Leverkus, Alexandro BLázaro-González, AlbaAndivia Muñoz, EnriqueCastro, JorgeJiménez, María NoeliaNavarro, Francisco B2025-12-022025-12-022021Leverkus, A.B., Lázaro González, A., Andivia, E., Castro, J., Jiménez, M.N. and Navarro, F.B. (2021), Seeding or planting to revegetate the world's degraded land: systematic review and experimentation to address methodological issues. Restor Ecol, 29: e13372. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.133721061-297110.1111/rec.13372https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/128322This work is funded by grants RTI2018-096187-J-100 from FEDER/Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, AVA201601.19 (NUTERA-DE), AVA2019.004 (NUTERA-DE II) co-financed (80%) by the FEDER Program, and P18-RT-1927 from Consejería de Economía, Conocimiento, y Universidad de la Junta de Andalucía, also co-financed by the FEDER program.Revegetation is key to achieve the goals of the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration. For many situations and plant species, selecting direct seeding or planting can define revegetation success. However, there is no clarity about when one method should be preferred over the other, partly driven by methodological difficulties that preclude avoiding bias during experimentation. To move the debate forward, (1) we propose a systematic review of the studies that compare seeding and planting, including how they have handled bias; and (2) we describe an ongoing experiment that tests different ways to handle bias when comparing seeding with planting.engAttribution 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/journal article1526-100Xhttps://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13372https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/rec.13372open access631.459502.7630*17657.08AfforestationAssisted regenerationNursery cultivationReforestationSowingSystematic review protocolEcología (Biología)Edafología (Biología)Medio ambiente natural2417.13 Ecología Vegetal2511 Ciencias del Suelo (Edafología)3308 Ingeniería y Tecnología del Medio Ambiente