Artículos

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://docta.ucm.es/handle/20.500.14352/15

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Multiple exostoses and an osteochondroma in a Pliocene canid from Langebaanweg ‘E’ Quarry (South Africa)
(Journal of Anatomy, 2025) Chinsamy, Anusuya; Valenciano Vaquero, Alberto
Langebaanweg is a Mio-Pliocene locality located on the West Coast of South Africa. It is renowned for its rich diversity of both terrestrial and marine vertebrate fossils. Several carnivorans have been identified from this site, amongst which is the recently described jackal-like canid, Eucyon khoikhoi. One of the skeletons assigned to E. khoikhoi exhibits anatomical deformities on several bones of the skeleton. Here, we use multiple methodologies (anatomical descriptions, CT scanning and histology) to investigate the bony overgrowths or exostoses evident in the radius, and we compare these findings with those of a radius from a healthy individual of the same species from Langebaanweg. Our results show that anatomical observations are important for first level observation of the pathology, but that micro-CT scanning permits a more precise assessment of how the pathology affected the internal organization of the bone, both periosteally and endosteally. This methodology permitted us to diagnose the tumors as benign rather than cancerous. Our observations of calcified cartilage in the histological thin sections in the region of the exostosis allowed us to further diagnose the exostosis as an osteochondroma. This study has demonstrated the usefulness of applying multiple techniques to characterize and diagnose pathological bony growths in a fossil canivoran. We have also demonstrated the usefulness of histological studies in permitting a more refined diagnosis of the exostosis as an osteochondroma.
Do extended incubation recesses carry fitness costs in two cavity-nesting birds?
(Journal of Field Ornithology, 2017) Bueno Enciso, Javier; Barrientos Yuste, Rafael; Ferrer, Esperanza S.; Sanz, Juan José
Because extended incubation recesses, where incubating songbirds are away from nests for periods much longer than usual, occur infrequently, they have been treated as outliers in most previous studies and thus overlooked. However, egg temperatures can potentially fall below the physiological zero temperature during extended recesses, potentially affecting developing embryos. As such, evaluating extended recesses in an ecological context and identifying their possible fitness effects are important. With this aim, we used iButton data loggers to monitor the incubation behavior of female Blue Tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) and Great Tits (Parus major) during two breeding seasons in central Spain. We classified incubation recesses as extended if they were more than four times the mean recess duration for each species. Extended incubation recesses occurred more frequently in 2012 when females exhibited poorer body condition. Female Blue Tits had more extended incubation recesses than female Great Tits and, for both species, more extended recesses occurred at the beginning of the breeding season. Both nest attentiveness and average minimum nest temperature decreased when at least one extended recess occurred. Incubation periods averaged 4 d longer for nests where females had at least one extended recess, potentially increasing predation risk and resulting in lower-quality nestlings. Overall, our results suggest that extended recesses may be more common among songbirds than previously thought and that, due to their effects on egg temperatures and attentiveness, they could impose fitness costs.
New Fossils of Mellivora Benfieldi (Mammalia, Carnivora, Mustelidae) from Langebaanweg, ‘E’ Quarry (South Africa, Early Pliocene): Re- Evaluation of the African Neogene Mellivorines
(Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 2020) Valenciano Vaquero, Alberto; Govender, Romala
We describe abundant new remains of the medium-sized mustelid Mellivora benfieldi from the early Pliocene site of Langebaanweg (South Africa). The specimens are from the Muishond Fontein Pelletal Phosphorite Member (MPPM) and the Langeberg Quartz Sand Member (LQSM). Novel dentognathic—upper dentition, alveolus for m2—and postcranial—humerus, metacarpal V, femur and calcaneus—information is provided. This sample enables us to review the taxonomic status of Mio–Pliocene African mellivorines. Mellivora benfieldi is distinguished from the middle–late Miocene ‘Eomellivora’ tugenensis from Ngorora Kenya by its smaller size, and a M1 protocone messially placed; from the late Miocene Howellictis valentini from Chad by greater dental size with more crowded lower premolars, and p3 with distal accessory cuspid; and from the late Miocene Erokomellivora lothagamensis from Kenya, by shorter p4 and buccolingually shorter m1 protoconid. It also differs from H. valentini and Er. lothagamensis in absence or residual presence of the m2 alveolus. We infer M. benfieldi was an opportunistic, medium-sized carnivoran with semifossorial abilities, comparable to its living relative Mellivora capensis. A cladistic analysis was performed and our phylogenetic results place M. benfieldi as the sister species of M. capensis. Mellivorini contains M. benfieldi, M. capensis, and H. valentini. Additionally, we also include Er. lothagamensis and the Indian Promellivora punjabiensis. We propose the creation of one new tribe within Mellivorinae: Eomellivorini (Eomellivora spp. + Ekorus). It shares a common ancestor with Mellivorini and is characterized by large size, a robust and sharp dentition, as well as a skeleton with cursorial adaptations.
