Fuertes Recuero, ManuelBaldan DavideBeccardi MateoSchiavinato MatteoZampa LiaPilastro AndreaCantarero Carmona, Alejandro2025-12-042025-12-042023-06-06Baldan D, Beccardi M, Fuertes-Recuero M, Schiavinato M, Zampa L, Pilastro A, Cantarero A. 2023 Repeatable negotiation rules? Only females show repeatable responses to partner removal in a brood-provisioning songbird. Biol. Lett. 19: 20230136. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2023.013610.1098/rsbl.2023.0136https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/128454Authors’ contributions. D.B.: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, funding acquisition, investigation, methodology, supervision, writing—original draft and writing—review and editing; M.B.: funding acquisition, investigation, methodology and writing—review and editing; M.F.-R.: investigation, methodology and writing—review and editing; M.S.: conceptualization, funding acquisition, investigation, methodology and writing—review and editing; L.Z.: funding acquisition, investigation, methodology and writing—review and editing; A.P.: funding acquisition, project administration, supervision and writing—review and editing; A.C.: investigation, project administration, resources, supervision and writing—review and editing. All authors gave final approval for publication and agreed to be held accountable for the work performed thereinTheoretical models indicate that the evolution of biparental care depends on how parents behaviourally negotiate their level of care in response to those of their partner and whether sexes and individuals consistently vary in their response (compensatory response). While the compensatory response has been widely investigated empirically, its repeatability has rarely been assessed. In this study, we used a reaction norm approach to investigate the repeatability of the compensatory offspring provisioning of a parent after temporary removal of its partner in the pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) across different breeding seasons and partners. We found that only females partially compensated for the short-term removal of the partner and their response was significantly repeatable across years while breeding with different partners. This study highlights the importance of considering among individual differences in negotiation rules to better understand the role of negotiation mechanisms in the evolution of parental care strategies.engjournal articlehttps://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2023.0136open access591.5behaviourevolutionsexual conflictparental carenegotiation rulesrepeatabilityindividual variationVeterinaria3109 Ciencias Veterinarias