Person: Bosch López, Jaime Alfonso
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First Name
Jaime Alfonso
Last Name
Bosch López
Affiliation
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
Faculty / Institute
Veterinaria
Department
Sanidad Animal
Area
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18 results
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Item Quantitative risk assessment of African swine fever introduction into Spain by legal import of swine products(Research in Veterinary Science, 2023) Muñoz Pérez, Carolina; Martínez López, Beatriz; Gómez Vázquez, José Pablo; Aguilar Vega, Cecilia; Bosch López, Jaime Alfonso; Ito, Satoshi; Martínez Avilés, Marta; Sánchez-Vizcaíno Rodríguez, José ManuelAfrican swine fever (ASF) is currently threatening the global swine industry. Its unstoppable global spread poses a serious risk to Spain, one of the world's leading producers. Over the past years, there has been an increased global burden of ASF not only in swine but also swine products. Unfortunately, many pigs are not diagnosed before slaughter and their products are used for human consumption. These ASF-contaminated products are only a source for new ASF outbreaks when they are consumed by domestic pigs or wild boar, which may happen either by swill feeding or landfill access. This study presents a quantitative stochastic risk assessment model for the introduction of ASF into Spain via the legal import of swine products, specifically pork and pork products. Entry assessment, exposure assessment, consequence assessment and risk estimation were carried out. The results suggest an annual probability of ASF introduction into Spain of 1.74 × 10−4, the highest risk being represented by Hungary, Portugal, and Poland. Monthly risk distribution is homogeneously distributed throughout the year. Illegal trade and pork product movement for own consumption (e.g., air and ship passenger luggage) have not been taken into account due to the lack of available, accredited data sources. This limitation may have influenced the model's outcomes and, the risk of introduction might be higher than that estimated. Nevertheless, the results presented herein would contribute to allocating resources to areas at higher risk, improving prevention and control strategies and, ultimately, would help reduce the risk of ASF introduction into Spain.Item What can we learn from the five-year African swine fever epidemic in Asia?(Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 2023) Ito, Satoshi; Kawaguchi, Nijiho; Bosch López, Jaime Alfonso; Aguilar Vega, Cecilia; Sánchez-Vizcaíno Rodríguez, José ManuelToday’s global swine industry is exposed to the unprecedented threat of African swine fever (ASF). Asia, the site of the most recent epidemics, could serve as a huge viral reservoir for the rest of the world given the severity of the damage, the huge swine industry, and the high volume of trade with other countries around the world. As the majority of ASF notifications in Asia today originate from pig farms, the movement of live pigs and associated pork products are considered critical control points for disease management. Particularly, small-scale or backyard farms with low biosecurity levels are considered major risk factors. Meanwhile, wild boars account for most notified cases in some countries and regions, which makes the epidemiological scenario different from that in other Asian countries. As such, the current epidemic situation and higher risk factors differ widely between these countries. A variety of studies on ASF control have been conducted and many valuable insights have been obtained in Asia; nevertheless, the overall picture of the epidemic is still unclear. The purpose of this review is to provide an accurate picture of the epidemic situation across Asia, focusing on each subregion to comprehensively explain the disease outbreak. The knowledge gained from the ASF epidemics experienced in Asia over the past 5 years would be useful for disease control in areas that are already infected, such as Europe, as well as for non-affected areas to address preventive measures. To this end, the review includes two aspects: a descriptive analytical review based on publicly available databases showing overall epidemic trends, and an individualized review at the subregional level based on the available literature.Item Heritability of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis burden and its genetic correlation with development time in a population of Common toad (Bufo spinosus)(Evolution: International Journal of Organic Evolution, 2016) Palomar García, Gemma; Cano, Jose Manuel; Bosch López, Jaime