RT Journal Article T1 The voices of children, mothers, and fathers: can parenting programs improve reunification processes in the Spanish child protection system? A1 Balsells Bailón, M. Àngels A1 Urrea-Monclús, Aida A1 Vaquero Tió, Eduard A1 Fernández Rodrigo, Laura AB Parental education programs are a key element in achieving family reunification because they help mothers and fathers improve their parenting skills and increase the parent-child relationship. Perceptions of change are examined among children and parents who participated in Spain’s “Caminar en familia” (“Walking family”) program, which was implemented among families served by the Sistema de Proteccio ́n a la Infancia y a la Adolescencia (System for the Protection of Children and Adolescents). A qualitative design enabled compre- hensively describing the experiences of families in the Spanish Child Protection System. A discussion group was the main data collection source. Study participants were from 16 families (23 parents and 20 children), either preparing to return home or newly reunified, and had completed Modules 3 and 4 of the program. The results indicated that the program contributed to increasing families’ awareness of their parenting-related abilities, skills, and competencies, and helped them understand the need for making adjustments as part of coexistence and preparations for adaptations in family dynamics to facilitate the children’s return home. This research highlights the importance of involving parents and their children in improving parenting skills and the reuni- fication process by implementing parental education programs through a unique work plan. PB Elsevier SN 0149-7189 YR 2022 FD 2022-08-03 LK https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/107639 UL https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/107639 LA eng NO Balsells Bailón, M. À., Urrea-Monclús, A., Vaquero Tió, E., & Fernández-Rodrigo, L. (2022). The voices of children, mothers, and fathers: Can parenting programs improve reunification processes in the Spanish child protection system? Evaluation and Program Planning, 94. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EVALPROGPLAN.2022.102146 NO This study was developed by the research group GRISIJ (Research Group for Social and Educational Interventions in Child and Youth) (2017SGR905), and it was financed by Chair Adolescent and Education and by the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, the Spanish State Research Agency and the European Regional Development Fund (RTI2018-099305-B-C21).Referencias bibliográficas• Akin, B. (2011). Predictors of foster care exits to permanency: A competing risks analysis of reunification, guardianship, and adoption. Children and Youth Services Review, 33(6), 999–1011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.01.008 • M. À. Balsells P. Amorós N. Fuentes-Peláez A. Mateos Needs analysis for a parental guidance program for biological family: Spain's current situation Revista de cercetare si interventie sociala 34 2011B 21 37 http://repositori.udl.cat/bitstream/handle/10459.1/48290/016882.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y • Balsells, M. À., Mateos, A., Urrea, A., & Vaquero, E. (2018). Positive parenting support during family reunification. Early Child Development and Care, 188(11), 1567–1579. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2018.1491559 • M.À. Balsells C. Pastor P. Amorós N. Fuentes-Peláez M. C. Molina A. Mateos ...N. Vázquez Caminar en familia: Programa de competencias parentales durante el acogimiento y la reunificación familiar [Walking family: Programme for parental skills during foster care and reunification] 2015 Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad. Centro de Publicaciones Madrid, Spain https://www.mscbs.gob.es/ssi/familiasInfancia/ayudas/docs2013-14/docs2016/CaminarenFamilia.pdf • M. À. Balsells C. Pastor P. Amorós A. Mateos C. Ponce A. Navajas Child welfare and successful reunification through the socio-educative process: Training needs among biological families in Spain Social Sciences 3 4 2014B 809 826 https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci3040809 • M. À. Balsells C. Pastor M. C. Molina N. Fuentes-Peláez E. Vaquero A. Mundet Child welfare and successful reunification: Understanding of the family difficulties during the socio-educative process Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala 42 2013B 228 247 http://hdl.handle.net/2445/103514 • M. À. Balsells C. Pastor M. C. Molina N. Fuentes-Peláez N. Vázquez Understanding social support in reunification: The views of foster children, birth families and social workers British Journal of Social Work 47 3 2016B 812 827 https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcw049 • Berrick, J.D., Cohen, E., & Anthony, E. (2011). Partnering with parents: Promising approaches to improve reunification outcomes for children in foster care. Journal of Family Strengths, 11(1), Article 14. http://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/jfs/vol11/iss1/14 • Bérubé, A., Lafantaisie, V., Clément, M.