Person:
Martín Duque, José Francisco

First Name

José Francisco

Last Name

Martín Duque

URI

https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/75232

Affiliation

Universidad Complutense de Madrid

Faculty / Institute

Ciencias Geológicas

Department

Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología

Area

Geodinámica Externa

Identifiers

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Now showing 1 - 10 of 10

Open-Cast Mining Deformations Monitoring using Sentinel-1 SAR data (SBAS technique)
(Journal of Sustainable Mining, 2023) Naddaf Sangani, Mahvash; Hosseinzadeh, Seyed Reza; Martín Duque, José Francisco; Toroghi, Mahnaz Jahadi; Malik, Kapil Kumar
Land surface deformation created by mining activities can have negative impacts on the environment. Measuring them can be a tool for managing the environmental impacts of mining. Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry is a remote sensing method for measuring deformations. The main aim of this research is to investigate the deformation phenomenon on a region scale and extend our understanding of it to all mining deformation areas across the country. This paper used Small Baseline Subset Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar technology to obtain deformations information in the Sangan mine based on mining activities. We used 48 scenes of Single Look Complex(SLC) data acquired by the Sentinel-1A, C-band of the European Space Agency descending orbit paths from 2014 to 2020. The Time Series of SBAS results show that the deformation velocity rate is about –20 to –35 mm/yr, and the displacement is attributed to approximately –120 mm in the Line of Sight direction. The main deformation zone is situated in the mining area on the main alluvial fan. This study presented the relationship between deformations and mining activity's effects on the ground. Mining activities were accompanied by ground deformation in the mining area: the ground deformation is exacerbated by the increasing mining quantity, and as a result will cause erosion, flood, and other geomorphologic phenomena in the area. We compared the results of the SBAS technique with leveling data for validating the data of SBAS. Their comparison shows approximately suitable agreement with the results of SBAS.
Geomorphic landscape design integrated with progressive mine restoration in clay quarries of Catalonia
(International Journal of Mining, Reclamation and Environment, 2021) Martín Duque, José Francisco; Tejedor, M.; Martín Moreno, Cristina; Nicolau Ibarra, José Manuel; Sanz Santos, Miguel Ángel; Sánchez Donoso, Ramón; Gómez Díaz, José M.
Geomorphic-based mine restoration of clay quarries in Tortosa (Catalonia) was co-funded by the European Union’s LIFE programme. The landform design was made with GeoFluv-Natural Regrade. Their building was performed with existing machinery pool and operators. The main constraint was the impossibility of setback regrading of pre-existing-benched highwalls. Progressive geomorphic mine restoration neither reduced mineral production nor changed the operations. The approach has resulted in higher landscape functionality and integration. Monitoring showed localised erosion due to poorly planned discharge of road runoff and sporadic tunnel erosion. Sediment movement at the designed drainage network is similar to the local fluvial dynamics.
Mining rehabilitation – Using geomorphology to engineer ecologically sustainable landscapes for highly disturbed lands
(Ecological Engineering, 2020) Hancock, G.R.; Martín Duque, José Francisco; Willgoose, G.R.
Mining is essential to the human economy and has been conducted for millennia. In the past ~60 years, the scale of disturbance created by mining has grown larger in response to economic demands and technology capacity. However the scale of disturbance from mining is dwarfed by that of urban expansion and agriculture. Nevertheless, it is well recognised that mine sites have radically disturbed abiotic and biotic system components that, post-mining need to restore new land uses and ecosystem goods and services. In many cases, such aims demand a geomorphic integration with the surrounding undisturbed landscape. Erosional stability based on geomorphic principles is the first and most important part of the process. Without erosional stability, vegetation will be difficult to establish and maintain and soil and nutrients will be lost from the site. In this review we outline this process and methods by which a geomorphic and integrative landscape can be established. We also examine the issue of establishing a self-sustaining landscape that is similar to that of the prior undisturbed landscape. Here we argue that this is not possible in almost all situations, however the development of a new and ecologically successful, albeit different landscape is. The community needs to accept that mining, like agriculture, is essential to the modern economy and that a past landscape cannot be replaced with the same, but a new, functional and productive one can be developed. However, the ability to do this and ensure long-term ecological sustainability is questionable for many sites and considerable effort needs to be made to develop the technology to ensure that this will occur. We outline a way forward, based on geomorphic design and modelling.
