and

National Security). In addition, the young women

value more on Salvation and Capable but less on

Polite and Self-controlled.

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Development and practice of human relations
training program for teachers

Yoshida, Michio Faculty of Education, Kumamoto

University, Kumamoto, Japan

We have developed training programs for teachers
to improve human relations skills. This training
consists of two courses, namely "Basic training" and
"Follow training." Before the "Basic training,"
teachers ask their students to describe actions they
want teachers to carry out and not to carry out. In
the "Basic training," teachers analyze students’
descriptions and make decisions to change their
behavior. After the training, the participants try to
achieve their personal goals in their classes. At the
end of the school term, teachers conduct survey to
get data from their students. Again, the result is
analyzed in the "Follow training."

Dual intra-process leading antisocial propensity:
The prediction power of social information-
processing and self-regulation

Yoshizawa, Hiroyuki Faculty of Education, Gifu

Shotoku Gakuen University, Gifu, Japan Harada,

Chika Graduate School of Education a, Nagoya

University, Nagoya, Japan Yoshida, Toshikazu

Graduate School of Education a, Nagoya University,

Nagoya, Japan

The authors examined the prediction power of dual
intra-process, which consists of social information-
processing (SIP) and self-regulation, for antisocial
propensity. Data were collected from 75 male
undergraduates in Japan. SIP was assessed by
knowledge structures of social rules, normative
beliefs about aggression, and cognitive distortion.
Behavioral inhibition / approach system, effortful
control, and social self-regulation were used as
indices for self-regulation. Antisocial propensity
was assessed by evaluations of the seriousness and
past experience of antisocial behaviors. The results
of structural equation modeling revealed the causal
antecedence of SIP over self-regulation to predict
antisocial propensity.

Coordination of Yin and Yang: Chinese value
orientations and their structures

Yu, Guangtao Business School, CUFE, Beijing,

People’s Republic of China Fu, Pingping Department

of Management, Chinese Univ. of Hong Kong, Hong

Kong, People’s Republic of China Liu, Jun School of

Business, Renmin University of China, Beijing,

People’s Republic of China

In order to explore the specific traits of Chinese
value systems, two studies were conducted follow-
ing the context-specific approach. At first, 138
Chinese managers were asked to describe ten most
important things in life, and 1154 items were
collected and sorted into 14 categories after 6 round
sorting. Then, Chinese Value Instrument including
79 items was constructed, and 598 undergraduates
responded. Results of EFA and CFA indicate
Chinese values have ten dimensions: benevolence,
universalism, innovation, trust, self-fulfillment,
power, familism, comfort, Guangxi?traditionality,
being classified into two categories: ‘‘He(?)’’ and
‘‘Wei(?)’’.

Verbal- and non-verbal intelligence tests as
measures of cognitive aptitudes: A comparison of
privileged and underprivileged elementary
school children

Zöller, Isabelle Inst. für Psychologie, Universität

Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany Treutlein, Anke

Psychology, University of Education, Heidelberg,

Germany Roos, Jeanette Psychology, University of

Education, Heidelberg, Germany Schöler, Hermann

Psychology, University of Education, Heidelberg,

Germany

Verbal intelligence tests are often considered as
biased with regard to socio-economic background
and prior language-related learning experiences.
Nevertheless, intelligence tests continue to be the

most widely used measures of cognitive aptitudes.
As part of EVES-longitudinal study, cognitive
aptitudes as well as reading and spelling skills of
1520 children were assessed at the end of first and
second grade (non-verbal test) and fourth grade
(verbal test). In all grades underprivileged children
are outperformed by children from higher socio-
economic background, however, initial results
contradict the assumption that these differences
are due to unfairness in tests.

Concern for the next generation at work:
Generativity and occupational role priorities
Zacher, Hannes Inst. für Arbeits-Organisation,

Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany

The purpose of this study was to examine the
relationships between Erik Erikson’s concept of
generativity – the concern in establishing and
guiding the next generation – and the priority of
various work roles (i.e., job, career, innovator, team
member, organizational citizen, and mentor). 130
employees ranked the work roles according to their
subjective importance. Results showed that gener-
ativity is positively associated with the priority of
the innovator and the mentor roles, even after
controlling for age, gender, education, and job
complexity. This suggests that future research and
human resource management should consider gen-
erativity as an additional important motive of
employees.

