2026-06-26T10:33:18Zhttps://docta.ucm.es/rest/oai/request

oai:docta.ucm.es:20.500.14352/1237442025-09-06T00:09:49Zcom_20.500.14352_14col_20.500.14352_15

Polarization and hate speech based on fuzzy logic and transformers: the case of the 2023 Spanish general elections Guevara Gil, Juan Antonio Casas Mas, Belén Robles Morales, José Manuel 316 Affective polarization Fuzzy sets Hate speech Sentiment analysis Topic modelling Transformers Sociología 63 Sociología Affective polarization in the digital debate of the Spanish presidential election campaign (2023), following the sudden call of the Spanish president on July 23, was measured. Using transformers, topics were detected, and sentiment analysis techniques were applied in the political debate during the elections to measure the emotional valence of the debate. The topics that dominate most of the debate are Candidates (n1 = 17170) and Opposition (n3 = 15327). These topics also show the highest typical polarization deviances. Based on affective polarization, a polarization measure (JDJ) grounded in the fuzzy sets was applied. The topic activism has the highest polarization value, while the topic of voting has the lowest. This analysis highlights a dichotomy that defines the Spanish political reality: the positive image of conventional political participation in the face of the rejection of collective action processes. MINECO Depto. de Estadística y Ciencia de los Datos Depto. de Sociología: Metodología y Teoría Depto. de Sociología Aplicada Fac. de Estudios Estadísticos Fac. de Ciencias de la Información Fac. de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales TRUE pub 2025-09-05T16:06:48Z 2025-09-05T16:06:48Z 2024-10-14 journal article P https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/123744 XXXX-XXXX 10.1080/08898480.2024.2412337 eng PID2019-106254RB-100 info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023/PID2021-122905NB-C21/ES/MODELOS PARA EL PROCESAMIENTO DE INFORMACION COMPLEJA Y APLICACIONES A PROBLEMAS DE REDES/ Guevara, J. A., Casas-Mas, B., & Robles, J. M. (2024). Polarization and hate speech based on fuzzy logic and transformers: the case of the 2023 Spanish general elections. Mathematical Population Studies, 31(4), 289–307. https://doi.org/10.1080/08898480.2024.2412337 Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ embargoed access application/pdf Taylor & Francis