Geomorphic-based mine rehabilitation coupled with AMD chemical stabilisation in sulphide-rich ore deposits and soils: insights from a pioneering intervention at the Lousal mine, Iberian pyrite Belt
(International Journal of Mining, Reclamation and Environment, 2023) Sánchez Donoso, Ramón; Martins, Mónica; Tejedor Palomino, María; Esbrí Víctor, José María; Lillo Ramos, Francisco Javier; Pereira, Ana Margarida; Pinto, Álvaro Manuel; Relvas, Jorge Manuel; Martín Duque, José Francisco
The Lousal mine rehabilitation project proactively planned strategic milestones around key local geomorphic landforms and geochemical characteristics. GeoFluv™ method was used to design a rehabilitation topography mimicking natural landforms, on which a built-up soil cover with chemical buffering capabilities and open limestone channels were implemented across the intervention areas. Once these landform restoration works were completed, positive effects are observed in March 2022, with the native vegetation cover (the third main component of the restoration plan) established in most of the recovered area and a visible water quality improvement to the AMD treatment system water. Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) concentrations have reduced significantly after the reclamation actions, especially Fe (404 to 34 mg L−1), Zn (65.7 to 15.8 mg L−1) and Cd (122 to 0.8 µg L−1) concentrations. Minor problems detected have been processes of rill erosion associated with the inflow of adjacent watersheds, and the creation of ephemeral reducing conditions resulting from the leaching of the organic amendment of the topsoil. The Lousal mine reclamation project is the first built example in Europe where the concept of geomorphic reclamation has been combined with geochemical remediation in an area with intense acid mine drainage formation. Detailed monitoring of this project’s restorative progression throughout 2024 and beyond, should offer learning opportunities and innovations which will benefit future rehabilitation projects, with comparable underlying features.
Project number: 72
Modelos a escala de ríos (Flumes), fotogrametría digital, técnicas LiDAR, e impresión 3D para el desarrollo de un manual docente de prácticas de laboratorio con el objetivo de dinamizar la enseñanza de los procesos ligados a la geomorfología fluvial
(2022) Garrote Revilla, Julio; Sanz Santos, Miguel Angel; Uribelarrea del Val, David; Zapico Alonso, Ignacio; Martín Moreno, Cristina; Martín Duque, José Francisco; Fernández Esteban, David; Comas López, Nuria; Durán Cerrato, Daniel; Garcia Mendez, Alejandro; Gómez Garre, Daniel; Sarobe García, Héctor
Este proyecto de innovación docente (Proyecto INNOVA-Docencia 2021/22 - Nº 72), continuación de los proyectos INNOVA-Docencia 2019/20 - Nº 38, e INNOVA-Docencia 2020/21 - Nº 301, tiene varios objetivos específicos: a) la actualización y mejora del modelo a escala de río para que el mismo pueda reproducir todos los tipos de cauces que encontramos en la naturaleza; b) enseñanza de formas y procesos geomorfológicos fluviales mediante el desarrollo de un manual de ejercicios prácticos; y c), la exposición pública a la comunidad educativa de los experimentos y logros alcanzados.
Drainage network evolution and reconstruction in an open pit kaolin mine at the edge of the Alto Tajo natural Park
(Catena, 2021) Zapico, Ignacio; Laronne, Jonathan; Sánchez Castillo, Lázaro; Martín Duque, José Francisco
Landform instability of the abandoned Nuria kaolin mine, surrounding the Alto Tajo Natural Park in Spain, has caused frequent and severe environmental impacts due to deficient mining practices, environmental mismanagement and closure planning. Geomorphic instability has caused widespread soil erosion and elevated sediment yields with off-site effects. We quantified such land instability, the evolution of the resulting drainage networks and catchments, and ensuing gully processes. High Resolution Topography sources were compared with historic maps and photos. The current mine rehabilitation practices are depicted based on a geomorphic approach that introduces a sustainable drainage system designed to avoid detected risks. Our aim is reconstructing fluvial channels and related hillslopes that mimic their natural counterparts adapted to a rehabilitation of pre-existing gradient terraces. We demonstrate that: i) mining activity produced a 31–58% decrease in the original site drainage network ii) a post-mining active advancing gully is an indicator of drainage network redevelopment advancing toward an upstream pond with flash-flooding risk; iii) a geomorphic designed and constructed fluvial network and proper drainage density adapted to pre-existing gradient-terraces seeks reestablishing stability; and iv) in absence of sufficient funding for rehabilitation, public/private collaboration agreements play an important role to reinstate landscape stability of abandoned or erroneously restored mines.