The effect of training on citizenship concept
learning in 7-8 years old children of Isfahan
Zakerfard, Monir Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran

Ahmadi, Elaheh Psychology, Isfahan university,

Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran

The purpose of this study was investigate the effect
on citizenship concepts learning in 7-8 years old
children of Isfahan. Date of 921 children of Isfahan
was obtained with a inventory (researcher made
whit alpha=0.72) in pre- and post- stages of the
training. T test showed that the training is
effective(p,0.05).

Comparison of effective factors on sleeping from
aspect of staff nurse in coronary care unit of
hospitals of Tehran University of Medical
Sciences
Zakerimoghadam, Masoumeh faculty of nursing,

Tehran University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran

Gadyani, Leila faculty of nursing, TEHRAN

UNIVERSITY, tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran

objective: identify of effective factors on sleeping,
improves sleeping. Methods & Materials: This
research is a comparative descriptive study. The
population under research was included 50 nurses
who were working in CCU wards .information
gathering tools was a questionnaires. Descriptive
and perceptive statistical methods (such as t-test,
ANOVA test) were used. Results: environmental
factors such as turned on light, pain, connection to
monitoring systems are the important effective
factors on sleeping. Conclusion: According to the
research results, the most important effective
factors on sleeping are "turned on light", "pain", "
connection to monitoring systems".

Emotional lexicon literacy as an index of
emotional intelligence and a predictor of well-
being and adequate social functioning
Zammuner, Vanda DPSS, University of Padova,

Padova, Italy Casnici, Marco none, University of

Padova, Padova, Italy Prencipe, Giuseppina none,

university of padova, Padova, Italy Scapin, Federica

none, University of padova, Padova, Italy Zonta, Silvia

none, university of padova, Padova, Italy Galli,

Cristina none, University of padova, Padova, Italy

Hypothesis: emotional literacy, indexed by how
emotions are lexicalized and expressed in the
language, is a component of emotional intelligence.
In two studies about 500 Italian subjects, adoles-

cents and young adults, performed various literacy
tasks–e.g., produce synonims for both basic and
complex emotions, and quantifiers to modify
emotion intensity, duration and hedonic tone. The
results showed that emotional lexicon literacy is an
important skill, a viable partial index of emotional
intelligence, significantly related to other emotional
intelligence components (e.g., recogniton of facial
expressions), and to measures of well-being and
adequate social functioning (e.g., life satisfaction,
loneliness).

Leadership, group shift and individual attitudes

Zankovsky, Anatoly Inst. of Psychology, Russian

Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

The effect of leadership on group and individual
attitudes was investigated by having various student
groups answer modified Bogart social distance scale
1) individually; 2) after group discussion jointly and
3) individually six month later. Results indicated:
(1) seventeen of twenty six groups exhibited a
significant group shift, the direction of which was
determined by leader’s attitudes; (2) significant
shifts in post hoc individual decisions were diter-
mined by the type of leadership executed in the
groups during group discussions; (3) in the groups
without distinct leadership a compromising effect,
in which group members shifted toward each other,
were evident. Findings were related to previous
research in the area.

The relationship between family flexibility and
cohesion with child goal orientation

Zare, Maryam Dept. Educational Psychology, Shiraz

University, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran Samani,

Syamack Educational psychology, Shiraz University,

shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran

The aim of study was examining the prediction of
goal orientation by family flexibility and cohesion.
The sample group included 449 girls and boys
students selected randomly from high schools of
Shiraz. Goal orientation (Elliot, MacGregor, 2001),
flexibility (shakeri, 1381) and cohesion (samani,
1381, 2004) scales were used. Cronbach alpha
coefficient and internal consistency showed accep-
table reliability and validity of the instruments.
Results of multiple regression revealed that cohe-
sion was a positive predictor of Mastery approach
and Performance approach and a negative predictor
of Performance avoidance. Flexibility was a posi-
tive predictor of mastery approach and a negative
predictor of mastery avoidance and performance
avoidance.

