Unraveling the Complex Behavior of Mrk 421 with Simultaneous X-Ray and VHE Observations during an Extreme Flaring Activity in 2013 April

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dc.contributor.authorBarrio Uña, Juan Abel
dc.contributor.authorContreras González, José Luis
dc.contributor.authorFonseca González, María Victoria
dc.contributor.authorHoang, Kim Dinh
dc.contributor.authorLópez Moya, Marcos
dc.contributor.authorMiener, Tjark
dc.contributor.authorMorcuende, D.
dc.contributor.authorPeñil Del Campo, Pablo
dc.contributor.authorSaha, Lab
dc.date.accessioned2023-06-16T15:20:29Z
dc.date.available2023-06-16T15:20:29Z
dc.date.issued2020-06
dc.descriptionArtículo firmado por 238 autores. The MAGIC collaboration would like to thank the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias for the excellent working conditions at the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos in La Palma. The financial support of the German BMBF and MPG, the Italian INFN and INAF, the Swiss National Fund SNF, the ERDF under the Spanish MINECO (FPA2017-87859-P, FPA2017-85668-P, FPA2017-82729-C6-2-R, FPA2017-827 29-C6-6-R, FPA2017-82729-C6-5-R, AYA2015-71042-P, AYA2016-76012-C3-1-P, ESP2017-87055-C2-2-P, and FPA 201790566REDC), the Indian Department of Atomic Energy, the Japanese JSPS and MEXT, the Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science, National RI Roadmap Project DO-1153/28.08.2018 and the Academy of Finland grant No. 320045 is gratefully acknowledged. This work was also supported by the Spanish Centro de Excelencia "Severo Ochoa" SEV-20160588 and SEV-2015-0548, and Unidad de Excelencia "María de Maeztu" MDM-2014-0369, by the Croatian Science Foundation (HrZZ) Project IP-2016-06-9782 and the University of Rijeka Project 13.12.1.3.02, by the DFG Collaborative Research Centers SFB823/C4 and SFB876/C3, the Polish National Research Centre grant UMO-2016/22/M/ST9/00382, and by the Brazilian MCTIC, CNPq and FAPERJ.; The Fermi-LAT.Collaboration acknowledges generous ongoing support from a number of agencies and institutes that have supported both the development and the operation of the LAT as well as scientific data analysis. These include the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Department of Energy in the United States, the Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de Physique Nucleaire et de Physique des Particules in France, the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana and the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare in Italy, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) in Japan, and the K..A..Wallenberg Foundation, the Swedish Research Council, and the Swedish National Space Board in Sweden. Additional support for science analysis during the operations phase is gratefully acknowledged from the Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica in Italy and the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales in France.; This work made use of data from the NuSTAR mission, a project led by the California Institute of Technology, managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. We thank the NuSTAR Operations, Software, and Calibration teams for support with the execution and analysis of these observations. This research has made use of the NuSTAR Data Analysis Software (NuSTARDAS) jointly developed by the ASI Science Data Center (ASDC; Italy) and the California Institute of Technology (USA).; D.P. and A.B. are grateful to Amy Furniss and Wystan Benbow for providing the VERITAS VHE gamma-ray fluxes and for useful discussions about them. M.P. acknowledges support from the Lyman Jr. Spitzer Postdoctoral Fellowship and NASA Fermi grant No. 80NSSC18K1745., and J.F. is partially supported by NASA under contract S-15633Y. M.B. acknowledges support from NASA Headquarters under the NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship Program (grant NNX14AQ07H) and the black hole Initiative at Harvard University, which is funded in part by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (grant GBMF8273) and in part by the John Templeton Foundation.; This research was partially supported by the Bulgarian National Science Fund of the Ministry of Education and Science under grants DN 18-13/2017, DN 18-10/2017, KP06-H28/3 (2018), and KP-06-PN38/1 (2019), as well as for the Spanish MIMECO (AYA2016-80889-P, RYC-2013-14511) and the IAA-CSIC "Severo Ochoa" program SEV2017-0709. The St. Petersburg University team acknowledges support from Russian Science Foundation grant 17-12-01029. The Abastumani team acknowledges financial support of the project FR/638/6-320/12 by the Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation under contract 31/77. T.G. acknowledges support from Istanbul University (Project numbers 49429 and 48285), Bilim Akademisi (BAGEP program), and TUBITAK (project numbers 13AT100-431, 13AT100-466, and 13AT60-430). The Boston University effort was supported in part by NASA grants NNX12AO90G and NNX14AQ58G. Data from the Steward Observatory spectropolarimetric monitoring project were used in this paper. This program is supported by Fermi Guest Investigator grants NNX08AW56G, NNX09 AU10G, NNX12AO93G, and NNX15AU81G. The OVRO 40 m monitoring program is supported in part by NASA grants NNX08AW31G and NNX11A043G and NSF grants AST-0808050 and AST-1109911. The Metsahovi team acknowledges the support from the Academy of Finland to our observing projects (numbers 212656, 210338, 121148, and others). W.M. acknowledges support from CONICYT project Basal AFB-170002.
