RT Journal Article T1 Exploring the Origin of the Thermal Sensitivity of Near-Infrared-II Emitting Rare Earth Nanoparticles A1 Hamraoui, Khouloud A1 Torres Vera, Vivian Andrea A1 Zabala Gutiérrez, Irene A1 Casillas Rubio, Alejandro A1 Alqudwa Fattouh, Mohammed A1 Benayas, Antonio A1 Marín, Riccardo A1 Natile, Marta María A1 Manso Silván, Miguel A1 Rubio Zuazo, Juan A1 Jaque, Daniel A1 Melle Hernández, Sonia A1 Gómez Calderón, Óscar A1 Rubio Retama, Benito Jorge AB Rare-earth doped nanoparticles (RENPs) are attracting increasing interest in materials science due to their optical, magnetic, and chemical properties. RENPs can emit and absorb radiation in the second biological window (NIR-II, 1000-1400 nm) making them ideal optical probes for photoluminescence (PL) in vivo imaging. Their narrow emission bands and long PL lifetimes enable autofluorescence-free multiplexed imaging. Furthermore, the strong temperature dependence of the PL properties of some of these RENPs makes remote thermal imaging possible. This is the case of neodymium and ytterbium co-doped NPs that have been used as thermal reporters for in vivo diagnosis of, for instance, inflammatory processes. However, the lack of knowledge about how the chemical composition and architecture of these NPs influence their thermal sensitivity impedes further optimization. To shed light on this, we have systematically studied their emission intensity, PL decay time curves, absolute PL quantum yield, and thermal sensitivity as a function of the core chemical composition and size, active-shell, and outer-inert-shell thicknesses. The results revealed the crucial contribution of each of these factors in optimizing the NP thermal sensitivity. An optimal active shell thickness of around 2 nm and an outer inert shell of 3.5 nm maximize the PL lifetime and the thermal response of the NPs due to the competition between the temperature-dependent back energy transfer, the surface quenching effects, and the confinement of active ions in a thin layer. These findings pave the way for a rational design of RENPs with optimal thermal sensitivity. PB ACS Publications SN 1944-8244 YR 2023 FD 2023-06-30 LK https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/92891 UL https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/92891 LA eng NO Khouloud Hamraoui, Vivian Andrea Torres-Vera, Irene Zabala Gutierrez, Alejandro Casillas-Rubio, Mohammed Alqudwa Fattouh, Antonio Benayas, Riccardo Marin, Marta Maria Natile, Miguel Manso Silvan, Juan Rubio-Zuazo, Daniel Jaque, Sonia Melle, Oscar G. Calderón, and Jorge Rubio-Retama ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2023 15 (27), 32667-32677 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c04125 NO Comunidad de Madrid NO Universidad Complutense de Madrid NO Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España) NO European Commission- Horizon 2020 NO Banco Santander DS Docta Complutense RD 17 jul 2024