RT Journal Article T1 Heat flows through the ice lithosphere of Europa A1 Ruiz Pérez, Javier A1 Tejero López, Rosa AB Someo f the geologicafle atureso n the surfaceo f Europa'si ce shells uggestth eexistenceo f a brittlel ithosphereth ati n somer egionsis no moret han2 km thick.T hesurfaceh eatf low neededt o put the brittle-ductiletr ansitionin ice at a deptho f 2 km is at -9least• -100m W m -, muchh ighert hanp redictedb y tidal heatingm odelsf or a purelyconductiviec e shell.A possiblee xplanationlie si n thep robablee xistenceo f a convectivelayerb eneathth eb rittlel ithospherew, hich,o wingt o tidald issipatioinn warmi ce,c ouldcontributteo higherh eatf lows.I f a convectives ubsurfaclea yera ndg rains ized ependentflow behavioor f ice area dmittedt,h eg rains izea t brittle-ductilter ansitiond epthc annotb e>1 mm, whichi s consistenwt ith ther equiredv aluef or the onseto f convectionin an iceshell thinner than 20 km. PB American Geophysical Union SN 0148-0227 YR 2000 FD 2000 LK https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/57624 UL https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/57624 LA eng DS Docta Complutense RD 7 abr 2025