RT Journal Article T1 The child who lived: Down syndrome among Neanderthals? A1 Conde Valverde, Mercedes A1 Quirós Sánchez, Amara A1 Diez Valero, Julia A1 Mata Castro, Nieves A1 García Fernández, Alfredo A1 Quam, Rolf A1 Carretero, José Miguel A1 García González, Rebeca A1 Arsuaga Ferreras, Juan Luis A1 Villaverde Bonilla, Valentín AB Caregiving for disabled individuals among Neanderthals has been known for a long time, and there is a debate about the implications of this behavior. Some authors believe that caregiving took place between individuals able to reciprocate the favor, while others argue that caregiving was produced by a feeling of compassion related to other highly adaptive prosocial behaviors. The study of children with severe pathologies is particularly interesting, as children have a very limited possibility to reciprocate the assistance. We present the case of a Neanderthal child who suffered from a congenital pathology of the inner ear, probably debilitating, and associated with Down syndrome. This child would have required care for at least 6 years, likely necessitating other group members to assist the mother in childcare PB American Association for the Advancement of Science YR 2024 FD 2024-06-26 LK https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/106054 UL https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/106054 LA eng NO Conde-Valverde, Mercedes, et al. «The Child Who Lived: Down Syndrome among Neanderthals?» Science Advances, vol. 10, n.o 26, junio de 2024, p. eadn9310. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adn9310 NO CIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/FEDER UE NO HM Hospitales–Universidad de Alcalá NO niversidad de Alcalá, Vicerrectorado de Investigación y Transferencia NO Ayuda Adicional-Excelencia al Profesorado del Programa Propio NO Binghamton University DS Docta Complutense RD 17 abr 2025