Improvement of Workflow for Topographic Surveys in Long Highwalls of Open Pit Mines with an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle and Structure from Motion
(Remote Sensing, 2021) Zapico, Ignacio; Laronne, Jonathan; Sánchez Castillo, Lázaro; Martín Duque, José Francisco
Conducting topographic surveys in active mines is challenging due ongoing operations and hazards, particularly in highwalls subject to constant and active mass movements (rock and earth falls, slides and flows). These vertical and long surfaces are the core of most mines, as the mineral feeding mining production originates there. They often lack easy and safe access paths. This framework highlights the importance of accomplishing non-contact high-accuracy and detailed topographies to detect instabilities prior to their occurrence. We have conducted drone flights in search of the best settings in terms of altitude mode and camera angle, to produce digital representation of topographies using Structure from Motion. Identification of discontinuities was evaluated, as they are a reliable indicator of potential failure areas. Natural shapes were used as control/check points and were surveyed using a robotic total station with a coaxial camera. The study was conducted in an active kaolin mine near the Alto Tajo Natural Park of East-Central Spain. Here the 140 m highwall is formed by layers of limestone, marls and sands. We demonstrate that for this vertical landscape, a facade drone flight mode combined with a nadir camera angle, and automatically programmed with a computer-based mission planning software, provides the most accurate and detailed topographies, in the shortest time and with increased flight safety. Contrary to previous reports, adding oblique images does not improve accuracy for this configuration. Moreover, neither extra sets of images nor an expert pilot are required. These topographies allowed the detection of 93.5% more discontinuities than the Above Mean Sea Level surveys, the common approach used in mining areas. Our findings improve the present SfM-UAV survey workflows in long highwalls. The versatile topographies are useful for the management and stabilization of highwalls during phases of operation, as well closure-reclamation.
Evaluation of sedimentation pond performance for a cleaner water production from an open pit mine at the edge of the Alto Tajo Natural Park
(Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021) Zapico, Ignacio; Laronne, Jonathan; Meixide, Carmen; Sánchez Castillo, Lázaro; Martín Duque, José Francisco
Controlling sediment produced by water erosion is the highest environmental challenge in steep, open pit sand mines located in erosive climates. Although restoration is impractical in active mine areas, sedimentation ponds are the Best Available Technique by the European Union to reduce sediment spillages from these environments. Few studies have described and supported such a solution with high resolution data. The María José mine is one of two active kaolin mines in the mining area of the Alto Tajo Natural Park, a highly erosive setting. It has a complex maintained pond system as a hydrologic and sedimentary control measure. In this landscape, mining can only be sustainable if clean water from production is ensured. The pond system retains sediment and water during a rain event, deposits the sediment, and eventually spills the water under controlled events. The María José spillages have been continuously monitored for suspended sediment concentration and water discharge at the mine outlet since 2012. During four years the efficiency of the pond system varied (96.7–99%), producing an average annual sediment yield of 5.6 Mg ha−1 y−1, a reduction of 98.4% compared with the sediment yield reported for similar local mines having no ponds. A quarter of this sediment was produced under controlled spillages allowing runoff management; the rest during large rainfall events when runoff decreased pond efficiency gives rise to an increase in suspended sediment concentration, as is typical of local natural rivers. Provided continuous maintenance, sediment ponds are shown to be a successful method to produce clean water. Successful pond efficiency implies that a mine produces water and sediment during baseflow conditions, allowing sufficient sediment volume to accumulate during rainstorms.
Project number: 301
Aplicación didáctica de modelos 3D para la observación de las formas del terreno ligadas a su dinámica superficial. Implementación de resultados de modelos dinámicos reales (flumes) y topografía LiDAR en software SIG e impresoras 3D
