Ruiz Pérez, JavierTejero López, Rosa2023-06-202023-06-2020000148-0227Paper number 1999JE001228https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/57624Someo f the geologicafle atureso n the surfaceo f Europa'si ce shells uggestth e existenceo f a brittlel ithosphereth ati n somer egionsis no moret han2 km thick.T he surfaceh eatf low neededt o put the brittle-ductiletr ansitionin ice at a deptho f 2 km is at -9 least• -100m W m -, muchh ighert hanp redictedb y tidal heatingm odelsf or a purely conductiviec e shell.A possiblee xplanationlie si n thep robablee xistenceo f a convective layerb eneathth eb rittlel ithospherew, hich,o wingt o tidald issipatioinn warmi ce,c ould contributteo higherh eatf lows.I f a convectives ubsurfaclea yera ndg rains ized ependent flow behavioor f ice area dmittedt,h eg rains izea t brittle-ductilter ansitiond epthc annotb e >1 mm, whichi s consistenwt ith ther equiredv aluef or the onseto f convectionin an ice shell thinner than 20 km.engjournal articlehttp://www.agu.org/journals/je/open access523.45LithosphereJupiterEuropaGeodinámica2507 Geofísica