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Mapping groundwater-dependent ecosystems by means of multi-layer supervised classification Martínez Santos, Pedro Díaz Alcaide, Silvia Gómez-Escalonilla Canales, Víctor Hera Portillo, África de la Identifying groundwater-dependent ecosystems is the first step towards their protection. This paper presents a machine learning approach that maps groundwater-dependent ecosystems by extrapolating from the characteristics of a small sample of known wetland and non-wetland areas to find other areas with similar geological, hydrological and biotic markers. Explanatory variables for wetland occurrence include topographic elevation, lithology, vegetation vigor, and slope-related variables, among others. Supervised classification algorithms are trained based on the ground truth sample, and their outcomes are checked against an official inventory of groundwater-dependent ecosystems for calibration. This method is illustrated through its application to a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in central Spain. Support vector machines, tree-based classifiers, logistic regression and k-neighbors classification predicted the presence of groundwater-dependent ecosystems adequately (>96% test and AUC scores). The ensemble mean of the best five classifiers rendered a 90% success rate when computed per surface area. This method can optimize fieldwork during the characterization stage of groundwaterdependent ecosystems, thus contributing to integrate wetland protection in land use planning. 2023-06-16T14:19:17Z 2023-06-16T14:19:17Z 2023-06-16T14:19:17Z 2021-12 journal article https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/4671 0022-1694 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126873 1879-2707 eng RTI2018-099394-B-I00 PRX18/00235 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/es/ open access Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 3.0 España Elsevier