(2021) Garrote Revilla, Julio; Sanz Santos, Miguel Angel; Uribelarrea del Val, David; Martín Duque, José Francisco; Blanco Argüello, Agustín; Garcia Mendez, Alejandro; Gómez Garre, Daniel; Sarobe García, Héctor; Terol Terol, Paloma
Este proyecto de innovación docente (Proyecto INNOVA-Docencia 2020/21 - Nº 301), continuación del proyecto INNOVA-Docencia 2019/20 - Nº 38, tiene dos grandes objetivos: a) enseñanza de formas y procesos geomorfológicos y b), el aprendizaje de técnicas de obtención de datos, fundamentales en el ámbito laboral. a) El primero de los objetivos, una vez el modelo a escala de río (flume) fue construido en el proyecto INNOVA-Docencia 2019/20 - Nº 38, ha sido mostrar a los alumnos el funcionamiento de la dinámica fluvial como medio efectivo de transformación de la superficie del terreno (debido a los procesos de erosión y sedimentación fluvial) y modelación del paisaje. Para lograr este objetivo, se proponen varias configuraciones iniciales de un tramo de cauce (modificando principalmente el grado de sinuosidad inicial del cauce, y su pendiente longitudinal). b) Para lograr el segundo de los objetivos, se introducirá a los alumnos en el técnica de la fotogrametría digital de detalle, también denominada SfM (del término en inglés “Structure from Motion”), en la que a partir de la toma de fotogramas digitales y mediante el uso de programas de fotogrametría, se generarán modelos digitales del terreno que permitirán la comparación de la superficie del flume en diferentes instantes temporales de las simulaciones (instantes inicial – medio – final). De tal forma que posteriormente esos modelos digitales del terreno (MDT) se implementarán dentro de un entorno SIG (Sistemas de Información Geográfica) para la estimación y delimitación espacial de las zonas modificadas a lo largo de la simulación (zonas de predominio de los procesos de erosión o de sedimentación fluvial). Los objetivos planteados se desarrollan a partir de una idea central, que es que la enseñanza y aprendizaje de la geomorfología y sus procesos asociados requiere de una notable visión tridimensional y espacial. Sin embargo, en muchos casos no es sencillo trasladar el conocimiento geomorfológico a través de gráficos tradicionales (2D) o fotografías, pues en ellos se pierde la componente tridimensional de las formas en la naturaleza, así como una posible cuarta componente ligada al tiempo. En ocasiones, y aunque el alumno llega a comprender los conceptos teóricos, es difícil para el docente abordar la aplicación real o práctica de dicha teoría. Sin duda, el trabajo en las salidas de campo es un buen momento para tratar de observar los procesos geomorfológicos, pero con sólo dos excursiones por asignatura no hay posibilidad de analizar la multitud de casos reales que se imparten en clase. Además, la duración de las salidas de campo (de uno o varios días) es ínfimo desde un punto de vista geológico, pues la duración o el tiempo en que tienen lugar la formación de elementos asociados a la dinámica superficial de la tierra es infinitamente mayor (de ahí la incapacidad de abordar esa cuarta componente temporal de los procesos geomorfológicos); aun siendo aquellos ligados a la dinámica fluvial (migración lateral de un cauce, el estrangulamiento de un meandro o los procesos de erosión en las cabeceras fluviales) posiblemente de los más rápidos en su formación, pero siempre a una escala de tiempo no asumible. En definitiva, la posibilidad de observar de manera directa los procesos de erosión – transporte – sedimentación fluvial, que dan lugar a la formación de morfologías erosivas o sedimentarias, es realmente complicada. Sin embargo, a través de la utilización de un flume y en una escala de tiempo real, se puede modelizar la dinámica de un tramo de río modificando las variables principales que controlan un sistema fluvial real, esto es: gradiente, caudal líquido, carga sólida, tamaño de sedimento, etc. Permitiendo al docente enseñar la dinámica fluvial en tiempo real: procesos de formación, modificación y destrucción de estructuras morfológicas, y de las formas resultantes que sí podemos observar en la naturaleza de manera estática. Además, como parte del aprendizaje, se incorporará a las Prácticas de Laboratorio de las asignaturas del Área de Geodinámica Externa el manejo del flume y de los registros cualitativos y cuantitativos resultantes del mismo: a) fotografías y videos de los procesos y formas ligadas a la dinámica fluvial; b) la generación de modelos digitales del terreno mediante fotogrametría digital de detalle y su posterior análisis en un entorno SIG (herramienta fundamental para un geólogo y cualquier profesional que se dedique a la evaluación de impacto, ordenación del territorio y análisis de riesgos geológicos). En este caso particular, la combinación de un modelo a escala con las técnicas de captura de datos comentadas permitirá la generación de modelos digitales del terreno seriados en el tiempo (ej. Situación inicial – Intermedia – Final), de tal forma que se podrá analizar la evolución de las formas en conjunto: fase inicial o embrionaria, fase de desarrollo, fase de madurez, y fase de erosión o desmantelamiento. Para esos análisis, y dentro del entorno SIG, la utilización de la herramienta GCD (Geomorphic Change Detection) permite simplificar estos análisis a la vez que proporciona unas salidas gráficas estandarizadas de fácil asimilación por los alumnos. Los alumnos serán guiados por los profesores en todos los pasos del proceso, desde la adquisición de fotografías digitales de detalle encaminadas a la generación de modelos 3D, pasando por la elaboración de los Modelos Digitales del Terreno a partir de la técnica fotogramétrica, y finalmente el análisis cuantitativo de estos MDTs y de sus diferencias. Por último, la impresión 3D de los modelos (MDTs) añade un valor visual considerable al trabajo, además de servir de material didáctico para las clases. Un modelo 3D impreso permite visualizar desde todos los ángulos las variaciones topográficas ocurridas entre los distintos modelos, y por tanto seguir y “tocar” dichas modificaciones. Por último, y en la medida de lo posible, se generaran videos time-lapse de las metodologías utilizadas, lo cuales serán añadidos a los canales de difusión más utilizados por el alumnado, como son las redes sociales.
A Somolinos quarry land stewardship history: From ancient and recent land degradation to sensitive geomorphic-ecological restoration and its monitoring
(Ecological Engineering, 2021) Martín Duque, José Francisco; Zapico, Ignacio; Bugosh, N.; Tejedor, M.; Delgado, F.; Martín Moreno, Cristina; Nicolau Ibarra, José Manuel
This research documents the successful application of a novel holistic approach to return land degraded over thousands of years of use to full ecological function. The surroundings of the Somolinos hamlet in Central Spain illustrate a millennial history of land transformation and degradation by agrarian and extractive activities exacerbated at the second half of the 20th century by mechanized mining. This land stewardship history was culminated by a recent intervention of geomorphic-based ecological restoration and its monitoring. Historic anthropogenic processes which triggered gully erosion were intense deforestation for agriculture and grazing, and construction materials quarrying. From 1963 to 2006 mechanized quarrying operated over ancient extractive landforms. In 2007, a conventional rehabilitation mitigated risks but failed at controlling erosion and promoting soil and vegetation reestablishment. A geomorphic-based ecological restoration was accomplished since 2011. The GeoFluv-Natural Regrade CAD software was used for geomorphic landform design, and construction was completed with a carbonatic colluvium topdressing supplemented with a manure-amended soil, that was seeded with grasses. The whole process was a truly complete application of ecological engineering. One of the main purposes of this research was to carefully scrutinize the completed project, to evaluate its effectiveness and, if any deficiencies were found, to analyze their causes, so that they could be avoided in the future. Therefore, the landscape evolution and erosional behaviour of the restored area has been monitored from 2011 to 2020 through a time-lapse sequence of several oblique aerial photos, and by comparing topographies through Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) of Difference (DoDs). Those topographies were surveyed with differential GPS (DGPS) and with Structure from Motion (SfM) combined with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). This monitoring revealed: (a) landscape healing and diversification of the vegetation community composition and structure, as a result of the environmental heterogeneity of the geomorphic design; and (b) absence of hillslope and channel erosion for 99.8% of the area with limited surface erosion zones in 0.2% of the restored area. Our analysis attributed those limited erosion zones to a combination of: (a) minor design oversights; (b) slight construction deviation from the design grade; and (c) excessive runoff entering the repaired area that exceeded the design discharge. These erosion zones started to stabilize five years after initial restoration and achieved steady-state stability at nine years. The main lesson learnt from these minor deficiencies is that such erosion zones can be avoided at the design phase within GeoFluv-Natural Regrade by checking proper convex-concave slopes and concave channel profiles and by carefully considering any adjacent runoff entering the designed areas, which influence the channel's tractive forces. The use of Landscape Evolution Models, such as SIBERIA, can also identify design anomalies subject to erosion. Then, after rigorously inspecting the design, it is imperative that the construction is completed true to the design by defining and following construction tolerances.