AlfonsoDespite the important threat that emerging pathogens pose for the conservation of biodiversity as well as human health, very little is known about the adaptive potential of host species to withstand infections. We studied the quantitative genetic architecture responsible for the burden of the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in a population of common toads in conjunction with other life-history traits (i.e., body size and development rate) that may be affected by common selective pressures. We found a significant heritable component that is associated with fungal burden, which may allow for local adaptation to this pathogen to proceed. In addition, the high genetic correlation found between fungal burden and development time suggests that both traits have to be taken into account in order to assess the adaptive response of host populations to this emerging pathogen.Item Modelos biológicos aplicados a la sanidad animal(2017) Bosch López, Jaime Alfonso; Muñoz Reoyo, María Jesús; Torre Reoyo, Ana Isabel de la; Sánchez Vizcaíno, José ManuelLa línea argumental de esta tesis se va a centrar en la investigación y desarrollo de modelos biológicos del jabalí (Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758), un mamífero terrestre ampliamente distribuido de gran relevancia sanitaria, que puede actuar como potencial hospedador y reservorio de muchas enfermedades porcinas, como la Peste porcina clásica, Enfermedad de Aujeszky, Fiebre Aftosa, tuberculosis o Brucelosis. Sin embargo, estos modelos se van focalizar en la Peste porcina africana (PPA), enfermedad de declaración obligatoria de la lista de la Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal (OIE), de las más complejas y de mayor importancia sanitario-económica de entre todas las que pueden afectar a la industria porcina mundial. Desde la introducción del virus de la PPA (vPPA) en Georgia en 2007, su rápida difusión en el Este de Europa, el escaso éxito en su control y el resurgimiento en 2014 en países de la Unión Europea (UE), ha elevado el nivel de alerta sanitaria global frente al virus. El jabalí parece haber desempeñado un papel activo en la epidemia de la PPA en el Este Europa, al estar involucrado en el mantenimiento de la enfermedad en las zonas endémicas (Armenia, Azerbaiyán, Georgia, Federación de Rusia, Bielorrusia y Ucrania) y en la introducción y difusión local dentro de los países de la UE (Letonia, Lituania, Estonia y Polonia). Por tanto, los países de la UE se enfrentan a un escenario epidemiológico que anteriormente no se había evidenciado, el cual plantea nuevos desafíos para controlar la expansión de la PPA; enfermedad hasta el momento relativamente olvidada. Tres vías de entrada se asocian principalmente al riesgo de introducción del vPPA en países libres, siendo la más complicada de controlar la vinculada al movimiento natural del jabalí; un viajero que apenas conoce barreras ni fronteras políticas. Por tanto, para el diseño de los distintos programas sanitarios que tienen por objeto la prevención, vigilancia y control de la PPA, es esencial conocer la distribución del jabalí a gran escala; vacío importante de información hasta la fecha en la que se inicia esta tesis. Para anticipar la distribución de la enfermedad a gran escala, la epidemiología veterinaria debe avanzar a través de la exploración de las herramientas de la ecología geográfica y nuevas fuentes de datos, empleando un enfoque biológico. Actualmente, la evolución de los sistemas de Información Geográfica, los avances tecnológicos de las plataformas de teledetección, que permiten capturar información del medio ambiente (clima, topografía, cubierta vegetal, etc) y el desarrollo de técnicas estadísticas aplicadas, ofrecen una buena base para estimar la distribución de esta especie. En el trabajo que presento trato de utilizar y extender las posibilidades de los modelos de distribución de especies para ofrecer respuestas a problemas planteados en la epidemiología veterinaria...Item Landscape connectivity for predicting the spread of ASF in the European wild boar population(Scientific Reports, 2024) Sánchez-Vizcaíno Rodríguez, José Manuel; Aguilar Vega, Cecilia; Bosch López, Jaime Alfonso; Goicolea, Teresa; Cisneros-Araújo, Pablo; Mateo-Sánchez, M. CruzAfrican swine fever (ASF) is an infectious and highly fatal disease affecting wild and domestic swine, which is unstoppably spreading worldwide. In Europe, wild boars are one of the main drivers of spread, transmission, and maintenance of the disease. Landscape connectivity studies are the main discipline to analyze wild-species dispersal networks, and it can be an essential tool to predict dispersal-wild