The validation and significancy of speeds calculated from stride lengths. A comment on a paper by Prescott et al. (2025)
(2026) Ruiz Pérez, Javier
A recent paper by Prescott et al. (2015, Biology Letters 21, 20250191) presented a strong criticism of the works calculating speeds for dinosaurs from fossil trackways. These authors based their conclusions on experimental data from two helmeted guineafowl individuals walking on compliant substrate, which moved more slowly than the theoretical predictions from the classical methodology proposed by McNeal Alexander (or from subsequent modifications and refinements of it). Here I demonstrate that the experimental results presented by Prescott et al. (2025) are unreliable for obtaining any valid conclusion on the stride length-speed relationship, because the experiment set-up or execution most probably affected the gait and speed of the walking birds. In any case, we must be aware that speeds calculated from fossil trackways following Alexander’s method or related ones are modeled speeds, which have associated uncertainties. If this is taken into account along with the assumptions made for the calculations, “model-speeds” derived from fossil trackways can be considered informative.
Trumpeter finches (Bucanetes githagineus) breeding at highlands have higher breeding success but a shorter breeding season
(Journal of Arid Environments, 2017) Kouidri, Mohamed; Adamou, Ala-Eddine; Ouakid, Mohamed Laïd; Barrientos Yuste, Rafael
One of the responses of arid-land birds to ongoing climate warming is to shift their ranges towards higher altitudes to track species climatic optima. As this can influence their life history traits, more information is needed on breeding output from these border populations. We studied the breeding biology of the Trumpeter finch (Bucanetes githagineus) during three years in the center of the Saharan Atlas (ca. 1400 m a.s.l). Compared to lowland populations, breeding season was shorter and egg hatchability lower, but breeding success higher, as the main difference regarding previous studies was the lack of predation in the 23 nests we monitored. This is an advantage for this arid-land species breeding at the limit of its altitudinal range. However, in the face on future climate warming, predator ranges are also expected to shift towards higher altitudes, thus minimizing this current advantage, while breeding limitations due to harsh weather could prevail, what could compromise population viability.
Similarities and differences between absorptive capacity and appropriability: a bibliometric perspective
(Benchmarking: An International Journal, 2024) Cuéllar, Sergio David; Fernández Bajón, M. Teresa; Moya-Anegón, Felix de
Purpose This study aimed to examine the similarities and differences between the ability to analyze the environment and exploit new knowledge (absorptive capacity) and the skills to generate value from innovation (appropriation). These fields have similar origins and are sometimes confused by practitioners and academics. Design/methodology/approach A review was conducted based on a full-text analysis of 681 and 431 papers on appropriation and absorptive capacity, respectively, from Scopus, Science Direct and Lens, using methodologies such as text mining, backward citation analysis, modularity clustering and latent Dirichlet allocation analysis. Findings In business disciplines, the fields are considered different; however, in other disciplines, it was found that some authors defined them quite similarly. The citation analysis results showed that appropriation was more relevant to absorptive capacity, or vice versa. From the dimension perspective, it was found that although appropriation was considered a relevant element for absorptive capacity, the last models did not include it. Finally, it was found that studies on both topics identified the importance of appropriation and absorptive capacity for innovation performance, knowledge management and technology transfer. Originality/value This is one of the first studies to examine in-depth the relationship between appropriation and absorptive capacity, bridging a gap in both fields.