The study of the effect of gender and family
communication patterns on spouse selection
with regard to process-content model

Zare, Maryam Dept. Educational Psychology, Shiraz

University, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran Jowkar,

Bahram Educational psychology, Shiraz University,

shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran Samani, Syamack

Educational psychology, Shiraz University, shiraz,

Islamic Republic of Iran

The aim of study was examining the effect of
Gender and family Communication patterns on
spouse selection. The sample group included 200
girls and boys students selected by cluster random
sampling from Shiraz University. Samani criteria
spouse selection and koerner-fitzpatrick Family
Communication patterns scales were used. Relia-
bility and validity of instruments were acceptable.
Results of tow way ANOVA revealed that con-
sensual and pluralistic patterns have more emphasis
on process and there is no significant diffrences in
content dimension. Girls have more scores in
process and content and both girles and boys have
more emphasis on process. Girls and boys were
compared in the rate of importance criteria for
spouse selection.

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The effects of work-family conflict on Telecom
employees’ job burnout and general health

Zeng, Chuikai School of Management, Shenyang

Normal University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of

China Shi, Kan School of Management, Chinese

Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of

China

To explore the effects of work-family conflict on job
burnout and general health?526 telecom employees
were assessed by the questionnaire of Work
Interference With Family and Family Interference
With Work, Maslach Burnout Inventory-General
Survey, and General Health Questionaire-12. Med-
iating regression analysis indicated that work-
family conflict and its two components (WIF?-
Work-interference-with family & FIW?Family-in-
terference-with-work) were powerful negative
predictors of general health; Job burnout was an
important mediator between work-family conflict
and general health; specifically, emotional exhaus-
tion and cynicism fully mediated the relation
between WIF and general health; Emotional
exhaustion, cynicism and diminished personal
accomplishment fully mediated the relation between
FIW and general health.

On the dimensionality and consequences of
hardiness: Development and validation of a
measure

Zettler, Ingo Inst. für Psychologie, RWTH Aachen,

Aachen, Germany Lang, Jessica no affiliation, no

affiliation, Aachen, Germany Lang, Jonas W.

Industrial and Organizational, Institute of Psychology,

RWTH, Aachen, Germany Friedrich, Niklas Industrial

and Organizational, Institute of Psychology, RWTH,

Aachen, Germany

Previous research has documented the fruitfulness
of hardiness (Kobasa, 1979) as an individual
difference variable enhancing stress resilience.
However, there is an ongoing controversy concern-
ing the dimensionality of hardiness. Building on
previous developments, we describe the develop-
ment of a new hardiness measure. Two studies
using German samples (N = 207, N = 134)
indicated that the measure has a stable factor
structure with one higher-order (global) hardiness
factor and more specific lower-order factors.
Additionally, we found discriminant validity re-
garding other personality traits and social facilita-
tion measures as well as criterion-related validity
for the hardiness dimensions.

Preschoolers’ decisions in a social interactive
game

Zhang, Hui Dept. of Psychology, Peking University,

Beijing, People’s Republic of China Su, Yanjie

Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing,

People’s Republic of China

The current study aimed to examine the preschoo-
lers’ social decision making. A two-person inter-
active game was designed to test their decisions, in
which the correct choice could only be made by
inferring the opponent’s mental state and action. 5
out of 18 6-year-old preschoolers firmly made the
correct choices, 6 completely lacked the strategy of
considering others, and the other 7 chose randomly.
The preliminary result suggests that most of the
preschoolers could not make a better decision by
inferring other’s mental state and action, which is so
called Theory of Mind.