boar movement routes and probabilities and therefore the associated potential ASF spread through the suitable habitat. We aimed to integrate wild boar habitat connectivity predictions with their occurrence, population abundance, and ASF notifications to calculate the impact (i.e., the capacity of a landscape feature to favor ASF spread) and the risk (i.e., the likelihood of a habitat patch becoming infected) of wild boar infection across Europe. Furthermore, we tested the accuracy of the risk of infection by comparing the results with the temporal distribution of ASF cases. Our findings identified the areas with the highest impact and risk factors within Europe's central and Eastern regions where ASF is currently distributed. Additionally, the impact factor was 31 times higher on habitat patches that were infected vs non-infected, proving the utility of the proposed approach and the key role of wild boar movements in ASF-spread. All data and resulting maps are openly accessible and usable.Item Epidemiological impacts of attenuated African swine fever virus circulating in wild boar populations(Research in veternary science, 2023) Martínez Avilés, Marta; Bosch López, Jaime Alfonso; Ivorra, Benjamín Pierre Paul; Ramos Del Olmo, Ángel Manuel; Ito, Satoshi; Barasona García-Arévalo, José Ángel; Sánchez-Vicario, José ManuelAfrican swine fever virus (ASFV) genotype II has been present in wild boar in the European Union since 2014. Control measures have reduced the incidence of the ASF, but highly virulent as well as attenuated ASFV strains continue to circulate. We present the intraherd epidemiological parameters of low and highly virulent ASFV in wild boar from experimental data, and for the first time, evaluate the impact of attenuated strain circulation through unique deterministic compartmental model simulations under various potential scenarios and hypotheses. Using an estimated PCR infectious threshold of TPCR = 36.4, we obtained several transmission parameters, like an Rx (experimental intraherd R0) value of 4.5. We also introduce two novel epidemiological parameters: infectious power and resistance power, which indicate the ability of animals to transmit the infection and the reduction in infectiousness after successive exposures to varying virulence strains, respectively. The presence of ASFV attenuated strains results in 4–17% of animals either remaining in a carrier state or becoming susceptible again when exposed to highly virulent ASFV for more than two years. The timing between exposures to viruses of different virulence also influences the percentage of animals that die or remain susceptible. The findings of this study can be utilized in epidemiological modelling and provide insight into important risk situations that should be considered for surveillance and future potential ASF vaccination strategies in wild boar.Item Role of Wild Boar in the Spread of Classical Swine Fever in Japan(Pathogens, 2019) Ito, Satoshi; Jurado Díaz, Cristina; Bosch López, Jaime Alfonso; Ito, Mitsugi; Sánchez-Vizcaíno Rodríguez, José Manuel; Isoda, Norikazu; Sakoda, YoshihiroSince September 2018, nearly 900 notifications of classical swine fever (CSF) have been reported in Gifu Prefecture (Japan) affecting domestic pig and wild boar by the end of August 2019. To determine the epidemiological characteristics of its spread, a spatio-temporal analysis was performed using actual field data on the current epidemic. The spatial study, based on standard deviational ellipses of official CSF notifications, showed that the disease likely spread to the northeast part of the prefecture. A maximum significant spatial association estimated between CSF notifications was 23 km by the multi-distance spatial cluster analysis. A space-time permutation analysis identified two significant clusters with an approximate radius of 12 and 20 km and 124 and 98 days of duration, respectively. When the area of the identified clusters was overlaid on a map of habitat quality, approximately 82% and 75% of CSF notifications, respectively, were found in areas with potential contact between pigs and wild boar. The obtained results provide information on the current CSF epidemic, which is mainly driven by wild boar cases with sporadic outbreaks on domestic pig farms. These findings will help implement control measures in Gifu Prefecture.Item Accelerometer-based detection of African swine fever infection in wild boar(Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2023) Morelle, Kevin; Barasona García-Arévalo, José Ángel; Bosch López, Jaime Alfonso; Heine, Georg; Daim, Andreas; Arnold, Janosch; Bauch, Toralf; Kosowska, Aleksandra; Cadenas Fernández, Estefanía; Martínez