Convergence between absorptive capacity and knowledge appropriation: A new methodology Mapping the hidden links
(Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 2024) Cuéllar, Sergio; De Moya-Anegón, Félix; Fernández Bajón, M. Teresa
This study investigates the relationship between Absorptive Capacity (AC) and Knowledge Appropriation (KA), two significant domains in technology transfer, knowledge management, and innovation. While there is an inherent connection between these fields, there remains a gap in understanding their comprehensive convergence. To address this, we reviewed 3412 AC and 368 KA articles, employing techniques such as life-cycle, changepoint, and advanced keyword analyses. We also introduced innovative methods like the H-index, CAGR, and a unique approach comparing keyword frequency over time between AC and KA, spotlighting key convergence areas: innovation, entrepreneurship, and knowledge spillover. Our analysis revealed a parallel evolution of AC and KA, as demonstrated by their shared timelines, thematic overlaps, and mutual influences in the realm of innovation. The life-cycle analysis showed a faster evolutionary pace for AC than for KA but highlighted their shared roots in management during the late 80s. Furthermore, we identified foundational building blocks, including patents, R&D, and knowledge management, that underpin their convergence. Interestingly, some divergent areas were also pinpointed, such as the emphasis on organizational learning in AC but its absence in KA. In summary, this study provides a clear picture of the intertwined relationship between AC and KA, presenting a refined methodology to explore convergence between academic fields, setting the stage for further research in this domain.
A New Approach to Measure Absorptive Capacity and Appropriability: a Case of Study in Emerging Markets
(Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 2023) Cuéllar, Sergio; Fernández Bajón, M. Teresa; de Moya Anegón, Felix
Absorptive capacity (AC) and appropriability (KA) are crucial elements in generating competitive advantages and improving innovation performance in different countries and organizations. Moreover, the relationship between AC and KA has not been sufficiently studied, and there is still not a clear understanding of the impact they have on in the generation of rents and value. This research proposes a methodology to analyze AC and KA at a country level using the scientific capabilities of a country as base. We identified the Colombian scientific literature SKL (1680 record) from the Patents Lens database, which have been cited at least once or more per patent (3066 records), and we identified the papers that were cited by this SKL (50,697) in order identify the flows between forward citations (FC) and backward citations (BC) at a country level. We associated BC to the AC acquisition stage, SKL to assimilation, and FC to transformation and exploitation AC phases. The patents were also associated with KA. In addition, we focused on the KA process, analyzing the organizations involved in the SKL and KA process by studying when KA was done by local organizations, by international organizations in the SKL development, or when knowledge was leaked -knowledge spillovers- KS. Finally, we identified when the SKL organization was the corresponding author to analyze whether KA changes in these situations. Our main conclusion was that KA and the last stages of AC of native scientific development rarely happen in Colombia. The primary outcome of this absorption is a KS.
Host Genetic Analysis Should Be Mandatory for Proper Classification of COVID-19 Reinfections
(Open Forum Infectious Diseases, 2021) Pérez-Lago, Laura; de la Villa, Sofía; López Herranz, Marta; Muñoz García, Patricia Carmen; Bouza Santiago, Emilio; Burillo Albizua, Almudena; Catalán Alonso, Pilar; Cercenado Mansilla, Emilia; Marín Arriaza, María De Las Mercedes; Escribano Subías, María Pilar
Esta carta al editor subraya la importancia de incorporar el análisis genético del huésped como requisito indispensable para la correcta clasificación de las reinfecciones por SARS-CoV-2. Los autores describen un caso clínico que cumplía inicialmente los criterios clínicos y virológicos de reinfección, basado en la identificación de linajes virales distintos en dos episodios separados por seis meses. Sin embargo, el análisis de identidad genética humana mediante STR (short tandem repeats) reveló que las muestras de ambos episodios no pertenecían al mismo individuo, evidenciando un error de etiquetado o manejo de las muestras. Este hallazgo demuestra que, sin confirmación genética del huésped, los estudios de reinfección pueden estar sujetos a errores de clasificación. Los autores concluyen que el análisis genético humano debería ser obligatorio en los estudios de reinfección por SARS-CoV-2 para garantizar la validez de los resultados y evitar interpretaciones erróneas en vigilancia genómica y epidemiológica.
