Ares, SSáenz-Rico de Santiago, María BelénQuero, JMonrreale, GPreedy, V2025-04-092025-04-092011-10-25Ares, S., Saenz-Rico, B., Quero, J., & De Escobar, G. M. (2012). Iodine and the effects on growth in premature newborns: A focus on the role of thyroid hormones in neurodevelopment and growth. En Handbook of Growth and Growth Monitoring in Health and Disease (pp. 513-522). Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1795-9_30978-144191794210.1007/978-1-4419-1795-9_30https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/119420Referencias bibliográficas: • Ares S, Quero J, Durán S, Presas MJ, Herruzo R, Morreale de Escobar G. Iodine content of infant formulas and iodine intake of premature babies. Arch Dis Child. 1994;71:184-91. • Ares S, Pastor I, Quero J, Morreale de Escobar G. Thyroidal complications, including overt hypothyroidism, related to the use of non-radiopaque silastic catheters for parentheral feeding of prematures, requiring injection of small amounts of an iodinated contrast medium. Acta Paediatr. 1995;84:579-81. • Ares S, Escobar-Morreale HF, Quero J, Duran S, Presas MJ, Herruzo R, Morreale de Escobar G. Neonatal hypothyroxinemia: effects of iodine intake and premature birth. Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:1704-12. • Ares S, Garcia P, Quero J, Morreale de Escobar G. Iodine intake and urinary excretion in premature infants born after less than 30 weeks of gestation. Clin Pediatr Endocrinol. 2004;7:509. • Ares S, Quero J, Morreale de Escobar G. Neonatal iodine deficiency: clinical aspects. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2005;18:1257-64. • Ares S, Quero J, Morreale de Escobar G, the Spanish Preterm Thyroid Group. Iodine during the neonatal period: too little, too much? J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2007;20, Suppl 1:163-6. • Biswas S, Buffery J, Enoch H, Martin Bland J, Walters D, Markiewicz M. A longitudinal assessment of thyroid hormone concentrations in preterm infants younger than 30 weeks' gestation during the first 2 weeks of life and their relationship to outcome. Pediatrics. 2002;109:222-7. • Cools F, vanWassenaer AG, Kok JH, de Vijlder JJM. Changes in plasma thyroid hormone levels after a single dose of triiodothyronine in premature infants of less than 30 weeks gestational age. Eur J Endocrinol. 2000;143:733-40. • Delange F. Physiopathology of iodine nutrition. In: Chandra RK, editor. Trace elements in nutrition of children. New York: Raven Press; 1985. pp. 291-9. • Delange F. Requirements of iodine in humans. In: Delange F, Dunn JT, Glinoer D, editors. Iodine deficiency in Europe. A continuing concern. New York: Plenum Press; 1993. pp. 5-16. • Delange F. Iodine deficiency as a cause of brain damage. Postgrad Med J. 2001;77:217-20. • Delange F. Optimal iodine nutrition during pregnancy. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2004;2:1-12. • Delange F, Bourdoux P, Ermans AM. Transient disorders of thyroid function and regulation in preterm infants. In:Delange F, Fisher DA, Malvoux P, editors. Pediatric thyroidology. Basel: Karger; 1985. pp. 369-93. • den Ouden AL, Kok JH, Verkerk PH, Brand R, Verloove-Vanhorick SP. The relation between neonatal thyroxine levels and neurodevelopmental outcome at age 5 and 9 years in a national cohort of very preterm and/or very low birth weight infants. Pediatr Res. 1996;39:142-5. • De Vries LS, Heckmatt JZ, Burrin JM, Dubowitz V. Low serum thyroxine concentrations and neural maturation in preterm infants. Arch Dis Child. 1986;61:862-6. • Dorea JG. Iodine nutrition and breast-feeding. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2002;16:207-20. • Greenberg AH, Najjar S, Blizzard RM. Effects of thyroid hormones on growth, differentiation and development. In:Greep RO, Astwood DH, editors. Handbook of physiology. Washington, DC: American Physiological Society; 1974. pp. 377-90. • Hervas F, G. Morreale de Escobar, Escobar del Rey F. Conversion of L-Thyroxine to Triiodo-L-Thyronine and biological activity of L-Thyroxine, as measured by changes in growth hormone. Endocrinology 1976;98:77. • Hollowell JG, Staehling NW, Hannon WH, Flanders DW, Gunter EW, Maberly GF. Iodine nutrition in the United States: trends and public health implications: iodine excretion data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys I and III (1971-1974 and 1988-1994). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:3401-8. • Ibrahim M, Morreale de Escobar G, Visser TJ, Durán S, van Toor H, Strachan J, Williams FLR, Hume R. Iodine deficiency associated with parenteral nutrition in extreme preterm infants. Arch Dis Child. 2003;88:F56-7. • Kester MA, Martinez de Mena R, Obregon MJ, Marinkovic D, Howatson A, Visser TJ, Hume R, Morrelae de Escobar G. Iodothyronine levels in the human developing brain: major regulatory roles of iodothyronine deiodinases in different areas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:3117-28. • La Gamma EF, vanWassenaer AG. Golombek SG, Morreale de Escobar G, Kok JH, Quero J, Ares S, Paneth N, Fisher D. Neonatal thyroxine supplementation for transient hypothyroxinemia of prematurity: beneficial or detrimental? Treatments Endocrinol. 2006;5(6):335-47. • La Gamma EF, van Wassenaer AG, Ares S, Golombek SG, Kok JH, Quero J, Hong T, Rahbar MH, de Escobar GM, Fisher DA, Paneth N. Phase 1 trial of 4 thyroid hormone regimens for transient hypothyroxinemia in neonates of <28 weeks' gestation. Pediatrics. 2009;124(2):e258-68. • Lavado-Autric R, Auso E, Garcia-Velasco JV, Arufe Mdel C, Escobar del Rey F, Berbel P. Early maternal hypothyroxinemia alters histogenesis and cerebral cortex cytoarchitecture of the progeny. J Clin Invest. 