Miguel Yanes, José María deLópez de Andrés, AnaJiménez García, RodrigoHernández Barrera, ValentínMiguel Díez, Javier deCarabantes Alarcón, DavidPérez Farinós, NapoleónWärnberg, Julia2023-06-162023-06-162021-09-232077-038310.3390/jcm10194339https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/4795(1) Background: the purpose of this study is to analyze the incidence and in-hospital mortality (IHM) of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) needing hospital admission and hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) in Spain (2016–2019). (2) Methods: using the Spanish Register of Specialized Care-Basic Minimum Database, we estimated the incidence of CAP and HAP. We matched each woman with a man with an identical age, according to comorbidities. (3) Results: we analyzed 518,838 cases of CAP and 38,705 cases of HAP, and 5192 ventilator-associated HAPs (13.4%). The incidence of CAP increased over time in both men (from 384.5 to 449.8 cases/105 population) and women (from 244.9 to 301.2 cases/105 population). Men showed a 47% higher adjusted incidence of CAP than women. The incidence of HAP increased over time in both men (from 302.3 to 342.2 cases/105 population) and women (from 139.2 to 167.6 cases/105 population). Men showed a 98% higher adjusted incidence of HAP than women. IHM was higher in men admitted for CAP than in women (12.9% vs. 12.2%; p < 0.001), but not in men who developed HAP (28.9% vs. 28.0%; p = 0.107). Men admitted for CAP (OR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.10–1.15) and men who developed HAP (OR: 1.05; 95% CI: 1.01–1.10) had higher IHM than women. (4) Conclusions: men had higher incidence rates of CAP and HAP than women. Men admitted for CAP and men who developed HAP had higher IHM than women.engAtribución 3.0 Españajournal articlehttps://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10194339https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/19/4339/htmopen accesscommunity-acquired pneumoniahospital-acquired pneumoniaventilator-associated pneumoniagendersex differencesin-hospital mortalityNeumologíaSalud pública (Medicina)3205.08 Enfermedades Pulmonares3212 Salud Pública