The moderate effect of high school students’
thinking style on the relationship of physics
knowledge and physical creativity

Zhang, Jinghuan Phychology, Shandong Normal

University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China

The moderate effect of thinking style on the
relationship of physics knowledge and physical
creativity was explored with 287 high school
students. The results verified the moderate effect
partially. #1 Internal style and local style can

mediate the relationship of physics knowledge and
originality. #2 Judicial style, internal style, global
style and internal style mediate the relationship of
physics knowledge and appropriateness. #3 The
mediation of thinking style to physics knowledge
and creativity total scores, flexibility and fluency
was not found. The results were discussed further.

Research on the name effect of implicit self-
esteem in positive and negative situation in
China

Zhang, Xiaozhou Cogn. Neuroscience & Learning,

National Key Laboratory of, Beijing, People’s Republic

of China Chen, Chunhui psychology and social

behavior, University of California Irvin, Irvine, USA

Lu, Furong psychology, state key Laboratory of

cognit, Beijing, People’s Republic of China Wu,

Xiaolong Psychology, Psychology, Beijing, People’s

Republic of China Ye, Wenhao psychology,

psychology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China Xu,

Ting psychology, psychology, Beijing, People’s

Republic of China Wang, Yun Psychology, state key

laboratory of cognit, Beijing, People’s Republic of

China

Name effect is that people prefer letters in their
names to letters not in their names. It is a robust
effect found in West as an index of implicit self-
esteem. We investigated this effect in the East for
the first time. 12 male and 17 female Chinese
undergraduates from Beijing finished Implicit
Association Test (IAT) and the name-letter prefer-
ences test both in positive and negative conditions.
We found name effect with Chinese students. It was
more obviously in positive than negative condition,
especially for male students, indicating that people,
especially man, had stronger self-esteem in positive
condition.

The relation of mathematics anxiety,
mathematical beliefs and mathematics
achievement

Zhang, Xiaolong Education Develop. & Research,

Capital Normal University, Beijing, People’s Republic

of China Zhang, Risheng College of Psychology,

Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People’s Republic

of China Chen, Yinghe College of Psychology, Beijing

Normal University, Beijing, People’s Republic of

China

Objective: To explore the relation among three
factors that are math anxiety, mathematical beliefs
and mathematical achievement. Methods: This
paper revised some scales and measured the
participants whose grade varies from grade 1 in
junior high school to grade 3 in senior high school
by these scales. Conclusion: Mathematics anxiety is
a mediator variable which can mediate the relation-
ship between mathematical beliefs and mathematics
achievement; Mathematics had relatively direct
effect on mathematical beliefs; There exists a bi-
directional influence between mathematics achieve-
ment and mathematics anxiety; There also exists a
bi-directional influence between mathematical be-
liefs and mathematics anxiety.

Comparison study on marriage views between
christian university students and non-christian
university students

Zhao, Ameng Qiqihaer Medical College, Qiqihaer,

People’s Republic of China Cui, Guangcheng

Psychiatry Medicine Department, Qiqihaer Medical

College, Qiqihaer, People’s Republic of China

Objective: Comparing the sameness and difference
on marriage views between Christian university
students and non-Christian university students.
Approach: carrying out questionnaire and indivi-
dual interviews on 170 university students and
comparing and analyzing the test results between
Christian students and non-Christian students.
Result: there are obvious differences on marriage
objective, marriage view and post-marriage habita-
tion status between Christian students and non-

Christian students. Conclusion: most university
students are cautious of marriages and emphasizing
affection. Non-Christian university students are
relatively open-minded to marriage, while Christian
university students are relatively traditional and
conservative.

Effect of group guidance for effective parenting
on child-parent communication and rearing
attitude
Zhao, Ameng Qiqihaer Medical College, Qiqihaer,

People’s Republic of China Liu, Xuanwen Children’s

Culture Institute, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua,

People’s Republic of China

This study took group guidance for effective
parenting to discuss parents’ changes on child-
parent communication and rearing attitude, in
order to promote youth growth in accordance with
child-parent relationship improvement. 20 parents
were selected to take part in training group, another
20 parents to contrast group. All subjects received
pretest, posttest and interview. The results showed
that it’s feasible and effective to put group guidance
of parental effect into parent education. It can
make a positive change to rearing attitude and
improve child-parent relationship.

