RT Journal Article T1 Primary and promiscuous functions coexist during evolutionary innovation through whole protein domain acquisitions A1 Escudero García-Calderón, José Antonio A1 Nivina, Aleksandra A1 Kemble, Harry E A1 Loot, Céline A1 Tenaillon, Olivier A1 Mazel, Didier AB Molecular examples of evolutionary innovation are scarce and generally involve point mutations. Innovation can occur through larger rearrangements, but here experimental data is extremely limited. Integron integrases innovated from double-strand- toward single-strand-DNA recombination through the acquisition of the I2 a-helix. To investigate how this transition was possible, we have evolved integrase IntI1 to what should correspond to an early innovation state by selecting for its ancestral activity. Using synonymous alleles to enlarge sequence space exploration, we have retrieved 13 mutations affecting both I2 and the multimerization domains of IntI1. We circumvented epistasis constraints among them using a combinatorial library that revealed their individual and collective fitness effects. We obtained up to 104 -fold increases in ancestral activity with various asymmetrical trade-offs in single-strand-DNA recombination. We show that high levels of primary and promiscuous functions could have initially coexisted following I2 acquisition, paving the way for a gradual evolution toward innovation. PB eLife Sciences Publications, SN 2050-084X YR 2020 FD 2020-12-15 LK https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/6867 UL https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/6867 LA eng NO Unión Europea. Horizonte 2020 NO Unión Europea. FP7 NO Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN) NO Comunidad de Madrid NO Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique NO French National Research Agency NO Fondation pour la Recherche Medicale NO Paris Descartes University – Sorbonne Paris Cite´ , Fondation pour la Recherche Medicale DS Docta Complutense RD 13 abr 2025