López Fernández, María ÁngelesCamilli Trujillo, Celia RosaFernández Escudero, Laura2024-06-112024-06-112020-12-18Fernández-Cao, M. L., Camilli-Trujillo, C., & Fernández-Escudero, L. (2020). PROJECTA: An Art-Based Tool in Trauma Treatment. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPSYG.2020.56894810.3389/fpsyg.2020.568948https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/104835R&D project ALETHEIA, Art, Art therapy, Trauma and Emotional Memory 2016-2019. Ref: HAR2015-69115-R. Referencias bibliográficas: • Abbing A., Ponstein A., van Hooren S., de Sonneville L., Swaab H., Baars E., (2018). The effectiveness of art therapy for anxiety in adults: a systematic review of randomised and non-randomised controlled trials. PLoS One 13:e0208716. 10.1371/journal.pone.0208716 30557381 • Andruk S., (1996). Earthquake! Art Ther. 13 136–142. 10.1080/07421656.1996.10759210 • Appleton V., (2001). Avenues of hope: art therapy and the resolution of trauma. J. Am. Art Ther. Assoc. 28 6–13. 10.1080/07421656.2001.10129454 • Archibald M., (2018). Integrating the arts and mixed methods research: a review and a way forward. Int. J. Mult. Res. Approaches 10 1–14. 10.29034/ijmra.v10n1a23 • Archibald M., Gerber N., (2018). Arts and mixed methods research: an innovative methodological merger. Am. Behav. Sci. 62 956–977. 10.1177/0002764218772672 • Arnau J., (2005). Genealogía de la vacuidad. Estud. Asia Áfr. 40 495–518. • Attard A., Larkin M., (2016). Art therapy for people with psychosis: a narrative review of the literature. Lancet Psychiatry 3 1067–1078. 10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30146-8 • Betts D., Deaver S., (2019). Art Therapy Research. A Practical Guide. New York, NY: Routledge, 10.4324/9781315647081 • Bisquerra R., (2009). Psicopedagogía de las Emociones. Madrid: Síntesis. • Blank A. A., (1985). “The unconscious flashbacks to the War in Vietnam veterans: Clinical mystery, legal defense, and community problema,” in The Trauma of War: Stress and Recovery in Vietnam Veterans, eds Sonnenberg S. M., Talbot J. A., (Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association), 293–308. • Booth−Butterfield S., Booth−Butterfield M., (1991). Individual differences in the communication of humorous messages. South. Commun. J. 56 205–218. 10.1080/10417949109372831 • Cao M., (2017). Aletheia: against oblivion strategies through art to elaborate emotional memory. What to do with the intangible heritage of the traumatic memory? Estud. Pedagógicos XLIII, 147–160. 10.4067/S0718-07052017000400008 27315006 • Carr A., (2007). Psicología Positiva. La Ciencia de la Felicidad. Barcelona: Paidós. • Chapman L., Morabito D., Ladakakos C., Schreier H., Knudson M. M., (2001). The effectiveness of art therapy interventions in reducing post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in pediatric trauma patients. Art Ther. 18 100–104. 10.1080/07421656.2001.10129750 • Cohen N. H., Riley S., (2000). Art Therapy in transition: implications of neuropsychology for the field of art therapy. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Art Therapy Association, St. Louis, MO. • Coles A., (2020). “What do museums mean? public perceptions of the purposes of museums and implications for their use in art therapy,” in Art Therapy in Museums and Galleries. Reframing Practice, eds Coles A., Potash J., (London: Jessica Kingsely), 44–62. • Collie K., Backos A., Malchiodi C., Spiegel D., (2006). Art therapy for combatrelated PTSD: recommendations for research and practice. Art Ther. 23 157–164. 10.1080/07421656.2006.10129335 • Collier J., (1957). Photography in anthropology: a report on two experiments. Am. Anthropol. 59 843–859. 10.1525/aa.1957.59.5.02a00100 33021500 • Creswell J., (2014). Research design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, 4th Edn. Thousand Oaks CA: Sage. • Depew D., (2005). Empathy, psychology, and aesthetics: reflections on a repair concept. Poroi 4 99–107. 10.13008/2151-2957.1033 • Dissanayake E., (1988). What is Art for? Seattle and. London: University of Washington Press. • Dissanayake E., (1992). Homo Aestheticus: Where Art Comes from and Why. Seattle and. London: University of Washington Press. • Dufrenne M., (1987). In the Presence of the Sensous: Seáis in Aestheitcs. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press International. • Efthim P. W., Kenny M. E., Mahalik J. R., (2001). Gender role stress in relation to shame, guilt, and externalization. J. Couns. Dev. 79 430–438. 10.1002/j.1556-6676.2001.tb01990.x • Ehlers A., Clark D. M., (2008). Post-traumatic stress disorder: the development of effective psychological treatments. Nord. J. Psychiatry 62(Suppl. 47) 11–18. 10.1080/08039480802315608 18752113 • Ekman P., (1999). “Basic emotions,” in Handbook of Cognition and Emotion, eds Dalgleish T., Poer M., (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Online Library), 45–60. • Ekman P., Friesen W. V., Ellsworth P. C., (1972). Emotion in the Human Face: Guidelines for Research and a Review of the Findings. Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press. • Engle P., (1997). Art therapy and dissociative disorders. Art Ther. 14 246–254. 10.1080/07421656.1987.10759293 • Erlingsson C., Brysiewicz P., (2017). A hands-on guide to doing content analysis. Afr. J. Emerg. Med. 7 93–99. 10.1016/j.afjem.2017.08.001 30456117 • Fernández-Abascal E., (2009). Emociones Positivas. Madrid: Pirámide. (coord.) • Foa E. B., (2006). Psychosocial therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry 67 40–45. • Follette V. M., Ruzek J. I., (eds) (2006). Cognitive. Behavioral Therapy for Trauma. New York, Ny: Guilford. • Fredrickson B. L., (1998). What good are positive emotions? Rev. Gen. Psychol. 2 300–319. 10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.300 21850154 • Fredrickson B. L., (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. Am. psychol. 56 218–226. 10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218 11315248 • Fredrickson B. L., (2002). “Positive emotions,” in Handbook of Positive Psychology, eds Snyder C. R., López S. J., (New York: Oxford University Press), 120–134. • Fredrickson B. L., (2009). Positivity. New York, NY: Crown Publishers. • Furukawa E., Tangney J., Higashibara F., (2012). Cross-cultural continuities and discontinuities in shame, guilt, and pride: a study of children residing in Japan, Korea and the USA. Self Identity 11 90–113. 10.1080/15298868.2010.512748 • Gantt L., Tinnin L., (2009). Support for a neurobiological view of trauma with implications for art therapy. Arts Psychother. 36 148–153. 10.1016/j.aip.2008.12.005 • Garland E., Fredrickson B., Kring A., Johnson D., Meyer P., Penn D., (2010). Upward spirals of positive emotions counter downward spirals of negativity: insights from the broaden-and-build theory and affective neuroscience on the treatment of emotion dysfunctions and deficits in psychopathology. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 30 849–864. 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.002 20363063 • Gerber N., (2016). “Mixed methods research and art therapy,” in The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Art Therapy, eds Gussak D., Rosal M., (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell), 654–662. 10.1002/9781118306543.ch63 • Germer C. K., Neff K. D., (2015). “Cultivating self-compassion in trauma survivors,” in Mindfulness-Oriented Interventions for Trauma: Integrating Contemplative Practices, eds Follette V. M., Briere J., Rozelle D., Hopper J. W., Rome D. I., (New York, NY: The Guilford Press), 43–58. • Gonzales-Dolginko B., (2003). Art therapists are increasingly dealing with trauma: let’s make sure we’re all prepared. Art Ther. 20 106–109. 10.1080/07421656.2003.10129392 • Greenwald R., (2003). The power of a trauma-informed treatment approach. Child. Group Assoc. Newsl. 24 1,8–9. • Hagman G., Press C. M., (2010). Between aesthetics, the coconstruction of empathy, and the clinical. Psychoanal. Inq. 30 1–15. 10.1080/07351690903206165 • Howie P., Burch B., Conrad S., Shambaugh S., (2002). Releasing trapped images: children grapple with the realities of the september 11 attacks. Art Ther. 19 100–104. 10.1080/07421656.2002.10129401 • Hutton B., Catalá-López F., Moher D., (2016). La extensión de la declaración PRISMA para revisiones sistemáticas que incorporan metaanálisis en red: PRISMA-NMA. Med. clín. 147 262–266. 10.1016/j.medcli.2016.02.025 27040178 • Janet P., (1893). L’amnesie continue (continued amnesia). Rev. Gen. Sci. 4 167–179. • Johnson B., Onwuegbuzie A., (2004). Mixed methods research: a research paradigm whose time has come. Educ. Res. 33 14–26. 