Person: Cruz Martínez, Gibrán Alberto
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First Name
Gibrán Alberto
Last Name
Cruz Martínez
Affiliation
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
Faculty / Institute
Ciencias Políticas y Sociología
Department
Ciencia Política y de la Administración
Area
Ciencia Política y de la Administración
Identifiers
20 results
Search Results
Now showing 1 - 10 of 20
Item Inter-regional patient mobility in decentralised Spain: explaining regional budget imbalances(International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 2024) Cruz Martínez, Gibrán Alberto; Perna, Roberta; Moreno Fuentes, Francisco JavierInter-regional patient mobility represents both a resource and a challenge for the organization and financing of health systems, particularly in decentralised countries. We use cross-sectional time series regression analysis to test the determinants of imbalances in regional funds to finance inter-regional patient mobility for the 17 Spanish regions for the period 2014–2020. The findings indicate that highly specialised health centres and bilateral agreements partly explain the budget imbalance from inter-regional patient referrals, while local tourism partly explains the budget imbalance from non-referred patient mobility. Developing effective national schemes to compensate net patient recipient regions would be fundamental to addressing territorial imbalances.Item GOING BEYOND AGGREGATED MEASURES IN THE CONDITIONAL CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMS: THE EFFECTIVE COVERAGE OF BENEFITS AND BENEFICIARIES(Brazilian Journal of Latin American Studies, 2015) Cruz Martínez, Gibrán AlbertoThe purpose of this paper is to present two alternative indicators in order to rethink and reevaluate the coverage of the conditional cash transfer programs (CCTs) in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). The term effective coverage, introduced by the World Health Organization, was used as a reference to adjust the aggregate indicators on the ECLAC database taking into account the target population of the programs. (1) Effective coverage of beneficiaries is a metric that shows the potential proportion of population living in monetary poverty that benefits from the CCTs. (2) Effective coverage of benefits shows the potential proportion of the monetary poverty line value invested by the CCTs. Only three CCTs presented an effective coverage of beneficiaries higher than the total population in monetary poverty, and nine over the total population in extreme monetary poverty. Meanwhile, ten CCTs presented an effective coverage of benefits higher than the extreme monetary poverty line value, and seven higher than the monetary poverty line value.Item Welfare State Development in Latin America and the Caribbean (1970s–2000s): Multidimensional Welfare Index, Its Methodology and Results(Social Indicators Research, 2014) Cruz Martínez, Gibrán AlbertoThere is an ongoing debate between focalization and universalization on welfare policies as the best way to develop the welfare state in Latin America and the Caribbean. However, there is a need to develop a measure that exhibits the multidimensional nature of the welfare state, instead of focusing on the social spending dimension. Segura-Ubiergo (The political economy of the welfare state in Latin America: globalization, democracy and development. Cambridge University Press, New York, 2007) constructed a welfare effort index (WEI) to facilitate understand the relative degrees of welfare state development among Latin American countries. The WEI focuses mainly on social spending and ignores the other dimensions of welfare. Based on a comparative analysis of 17 Latin American countries and following the methodology of Segura-Ubiergo, a new index that aims at enriching the WEI was constructed. The new index is multidimensional in that it has eight indicators relating to three dimensions of welfare: social spending, coverage of welfare programs and outcome of welfare institutions. Principal component analysis was used for reducing the indicators into three indexes that represent three proposed dimensions of welfare. The combination of these three indexes gives the multidimensional welfare index. The results of the index account for more than 75 % of the data variance.Item Esfuerzo de bienestar y Pobreza desde el enfoque monetarista y de capacidades: Análisis trasnacional en América Latina y el Caribe (1990-2010)(Política y Sociedad, 2015) Cruz Martínez, Gibrán AlbertoExiste una abundante evidencia empírica sobre la relación negativa entre el esfuerzo de bienestar y la pobreza. Sin embargo, los indicadores de pobreza tradicionalmente utilizados han sido representativos del enfoque monetarista, inhibiendo del análisis su realidad multidimensional. Además el análisis trasnacional en América Latina y el Caribe entre las variables ha excluido generalmente factores demográficos y cíclicos. Utilizando tres técnicas de regresión para el periodo 1990-2010 y controlando para la población en edad avanzada, población desempleada y el PIB per cápita, se evaluó la relación entre el gasto social per cápita –como indicador de esfuerzo de bienestar- y la pobreza en hasta 21 países de la región. La proporción de población con ingresos inferiores a la canasta básica de alimentos y servicios (PM1) y la proporción de población con ingresos inferiores al 50% de la mediana de ingresos per cápita (PM2) fueron los dos indicadores de la pobreza desde el enfoque monetarista. Desde el enfoque de capacidades se utilizó la proporción de población con insuficiencia alimentaria (PC1) y la proporción de la población sin acceso a agua potable ni facilidades sanitarias (PC2). Los resultados confirman que efectivamente el gasto social es útil para explicar las cambios en la pobreza (PM1, PC1 y PC2), ya que existe una alta correlación negativa y significativa entre las variables antes y después de controlar para factores demográficos y cíclicos. En dos de las técnicas de regresión, el gasto social per cápita no presentó una relación negativa con la PM2. Los países que presentaron un mayor esfuerzo de bienestar para el periodo 1990-2010 no fueron necesariamente los que ostentan un menor nivel de pobreza. Por último el gasto social per cápita fue mas útil para explicar los cambios en la pobreza desde el enfoque de capacidades.Item Universal Social Pensions Are Unaffordable … Not! Testing the Unaffordability Hypothesis in Latin America and the Caribbean(Forum for Development Studies, 2021) Cruz Martínez, Gibrán AlbertoIs universal social assistance unaffordable? Targeting social policy has been praised as a magic solution to select the ‘deserving poor’ and efficiently use the scarce resources in the Global South. The article tests the unaffordability hypothesis using five counterfactual analyses based on expenditure redirection (military expenditure, energy subsidies, and the potential illegal/odious external debt servicing) and increasing tax revenues (income and trade tax) in up to thirty-three countries. The article shows the revenue-generating potential of taxes and reprioritising expenditures from