Time-personality: A health psychological study
Zheng, Yong School of Psychology, Southwest

University, Beibei, People’s Republic of China

Yong Zheng School of Psychology, Southwest
University, Chongqing, China ABSTRACT Objec-
tives: Classify time-personality types in view of
mental health, structure an effective assessment
system of time-personality and the coping style of
health behavior. Methods: University students
participated in the multitrait-multimethod matrix
study; Results: Dimensions, as present extension,
time relatedness and time direction are significant in
health psychology. Conclusions: The model of
structural relationship between time-personality
and health is primarily constituted.

The competency model and its effectiveness on
job attitudes of relationship managers of Chinese
Commercial Bank
Zheng, Xiaoming School of Management, Tsinghua

University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China Yu,

Haibo School of Management, Beijing Normal

University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China Wang,

Mingjiao School of Management, Tsinghua

University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

In order to construct competency model of relation-
ship managers of Chinese commercial banks and
explore the relationship between competencies and
job attitudes, the data of 1144 were analyzed with
exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirma-
tory factor analysis (CFA). The results showed that
the competency model of Chinese relationship
managers of commercial banks was composed of
customer service, social competency, individual
cognition and characteristics. The results of hier-
archical regression analysis showed that conscien-
tiousness and cooperation positively related to job
satisfaction and emotional commitment; conscien-
tiousness negatively related to turnover intention,
but information seeking positively related to turn-
over intention.

An event-related potential study on implicit
attitude processes
Zhong, Yiping Department of Psychology, Hunan

Normal University, Changsha, People’s Republic of

China

Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from
adult about the affective priming effects during
evaluative categorization task in two stimulus onset
asynchrony(SOA) conditions, using Chinese trait
words as primes and targets. Experiment showed
incongruent trials were faster than affectively
congruent trials in each SOA condition., and A

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N400 in Frontal lobe and central region that larger
negative amplitudes were found for incongruent
pairs than congruent pairs. The affective priming
affect in evaluative paradigm can be explained by
attention model of nonconscious affect.

Psychological capital and transformational
leadership behavior: The moderating effect of
traditionality
Zhong, Lifeng School of Business, Renmin University,

Beijing, People’s Republic of China Liu, Yuyu School

of Business, Renmin University of China\\, Beijing,

People’s Republic of China

In the current study, we intended to examine the
effect of leader’s psychological capital on leader’s
transformational leadership behavior, and the
moderating effect of traditional value on the
relationship between psychological capital and
transformational leadership behavior. With a sam-

ple of 121 supervisor-subordinate dyads from
China, hierarchical regression analysis results sup-
ported our hypotheses. We found that leader’s
psychological capital was positively associated with
his/her transformational leadership behavior. Lea-
der’s traditional value attenuated the relationship
between psychological capital and transformational
leadership behavior in the Chinese setting. Theore-
tical and practical applications were discussed.
Keywords: psychological capital, transformational
leadership behavior, traditionality

Psychological capital and employees’ work-
related outcomes: The moderating effects of
locus of control
Zhong, Lifeng School of Business, Renmin University,

Beijing, People’s Republic of China Liu, Yuyu School

of Business, Renmin University of China, Beijing,

People’s Republic of China

Based on relevant literature review, we argued that
psychological capital would be positively related to
employees’ job performance and organizational
citizenship behavior, and the relationship would
depend on employees’ locus of control. With a
sample of 173 supervisor-subordinate dyads from
China, hierarchical and moderated regression ana-
lysis results demonstrated that employees’ psycho-
logical capital was positively associated with their
job performance and organizational citizenship
behavior. Locus of control moderated the relation-
ship between them. That is, internally-controlled
employees had much higher levels of job perfor-
mance and performed much more organizational
citizenship behavior than externally-controlled em-
ployees. Limitations and implications were dis-
cussed. Keywords: psychological capital, job
performance, organizational citizenship behavior,
locus of control

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