10.3102/0013189X033007014 • Kardiner A., (1941). The Traumatic Neuroses of War. Washington, D.C: National Research Council, • Kira J. S., Ashby A. Z., Omidy L., Lewandowski L., (2015). Current, continuous, and cumulative trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapy: a new model for trauma counseling. J. Ment. Health Couns. 37 323–340. 10.17744/mehc.37.4.04 • Kolb B., (2008). Involving, sharing, analysing—potential of the participatory photo interview. Forum Qual. Social Res. 9, 1–25. • Kramer E., (1971). Art as Therapy with Children. New York, NY: Shocken. • Kuiper N. A., McKenzie S. D., Belanger K. A., (1995). Cognitive appraisals and individual differences in sense of humor: motivational and affective implications. Personal. Individ. Dif. 19 359–372. 10.1016/0191-8869(95)00072-e • Kuspit D., (2006). The emotional gains of aesthetic shock. Psychoanal. Inq. 26 344–361. • Kwesell A., (2020). Trauma, self-stigma, and visual narrative: participatory research in Shinchimachi, Fukushima, following Japan’s 2011 nuclear disaster. Vis. Commun. 1–26. 10.1177/1470357220912458 • Lazarus R. S., (1991). Emotion and adaptation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. • Lazarus R. S., Lazarus B. N., (1996). Passion and Reason: Making sense of our Emotions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. • Levick M., (1975). Transference and countertransference as manifested in graphic productions. Art Psychother. 2 203–215. 10.1016/0090-9092(75)90004-6 • Lipps T., (1979). “Empathy, inner imitation, and sense feelings, melvin rader and max schertel, trs., from archiv for die gesamte psychologie,” in A Modern Book of Aesthetics January 1, 1903, Edn. 5 Edn, Vol. 1 ed. Rader M., (New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston), 371–378. • Loza C., (2006). Psicoanálisis, arte e intepretación. Annu. Clin. Health Psychol. 2 57–64. • Maganto C., Maganto J. M., (2013). Cómo Potenciar las Emociones Positivas y Afrontar las Negativas. Madrid: Ediciones Pirámide. • Maritain J., (1953). Creative Intuition in Art and Poetry. New York, NY: Pantheon Books. • Martin R. A., (2007). “Introduction to the psychology of humor,” in Psychology of Humor: An Integrative Approachan Integrative Approach, ed. Martin A., (Burlington, MA: Elsevier), 1–30. 10.1016/b978-012372564-6/50020-4 • Matsumoto D., Seung Y., Fontaine J., (2008). Mapping expressive differences around the world: the relationship between emotional display rules and individualism versus collectivism. J. Cross Cult. Psychol. 39 55–74. 10.1177/0022022107311854 • McNamee C. M., (2003). Bilateral art: facilitating systemic integration and balance. Arts Psychother. 30 283–292. 10.1016/j.aip.2003.08.005 • McNamee C. M., (2005). Bilateral art: Integrating art therapy, family therapy, and neuroscience. Contemp. Fam. Ther. 27 545–557. 10.1007/s10591-005-8241-y • Meichenbaum D., (2003). A Clinical Handbook/Practical Therapist Manual for Assessing and Treating Adults with Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Clearwater, FL: Institute Press. • Mi-Jin G., Keun-Mae L., Jin-Hee K., (2016). Meta analysis: trends and effects of art-therapy with clay. J. Educ. Innov. Res. 26 289–314. 10.21024/pnuedi.26.3.201612.289 • Miles M. B., Huberman A. M., (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded Sourcebook (2a ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. • Mills A., (1995). Outpatient art therapy with multiple personality disorder: a surrey of current practice. J. Am. Art Ther. Assoc. 12 253–256. 10.1080/07421656.1995.10759174 • Murphy J., (ed.) (2001). Art Therapy with Young Survivors of Sexual Abuse: Lost for Words. Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis. • Naumburg M., (1950). An Introduction to Art Therapy: Studies of the “free” Art Expression of Behavior Problem Children and Adolescents as a Means of Diagnosis and Therapy. New York, Ny: Teachers College Press. • Neimeyer R. A., (ed.) (2001). Meaning Reconstruction and the Experience of Loss. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Press. • Noland C. M., (2006). Auto-photography as research practice: identity and self-esteem research. J. Res. Pract. 2 1–19. • Olsson H., Backe H., Sörensen S., Koch M., (2001). Humour: a matter of culture — qualitative study of non-nordic nurses in Sweden. Nord. J. Nurs. Res. 21 49–53. 