unproductive to productive areas to finance – totally or partly- basic universal social pensions in large part of Latin America and the Caribbean; therefore, dispelling the unaffordability myth.Item Old and New Challenges for Welfare Regimes: A Global Perspective(International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 2022) Cruz Martínez, Gibrán Alberto; Bernales-Baksai, PamelaPurpose This paper presents an introduction to the special issue titled “Old and New Challenges for Welfare Regimes: A Global Perspective” Design/methodology/approach The authors of the special issue combine case studies and comparative analysis across America, Asia, Africa and Europe. The authors were invited to develop their studies with a focus on one or more of three axes: (1) Institutional and governance challenges surrounding the implementation and expansion of social welfare programs; (2) State of the art and diversity across emerging welfare states; (3) Challenges associated with migration and demographic pressures. Findings Articles in this special issue contribute to our understanding of recent challenges and transformations of welfare regimes, with special attention to the following policy areas: youth-emancipation, the reduction of poverty and income inequality, social protection and taxation, the role of historical institutionalism to better understand social policy implementation and expansion, the lack of transformative social protection in ‘New Right’ governments, determinants of social equality and the transformative effect of migration into welfare states. Originality To our knowledge, the existing publications on transformations and challenges of welfare regimes are still very much centered around a Western-European context. The global perspective and diversity of policy areas covered aims to shed light on the important lessons and policy implications from less traditional welfare statesItem State of the art: have social policy responses to COVID-19 been institutionalised?(Social Policy and Society, 2023) Cruz Martínez, Gibrán Alberto; Pellisery, Sonny; Velázquez Leyer, RicardoCountries adopted a variety of social policy responses to reduce the social risks exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, which in some cases took the form of institutional reforms. The study of the institutionalisation of emergency responses is relevant to understanding if and how a critical juncture, like the one opened by the pandemic, can generate path dependencies or changes that expand or retrench social protection. This state-of-the-art article offers an overview of how social policy responses to the pandemic have translated to institutional reform across the globe under various types of welfare systems. By conducting a systematic literature review of thirty-nine peer-reviewed journal articles in two leading bibliographic databases (Scopus and Web of Science), this article reviews the available evidence on the responses to the pandemic and their institutional consequences. We find four underlying research clusters regarding the degree of institutionalisation of the social policy responses implemented during the pandemic.Item Is there a Common Path that could have Conditioned the Degree of Welfare State Development in Latin America and the Caribbean?(Bulletin of Latin American Research, 2017) Cruz Martínez, Gibrán AlbertoThe purpose of this paper is to re-examine from a multidimensional perspective the possible existence of a single path that could have conditioned the degree of welfare state development (WSD) in Latin America. Economic/industrial development, trade-openness, democracy and the strength of leftist parties-labour movement are used as explanatory variables in the qualitative comparative analysis. In contrast to previous findings, this paper shows that there is no evidence of a common path followed by countries with a relatively high/medium WSD. Nevertheless, countries that experienced a low economic/industrial development combined with a low democratic experience were conditioned to have low WSD.Item The configurational approach in comparative social policy analysis: advances in capturing the impact of globalisation on social policymaking in moderate-N research designs(Handbook on the Political Economy of Social Policy, 2024) Kühner, Stefan; Cruz Martínez, Gibrán Alberto; Yang, Nan; Greve, Bent; Moreira, Amilcar; Gerven, Minna vanAlthough relatively young, the configurational approach is now firmly established as part of the methodological toolkit for comparative political economists. While debates about its advantages and limitations are ongoing, there has been a proliferation of different qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) types for moderate-N research designs. Rather than adding to these debates, this chapter assesses QCA applications addressing the impact of globalisation processes on national social policymaking. We conduct a systematic literature review of empirical studies to illustrate how a small but increasing number of QCA studies try to capture the causal effects of globalisation from a comparative perspective. We find that theoretical innovation within those studies has remained limited; few fully comply with existing ‘best practice’ prescriptions of the configurational approach. We conclude by charting a way forward for QCA in comparative political economy and suggest how researchers could combine QCA techniques with other mainstream research methods in this field.Item Dualization and welfare in the 21st century: a literature review and a proposal for a conceptual and explanatory framework(2024) Hernández Moreno, Jorge; Cruz Martínez, Gibrán AlbertoThis working paper analyses the nexus of the labour market and social protection system dualization in the 21st century, highlighting its institutional roots and societal implications. Our analysis, grounded in an extensive literature review, underscores the institutional structures and regulatory mechanisms that have historically stratified social protections and rights according to the form of employment, perpetuating inequality between insiders and outsiders of the social protection system. We aim to scrutinise the multifaceted dimensions of dualization processes. By adopting the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, our methodological approach ensures a thorough examination of dualization's extent within welfare states. Our findings reveal the complex dynamics favouring insiders (winners) at the expense of outsiders (losers), enlightening the differentiated access to welfare benefits and services. The working paper's significance lies in its contribution to understanding the institutional foundations of labour market dualization and its broader implications for social equity. Our analysis maps the evidence of dualization across various contexts and underscores the pivotal role of policy interventions in addressing the deep-rooted divides between insiders and outsiders. Consequently, this working paper offers valuable insights for policymakers, scholars, and practitioners aiming to foster more inclusive and equitable labour markets and social protection systems.