Carpio Pinedo, JoseRomanillos Arroyo, GustavoAparicio, DanielHernández Martín-Caro, María SoledadGarcía Palomares, Juan CarlosGutiérrez Puebla, Javier2023-06-222023-06-222022-08-100264-275110.1016/j.cities.2022.103894https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/71888CRUE-CSIC (Acuerdos Transformativos 2022)The spatial distribution of commercial activities is vital to support healthy lifestyles and to achieve livable public spaces and environmental, social and economic sustainability in our cities. However, commercial activities require a constant flow of expenditure for their own viability. As a result, understanding the spatial and temporal distribution of expenditure is fundamental, although the lack of detailed, complete data sources has impeded this task until now. Bank card data paves the way for a new urban geography of expenditure, thanks to its fine spatial and temporal granularity along with the uniform coverage of all commercial sectors. In this paper, we analyze temporal, spatial, and spatiotemporal distributions of expenditure at the intraurban scale of the city of Madrid (Spain), combining spatial statistical tools (Getis-Ord General for global autocorrelation and Getis-Ord Gi* hot spot analysis for local autocorrelation) with k-means cluster analysis and spatiotemporal tools (Time Series Clustering analysis and Temporal Hot Spot Analysis). Our analysis confirms the strong center-periphery gradient described in previous literature, but with a CBD integrated by distinct specialized areas. The paper demonstrates that bank card data has a great potential to support a new geography of expenditure that could strengthen decision-making in planning and retailing.engAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 3.0 Españajournal articlehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103894open accessEconomic geographySpatial analysisBig dataTransactions dataRetailingShopping centersMadridAnálisis MultivarianteComercioEconomía regionalGeografía económicaGeografíaGeografía humanaGeografía regionalSistemas de información geográfica1209.09 Análisis Multivariante5304.03 Comercio exterior5401 Geografía Económica2505 Geografía5403 Geografía Humana5404 Geografía Regional