10.1177/010740830102100110 • Omaha J., (2004). Psychotherapeutic Interventions for Emotion Regulation. New York, NY: W.W Norton&Company. • Pérez J., Abellán A., (2018). Envejecimiento demográfico y vejez en España. Panor. Soc. 28 11–47. • Popa F., Guillermin M., (2017). Reflexive methodological pluralism: the case of environmental valuation. J. Mix. Methods Res. 11 19–35. 10.1177/1558689815610250 • Ramada-Rodilla J. M., Serra-Pujadas C. y, Delclós-Clanchet G., (2012). Adaptación cultural y validación de cuestionarios de salud: revisión y recomendaciones metodológicas. Salud Pública Méx. 55 57–66. 10.1590/s0036-36342013000100009 23370259 • Rankin A. B., Taucher L. C., (2003). A task-oriented approach to art therapy in trauma treatment. Art Ther. 20 138–147. 10.1080/07421656.2003.10129570 • Rivers W. H. R., (1918). The repression of war experience. Lancet 2 173–177. 10.1016/s0140-6736(01)23233-4 • Rothschild B., (2000). The Body Remembers: The Psychophysiology of Trauma and Trauma Treatment. London: WW Norton & Company. • Rubin J., (1984). The Art of Art Therapy. New York, Ny: Bunner/Mazel Publishers. • Schauer M., Neuner F., Elbert T., (2011). Narrative Exposure Therapy: A Short Term Treatment for Traumatic Stress Disorders, 2nd Edn. Cambridge, MA: Hogrefe Publishing. • Segal H., (1955). “Aproximación psicoanalítica a la estética,” in Nuevas Direcciones en Psicoanálisis, Vol. III, eds Kalein M., Heimann P., Money-Kyrle R. E., (Buenos aires: Paidós- Hormé). • Seligowski A. V., Miron L. R., Orcutt H. K., (2014). Relations among self-compassion, PTSD symptoms, and psychological health in a trauma-exposed sample. Mindfulness 6 1033–1041. 10.1007/s12671-014-0351-x • Shapiro F., (2001). Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: Basic Principles, Protocols and Procedures. New York, NY: Guilford Press. • Shaver P., Schwartz J., Kirson D., O’connor C., (1987). Emotion knowledge: further exploration of a prototype approach. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 52 1061–1086. 10.1037/0022-3514.52.6.1061 3598857 • Silfver M., (2007). Gender differences in value priorities. Guilt Shame Among Fin. Peruvian Adolesc. Sex Roles 56 601–609. 10.1007/s11199-007-9202-8 • Spring D., (2004). Thirty-year study links neuroscience, specific trauma, PTSD, image conversion, and language translation. Art Ther. J. Am. Art Ther. Assoc. 21 200–209. 10.1080/07421656.2004.10129690 • Steel W., Raider M., (2001). Structured Sensory Intervention for Children, Adolescents and Parents (SITCAP). New York, NY: Mellen Press. • Stern D., (1985). The Interpersonal World of the Infant: A View from Psychoanalysis and Developmental Psychology. New York, NY: Basic Books. • Sweig T. L., (2000). Women healing women: time-limited psychoeducational Group therapy for childhood sexual abuse survivors. Art Ther. J. Am. Art Ther. Assoc. 17 254–256. 10.1080/07421656.2000.10129757 • Talwar S., (2007). Accessing traumatic memory through art making: an art therapy trauma protocol (ATTP). Arts Psychother. 34 22–35. 10.1016/j.aip.2006.09.001 • Thompson B. L., Waltz J., (2008). Self-compassion and PTSD symptom severity. J. Trauma. Stress 21 556–558. 10.1002/jts.20374 19107727 • Van der Kolk B. A., (1994). The body keeps the score: memory and the evolving psychobiology of Posttraumatic Stress. Harv. Rev. Psychiatry 1 253–265. 10.3109/10673229409017088 9384857 • Van der Kolk B. A., (2003). The neurobiology of childhood trauma and abuse. Child Adolesc. Psychiatric Clin. 12 293–317. 10.1016/s1056-4993(03)00003-8 • Van der Kolk B. A., (2015). El cuerpo Lleva la Cuenta. Cerebro, Mente y Cuerpo en la Superación del Trauma. Barcelona: Elephteria. • Van der Kolk B. A., Fisler R. E., (1995). Dissociation and the fragmentary nature of traumatic memories: overview and exploratory study. J. Trauma. Stress 8 505–525. 10.1007/BF02102887 8564271 • Van der Kolk B. A., Van der Hart O., (1991). The intrusive past: the flexibility of memory and the engraving of trauma. Am. Imago Psychoanal. Cult. 48 425–454. • Van Lith T., (2016). Art therapy in mental health: a systematic review of approaches and practices. Arts Psychother. 47 9–22. 10.1016/j.aip.2015.09.003 • Van Lith T., Schofield M., Fenner P., (2013). Identifying the Evidence-Base for Art-Based practices and their potential benefit for mental health recovery: a critical review. Disabil. Rehabil. 