Llanes Estrada, Felipe JoséRoldán González, Raúl2023-06-222023-06-222022-012666-936610.21468/SciPostPhysCore.5.1.016https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/72599© 2022 F.J.Llanes-Estrada et al. Work supported by grants MINECO:FPA2016-75654-C2-1-P and MICINN: PID2019-108655GB-I00, PID2019-106080GB-C21 (Spain); Univ. Complutense de Madrid under research group 910309 and IPARCOS institute; the EU's Horizon 2020 programme, grant 824093 STRONG2020; and the VBSCan COST action CA16108.Scattering off the edge of a composite particle or finite-range interaction can precede that off its center. An effective theory treatment with pointlike particles and contact interactions must find that the scattered experimental wave is slightly advanced, in violation of causality (the fundamental underlying theory being causal). In practice, partialwave or other projections of multivariate amplitudes exponentially grow with Im(E), so that analyticity is not sufficient to obtain a dispersion relation for them, but only for a slightly modified function (the modified relations additionally connect different J). This can limit the precision of certain dispersive approaches to compositeness based on Cauchy's theorem. Awareness of this may be of interest to some dispersive tests of the Standard Model with hadrons, and to unitarization methods used to extend electroweak effective theories. Interestingly, the Inverse Amplitude Method is safe (as the inverse amplitude has the opposite, convergent behavior allowing contour closure). Generically, one-dimensional sum rules such as for the photon vacuum polarization, form factors or the Adler function are not affected by this uncertainty; nor are fixed-t dispersion relations, cleverly constructed to avoid it and whose consequences are solid.engAtribución 3.0 Españahttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/es/journal articlehttp://dx.doi.org/10.21468/SciPostPhysCore.5.1.016https://scipost.org/open access53Chiral perturbation theoryPionAmplitudes.Física (Física)22 Física