Transparencia editorial en revistas científicas mexicanas de educación: hacia una gestión integral de las políticas editoriales en las publicaciones periódicas científicas
(Investigación Bibliotecológica: Archivonomía, Bibliotecología e Información, 2021) Fernández Bajón, M. Teresa; Guerra González, Jenny Teresita
El objetivo principal de esta contribución se enmarca en el estudio sobre la transparencia editorial en las 18 revistas mexicanas de educación indizadas en el Sistema de Clasificación de Revistas Mexicanas de Ciencia y Tecnología del Conacyt. El análisis se sustenta en la comprobación del cumplimiento total, parcial o nulo de 15 criterios definidos por las autoras a partir de la revisión de los Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing, publicado en 2018 por el Comitte on Publication Ethics (COPE), y de las Directrices para autores y traductores de artículos científicos publicados en inglés, propuesto en el mismo año por la European Association of Science Editors (EASE). De los resultados obtenidos destacamos los siguientes: sólo una de las 18 revistas analizadas cumple con los 15 criterios establecidos; cinco publicaciones presentan una alta transparencia editorial al cumplir con 14 criterios, y dos revistas cumplieron únicamente nueve de los criterios de transparencia editorial. Se concluye advirtiendo sobre la necesidad de que la transparencia editorial sea un estándar de cumplimiento obligatorio para la indización o permanencia en sistemas de publicaciones como el de Conacyt.
A multicomponent positive psychology group intervention for people with severe psychiatric conditions; a randomized clinical trial.
(Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 2022) Valiente Ots, M. Carmen; Espinosa, Regina; Contreras, Alba; Trucharte Martínez, Almudena; Caballero, Rocío; Peinado Tena, Vanesa; Calderón, Lara; Perdigón, Antonio
Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of a theory-driven multicomponent positive psychology intervention to improve well-being for individuals with severe psychiatric conditions in comparison to treatment as usual. This intervention moves away from the traditional psychiatric perspectives that focused on symptoms and deficits, promoting a broader view of outcomes such as non-critical self-acceptance, strengths, and positive relationships with others, among other things. Method: A two-arm randomized and outcome-blinded trial with pre-post and 6-month follow-up evaluations was conducted to assess the efficacy of the intervention. A total of 141 participants were allocated to either the experimental condition or the waiting-list group receiving their treatment as usual. A mixed-effect model was used to examine the efficacy of the intervention and a repeated-measures Student's t-test for the follow-up effectiveness analysis. Results: The intervention protocol was highly acceptable for participants, showing very high participant satisfaction as well as good attendance and adherence rates. At the end of the group therapy, participants reported a significant improvement in self-acceptance and environmental mastery and, these changes were maintained in the follow-up assessment after 6 months. Conclusions and Implications for Practice: The results of this randomised control trial provide further evidence supporting that positive psychology approaches can be a powerful complementary strategy to promote more comprehensive psychiatric rehabilitation services for people with severe psychiatric conditions.
The feasibility and acceptability study of a positive psychology group intervention for people with severe psychiatric conditions
(Journal of Positive Psychology, 2022) Valiente Ots, M. Carmen; Espinosa, Regina; Contreras, Alba; Trucharte Martínez, Almudena; Caballero, Rocío; Peinado Tena, Vanesa
The process of recovery from mental health can be improved by promoting wellness. Third-generation perspectives promote non-judgmental acceptance of problems as well as the development of a person’s well-being and strengths. The aim of this study is to test the feasibility, acceptability and effectiveness of a group intervention to improve well-being in people with severe psychiatric conditions. Results showed that the protocol was feasible and highly acceptable, showing high attendance and adherence rates as well as high satisfaction. On completion of group therapy, participants reported a significant improvement in self-acceptance and significant decreases in interpersonal sensitivity and depression. The results indicate that positive psychology group therapy may be a powerful complementary strategy among people with severe psychiatric conditions. Though the validity of the study is limited by the lack of comparison group, the present study will allow for the optimisation of trial processes and a future definitive randomised control trial.
Transmission problems for simply connected domains in the complex plane
(Journal of Differential Equations, 2025) Carro Rossell, María Jesús; Naibo, Virginia; Soria Carro, María
We study existence and uniqueness of a transmission problem in simply connected domains in the plane with data in weighted Lebesgue spaces by first investigating solvability results of a related novel problem associated to a homeomorphism in the real line and domains given by the upper and lower half planes. Our techniques are based on the use of conformal maps and Rellich identities for the Hilbert transform, and are motivated by previous works concerning the Dirichlet, Neumann and Zaremba problems.
Twenty years of road ecology: a topical collection looking forward for new perspectives
(European Journal of Wildlife Research, 2018) D’Amico, Marcello; Ascensão, Fernando; Fabrizio, Mauro; Barrientos Yuste, Rafael; Gortázar, Christian
The European Journal of Wildlife Research introduces a new Topical Collection focused on Road Ecology. This Topical Collection aims to be a useful tool for the development of generalized principles and applications concerning wildlife-related aspects of Road Ecology. Submissions exploring new or lesser-known costs and potential benefits for wildlife coexisting with road networks are encouraged.
