Evolution and molecular interactions of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-G, -E and -F genes
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2022
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Suarez-Trujillo, Fabio
Juarez, Ignacio
Rodríguez-Sainz, Carmen
Palacio-Gruber, José
Vaquero-Yuste, Christian
Molina-Alejandre, Marta
Fernández-Cruz, Eduardo
Martin-Villa, José Manuel
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Abstract
<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Classical<jats:italic>HLA</jats:italic>(Human Leukocyte Antigen) is the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) in man. HLA genes and disease association has been studied at least since 1967 and no firm pathogenic mechanisms have been established yet.<jats:italic>HLA-G</jats:italic>immune modulation gene (and also<jats:italic>-E</jats:italic>and<jats:italic>-F</jats:italic>) are starting the same arduous way: statistics and allele association are the trending subjects with the same few results obtained by<jats:italic>HLA</jats:italic>classical genes, i.e., no pathogenesis may be discovered after many years of a great amount of researchers’ effort. Thus, we believe that it is necessary to follow different research methodologies: (1) to approach this problem, based on how evolution has worked maintaining together a cluster of immune-related genes (the MHC) in a relatively short chromosome area since amniotes to human at least, i.e., immune regulatory genes (MHC-G, -E and -F), adaptive immune classical class I and II genes, non-adaptive immune genes like (C2, C4 and Bf) (2); in addition to using new in vitro models which explain pathogenetics of<jats:italic>HLA</jats:italic>and disease associations. In fact, this evolution may be quite reliably studied during about 40 million years by analyzing the evolution of<jats:italic>MHC-G, -E, -F</jats:italic>, and their receptors (KIR—killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor, NKG2—natural killer group 2-, or TCR-T-cell receptor—among others) in the primate evolutionary lineage, where orthology of these molecules is apparently established, although cladistic studies show that<jats:italic>MHC-G</jats:italic>and<jats:italic>MHC-B</jats:italic>genes are the ancestral class I genes, and that New World apes<jats:italic>MHC-G</jats:italic>is paralogous and not orthologous to all other apes and man<jats:italic>MHC-G</jats:italic>genes. In the present review, we outline past and possible future research topics: co-evolution of adaptive<jats:italic>MHC</jats:italic>classical (class I and II), non-adaptive (i.e., complement) and modulation (i.e., non-classical class I) immune genes may imply that the study of full or part of MHC haplotypes involving several loci/alleles instead of single alleles is important for uncovering HLA and disease pathogenesis. It would mainly apply to starting research on HLA-G extended haplotypes and disease association and not only using single HLA-G genetic markers.</jats:p>