RT Journal Article T1 The COVID-19 pandemic: changes in parent–child activities at home from spring 2020 to spring 2021 from a cross-cultural viewp A1 Meoded Karabanov, Galia A1 Aram, Dorit A1 López Escribano, María Del Carmen A1 Shtereva, Katerina A1 Asaf, Merav A1 Ziv, Margalit A1 Stites, Michele A1 Sonnenschein, Susan AB This study explored young children’s (2–8 years old) daily activities during the first lockdown with the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic (spring/2020, T1) and a year later (spring/2021, T2) from a cross-cultural perspective. It describes parent–child literacy and digital activities in Bulgaria, Israel, and Spain. Participating parents (747 in T1 and 432 in T2) answered online questionnaires about the frequency of parent–child literacy activities (alphabetic, book reading, and play) and digital activities (joint activities, selecting content, scaffolding) and the child’s screen time. The findings indicated moderate parent–child literacy and digital activities during the time points. A series of ANCOVAs revealed differences between time periods and cultures beyond the demographic measures (child’s age, parent’s education and age, and family size). During the first lockdown, parent–child joint digital activities and the child’s screen time were higher than a year later. A year later, parents were more involved in book reading, literacy play activities, and scaffolding their children’s use of digital devices. Interactions between the period and culture showed that Bulgarian and Spanish parents were more involved in their children’s literacy and digital activities than Israeli parents. Spanish children had more independent screen time than Bulgarian and Israeli children. Associations between literacy and digital activities implied a consistent parenting style across the activities. PB MDPI SN 2227-7102 YR 2023 FD 2023 LK https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/103254 UL https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/103254 LA eng NO Meoded Karabanov, G., Aram, D., López-Escribano, C., Shtereva, K., Asaf, M., Ziv, M., Stites, M. L., & Sonnenschein, S. (2023). The COVID-19 Pandemic: Changes in Parent–Child Activities at Home from Spring 2020 to Spring 2021 from a Cross-Cultural View. Education Sciences, 13(10), 1013. https://doi.org/10.3390/EDUCSCI13101013 NO The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Institutional Review Board (or Ethics Committee) of Tel Aviv University (protocol code 0001208-1 March 2020 and 0001208-2 April 2021). DS Docta Complutense RD 15 dic 2025