Avilés, Marta; Zúñiga, Daniel; Wikelski, Martin; Sánchez-Vizcaíno Rodríguez, José Manuel; Safi, KamranInfectious wildlife diseases that circulate at the interface with domestic animals pose significant threats worldwide and require early detection and warning. Although animal tracking technologies are used to discern behavioural changes, they are rarely used to monitor wildlife diseases. Common disease-induced behavioural changes include reduced activity and lethargy (‘sickness behaviour’). Here, we investigated whether accelerometer sensors could detect the onset of African swine fever (ASF), a viral infection that induces high mortality in suids for which no vaccine is currently available. Taking advantage of an experiment designed to test an oral ASF vaccine, we equipped 12 wild boars with an accelerometer tag and quantified how ASF affects their activity pattern and behavioural fingerprint, using overall dynamic body acceleration. Wild boars showed a daily reduction in activity of 10–20% from the healthy to the viremia phase. Using change point statistics and comparing healthy individuals living in semi-free and free-ranging conditions, we show how the onset of disease-induced sickness can be detected and how such early detection could work in natural settings. Timely detection of infection in animals is crucial for disease surveillance and control, and accelerometer technology on sentinel animals provides a viable complementary tool to existing disease management approaches.Item Application of machine learning with large-scale data for an effective vaccination against classical swine fever for wild boar in Japan(Scientific Reports, 2024) Ito, Satoshi; Aguilar Vega, Cecilia; Bosch López, Jaime Alfonso; Isoda, Norikazu; Sánchez-Vizcaíno Rodríguez, José ManuelClassical swine fever has been spreading across the country since its re-emergence in Japan in 2018. Gifu Prefecture has been working diligently to control the disease through the oral vaccine dissemination targeting wild boars. Although vaccines were sprayed at 14,000 locations between 2019 and 2020, vaccine ingestion by wild boars was only confirmed at 30% of the locations. Here, we predicted the vaccine ingestion rate at each point by Random Forest modeling based on vaccine dissemination data and created prediction surfaces for the probability of vaccine ingestion by wild boar using spatial interpolation techniques. Consequently, the distance from the vaccination point to the water source was the most important variable, followed by elevation, season, road density, and slope. The area under the curve, model accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for model evaluation were 0.760, 0.678, 0.661, and 0.685, respectively. Areas with high probability of wild boar vaccination were predicted in northern, eastern, and western part of Gifu. Leave-One-Out Cross Validation results showed that Kriging approach was more accurate than the Inverse distance weighting method. We emphasize that effective vaccination strategies based on epidemiological data are essential for disease control and that our proposed tool is also applicable for other wildlife diseases.Item African Swine Fever Survey in a European Context(Pathogens, 2022) de la Torre, Ana; Bosch López, Jaime Alfonso; Sánchez-Vizcaíno Rodríguez, José Manuel; Ito, Satoshi; Muñoz Pérez, Carolina; Iglesias, Irene; Martínez Avilés, MartaAfrican swine fever (ASF) is currently the most threatening disease for domestic and wild pigs worldwide. Wild boar has been the main affected species in all EU countries except for Romania, where most notifications occur in domestic pigs. The spread of ASF in wild boar is challenging to control; risk factors are harder to identify and establish than in domestic pigs, which, together with an underestimation of the disease and the lack of treatment or an effective vaccine, are hindering control and eradication efforts. We distributed two online questionnaires, one for domestic pigs and one for wild boar, to experts of different background and countries in Europe, to explore risk factors in relation to ASF control connected to farming, hunting, trade, the environment, and domestic pig and wild boar populations. Overall, wild boar movements were estimated to pose the highest risk of ASF introduction and spread. The movement of pork and pork products for own consumption also ranked high. Here we explored, in addition to the assessment of risk pathways, the identification of risks of transmission at the domestic/wild boar interface, the importance of biosecurity practices and improved control efforts, and controversial opinions that require further attention.