RT Journal Article T1 Can national development banks translate the EU´s new goals? Lessons from the Spanish case A1 García Fernández-Muro, Clara Belén A1 Fernández Sánchez, Rafael A1 Díaz Fuentes, Daniel AB The EU has committed itself to ambitious environmental, social, and techno-productive goals, and national development banks (NDBs) in the European financial architecture can be key actors in investment to finance them. However, not all EU member states have large and mature NDBs. In this light, this article examines the role of Spain´s mid-sized Instituto de Crédito Oficial and concludes that its dual nature, between the investment state and the private sector, provides it with levers to pursue EU goals effectively. Certain elements of this case could be used as lessons for other EU countries with smaller or underdeveloped NDBs. PB Taylor & Francis SN 1748-7870 YR 2024 FD 2024-09-05 LK https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/123445 UL https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/123445 LA eng NO García, C., Fernández, R., & Díaz-Fuentes, D. (2024). Can national development banks translate the EU´s new goals? Lessons from the Spanish case. Journal of Economic Policy Reform, 28(1), 75–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/17487870.2024.2387567 NO Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España) DS Docta Complutense RD 18 dic 2025