de la Fuente, JoséArmas, OctavioBarroso Arévalo, SandraGortázar, ChristianGarcía-Seco Romero, María TeresaBuendía Andrés, AránzazuVillanueva, FlorentinaSoriano, José A.Mazuecos, LorenaVaz Rodrigues, RitaGarcía Contreras, ReyesGarcía, AntonioMonsalve Serrano, JavierDomínguez Rodríguez, Lucas JoséSánchez-Vizcaíno Rodríguez, José Manuel2024-10-292024-10-292022de la Fuente, J., Armas, O., Barroso-Arévalo, S., Gortázar, C., García-Seco, T., Buendía-Andrés, A., Villanueva, F., Soriano, J. A., Mazuecos, L., Vaz-Rodrigues, R., García-Contreras, R., García, A., Monsalve-Serrano, J., Domínguez, L., & Sánchez-Vizcaíno, J. M. (2022). Good and bad get together: Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 in particulate matter pollution from different fuels. The Science of the total environment, 844, 157241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.1572410048-969710.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157241https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/109721Air pollution and associated particulate matter (PM) affect environmental and human health worldwide. The intense vehicle usage and the high population density in urban areas are the main causes of this public health impact. Epidemiological studies have provided evidence on the effect of air pollution on airborne SARS-CoV-2 transmission and COVID-19 disease prevalence and symptomatology. However, the causal relationship between air pollution and COVID-19 is still under investigation. Based on these results, the question addressed in this study was how long SARS-CoV-2 survives on the surface of PM from different origin to evaluate the relationship between fuel and atmospheric pollution and virus transmission risk. The persistence and viability of SARS-CoV-2 virus was characterized in 5 engine exhaust PM and 4 samples of atmospheric PM10. The results showed that SARS-CoV-2 remains on the surface of PM10 from air pollutants but interaction with engine exhaust PM inactivates the virus. Consequently, atmospheric PM10 levels may increase SARS-CoV-2 transmission risk thus supporting a causal relationship between these factors. Furthermore, the relationship of pollution PM and particularly engine exhaust PM with virus transmission risk and COVID-19 is also affected by the impact of these pollutants on host oxidative stress and immunity. Therefore, although fuel PM inactivates SARS-CoV-2, the conclusion of the study is that both atmospheric and engine exhaust PM negatively impact human health with implications for COVID-19 and other diseasesengAttribution 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/journal article1879-1026http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.15724135817121open access636.09Air pollutionCOVID-19FuelImmunityParticulate matterSARS-CoV-2Veterinaria3109 Ciencias Veterinarias