Person:
Ramírez Toraño, Federico

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First Name
Federico
Last Name
Ramírez Toraño
URI
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/84540
Affiliation
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
Faculty / Institute
Psicología
Department
Psicología Experimental, Procesos Cognitivos y Logopedia
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    Retinal Vascular Study Using OCTA in Subjects at High Genetic Risk of Developing Alzheimer’s Disease and Cardiovascular Risk Factors
    (Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2022) López Cuenca, Inés; García Martín, Elena Salobrar; Sánchez Puebla, Lídia; Espejel Checa, Eva; García del Arco, Lucía; Rojas Lozano, Pilar; Elvira Hurtado, Lorena; Fernández Albarral, José Antonio; Ramírez Toraño, Federico; Barabash, Ana; Salazar Corral, Juan José; Ramirez Sebastian, Jose Manuel; Hoz Montañana, María Rosa de; Ramírez Sebastián, Ana Isabel
    In 103 subjects with a high genetic risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD), family history (FH) of AD and ApoE ɛ4 characterization (ApoE ɛ4) were analyzed for changes in the retinal vascular network by OCTA (optical coherence tomography angiography), and AngioTool and Erlangen-Angio-Tool (EA-Tool) as imaging analysis software. Retinal vascularization was analyzed by measuring hypercholesterolemia (HCL) and high blood pressure (HBP). Angio-Tool showed a statistically significant higher percentage of area occupied by vessels in the FH+ ApoE ɛ4- group vs. in the FH+ ApoE ɛ4+ group, and EA-Tool showed statistically significant higher vascular densities in the C3 ring in the FH+ ApoE ɛ4+ group when compared with: i)FH- ApoE ɛ4- in sectors H3, H4, H10 and H11; and ii) FH+ ApoE ɛ4- in sectors H4 and H12. In participants with HCL and HBP, statistically significant changes were found, in particular using EA-Tool, both in the macular area, mainly in the deep plexus, and in the peripapillary area. In conclusion, OCTA in subjects with genetic risk factors for the development of AD showed an apparent increase in vascular density in some sectors of the retina, which was one of the first vascular changes detectable. These changes constitute a promising biomarker for monitoring the progression of pathological neuronal degeneration.
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    Early visual alterations in individuals at-risk of Alzheimer’s disease: a multidisciplinary approach
    (Alzheimer's Research & Therapy, 2023) López Cuenca, Inés; Nebreda Pérez, Alberto; García Colomo, Alejandra; García Martín, Elena Salobrar; Frutos Lucas, Jaisalmer de; Bruña Fernández, Ricardo; Ramírez Sebastián, Ana Isabel; Ramírez Toraño, Federico; Salazar Corral, Juan José; Barabash, Ana; Gil, Pedro; Maestú Unturbe, Fernando; Ramirez Sebastian, Jose Manuel; Hoz Montañana, Rosa de
    Background: The earliest pathological features of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) appear decades before the clinical symptoms. The pathology affects the brain and the eye, leading to retinal structural changes and functional visual alterations. Healthy individuals at high risk of developing AD present alterations in these ophthalmological measures, as well as in resting-state electrophysiological activity. However, it is unknown whether the ophthalmological alterations are related to the visual-related electrophysiological activity. Elucidating this relationship is paramount to understand the mechanisms underlying the early deterioration of the system and an important step in assessing the suitability of these measures as early biomarkers of disease. Methods: In total, 144 healthy subjects: 105 with family history of AD and 39 without, underwent ophthalmologic analysis, magnetoencephalography recording, and genotyping. A subdivision was made to compare groups with less demographic and more risk differences: 28 high-risk subjects (relatives/APOEɛ4 +) and 16 low-risk (non-relatives/APOEɛ4 −). Differences in visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and macular thickness were evaluated. Correlations between each variable and visual-related electrophysiological measures (M100 latency and time–frequency power) were calculated for each group. Results: High-risk groups showed increased visual acuity. Visual acuity was also related to a lower M100 latency and a greater power time–frequency cluster in the high-risk group. Low-risk groups did not show this relationship. High-risk groups presented trends towards a greater contrast sensitivity that did not remain significant after correction for multiple comparisons. The highest-risk group showed trends towards the thinning of the inner plexiform and inner nuclear layers that did not remain significant after correction. The correlation between contrast sensitivity and macular thickness, and the electrophysiological measures were not significant after correction. The difference between the high- and low- risk groups correlations was no significant. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this paper is the first of its kind, assessing the relationship between ophthalmological and electrophysiological measures in healthy subjects at distinct levels of risk of AD. The results are novel and unexpected, showing an increase in visual acuity among high-risk subjects, who also exhibit a relationship between this measure and visual-related electrophysiological activity. These results have not been previously explored and could constitute a useful object of research as biomarkers for early detection and the evaluation of potential interventions’ effectiveness.