Álvarez Solas, JorgeCharbit, SylvieRamstein, GillesPaillard, DidierDumas, ChristopheRitz, CatherineRoche, Didier M.2023-06-202023-06-202011-040921-818110.1016/j.gloplacha.2010.12.004https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/44082© 2010 Elsevier B.V. We are very grateful to the editor and to three anonymous referees who helped us to improve the manuscript. We also thank Masa Kageyama, Yannick Donnadieu, Marisa Montoya and Frank Pattyn for the many stimulating and fruitful discussions in the field. This work is supported by the French nationals LEFE/CASTOR and ANR/IDEGLACE projects and by the Research Training Network NICE. Didier M. Roche and Catherine Ritz are supported by INSU/CNRS.A coupled climate-ice-sheet model is used to investigate the response of climate at the millennial time scale under several global warming long-term scenarios, stabilized at different levels ranging from 2 to 7 times the pre-industrial CO2 level. The climate response is mainly analyzed in terms of changes in temperature, oceanic circulation, and ice-sheet behaviour. For the 4 x CO2 scenario, the climate response appears to be highly non-linear: abrupt transitions occur in the Southern Ocean deep water formation strength with a period of about 1200 yr. These millennial oscillations do not occur for both lower and larger CO2 levels. We show that these transitions are associated with internal oscillations of the Southern Ocean, triggered by the Antarctic freshwater budget. We first analyse the oscillatory mechanism. Secondly, through a series of 420 sensitivity experiments we also explore the range of temperature and freshwater flux for which such oscillations can be triggered.engjournal articlehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2010.12.004http://www.sciencedirect.com/restricted access52Coupled Climate ModelAntarctic Ice-SheetDeep-Water FormationThermohaline CirculationIntermediate ComplexityMultiple EquilibriaRapid TransitionsGreenland IceSystem ModelNorthAstrofísicaFísica atmosféricaAstronomía (Física)2501 Ciencias de la Atmósfera