RT Journal Article T1 Protein unfolding and refolding as transitions through virtual states A1 Bonilla, Luis L. A1 Carpio Rodríguez, Ana María A1 Prados, Antonio AB Single-molecule atomic force spectroscopy probes elastic properties of titin, ubiquitin and other relevant proteins. We explain bioprotein folding dynamics under both length- and force-clamp by modeling polyprotein modules as particles in a bistable potential, weakly connected by harmonic spring linkers. Multistability of equilibrium extensions provides the characteristic sawtooth force-extension curve. We show that abrupt or stepwise unfolding and refolding under force-clamp conditions involve transitions through virtual states (which are quasi-stationary domain configurations) modified by thermal noise. These predictions agree with experimental observations. PB EPL Association, European Physical Society SN 0295-5075 YR 2014 FD 2014 LK https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/33867 UL https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/33867 LA eng NO Bonilla, L. L., Carpio Rodríguez, A. M., Prados, A. «Protein unfolding and refolding as transitions through virtual states». EPL (Europhysics Letters), vol. 108, n.o 2, octubre de 2014, p. 28002. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/108/28002. NO Ministerio de Economía, Comercio y Empresa (España) DS Docta Complutense RD 13 may 2025