dc.description.abstractWe report on a multiband variability and correlation study of the TeV blazar Mrk 421 during an exceptional flaring activity observed from 2013 April 11 to 19. The study uses, among others, data from GLAST-AGILE Support Program (GASP) of the Whole Earth Blazar Telescope (WEBT), Swift, Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR), Fermi Large Area Telescope, Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS), and Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cherenkov (MAGIC). The large blazar activity and the 43 hr of simultaneous NuSTAR and MAGIC/VERITAS observations permitted variability studies on 15 minute time bins over three X-ray bands (3-7 keV, 7-30 keV, and 30-80 keV) and three very-high-energy (VHE; >0.1 TeV) gamma-ray bands (0.2-0.4 TeV, 0.4-0.8 TeV, and >0.8 TeV). We detected substantial flux variations on multi-hour and sub-hour timescales in all of the X-ray and VHE gamma-ray bands. The characteristics of the sub-hour flux variations are essentially energy independent, while the multi-hour flux variations can have a strong dependence on the energy of the X-rays and the VHE gamma-rays. The three VHE bands and the three X-ray bands are positively correlated with no time lag, but the strength and characteristics of the correlation change substantially over time and across energy bands. Our findings favor multi-zone scenarios for explaining the achromatic/chromatic variability of the fast/slow components of the light curves, as well as the changes in the flux-flux correlation on day-long timescales. We interpret these results within a magnetic reconnection scenario, where the multi-hour flux variations are dominated by the combined emission from various plasmoids of different sizes and velocities, while the sub-hour flux variations are dominated by the emission from a single small plasmoid moving across the magnetic reconnection layer.
dc.description.departmentDepto. de Estructura de la Materia, Física Térmica y Electrónica
dc.description.facultyFac. de Ciencias Físicas
dc.description.refereedTRUE
dc.description.sponsorshipMinisterio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)/FEDER
dc.description.sponsorshipCentro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa
dc.description.sponsorshipUnidad de Excelencia María de Maeztu
dc.description.sponsorshipGerman BMBF Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF
dc.description.sponsorshipGerman MPG
dc.description.sponsorshipItalian INFN Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
dc.description.sponsorshipItalian INAF Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica
dc.description.sponsorshipSwiss National Fund SNF Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF)
dc.description.sponsorshipIndian Department of Atomic Energy
dc.description.sponsorshipJapanese JSPS Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
dc.description.sponsorshipJapanese MEXT Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
dc.description.sponsorshipBulgarian Ministry of Education and Science, National RI Roadmap Project
dc.description.sponsorshipAcademy of Finland
dc.description.sponsorshipCroatian Science Foundation (HrZZ) Project
dc.description.sponsorshipUniversity of Rijeka
dc.description.sponsorshipDFG German Research Foundation
dc.description.sponsorshipPolish National Research Centre
dc.description.sponsorshipMCTIC
dc.description.sponsorshipCNPq National Council for Scientific and Technological Development
dc.description.sponsorshipFAPERJ Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro
dc.description.sponsorshipNational Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
dc.description.sponsorshipLyman Jr. Spitzer Postdoctoral Fellowship
