Lescure, JavierCancio, CarlosGarong, AmeQuinto Sánchez, MirshaGonzález José, RolandoGonzález Martín, Antonio2025-10-092025-10-092022-06-21Lescure, J., Cancio, C., Garong, A., Quinto-Sanchez, M., González-José, R., & González-Martín, A. (2022). Admixture and population dynamics in the Philippines through craniometric analysis. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 32(5), 1105-1113. https://doi.org/10.1002/OA.31361047-482X10.1002/oa.3136https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/124729The Philippine population prior to European contact is the result of the arrival to the archipelago of different subgroups and the admixture between them. Taking the skull as a complex genotype resulting from both genetic inheritance and the environment, and assuming populations with phenotypic similarity will have a greater phylogenetic relationship, the possibility of studying admixture based on geometric morphometry and cranial measurements is proposed. Sixty-one skulls from a collection from the National Museum of Anthropology in Madrid (MNA, Spain) were studied, all dating from before the 19th century. As a reference, the Howells (1973) database was used. The characterization of the phenotype was carried out using a Microscribe digitizer arm with which 65 landmarks were taken, using them to create 12 craniometric distances. The admixture of the Philippine skull collection from the MNA was evaluated by applying a Discriminant Analysis based on Gaussian finite mixture modeling. Thanks to a principal component analysis, a study of morphospaces was carried out. Additionally, a population inference was made using the Relethford and Blangero model. Finally, the skulls were divided into clusters according to their admixture using the k-means method. The individual admixture of each skull was estimated, and later the collection was divided into three clusters after applying the k-means method. The Relethford and Blangero analysis indicated that the groups created did not have much internal admixture, unlike the Filipino group in the Howells database. Assuming a relative neutrality of the craniofacial characters, it is possible to study the admixture of some individuals from a series of cranial distances. This study is framed in the line of other genetic, linguistic, or morphometric types, which indicate that the Philippine population prior to the 19th century has a great intrapopulation variance, constituting a series of metapopulations within the entire archipelago.engjournal article1099-1212https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.3136https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/oa.3136restricted access572(599)902611.71574.3575.17AdmixtureGeometric morphometricsHowells databasePhilippinesPopulation dynamicsAntropología biológicaArqueologíaGenética2402 Antropología (Física)5505.01 Arqueología2402.09 Osteología2402.10 Biología de Poblaciones2409.03 Genética de Poblaciones