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Dual photoacoustic/ultrasound technologies for preclinical research: current status and future trends Pérez Liva, Mailyn Alonso de Leciñana, María Gutiérrez-Fernández, María Camacho Sosa Dias, Jorge F Cruza, Jorge Rodríguez-Pardo, Jorge García-Suárez, Iván Laso-García, Fernando López Herraiz, Joaquín Elvira Segura, Luis Beca Ramón y Cajal: RYC2021-032739-I Programa Miguel Servet: Grant CPII20/00002 Ministerio de Sanidad - (ISCIII): Grant FI18/00026. Photoacoustic (PA) imaging, by integrating optical and ultrasound (US) modalities, combines high spatial resolution with deep tissue penetration, making it a transformative tool in biomedical research. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of the current status of dual PA/US imaging technologies, emphasising their applications in preclinical research. It details advancements in light excitation strategies, including tomographic and microscopic modalities, innovations in pulsed laser and alternative light sources, and US instrumentation. The review further explores preclinical methodologies, encompassing dedicated instrumentation, signal processing, and data analysis techniques essential for PA/US systems. Key applications discussed include the visualisation of blood vessels, micro-circulation, and tissue perfusion; diagnosis and monitoring of inflammation; evaluation of infections, atherosclerosis, burn injuries, healing, and scar formation; assessment of liver and renal diseases; monitoring of epilepsy and neurodegenerative conditions; studies on brain disorders and preeclampsia; cell therapy monitoring; and tumour detection, staging, and recurrence monitoring. Challenges related to imaging depth, resolution, cost, and the translation of contrast agents to clinical practice are analysed, alongside advancements in high-speed acquisition, artificial intelligence-driven reconstruction, and innovative light-delivery methods. While clinical translation remains complex, this review underscores the crucial role of preclinical studies in unravelling fundamental biomedical questions and assessing novel imaging strategies. Ultimately, this review delves into the future trends of dual PA/US imaging, highlighting its potential to bridge preclinical discoveries with clinical applications and drive advances in diagnostics, therapeutic monitoring, and personalised medicine. 2026-04-08T14:41:41Z 2026-04-08T14:41:41Z 2025-03-19 review article Pérez-Liva, Mailyn, et al. «Dual photoacoustic/ultrasound technologies for preclinical research: current status and future trends». Physics in Medicine & Biology, vol. 70, n.o 7, abril de 2025, p. 07TR01. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/adb368. 0031-9155 10.1088/1361-6560/adb368 https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/134506 1361-6560 https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/adb368 https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6560/adb368 eng TED2021-130592B-I00 info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023/PID2022-138013OB-I00/ES/IMAGEN ULTRASONICA MULTIMODAL DE ALTA RESOLUCION EN ENFERMEDADES CEREBROVASCULARES. UN ENFOQUE PRECLINICO HACIA NUEVAS APLICACIONES TRASLACIONALES./ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ open access Attribution 4.0 International IOP Publishing