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00925njm 22002777a 4500 dc Friesema, Ingrid HM author Waap, Helga author Swart, Arno author Györke, Adriana author Le Roux, Delphine author Evangelista, Francisco MD author Spano, Furio author Schares, Gereon author Deksne, Gunita author Gargaté, Maria João author Calero Bernal, Rafael author Jokelainen, Pikka author Seeber, Frank author Sroka, Jacek author Lundén, Anna author van den Berg, Oda author Jore, Solveig author Wisselink, Henk J author Dámek, Filip author Vestergaard, Lasse S author Opsteegh, Marieke author 2025 BACKGROUND Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic protozoan capable of infecting warm-blooded animal species and humans. Although toxoplasmosis presents mostly as mild or asymptomatic infection in immunocompetent individuals, in unborn children and people with weakened immune systems, the disease can be severe with ocular, neurological or multi-systemic manifestations and even death.AIMWe aimed to collate and analyse data on T. gondii seroprevalence in humans to model and compare age-dependent prevalence in geographic regions in Europe.METHODSA systematic review identified 1,822 scientific publications, from which seroprevalence data were extracted from 69 studies. Data were analysed using a Bayesian hierarchical model.RESULTSThe modelling of the seroprevalence indicated the highest incidence rates in eastern (50%) and western (48%) Europe, with the lowest estimates in northern Europe (18%) and the United Kingdom (UK) (18%). Eastern and western Europe were regions where T. gondii infections occurred earliest in life, with half of the population expected to be seropositive by the age of 44 and 47 years, respectively. In contrast, in northern Europe and the UK the modelled median time to infection exceeded 170 years.CONCLUSIONResults of the study provide a robust baseline for future epidemiological research on human T. gondii infections in Europe and may be useful to validate subsequent research, such as risk assessment studies Friesema, I. H., Waap, H., Swart, A., Györke, A., Le Roux, D., Evangelista, F. M., Spano, F., Schares, G., Deksne, G., Gargaté, M. J., Calero-Bernal, R., Jokelainen, P., Seeber, F., Sroka, J., Lundén, A., van den Berg, O., Jore, S., Wisselink, H. J., Dámek, F., Vestergaard, L. S., … Opsteegh, M. (2025). Systematic review and modelling of Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in humans, Europe, 2000 to 2021. Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin, 30(34), 2500069. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2025.30.34.2500069 1560-7917 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2025.30.34.2500069 https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/124802 1025-496X https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.es.2025.30.34.2500069 40878705 Systematic review and modelling of Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in humans, Europe, 2000 to 2021