RT Journal Article T1 Reminder and 2AFC tasks provide similar estimates of the difference limen: a reanalysis of data from Lapid, Ulrich, and Rammsayer (2008) and a discussion of Ulrich and Vorberg (2009) A1 García Pérez, Miguel Ángel A1 Alcalá Quintana, Rocío AB Lapid, Ulrich, and Rammsayer (2008) reported that estimates of the difference limen (DL) from a two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) task are higher than those obtained from a reminder task. This article reanalyzes their data in order to correct an error in their estimates of the DL from 2AFC data. We also extend the psychometric functions fitted to data from both tasks to incorporate an extra parameter that has been shown to allow obtaining accurate estimates of the DL that are unaffected by lapses. Contrary to Lapid et al.'s conclusion, our reanalysis shows that DLs estimated with the 2AFC task are only minimally (and not always significantly) larger than those estimated with the reminder task. We also show that their data are contaminated by response bias, and that the small remaining difference between DLs estimated with 2AFC and reminder tasks can be reasonably attributed to the differential effects that response bias has in either task as they were defined in Lapid et al.'s experiments. Finally, we discuss a novel approach presented by Ulrich and Vorberg (2009) for fitting psychometric functions to 2AFC discrimination data. PB Springer SN 1943-393X YR 2010 FD 2010-05 LK https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/44906 UL https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/44906 LA eng NO Alcalá-Quintana, R., & García-Pérez, M. A. (2007). A comparison of fixed-step-size and Bayesian staircases for sensory threshold estimation. Spatial Vision, 20, 197–218.Alcalá-Quintana, R., & García-Pérez, M. A. (2009). A model for the time-order error in contrast discrimination. Manuscript submitted for publication.Armstrong, L., & Marks, L. E. (1997). Differential effects of stimulus context on perceived length: Implications for the horizontal-vertical illusion. Perception & Psychophysics, 59, 1200–1213.Bird, C. M., Henning, G. B., & Wichmann, F. A. (2002). Contrast discrimination with sinusoidal gratings of different spatial frequency. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 19, 1267–1273. doi:10.1364/JOSAA.19.001267Brady, N., & Field, D. J. (1995). What’s constant in contrast constancy? The effects of scaling on the perceived contrast of bandpass patterns. Vision Research, 35, 739–756. doi:10.1016/0042-6989(94)00172-IBuonomano, D. V., Bramen, J., & Khodadadifar, M. (2009). Influence of the interstimulus interval on temporal processing and learning: Testing the state-dependent network model. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 364, 1865–1873. doi:10.1098/ rstb.2009.0019Chacón, J. (2004). Perceived contrast explains asymmetries in visual-search tasks with shaded stimuli. Perception, 33, 1499–1509. doi:10.1068/p5286Fechner, G. T. (1966). Elements of psychophysics: Vol. 1. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. (Original work published 1860)Foley, J. M., & McCourt, M. E. (1985). Visual grating induction. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 2, 1220–1230. doi:10.1364/ JOSAA.2.001220Foley, J. M., & Schwarz, W. (1998). Spatial attention: Effect of position uncertainty and number of distractor patterns on the thresholdversus-contrast function for contrast discrimination. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 15, 1036–1047. doi:10.1364/JOSAA.15.001036García-Pérez, M. A. (2010). Denoising forced-choice detection data. British Journal of Mathematical & Statistical Psychology, 63, 75–100. doi:10.1348/000711009X424057García-Pérez, M. A., & Alcalá-Quintana, R. (2005). Sampling plans for fitting the psychometric function. Spanish Journal of Psychology, 8, 256–289. Available at www.ucm.es/sjp.García-Pérez, M. A., & Alcalá-Quintana, R. (2007). The transducer model for contrast detection and discrimination: Formal relations, implications, and an empirical test. Spatial Vision, 20, 5–43. doi:10.1163/156856807779369724García-Pérez, M. A., & Alcalá-Quintana, R. (2009a). The difference model with guessing explains interval bias in two-alternative forcedchoice detection procedures. Manuscript submitted for publication.García-Pérez, M. A., & Alcalá-Quintana, R. (2009b). Fixed vs. variable noise in 2AFC contrast discrimination: Lessons from psychometric functions. Spatial Vision, 22, 273–300. doi:10.1163/156856809788746309García-Pérez, M. A., Alcalá-Quintana, R., Woods, R. L., & Peli, E. (2010). Psychometric functions for detection and discrimination with and without flankers. Manuscript submitted for publication.García-Pérez, M. A., & Peli, E. (2001). Intrasaccadic perception. Journal of Neuroscience, 21, 7313–7322.Georgeson, M. A., & Meese, T. S. (2006). Fixed or variable noise in contrast discrimination? The jury’s still out. … Vision Research, 46, 4294–4303. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2005.08.024Georgeson, M. A., & Sullivan, G. D. (1975). Contrast constancy: Deblurring in human vision by spatial frequency channels. Journal of Physiology, 252, 627–656.Hayes, A. F., & Cai, L. (2007). Further evaluating the conditional decision rule for comparing two independent means. British Journal of Mathematical & Statistical Psychology, 60, 217–244. doi:10.1348/ 000711005X62576Hellström, Å. (1979). Time errors and differential sensation weighting. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 5, 460–477. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.5.3.460Hellström, Å. (1985). The time-order error and its relatives: Mirrors of cognitive processes in comparing. Psychological Bulletin, 97, 35–61. