Planetary system around the nearby M dwarf GJ 357 including a transiting, hot, Earth-sized planet optimal for atmospheric characterization
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2019
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EDP Sciences S A
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Abstract
We report the detection of a transiting Earth-size planet around GJ 357, a nearby M2.5 V star, using data from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). GJ 357 b (TOI-562.01) is a transiting, hot, Earth-sized planet (T_(eq) = 525 ± 11 K) with a radius of R_(b) = 1.217 ± 0.084 Rꚛ and an orbital period of P_(b) = 3.93 d. Precise stellar radial velocities from CARMENES and PFS, as well as archival data from HIRES, UVES, and HARPS also display a 3.93-day periodicity, confirming the planetary nature and leading to a planetary mass of M_(b) = 1.84 ± 0.31 Mꚛ. In addition to the radial velocity signal for GJ 357 b, more periodicities are present in the data indicating the presence of two further planets in the system: GJ 357 c, with a minimum mass of M_(c) = 3.40 ± 0.46 Mꚛ in a 9.12 d orbit, and GJ 357 d, with a minimum mass of M_(d) = 6.1 ± 1.0 Mꚛ in a 55.7 d orbit inside the habitable zone. The host is relatively inactive and exhibits a photometric rotation period of P_(rot) = 78 ± 2 d. GJ 357 b is to date the second closest transiting planet to the Sun, making it a prime target for further investigations such as transmission spectroscopy. Therefore, GJ 357 b represents one of the best terrestrial planets suitable for atmospheric characterization with the upcoming JWST and ground-based ELTs.
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© ESO 2019. Artículo firmado por 76 autores. This paper includes data collected by the TESS mission. Funding for the TESS mission is provided by the NASA Explorer Program. We acknowledge the use of TESS Alert data, which is currently in a beta test phase, from pipelines at the TESS Science Office and at the TESS Science Processing Operations Center. Resources supporting this work were provided by the NASA High-End Computing (HEC) Program through the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) Division at Ames Research Center for the production of the SPOC data products. This research has made use of the Exoplanet Follow-up Observation Program website, which is operated by the California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under the Exoplanet Exploration Program. This work has made use of data from the European Space Agency (ESA) mission Gaia (https://www. cosmos.esa.int/gaia), processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC, https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia/dpac/ consortium). Funding for the DPAC has been provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement. CARMENES is an instrument for the Centro Astronómico Hispano-Alemán de Calar Alto (CAHA, Almería, Spain) funded by the German Max-PlanckGesellschaft (MPG), the Spanish Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), the European Union through FEDER/ERF FICTS-2011-02 funds, and the members of the CARMENES Consortium. R. L. has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 713673 and financial support through the “la Caixa” INPhINIT Fellowship Grant LCF/BQ/IN17/11620033 for Doctoral studies at Spanish Research Centers of Excellence from “la Caixa” Banking Foundation, Barcelona, Spain. This work is partly financed by the Spanish Ministry of Economics and Competitiveness through projects ESP2016- 80435-C2-2-R and ESP2016-80435-C2-1-R. We acknowledge support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft under DFG Research Unit FOR2544 “Blue Planets around Red Stars”, project no. QU 113/4-1, QU 113/5-1, RE 1664/14-1, DR 281/32-1, JE 701/3-1, RE 2694/4-1, the Klaus Tschira Foundation, and the Heising Simons Foundation. This work is partly supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP15H02063, JP18H01265, JP18H05439, JP18H05442, and JST PRESTO Grant Number JPMJPR1775. This research has made use of the services of the ESO Science Archive Facility. Based on observations collected at the European Southern Observatory under ESO programs 072.C-0488(E), 183.C0437(A), 072.C-0495, 078.C-0829, and 173.C-0606. IRD is operated by the Astrobiology Center of the National Institutes of Natural Sciences. M.S. thanks Bertram Bitsch for stimulating discussions about pebble accretion.