RT Journal Article T1 QED Response of the Vacuum A1 Leuchs, Gerd A1 Hawton, Margaret A1 Sánchez Soto, Luis Lorenzo AB We present a new perspective on the link between quantum electrodynamics (QED) and Maxwell’s equations. We demonstrate that the interpretation of the electric displacement vector D=ε0E , where E is the electric field vector and ε0 is the permittivity of the vacuum, as vacuum polarization is consistent with QED. A free electromagnetic field polarizes the vacuum, but the polarization and magnetization currents cancel giving zero source current. The speed of light is a universal constant, while the fine structure constant, which couples the electromagnetic field to matter runs, as it should. PB MDPI SN 2624-8174 YR 2020 FD 2020-01-18 LK https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/8097 UL https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/8097 LA eng NO Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) NO Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia de la Federación Rusa DS Docta Complutense RD 17 abr 2025