RT Journal Article T1 Programmed versus non-programmed evolution of aging. What is the evidence? A1 Pamplona, Reinald A1 Jové, Mariona A1 Gómez, José A1 Barja De Quiroga Losada, Gustavo AB The evolutionary meaning and basic molecular mechanisms involved in the determination of longevity remain an unresolved problem. Currently, different theories are on offer in response to these biological traits and to explain the enormous range of longevities observed in the animal kingdom. These theories may be grouped into those that defend non-programmed aging (non-PA) and those that propose the existence of programmed aging (PA). In the present article we examine many observational and experimental data from both the field and from the laboratory and sound reasoning accumulated in recent decades both compatible and not with PA and non-PA evolutionary theories of aging. These analyses are briefly summarized and discussed. Our conclusion is that most of the data favour programmed aging with a possible contribution of non-PA antagonist pleiotropy in various cases. PB Elsevier SN 0531-5565 YR 2023 FD 2023-05 LK https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/122483 UL https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/122483 LA eng NO Pamplona, R., Jové, M., Gómez, J., & Barja, G. (2023). Programmed versus non-programmed evolution of aging. What is the evidence? [Review of Programmed versus non-programmed evolution of aging. What is the evidence?]. Experimental Gerontology, 175. Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EXGER.2023.112162 NO The authors were supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, the Autonomous Government of the Community of Madrid, and the Generalitat of Catalonia (2021SGR00990). Mariona Jové is a “Serra Hunter” Fellow. NO Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España) NO Comunidad de Madrid NO Generalitat de Catalunya DS Docta Complutense RD 18 dic 2025