Estimas de los niveles de autozigosis en el hombre basadas en registros históricos y análisis genómicos. Retos y oportunidades de la tecnología molecular de alta resolución
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Publication date
2018
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Sociedad Española de Antropología Física
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Hernandez, C. L., Ortega, A., & Calderón, R. (2018). Estimas de los niveles de autozigosis en el hombre basadas en registros históricos y análisis genómicos. Retos y oportunidades de la tecnología molecular de alta resolución. Revista Española de Antropología Física, 39, 5–19.
Abstract
Desde la segunda mitad del siglo XIX hasta la actualidad, la Genética de Poblaciones ha explicado mediante modelos teóricos, conceptos y datos empíricos las implicaciones evolutivas y el coste biológico de los cruza- mientos entre parientes. La carga genética ligada al fenómeno de la consanguinidad humana se ha evaluado tradicionalmente a partir de la reconstrucción de árboles familiares (o pedigríes) y mediante el análisis de la identidad de apellidos entre los miembros de una pareja, como reflejo de su relación biológica (método de la isonimia). Estos resultados se están enriqueciendo gracias a los enfoques moleculares basados en las últimas tecnologías de análisis de alta resolución del genoma humano. El presente estudio ofrece una comparación detallada y cronológicamente secuencial entre las estrategias para evaluar la autozigosis humana. Se han detec- tado correlaciones positivas entre las estimas del inbreeding basadas en pedigríes y datos genómicos, funda- mentalmente en poblaciones consideradas como aislados humanos. Por otro lado, la aplicación de la isonimia alberga ciertas limitaciones que repercuten en estimas sobrevaloradas del inbreeding en la población general. Los estudios genómicos han descrito bloques cromosómicos de autozigosis, denominados Runs of Homozygo- sity (ROHs), cuyo análisis permite, no solo evaluar la estructura del parentesco reciente en una población, sino también conocer dinámicas demográficas humanas con una perspectiva evolutiva. Además, los ROHs se pue- den estudiar no solo en cualquier población sino también en aquellas de tamaño demográfico reducido. En consecuencia, el nuevo enfoque molecular dirigido al estudio del inbreeding humano está aportando una rica información con respecto a las metodologías tradicionales fundamentadas en los registros históricos.
From the second half of 19th century onwards, population genetics has attempted to explain through theoretical models, concepts and empirical data, the evolutionary consequences and biological cost of mating between relatives. The genetic load linked to the consanguineous marriages has been traditionally assessed from pedigree reconstruction and identity of surnames of both members of the couple as a reflection of a potential biological relationship (isonymy method). These kind of results are being enriched by molecular approaches based on new high-resolution analyses of the human genome. The present survey provide chronological comparisons among those strategies used for estimating human autozygosity. Inbreeding estimates based on pedigrees and genomic data show a rather positive correlation, mainly in populations considered as human isolates. The implementation of isonymy methodologies entail limitations that generate overrated inbreeding estimates. Genomic studies have described autozygous chromosomal segments, known as Runs of Homozygosity (ROHs). Analyses of these tracts allow not only assessments of recent kinship structure of populations but also a better knowledge of human demographic dynamics in an evolutionary perspective. Furthermore, ROHs can be analyzed in any population, not being restricted to those ones defined by a low demographic size. In conclusion, the current genomic approach aimed to evaluate human inbreeding provides an interesting, promising challenge regarding other traditional methodologies based on historical records.
From the second half of 19th century onwards, population genetics has attempted to explain through theoretical models, concepts and empirical data, the evolutionary consequences and biological cost of mating between relatives. The genetic load linked to the consanguineous marriages has been traditionally assessed from pedigree reconstruction and identity of surnames of both members of the couple as a reflection of a potential biological relationship (isonymy method). These kind of results are being enriched by molecular approaches based on new high-resolution analyses of the human genome. The present survey provide chronological comparisons among those strategies used for estimating human autozygosity. Inbreeding estimates based on pedigrees and genomic data show a rather positive correlation, mainly in populations considered as human isolates. The implementation of isonymy methodologies entail limitations that generate overrated inbreeding estimates. Genomic studies have described autozygous chromosomal segments, known as Runs of Homozygosity (ROHs). Analyses of these tracts allow not only assessments of recent kinship structure of populations but also a better knowledge of human demographic dynamics in an evolutionary perspective. Furthermore, ROHs can be analyzed in any population, not being restricted to those ones defined by a low demographic size. In conclusion, the current genomic approach aimed to evaluate human inbreeding provides an interesting, promising challenge regarding other traditional methodologies based on historical records.