Elnekave, EhudHong, Samuel L.Lim, SeunghyunBoxrud, DaveRovira, AlbertMather, Alison E.Perez, AndresÁlvarez Sánchez, Julio2026-01-192026-01-192020Elnekave, E., Hong, S. L., Lim, S., Boxrud, D., Rovira, A., Mather, A. E., Perez, A., & Alvarez, J. (2020). Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Subspecies enterica 4,[5],12:i:- Sequence Type 34 between Europe and the United States. Emerging infectious diseases, 26(12), 3034–3038. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2612.2003361080-60401080-605910.3201/eid2612.200336https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/130576Author affiliations: Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (E. Elnekave); University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA (E. Elnekave, S. Lim, A. Rovira, A. Perez, J. Alvarez); University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (S.L. Hong); Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (D. Boxrud); Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK (A.E. Mather); University of East Anglia, Norwich (A.E. Mather); Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (J. Alvarez)Multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica 4,[5],12:i:- sequence type 34 represents a worldwide public health risk. To determine its origin in the United States, we reconstructed a time-scaled phylogeny with a discrete trait geospatial model. The clone in the United States was introduced from Europe on multiple occasions in the early 2000s.engAttribution 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/journal articlehttps://doi.org/10.3201/eid2612.20033633219795open accessEuropeEvolutionSalmonella enterica subspecies entericaSalmonella monophasicUnited StatesAntimicrobial resistanceBacteriaEnteric infectionsFoodborneMultidrug-resistanceSerotype 4,[5],12:i:-ZoonosesZoonoticVeterinaria3109 Ciencias Veterinarias