Análisis de la interacción ventrículo-valvulo-arterial en pacientes con estenosis aórtica
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2017
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09/02/2016
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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La estenosis aórtica es probablemente la valvulopatía más importante en el mundo occidental, debido a su alta prevalencia y al grave impacto que tiene sobre la calidad y esperanza de vida de las personas que la padecen, de modo que la supervivencia en los pacientes sintomáticos es de aproximadamente un 50% a dos años. Durante décadas, la sustitución valvular quirúrgica ha sido la única opción de tratamiento con capacidad para modificar el pronóstico de la estenosis aórtica, y sin embargo, un 30% de los pacientes con estenosis aórtica severa sintomática no son operados por diversos motivos. En los últimos años, la sustitución valvular aórtica con catéter (TAVI) ha surgido como una opción de tratamiento para pacientes inoperables y de alto riesgo quirúrgico. La TAVI es superior al tratamiento farmacológico, reduciendo la mortalidad y mejorando los síntomas; además, en pacientes de alto riesgo quirúrgico, la TAVI tiene resultados al menos tan buenos como la cirugía. En la última década se ha producido un gran avance en los dispositivos y técnicas disponibles para TAVI, lo que ha contribuido a mejorar los resultados y reducir las complicaciones. La oposición al flujo sistólico en la estenosis aórtica viene determinada por la suma de la obstrucción valvular y la carga vascular. Esta última a menudo se encuentra anormalmente alta en la estenosis aórtica, debido a la hipertensión arterial y a la alta prevalencia de enfermedad vascular sistémica que presentan estos pacientes, lo que contribuye de forma importante a la postcarga total del ventrículo izquierdo. Además, entre la obstrucción valvular y la carga vascular existe un fenómeno de interdependencia, de forma que al reducir uno de los componentes aumenta el otro, y a la inversa...
Aortic stenosis is probably the most important valvular disease in the Western World, due to its high prevalence and its serious impact on life expectancy and quality of the patients who suffer from it, so much so that survival is as low as 50% at two years for patients with severe aortic stenosis who are treated medically. For decades now, surgical aortic valve replacement has been the only treatment able to change the clinical course of the disease, and yet, around 30% of patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis are not referred to surgery due to various reasons. In the past years, transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has emerged as a treatment option for inoperable or high risk patients with aortic stenosis. TAVI is superior to medical therapy, reducing mortality and improving symptoms; furthermore, in patients at high risk for surgery, TAVI has results at least as good as those of surgery. Over the last decade there have been great advances in devices and techniques available for TAVI, which has contributed to improve its results and lower its complications. The opposition to systolic blood flow in aortic stenosis is determined by the sum of the valvular obstruction and the vascular load. The latter is often abnormally high in patients with aortic stenosis, due to hypertension and a high prevalence of vascular disease in these patients, which contributes importantly to the total afterload of the left ventricle. Furthermore, there is an interdependence between the valvular and vascular load, so that when one of the components is reduced, the other increases, and viceversa...
Aortic stenosis is probably the most important valvular disease in the Western World, due to its high prevalence and its serious impact on life expectancy and quality of the patients who suffer from it, so much so that survival is as low as 50% at two years for patients with severe aortic stenosis who are treated medically. For decades now, surgical aortic valve replacement has been the only treatment able to change the clinical course of the disease, and yet, around 30% of patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis are not referred to surgery due to various reasons. In the past years, transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has emerged as a treatment option for inoperable or high risk patients with aortic stenosis. TAVI is superior to medical therapy, reducing mortality and improving symptoms; furthermore, in patients at high risk for surgery, TAVI has results at least as good as those of surgery. Over the last decade there have been great advances in devices and techniques available for TAVI, which has contributed to improve its results and lower its complications. The opposition to systolic blood flow in aortic stenosis is determined by the sum of the valvular obstruction and the vascular load. The latter is often abnormally high in patients with aortic stenosis, due to hypertension and a high prevalence of vascular disease in these patients, which contributes importantly to the total afterload of the left ventricle. Furthermore, there is an interdependence between the valvular and vascular load, so that when one of the components is reduced, the other increases, and viceversa...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina, leída el 09-02-2016