Medina Moreno, Lisset RocioCano-Kollmann, MarceloÁlvarez González, María Isabel2026-02-262026-02-262020-03-16Medina L, Cano-Kollmann M, Alvarez I (2020), "International connectivity in the generation of information and communication technology (ICT) in Spain". Competitiveness Review, Vol. 30 No. 3 pp. 355–371, doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/CR-08-2019-00721059-542210.1108/CR-08-2019-0072https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/133319The purpose of this paper is to analyze the characteristics of knowledge creation in a key technology field, i.e. information and communication technology (ICT), to determine whether it is driven by domestic firms and inventors, or whether the traction is provided by international connections to global innovation networks. The authors argue that the geographical pattern of international connectivity is characterized by local concentration and strong connections to foreign multinational enterprises, for which a large number of inventors in Spain work.engjournal article2051-3143https://doi.org/10.1108/CR-08-2019-0072restricted access3365031032M1ICTPatentsInternational connectivityKnowledge sourcesEconomíaEmpresas53 Ciencias Económicas