-È., Coutu, S., Dubeau, D., Caron, J., & Lacharité, C. (2017). Caseworkers’ perspective on risk factors in the family environment influencing mothers’ difficulties in meeting children's needs. Children and Youth Services Review, 82, 365–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.09.038 • Biehal, N. (2006). Reuniting looked after children with their families: A review of the research. London: Children's Bureau.• Bouma, H., Grietens, H., López, M., & Knorth, E.J. (2020). Learning from parents: A qualitative interview study on how parents experience their journey through the Dutch child protection system. Child & Family Social Work, 25(S1): 116–125. https://doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12723 • Bouma, H., López-López, M., Knorth, E.J., & Grietens, H. (2018). Meaningful participation for children in the Dutch child protection system: A critical analysis of relevant provisions in policy documents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 79, 279–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.02.016 • Chamberland, C., Lacharité, C., Clément, M.-È., & Lessard, D. (2015). Predictors of development of vulnerable children receiving child welfare services. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24, 2975–2988. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826–014-0101–7 • Chambers, J.M., Lint, S., Thompson, M.G., Carlson, M.W., & Graef, M.I. (2019). Outcomes of the Iowa Parent Partner program evaluation: Stability of reunification and re-entry into foster care. Children and Youth Services Review, 104, 104353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.05.030 • Chesmore, A.A., Weiler, L.M., Trump, L.J., Landers, A.L., & Taussig, H.N. (2017). Maltreated children in out-of-home care: The relation between attachment quality and internalizing symptoms. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(2), 381–392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826–016-0567–6 • Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2011. Family reunification: What the evidence shows (June). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 〈https://secure.ce-credit.com/articles/101406/family_reunification.pdf • Collins, T.M. (2017). A child's right to participate: Implications for international child protection. The International Journal of Human Rights, 21(1), 14–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2016.1248122 • Coyl, D.D., Newland, L.A., & Freeman, H. (2010). Predicting preschoolers’ attachment security from parenting behaviours, parents’ attachment relationships and their use of social support. Early Child Development and Care, 180(4), 499–512. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430802090463 • Dakof, G.A., Cohen, J.B., Henderson, C.E., Duarte, E., Boustani, M., Blackburn, A., … Hawes, S. (2010). A randomized pilot study of the Engaging Moms Program for family drug court. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 38(3), 263–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2010.01.002 • Daly, M., & Abela, A. (2007). Parenting in contemporary Europe: A positive approach. Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe Publishing.• Davies, C., & Ward, H. (2012). Safeguarding children across services: Messages from research. London and Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.• Delfabbro, P., Fernandez, E., McCormick, J., & Kettler, L. (2013). Reunification in a complete entry cohort: A longitudinal study of children entering out-of-home care in Tasmania, Australia. Children and Youth Services Review, 35(9), 1592–1600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2013.06.012 • Delgado, P., Bernedo, I.M., Carvalho, J.M. S., Salas, M.D., & García-Martín, M.A. (2019). Foster carers’ perspectives about contact in Portugal and Spain. International Journal of Social Science Studies, 7(6), 145–153. https://doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v7i6.4502 • Farmer, E. (2014). Improving reunification practice: Pathways home, progress and outcomes for children returning from care to their parents. British Journal of Social Work, 44(2), 348–366. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcs093 • Farmer, E., Patsios, D., 2016. Evaluation report on implementing the reunification practice framework. University of Bristol 2016. 〈https://www.nspcc.org.uk/globalassets/documents/evaluation-of-services/implementing-reunification-practice-framework-evaluation-report.pdf • Fernandez, E. (2013). Accomplishing permanency: Reunification pathways and outcomes for foster children. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978–94-007–5092-0 • Fernandez, E., & Lee, J.S. (2013). Accomplishing family reunification for children in care: An Australian study. Children and Youth Services Review, 35(9), 1374–1384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2013.05.006 • Ghaffar, W., Manby, M., & Race, T. (2012). Exploring the experiences of parents and carers whose children have been subject to child protection plans. British Journal of Social Work, 42(5), 887–905. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcr132 • Giallo, R., Treyvaud, K., Cooklin, A., & Wade, C. (2013). Mothers’ and fathers’ involvement in home activities with their children: Psychosocial factors and the role of parental self-efficacy. Early Child Development and Care, 183(3–4), 343–359. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2012.711587 • Gibbs, G. (2012). El análisis de datos cualitativos en Investigación Cualitativa [Qualitative data analysis in qualitative research]. Madrid, Spain: Ediciones Morata.• Glasser, B., & Strauss, A. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. New York: Adline de Gruyter.• Goemans, A., Vanderfaeillie, J., Damen, H., Pijnenburg, H., & Van Holen, F. (2016). Reunification of foster children: Factors associated with reunification outcomes in Flanders and the Netherlands. Children and Youth Services Review, 70, 284–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.09.023 • Hennink, M.M. (2013). Focus group discussions. Oxford University Press.• Huscroft-D′Angelo, J., Trout, A.L., Henningsen, C., Synhorst, L., Lambert, M., Patwardhan, I., & Tyler, P. (2019). Legal professional perspectives on barriers and supports for school-aged students and families during reunification from foster care. Children and Youth Services Review, 107, 104525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104525 • Jedwab, M., Chatterjee, A., & Shaw, T.V. (2018). Caseworkers’ insights and experiences with successful reunification. Children and Youth Services Review, 86, 56–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.01.017 • Kosher, H., & Ben-Arieh, A. (2020). Children's participation: A new role for children in the field of child maltreatment. Child Abuse & Neglect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104429 • Lacharité, C., 2017. Programme d′aide personnelle, familiale et communautaire: PAPFC2. Program Guide (2nd ed.)[Personal, family and community help program]. (2nd ed.). Trois-Rivières, QC: CEIDEF/UQTR. 〈https://oraprdnt.uqtr.uquebec.ca/pls/public/docs/GSC4103/F_1176562899_Guide_PAPFC2_anglais_170322.pdf 〉• Landers, A.L., & Danes, S.M. (2016). Forgotten children: A critical review of the reunification of American Indian children in the child welfare system. Children and Youth Services Review, 71, 137–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.10.043 • Lee, B.R., Hwang, J., Socha, K., Pau, T., & Shaw, T.V. (2012). Going home again: Transitioning youth to families after group care placement. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22(4), 447–459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826–012-9596-y • Lemay, L. (2013). Pratiques évaluatives et structuration du rapport parent-intervenant dans le champ du travail social en contexte de protection de la jeunesse: Enjeux, défis et repères pour l′action [Evaluative practices and structuring for the parent-worker relationship in the field of social work in the context of youth protection: Issues, challenges and benchmarks for action]. In E. Harper & H. Dorvil (Eds.), Le travail social, théories, méthodologies, et pratiques (pp. 313–338). Québec, Canada: Presses Universitaires du Québec.• Léveillé, S., & Chamberland, C. (2010). Toward a general model for child welfare and protection services: A meta-evaluation of international experiences regarding the adoption of the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and Their Families (FACNF). Children and Youth Services Review, 32(7), 929–944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.03.009 • Lietz, C.A., & Strength, M. (2011). Stories of successful reunification: A narrative study of family resilience in child welfare. Families in Society, 92(2), 203–210. https://doi.org/10.1606/1044–3894.4102 • Lindsey, M.A., Brandt, N.E., Becker, K.D., Lee, B.R., Barth, R.P., Daleiden, E.L., & Chorpita, B.F. (2014). Identifying the common elements of treatment engagement interventions in children's mental health services. Clinical Children and Family Psychological Review, 17(3), 283–298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567–013-0163-x • López, M., & Del Valle, J.F. (2015). The waiting children: Pathways (and Future) of children in long-term residential care. British Journal of Social Work, 45(2), 457–473. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bct130 • Mainey, A., Ellis, A., & Lewis, J. (2009). Children's views of services: A rapid review. London: National Children's Bureau.• Maltais, C., Cyr, C., Parent, G., & Pascuzzo, K. (2019). Identifying effective interventions for promoting parent engagement and family reunification for children in out-of-home care: A series of meta-analyses. Child Abuse & Neglect, 88, 362–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.12.009 • A. Mateos E. Vaquero M. À. Balsells C. Ponce They didn't tell me anything; they just sent me home’: Children's participation in the return home Child & Family Social Work 22 2 2017M 871 880 https://doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12307 • A. Mateos E. Vaquero A. Urrea B. Parra Contar con la infancia en situación de riesgo en los procesos de investigación: Pasos hacia la coproducción [Taking into account childhood at risk in the research processes: Steps towards coproduction] Sociedad e Infancias 4 2020M 87 98 https://doi.org/10.5209/soci.67687 • Milani, P., Serbati, S., & Ius, M. (2011). P.I.P.P.I. Programma di Intervento Per la Prevenzione dell'Istituzionalizzazione. Guida operativa [Intervention Program for the Prevention of Institutionalization. Operative Guide] (Vol. Ministero). Padova: Ministero del Lavoro e delle Politiche Sociali; Università degli Studi di Padova. http://paduaresearch.cab.unipd.it/4156/1/GuidaPIPPI.pdf • Ministerio de Sanidad Consumo y Bienestar Social [Ministry of Health, Consumer Affairs, and Social Welfare]. (2018). Boletín de Datos Estadísticos de Medidas de Protección a la Infancia [Statistical data bulletin on child protection measures]. Boletín 20. Datos 2017. (Informes, estudios e investigación 2018). Madrid.• Osterling, K.L., & Han, M. (2011). Reunification outcomes among Mexican immigrant families in the child welfare system. Children and Youth Services Review, 33(9), 1658–1666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.04.020 • Palacios, J., & Amorós, P. (2006). Recent changes in adoption and fostering in Spain. British Journal of Social Work, 36(6), 921–935. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bch363 • Rock, S., Michelson, D., Thomson, S., & Day, C. (2015). Understanding foster placement instability for looked after children: A systematic review and narrative synthesis of quantitative and qualitative evidence. British Journal of Social Work, 45(1), 177–203. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bct084 • Rodrigo, M.J. (2003). Programas de apoyo a las necesidades de los padres. Ponencia en el simposio Las relaciones padres-hijos: Necesidades de apoyo a las familias. (Save the Children., Ed.). Madrid, Spain: Exlibris.• Staudt, M. (2007). Treatment engagement with caregivers of at-risk children: Gaps in research and conceptualization. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 16(2), 183–196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826–006-9077–2 • Stephens, T.N., Parchment, T., Gopalan, G., Burton, G., Ortiz, A., Brantley, T., … McKay, M. (2017). Assessing the needs of reunified families from foster care: A parent perspective. Child Welfare, 94(6), 9–37. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tricia_Stephens/publication/316086993_Assessing_the_Needs_of_Reunified_Families_from_Foster_Care_A_Parent_Perspective/links/58ef70c8aca2721d4eaf1d24/Assessing-the-Needs-of-Reunified-Families-from-Foster-Care-A-Parent-Perspective.pdf • Templeton, M., Lohan, M., Lundy, L., & Kelly, C. (2020). Young people's sexual readiness: Insights gained from comparing a researchers’ and youth advisory group's interpretation. Culture, Health and Sexuality, 22(9), 987–1000. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2019.1647555 • Thoburn, J., Robinson, J., & Anderson, B. (2012). Returning children home from public care. Research briefing 42. Social Care Institute for Excellence. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/42371/1/briefing42.pdf • Toros, K., DiNitto, D.M., & Tiko, A. (2018). Family engagement in the child welfare system: A scoping review. Children and Youth Services Review, 88, 598–607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.03.011 • Wade, J., Biehal, N., Farrelly, N., & Sinclair, I. (2011). Caring for abused and neglected children: Making the right decisions for reunification or long-term care. London, United Kingdom: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. NO Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España) NO Grupo de Investigación en Intervenciones Socioeducativas en la Infancia y la Juventud (GRISIJ) (2017SGR905) NO Cátedra Educación y Adolescencia (Universidad de Lleida) DS Docta Complutense RD 2 oct 2024