35 1309–1323. 10.3109/09638288.2012.732188 23116320 • Waller C. S., (1992). Art therapy with adult female incest survivors. J. Am. Art Ther. Assoc. 9 135–138. 10.1080/07421656.1992.10758950 • Wang C., Burris M. A., (1997). Photovoice: concept, methodology, and use for participatory needs assessment. Health Educ. Behav. 24 369–387. 10.1177/109019819702400309 9158980 • Wilson P., Friedman M., Lindy J., (2001). Treating Psychological Trauma and PTSD. New York, NY: Guilford Press. • Wolf R., Ulman E., Dachinger P., (eds) (1977). Art therapy in theory and practice. Art J. 37 188–190. 10.1080/00043249.1978.10793416 • Wood M. J., Molassiotis A., Payne S., (2011). What research evidence is there for the use of art therapy in the management of symptoms in adults with cancer? A systematic review. Psychooncology 20 135–145. 10.1002/pon.1722 20878827 • Wu C.-L., Lin H.-Y., Chen H.-C., (2016). Gender differences in humour styles of young adolescents: empathy as a mediator. Pers. Indiv. Diff. 99 139–143. 10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.018 • Zelizer B., Allan S., (2011). “Photography, journalism, and trauma,” in Journalism After September 11, 2nd Edn, eds Zelizer B., Allan S., (London: Routledge), 48–68.Artistic images, of a universal nature and validated by global culture, are carriers of an emotional potential that can be used for therapeutic purposes in cultural centers as well as in clinical spaces. Esthetic studies reveal the mobilizing power in their contemplation and the capacity to bring out personal stories with healing potential. The general objective of this paper is to design and validate the PROJECTA instrument, consisting of the therapeutic use of artistic images to approach trauma or difficult conditions in therapy, by means of the association between art images and emotions, feelings or states of mind related with a traumatic experience. A mixed approach of investigation with a concurrent triangulation design has been used for the integration of qualitative and quantitative results, where qualitative research outweighs quantitative, but both have been QUAL → quan sequentially developed. The study was carried out in two phases. The first was a systematic review of the literature. The second, divided into five steps, consisted of the validation of artworks and the associated emotions with the participation of students, experts in art therapy, psychologists and educators through focus groups, interviews and an online questionnaire. The analysis techniques were qualitative and quantitative. A set of 220 artistic images linked to emotional states were proposed by experts in education, psychology and art therapy, and validated through an online questionnaire. The respondents included 228 students and professionals and for 64.55% of these images a consensus of over 80% was obtained. These images and their associated emotions were again reviewed by a confirmatory focus group. Finally, 92 artistic works were linked to primary, secondary and tertiary emotions such as love, joy, victory, surprise, balance, sense of humor, anger, sadness, fear, and emptiness. In addition, there are mobilizing images that have not been related to any emotion because of the polysemy of their meanings. It concludes that PROJECTA is a visual art therapy tool that provides professionals with a resource that helps facilitate the identification, expression or demonstration of emotions or feelings related with trauma, and in challenging situations of vulnerability, psychological discomfort or post-traumatic stress.engAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Internationaljournal articlehttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.568948https://produccioncientifica.ucm.es/documentos/605a0f6b3d93f26dffb4e1b0https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85098722972&origin=resultslisthttps://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.568948/fullopen access615.851.82:77:615.85137.015.3371.337.013616.89-008.44ArtArt therapyArtworksTraumaToolProjectionArtistic imagesEmotionsValidationMixed methods researchCiencias SocialesPsicología de la educación (Educación)PedagogíaMétodos de investigación en educación61 Psicología5899 Otras Especialidades Pedagógicas