RT Journal Article T1 Mirroring persistent rival discourses in Spain. What do large-scale mobilizations tell us about the country’s main political cleavage? A1 Díez García, Rubén AB This article analyses the most prominent mobilizations led by civil society organizations, activist networks, and parties in Spain from 1996 to 2020. The article examines 235 large-scale mobilizations to explore how civil society actors have shaped and reflected persistent sociopolitical cleavages. Using protest event analysis and a CHAID-based classification model, it identifies terrorism and nationalism as key recurring issues. These mobilizations reveal long-term tensions rooted in Spain’s democratic transition, with victims’ associations, the 15M/Indignados movement, and Catalan secessionism illustrating the evolution of civic culture and civil institutions. Since the end of ETA terrorism in 2011, nationalist claims have sustained a polarised public sphere, exposing the enduring cleavage around Spain’s constitutional national identity. PB Taylor&Francis online SN 1744-8689 SN 1744-8697 YR 2025 FD 2025-09-13 LK https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/124050 UL https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/124050 LA eng NO Díez García, R. (2025). Mirroring persistent rival discourses in Spain. What do large-scale mobilizations tell us about the country’s main political cleavage? Journal of Civil Society, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/17448689.2025.2550367 NO Spanish State Research Agency DS Docta Complutense RD 30 dic 2025