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.97.1.35Hellström, Å. (2003). Comparison is not just subtraction: Effects of time- and space-order on subjective stimulus difference. Perception & Psychophysics, 65, 1161–1177.Henning, G. B., Bird, C. M., & Wichmann, F. A. (2002). Contrast discrimination with pulse trains in pink noise. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 19, 1259–1266. doi:10.1364/JOSAA.19.001259Jäkel, F., & Wichmann, F. A. (2006). Spatial four-alternative forcedchoice method is the preferred psychophysical method for naïve observers. Journal of Vision, 6, 1307–1322. doi:10.1167/6.11.13Jordan, K., & Schiano, D. J. (1986). Serial processing and the parallellines illusion: Length contrast through relative spatial separation of contours. Perception & Psychophysics, 40, 384–390.Kaernbach, C. (2001). Adaptive threshold estimation with unforcedchoice tasks. Perception & Psychophysics, 63, 1377–1388.Katkov, M., Tsodyks, M., & Sagi, D. (2006a). Analysis of a twoalternative forced-choice signal detection theory model. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 50, 411–420. doi:10.1016/j.jmp.2005.11.002Katkov, M., Tsodyks, M., & Sagi, D. (2006b). Singularities in the inverse modeling of 2AFC contrast discrimination data. Vision Research, 46, 259–266. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2005.09.022Klein, S. A. (2006). Separating transducer non-linearities and multiplicative noise in contrast discrimination. Vision Research, 46, 4279–4293. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2006.03.032Kontsevich, L. L., Chen, C.-C., & Tyler, C. W. (2002). Separating the effects of response nonlinearity and internal noise psychophysically. Vision Research, 42, 1771–1784. doi:10.1016/S0042-6989(02)00091-3Lapid, E., Ulrich, R., & Rammsayer, T. (2008). On estimating the difference limen in duration discrimination tasks: A comparison of the 2AFC and the reminder task. Perception & Psychophysics, 70, 291–305. doi:10.3758/PP.70.2.291Link, S. W. (1992). The wave theory of difference and similarity. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Liu, C. C., & Smith, P. L. (2009). Comparing time-accuracy curves: Beyond goodness-of-fit measures. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16, 190–203. doi:10.3758/PBR.16.1.190Meese, T. S. (1995). Using the standard staircase to measure the point of subjective equality: A guide based on computer simulations. Perception & Psychophysics, 57, 267–281.Miller, J., & Ulrich, R. (2001). On the analysis of psychometric functions: The Spearman-Kärber method. Perception & Psychophysics, 63, 1399–1420.Numerical Algorithms Group (1999). NAG Fortran library manual, mark 19. Oxford: Author.Peli, E. (1995). Suprathreshold contrast perception across differences in mean luminance: Effects of stimulus size, dichoptic presentation, and length of adaptation. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 12, 817–823. doi:10.1364/JOSAA.12.000817Peli, E. (1997). In search of a contrast metric: Matching the perceived contrast of Gabor patches at different phases and bandwidths. Vision Research, 37, 3217–3224. doi:10.1016/S0042-6989(96)00262-3Poggel, D. A., Strasburger, H., & MacKeben, M. (2007). Cueing attention by relative motion in the periphery of the visual field. Perception, 36, 955–970. doi:10.1068/p5752Pokorny, R. A. (1998). Using maximum-likelihood adaptive methods to estimate difference thresholds and points of subjective equality. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 30, 624–636.Summers, R. J., & Meese, T. S. (2009). The influence of fixation points on contrast detection and discrimination of patches of grating: Masking and facilitation. Vision Research, 49, 1894–1900. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2009.04.027Ulrich, R., & Miller, J. (2004). Threshold estimation in two- alternative forced-choice (2AFC) tasks: The Spearman-Kärber method. Perception & Psychophysics, 66, 517–533.Ulrich, R., & Vorberg, D. (2009). Estimating the difference limen in 2AFC tasks: Pitfalls and improved estimators. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 71, 1219–1227. doi:10.3758/APP.71.6.1219van Vleet, T. M., & Robertson, L. C. (2006). Cross-modal interactions in time and space: Auditory influence on visual attention in hemispatial neglect. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18, 1368–1379. doi:10.1162/jocn.2006.18.8.1368von Waldkirch, M., Lukowicz, P., & Tröster, G. (2004). Multiple imaging technique for extending depth of focus in retinal displays. Optics Express, 12, 6350–6355. doi:10.1364/OPEX.12.006350von Waldkirch, M., Lukowicz, P., & Tröster, G. (2005). Oscillating fluid lens in coherent retinal projection displays for extending depth of focus. Optics Communications, 253, 407–418. doi:10.1016/j.optcom.2005.05.006Werkhoven, P., & Snippe, H. P. (1996). An efficient adaptive procedure for psychophysical discrimination experiments. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 28, 556–562.Westheimer, G. (1999). Discrimination of short time intervals by the human observer. Experimental Brain Research, 129, 121–126. doi:10.1007/s002210050942Wichmann, F. A., & Hill, N. J. (2001). The psychometric function: I. Fitting, sampling, and goodness of fit. Perception & Psycho physics, 63, 1293–1313.Wickelgren, W. A. (1969). Associative strength theory of recognition memory for pitch. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 6, 13–61. doi:10.1016/0022-2496(69)90028-5Zimmerman, D. W. (2004). A note on preliminary tests of equality of variances. British Journal of Mathematical & Statistical Psychology, 57, 173–181. doi:10.1348/000711004849222 NO Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN) DS Docta Complutense RD 7 oct 2024