RT Book, Section T1 Adoption of E-Commerce by Individuals and Digital-Divide A1 Valarezo Unda, Ángel Eduardo A1 López Zorzano, Rafael Alberto A1 Pérez Amaral, Teodosio AB E-commerce penetration rates are distant among those groups of individuals with the lowest and the highest levels of online shopping adoption. This is an indicator of digital-divide, having negative effects in terms of untapped opportunities for people, companies, and the whole economy. Key socioeconomic and demographic determinants of adoption of e-commerce are explored, analyzing a dataset of 174,776 observations for the period 2008–2017 in Spain. The empirical analysis is based on a standard neoclassical utility maximization framework. Linear probability model, logistic regression, and Heckman’s sample selection correction model have been used. The results suggest that e-commerce adoption is positively related with being male, having higher levels of education, income and digital skills, being Spanish, and being employed; while being female, older, and belonging to a household of two or more members have negative effects. An interaction between digital skills and age has been introduced in the model, where high digital skills seem to have a positive influence, partly counteracting the lower odds for some age groups. Policy recommendations related to demand and supply measures are suggested to foster the adoption of e-commerce. PB Palgrave Macmillan SN 978-3-030-40600-4 SN 978-3-030-40601-1 YR 2020 FD 2020 LK https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/100869 UL https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/100869 LA eng NO Valarezo, Á., López, R., Pérez Amaral, T. (2020). Adoption of E-Commerce by Individuals and Digital-Divide. In: Alleman, J., Rappoport, P., Hamoudia, M. (eds) Applied Economics in the Digital Era. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40601-1_4 NO Comunidad de Madrid DS Docta Complutense RD 6 abr 2025