2003;111:1073-82. • Legrand J. Thyroid hormone effects on growth and development. In: Hennemann G, editor. Thyroid hormone metabolism. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1986. pp. 503-34. • Lucas A, Rennie J, Baker BA, Morley R. Low plasma triiodothyronine concentrations and outcome in preterm infant. Arch Dis Child. 1988;63:1201-6. • Lucas A, Morley R, Fewtrell MS. Low triiodothyronine concentration inpreterm infant and subsequent intelligence quotient (IQ) at 8 year follow up. Br Med J. 1996;312:1132-3. • Meijer WJ, Verloove-Vanhorick SP, Brand R, van den Brande JL. Transient hypothyroxinemia associated with developmental delay in very preterm infants. Arch Dis Child. 1992;67:944-7. • Morreale de Escobar G, Ares S. The hypothyroxinemia of prematurity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:713-5. • Morreale de Escobar G, Obregon MJ, Escobar del Rey F. Is neuropsychological development related to maternal hypothyroidism or to maternal hypothyroxinemia? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:3975-87. • Morreale de Escobar G, Kester M, Martinez de Mena R, et al. Iodothyronine metabolism in human fetal brain J Endocrinol Invest. 2002;25 Suppl :29. • Morreale de Escobar G, Obregón MJ, Escobar del Rey F. Role of thyroid hormone during early brain development. Eur J Endocrinol. 2004;151:U25-37. • Murphy E, Williams GR. The thyroid and the skeleton. Clin Endocrinol. 2004;61:285-98. • National Research Council, Food and Nutrition Board. Recommended dietary allowance. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1989. pp. 213-7 and 285. • Nobuhiro M, Masami O, Naomi H, Tomoko A, Hiroshi D. Thyroid hormone modulation of the hypothalamic growth hormone (GH)-releasing factor-pituitary GH axis in the rat. J Clin Invest. 1992;90:113-20. • Rapaport R. Thyroid function in very low birth weight newborn: rescreen or reevaluate? J Pediatr. 2002;140:287-9. • Rapaport R, Rose SR, Freemark M. Hypothyroxinemia in the preterm infant: the benefits and risks of thyroxine treatment. J Pediatr. 2001;139:182-8. • Reuss ML, Paneth N, Pinto-Martin JA, Lorenz JM, Susser M. The relation of transient hypothyroxinemia in preterm infants to neurologic development at two years of age. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:821-6. • Semba RD, Delange F. Iodine in human milk: perspectives for infant health. Nutr Rev. 2001;59:269-78. • Vanhole C, Aerssens P, Naulaers G, Casneuf A, Deviegler H, van den Berghe G, de Zegher F. L-thyroxine treatment of preterm newborns: clinical and endocrine effects. Pediatr Res. 1997;42:87-92. • van Wassenaer AG, Kok JH, de Vijlder JJ, Briet JM, Smit BJ, Tamminga P, van Baar A, Dekker FW, Vulsma T. Maternal-fetal transfer of thyroxine in congenital hypothyroidism due to a total organification defect or thyroid agenesis. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:21-6. • Vulsma T. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:21-6. • Vulsma T, Gons MH, de Viljder J. Maternal-fetal transfer of thyroxine in congenital hypothyroidism due to a total organification defect or thyroid agenesis. N Engl J Med. 1989;321:13-6. • WHO, UNICEF, ICCIDD. Assessment of the iodine deficiency disorders and monitoring their elimination. Geneva:WHO Publication. WHO/NHD/01.1; 2001. p. 107. • Zimmermann MB. Iodine deficiency. Endocrine Rev. 2009;30:376-408. • Zimmermann M, Delange F. Iodine supplementation of pregnant women in Europe: a review and recommendation. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004;58:979-84.Iodine is a trace element which is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones. The thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) are necessary for adequate growth and development throughout fetal and extrauterine life. The iodine intake of newborns is entirely dependent on the iodine content of breast milk and the formula preparations used to feed them. An inadequate iodine supply (deficiency and excess) might be especially dangerous in the case of premature babies. The minimum recommended dietary allowance (RDA) is different depending on age groups. The iodine intake required is at least 15 μg/kg per day in full-term infants and 30 μg/kg per day in preterms. Most of the preterm babies are at high risk of iodine deficiency. Neonates and especially preterm infants are a very important population at risk of suffering the consequences of both iodine deficiency and excess, precisely at a stage of growth, psychomotor, and neural development which is extremely sensitive to alterations of thyroid function. If the mother has adequate iodine nutrition, breast milk is the best source of iodine for the newborn. The lactating mother should be supplemented with pharmacological preparations which contain at least 200 μg of iodine. If maternal breastfeeding is not possible, infant formulas containing a high iodine content should be used. Very premature infants should be tested for thyroid function (T4, Free T4, T3, TSH, TBG, and Tg) immediately after birth and repeatedly during their stay in intensive care units, as carefully as they are followed for other organ functions.»engAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/book parthttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1795-9_30https://produccioncientifica.ucm.es/documentos/65911de9ae63c86e421ba13dhttps://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85017219979&origin=resultslisthttps://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4419-1795-9_30#citeasrestricted access37.015.3159.953.5159.937.013Intervención psicopedagógicaPsychopedagogical interventionCiencias BiomédicasAprendizajePsicología de la educación (Educación)Psicología (Psicología)Pedagogía32 Ciencias Médicas61 Psicología6104 Psicopedagogía