López Maroto, AntonioRuiz Cembranos, José AlbertoNuñez Jareño, Santos JoséHallabrin, C.2023-06-202023-06-202012-07-101550-799810.1103/PhysRevD.86.021301https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/44235© 2012 American Physical Society. This work has been supported by MICINN (Spain) under Project Nos. FIS 2008-01323, FIS2011-23000, FPA2011- 27853 01 and Consolider-Ingenio MULTIDARK under Contract No. CSD2009-00064.We consider homogeneous Abelian vector fields in an expanding universe. We find a mechanical analogy in which the system behaves as a particle moving in three dimensions under the action of a central potential. In the case of bounded and rapid evolution compared to the rate of expansion, we show-by making use of the virial theorem-that for an arbitrary potential and polarization pattern, the average energy-momentum tensor is always diagonal and isotropic despite the intrinsic anisotropic evolution of the vector field. For simple power law potentials of the form V = lambda(A(mu)A(mu))(n), the average equation of state is found to be w = (n - 1)/(n + 1). This implies that vector coherent oscillations could act as natural dark matter or dark energy candidates. Finally, we show that under very general conditions, the average energy-momentum tensor of a rapidly evolving bounded vector field in any background geometry is always isotropic and has the perfect fluid form for any locally inertial observer.engjournal articlehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.86.021301http://journals.aps.orgopen access53Cp ConservationInflationClustersFísica (Física)22 Física