Palacios Pacheco, SofíaMartín López, BertaExpósito Granados, MónicaRequena Mullor, Juan MiguelLozano Mendoza, JorgeSánchez Zapata, José AntonioMorales Reyes, ZebensuiCastro Martínez, Antonio J.2025-02-122025-02-122024Palacios-Pacheco, S., Martín-López, B., Expósito-Granados, M., Requena-Mullor, J. M., Lozano, J., Sánchez-Zapata, J. A., Morales-Reyes, Z., & Castro, A. J. (2024). Carnivores’ contributions to people in Europe. Ecology and Society, 29(3). https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-15249-2903091708-308710.5751/es-15249-290309https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/118007This study is part of the scientific project “Understanding human-carnivore relationships: from social conflicts to ecosystem services,” funded by Leuphana University of Lüneburg. AJC was supported by the NSF Idaho EPSCoR Program and by the National Science Foundation under award number IIA-1301792. JL was supported by Complutense University of Madrid during the edition of this manuscript. ZMR was supported by a postdoctoral contract funded by the Junta de Andalucía (POSTDOC_21_00353). This publication was funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG).Human-carnivore relations in Europe have varied throughout history. Because of recent conservation efforts and passive rewilding, carnivore populations are recovering, which translates into more interactions with humans. Thus, unraveling these interactions as well as the multiple contributions carnivores provide to people is crucial to their conservation. We examined the literature conducted in Europe since 2000 and used the nature’s contributions to people (NCP) framework to identify factors that have shaped human-carnivore relations. To do so, we examined the state of scientific knowledge and relationships among types of NCP from carnivores, countries, and carnivore species; and between NCP, actors, and management actions. Results indicated that research has been oriented toward large carnivore species and their detrimental contributions to people. Further, the effectiveness of carnivore management strategies has only been evaluated and monitored in a limited set of all the research. To balance any negative views on carnivores, we suggest that the recognition of the duality of carnivores, as providers of both beneficial and detrimental contributions, should be included in EU conservation policies.engAttribution 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/journal articlehttps://doi.org/10.5751/ES-15249-290309https://ecologyandsociety.org/vol29/iss3/art9/open access599.74591.5502.1Conservation conflictEcosystem serviceHuman-carnivore interactionsHuman-nature framingHuman-wildlife conflictsNature’s contributions to peopleNature’s valuesSocial-ecological systemsZoologíaMamíferosEcología (Biología)2401 Biología Animal (Zoología)2401.18 Mamíferos2401.06 Ecología Animal2410.05 Ecología Humana