Rellich identities for the Hilbert transform
(Journal of Functional Analysis, 2024) Carro Rossell, María Jesús; Naibo, Virginia; Soria Carro, María
We prove Hilbert transform identities involving conformal maps via the use of Rellich identity and the solution of the Neumann problem in a graph Lipschitz domain in the plane. We obtain as consequences new weighted estimates for the Hilbert transform, including a sharp bound for its norm as a bounded operator in weighted in terms of a weight constant associated to the Helson-Szegö theorem.
Ultrasound-Based Anatomical Assessment of the Most Common Shoulder Soft Tissue Injuries in Young Adults
(Healthcare, 2025) Palomeque-Del-Cerro, L; García-Mata, R; Rodríguez-Isarn, M; Arráez-Aybar, L.A.; García De Pereda Notario, Carlos Miguel; Arráez Aybar, Luis Alfonso
Abstract Introduction: Shoulder pain is one of the leading causes of medical consultation, high- lighting the need to identify the most frequently affected tissues to improve diagnosis. This study aims to determine the most common shoulder soft tissue injuries in young adults using musculoskeletal ultrasound (US). Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted with 66 individuals aged 18 to 45 years; 35 participants reported shoulder pain and 31 did not. All participants received shoulder US by a specialist. Struc- tures analyzed included the rotator cuff tendons, the long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT), and the subacromial–subdeltoid bursa. Results: The supraspinatus tendon was the most frequently affected structure, accounting for 65.1% of clinical findings, and its involvement was strongly associated with subscapularis tendinitis (OR = 18.45). The sub- scapularis tendon represented 31.8%, tenosynovitis of the LHBT occurred in 7.6%, and the subacromial–subdeltoid bursa was affected in 1.5%. Cluster analysis revealed three distinct profiles based on age, pain status, and tendon involvement: Cluster 1 (n = 23; mean age 21.6 ± 3.8 years) included younger individuals with minimal pain and tendinopathy (21.7%); Cluster 2 (n = 21; mean age 33.6 ± 2.6) consisted of intermediate-age participants with moderate pain and predominant supraspinatus tendinitis (71.4%); and Cluster 3 (n = 22 mean age 42.1 ± 1.6) comprised older individuals with the highest prevalence of pain and combined tendon lesions (81.8%). Conclusions: This study confirms the clinical value of musculoskeletal US in detecting soft tissue injuries, including subclinical findings. The supraspinatus tendon was the most frequently affected structure, often associated with subscapularis tendinitis and other combined lesions in older individuals. US proved useful in identifying distinct injury profiles based on age and pain status, supporting its role in early diagnosis and tailored management strategies.
Paranoid beliefs and conspiracy mentality are associated with different forms of mistrust: A three-nation study
(Frontiers in Psychology, 2022) Martínez, Anton P.; Shevlin, Mark; Valiente Ots, M. Carmen; Hyland, Philip; Bentall, Richard P.
Paranoia and conspiracy are terms typically used interchangeably. However, although the underlying content of these types of beliefs might be similar (e.g., seeing others as powerful and threatening), recent research suggests that these constructs differ in important ways. One important feature shared by both constructs is excessive mistrust but this aspect might play different roles in each belief system. In this study we explored the strength of associations of different trust predictors (i.e., trust in institutions, trust in sources of information, perceptual trust, and interpersonal trust) between conspiracy mentality and paranoid beliefs. We tested this association in a large representative multinational sample (United Kingdom n = 2025; Spain n = 1951; and Ireland n = 1041). Confirmatory factor analysis supported a two-factor model of conspiracy and paranoid beliefs in each nation sample. Path and equality of constraints analysis revealed that paranoia was more strongly associated with perceptual mistrust (bias towards mistrusting unfamiliar faces) whereas conspiracy was more strongly associated with mistrust in political institutions. Although interpersonal mistrust and trust in social sources of information were associated significantly with conspiracy their association with paranoid beliefs was stronger. These findings clarify the role of different trust processes in both belief systems. Limitations of this study are discussed.
