Gallego, DavidGarcía Herrera, Ricardo FranciscoTomety, Folly SergeÁlvarez-Castro, M. CarmenPeña-Ortiz, Cristina2025-07-302025-07-302025Gallego, D., García-Herrera, R., Tomety, F. S., Álvarez-Castro, M. C., & Peña-Ortiz, C. (2025). Historical record of upwelling-favorable winds in Southern Benguela 1833–2014. npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 8(1), 36.2397-372210.1038/s41612-025-00925-0https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/122904As a result of the high volume of maritime traffic along the coasts of Namibia and western South Africa, mariners recorded numerous in-situ wind observations since early times. Many of these historical data are currently available through the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS). Here, we make use of these historical data to develop an instrumental index for the characterization of the upwelling-favorable winds over the southern Benguela Upwelling System from 1833 to 2014. Our results suggest that upwelling in this region has increased since the mid-1980s, in good agreement with previous research. However, when the entire period is considered, our index does not evidence a long-term trend but a multidecadal variability with an oscillation period between 20 and 30 years. We found a significant influence of ENSO exerted through the modulation of the position of the South Atlantic high-pressure system. However, this teleconnection may be highly non-stationary.engAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/journal articlehttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-00925-0https://www.nature.com/articles/s41612-025-00925-0open access551.5551.58Sea-surface temperatureShips logbooksClimate-changeAnnular modeVariabilityTrendsOscillationSystemEcosystemDipoleMeteorología (Física)2502 Climatología2509 Meteorología