dc.description.sponsorshipNASA National Aeronautics & Space Administration
dc.description.sponsorshipNASA Headquarters under the NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship Program
dc.description.sponsorshipBlack hole Initiative at Harvard University - Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
dc.description.sponsorshipJohn Templeton Foundation
dc.description.sponsorshipBulgarian National Science Fund of the Ministry of Education and Science
dc.description.sponsorshipIAA-CSIC "Severo Ochoa"
dc.description.sponsorshipRussian Science Foundation (RSF)
dc.description.sponsorshipShota Rustaveli National Science Foundation
dc.description.sponsorshipIstanbul University
dc.description.sponsorshipBilim Akademisi (BAGEP program)
dc.description.sponsorshipTUBITAK Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu
dc.description.sponsorshipFermi Guest Investigator grants
dc.description.sponsorshipNSF National Science Foundation
dc.description.sponsorshipCONICYT Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica
dc.description.statuspub
dc.eprint.idhttps://eprints.ucm.es/id/eprint/61634
dc.identifier.doi10.3847/1538-4365/ab89b5
dc.identifier.issn0067-0049
dc.identifier.officialurlhttps://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ab89b5
dc.identifier.relatedurlhttps://www.iac.es/es/
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/6412
dc.issue.number2
dc.journal.titleAstrophysical journal supplement series
dc.language.isoeng
dc.publisherUniversity Chicago Press
dc.relation.projectID(FPA2017-87859-P, FPA2017-85668- P, FPA2017-82729-C6-2-R, FPA2017-82729-C6-6-R, FPA2017-82729-C6-5-R, AYA2015-71042-P, AYA2016- 76012-C3-1-P, ESP2017-87055-C2-2-P, FPA201790566REDC); (AYA2016- 80889-P, RYC-2013-14511)
dc.relation.projectID(SEV-20160588; SEV-2015-0548)
dc.relation.projectIDDO-1153/28.08.2018
dc.relation.projectIDMDM-2014-0369
dc.relation.projectID320045
dc.relation.projectIDIP-2016-06-9782
dc.relation.projectID13.12.1.3.02
dc.relation.projectIDSFB823/C4
dc.relation.projectIDSFB876/C3
dc.relation.projectID80NSSC18K1745
dc.relation.projectIDUMO-2016/22/M/ST9/00382
dc.relation.projectIDS-15633Y
dc.relation.projectIDNNX14AQ07H
dc.relation.projectIDGBMF8273
dc.relation.projectIDDN 18-13/2017
dc.relation.projectIDKP06-H28/3
dc.relation.projectIDKP-06-PN38/1
dc.relation.projectIDSEV2017-0709
dc.relation.projectID17-12-01029
dc.relation.projectIDFR/638/6-320/12
dc.relation.projectID31/77
dc.relation.projectID49429
dc.relation.projectID48285
dc.relation.projectID13AT100-431
dc.relation.projectID13AT100-466
dc.relation.projectID13AT60-430
dc.relation.projectIDNNX12AO90G
dc.relation.projectIDNNX14AQ58G
dc.relation.projectIDNNX08AW56G
dc.relation.projectIDNNX09 AU10G
dc.relation.projectIDNNX12AO93G
dc.relation.projectIDNNX15AU81G
dc.relation.projectIDNNX08AW31G
dc.relation.projectIDNNX11A043G
dc.relation.projectIDAST-0808050
dc.relation.projectIDAST-1109911
dc.relation.projectID212656
dc.relation.projectID210338
dc.relation.projectID121148
dc.relation.projectIDBasal AFB-170002
dc.rights.accessRightsopen access
dc.subject.cdu539.1
dc.subject.keywordFast tev variability
dc.subject.keywordReconnection
dc.subject.keywordEmission
dc.subject.keywordPlasmoids
dc.subject.keywordBlazars
dc.subject.keywordFermi
dc.subject.keywordJets
dc.subject.keywordMarkarian-421
dc.subject.keywordAcceleration
dc.subject.keywordPhotons
dc.subject.ucmFísica nuclear
dc.subject.unesco2207 Física Atómica y Nuclear
dc.titleUnraveling the Complex Behavior of Mrk 421 with Simultaneous X-Ray and VHE Observations during an Extreme Flaring Activity in 2013 April
dc.typejournal article
dc.volume.number248
dspace.entity.typePublication
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