A robust method for fast exploration of environments with moving obstacles
(Journal of Computational Physics, 2025) Oleaga Apadula, Gerardo Enrique; Ortega Lozano, Daniel; Makarov Slizneva, Valeriy
Exploring environments with static and moving obstacles is a fundamental problem with numerous applications in physics and engineering. The Fast Marching Method (FMM) offers a computationally efficient numerical solution to the Eikonal equation, which describes a wavefront propagating through a medium. The FMM is effective in media with static obstacles, but, as we show, it fails in the presence of moving ones. We introduce a novel, robust method for wave exploration of environments of arbitrary dimension and complexity, and prove its convergence numerically. The method accurately handles both dynamic and static obstacles while preserving the computational efficiency of the FMM, ensuring a fast and reliable global search for collisionfree trajectories. The algorithm can also serve as an interception strategy for catching a moving target among many obstacles.
Factores pronósticos en el adenocarcinoma de ampolla duodenal
(Revista Española de Patologia, 2018) Fernández Aceñero, María Jesús; Martinez Useros, Javier; Díez Valladares, Luis Ignacio; Ortega Medina, Luis; Pérez Aguirre, María Elia; De la-Serna Esteban, Sofía Cristina; García Botella, Alejandra María; Díaz Del Arco, Cristina
Introducción: El adenocarcinoma de ampolla duodenal (ampolla de Vater) parece un tumor de comportamiento menos agresivo que otros de la región pancreatobiliar. Nuestro estudio busca definir factores que condicionan el pronóstico de este tipo de neoplasia. Material y métodos: Revisión retrospectiva de los pacientes operados por adenocarcinoma de ampolla duodenal en un solo centro. Se ha valorado el intervalo libre de progresión y la supervivencia global como variables de resultado. Resultados: Un total de 24 pacientes fueron sometidos a una duodenopancreatectomía cefálica por un adenocarcinoma de ampolla duodenal. Un 54,2% eran mujeres y la edad media fue 72,5 (45-85). El principal tipo histológico fue el intestinal (50%), seguido del biliopancreático (37,5%). El resto fueron mucinosos. Solo el 8,3% de los casos fueron poco diferenciados. Se detectó invasión vascular e infiltración perineural en el 31,8 y 20,8% de los casos, respectivamente. Un 54,1% de los casos no tenían afectación ganglionar al diagnóstico y la mayoría de los tumores eran T1 o T3 (39,1 y 43,5%, respectivamente). Un 34,8% de los pacientes recayeron, sobre todo a nivel ganglionar local (62,5% de las recaídas) y todos ellos fallecieron por el tumor, en su mayoría en el primer a˜no tras el diagnóstico. El estudio multivariable mediante regresión de Cox demostró que el único factor que condicionaba un menor intervalo libre de progresión y supervivencia global de forma independiente era el estadio N. Conclusiones: La afectación ganglionar es el factor más importante como predictor de pronóstico en esta neoplasia.
A temporal network approach to paranoia: A pilot study
(Frontiers in Psychology, 2020) Contreras, Alba; Valiente Ots, M. Carmen; Heeren, Alexandre; Bentall, Richard
Paranoid beliefs have been conceptualized as a central psychological process linked to schizophrenia and many mental disorders. Research on paranoia has indicated that it is pivotal to consider not only levels but also dynamic aspects of incriminated related mechanisms over time. In the present study, we conceptualized paranoia as a system of interacting elements. To do so, we used temporal network analysis to unfold the temporal dynamics between core psychological paranoia-related mechanisms, such as self-esteem, sadness, feeling close to others, and experiential avoidance. Time-series data of 23 participants with high scores in paranoia and/or interpersonal sensitivity were collected via experience sampling methodology (ESM). We applied a multilevel vector autoregressive (mlVAR) model approach and computed three distinct and complementary network models (i.e., contemporaneous, temporal, and between-subject) to disentangle associations between paranoia-related mechanisms in three different time frames. The contemporaneous model indicated that paranoia and sadness co-occurred within the same time frame, while sadness was associated with both low self-esteem and lack of closeness to others. The temporal model highlighted the importance of feeling close to others in predicting low paranoia levels in the next time frame. Finally, the between-subject model largely replicated an association found in both contemporaneous and temporal models. The current study reveals that the network approach offers a viable data-driven methodology for elucidating how paranoia-related mechanisms fluctuate over time and may determine its severity. Moreover, this novel perspective may open up new directions toward identifying potential targets for prevention and treatment of paranoia-related problems.

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