Extensión y posición del Simbolismo español en las afueras del Modernismo catalán
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2016
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18/01/2016
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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El amplio mapa del Simbolismo europeo vivió un momento sobresaliente a finales del siglo XIX y con el cambio de siglo. Los simbolistas no convivieron como un grupo compacto. Fueron decadentes y estetas a los que unió una búsqueda y un espíritu común. Les interesó lo esotérico, lo secreto y crearon un nuevo mundo hermético con aquello que no está a simple vista en la realidad. Presentaron una irrealidad de ensueño aludiendo a contenidos en profundidad. La atención a lo subjetivo, a la apariencia no objetiva y la oscuridad romántica fueron antecedentes que anunciaron los contenidos cultivados por los simbolistas. La naturaleza difusa del Simbolismo se sirvió de justificaciones poéticas, literarias y filosóficas. Las referencias formales y poéticas atienden a sus dilatados contenidos. La emoción espiritual se adentra en lo intangible e indefinible de la magia simbolista. La influencia del Simbolismo en España se hace notar con cierto retraso y la cronología difiere de los ejemplos del resto de Europa. En el caso español nos movemos entre los años 1890 y 1930. Se ha distinguido un primer núcleo aventajado en Barcelona, con nombres propios como el de Rusiñol y el círculo de los Llimona. Posteriormente los artistas del entorno de Valle-Inclán y su tertulia en el madrileño Nuevo Café de Levante se convertirán en otro exponente que aglutine a artistas diversos. Las Exposiciones Nacionales de Bellas Artes y la repercusión crítica, también añaden información del impacto simbolista en el arte español. Además del núcleo madrileño existe un conjunto de referentes periféricos y artistas “olvidados” igualmente relevantes. Observando las obras simbolistas, se subraya una actitud común en estos artistas. Este talante es clave para trazar un hilo conductor entre los autores. Las formas varían, los significados se solapan y las señas visuales se alteran al no responder a unos cánones siempre fijos. Por ello, es la actitud lo que une a los pintores, escultores y literatos. Decadentismo, Dandysmo, Ocultismo o Esoterismo, son piezas añadidas a esta amalgama artística. Ser simbolista significa trascender más allá de la vida cotidiana. El simbolista accede y cultiva un universo enigmático, turbador y lírico. Es la vía para abandonar lo rutinario. El artista prefiere ensimismarse y regodearse en la creación. Una complicación añadida a su definición, es la falta de unidad estilística o unas características visuales siempre repetidas. Es importante prestar atención a los contenidos de fondo para distinguir puntos de encuentro comunes. Eso sí, los artistas españoles recibieron estas ideas e influencias de manera muy personal. También se añaden otros aspectos como los Regionalismos o la confrontación España Blanca - España Negra. Las fuentes de inspiración miran al Renacimiento, los Primitivos italianos o los Prerrafaelitas ingleses. Existen problemáticas, convivencias y diferentes ingredientes que se suman al discurso del Simbolismo español. El Modernismo, la Generación del 98, los Nacionalismos históricos, Orientalismo, Flamenquismo, Esteticismo, Wagnerianismo o el paisaje, revelan señas simbolistas. Extensión y posición del Simbolismo español en las afueras del Modernismo catalán es el título de esta Tesis Doctoral, en busca de una definición de un momento artístico complejo, rico y desbordante.
The extensive geography of European Symbolism enjoyed an outstanding period at the end of the 19th century and the begining of the 20th century. Symbolists did not co-exist as a closely knit group, they were rather united by a shared spirit of love to decadence and art. They were interested in all things esoteric and secretive creating a new hermetic world including only that which is not easy to distinguish in reality. They introduced a new dreamlike reality alluding to deep contents such as subjetivity, non-objective appearances and romanticist darkness, precursors that announced the contents so dear to symbolists. Wide-spread nature of Symbolism made use of poetic, literaly and philosophical sources. Poetical and formal references take into consideration their extensive contents. Spiritual emotion penetrates deep into the intangible and undefinable of symbolist magic. The time period in Spain differs from the rest of Europe and the influence of Symbolism takes longer to stand out. We are talking about a period between 1890 and 1930 where we can distinguish a first, advenced group situated in Barcelona with important names such as Rusiñol and the Llimona's circle. Afterwards, artists from Valle-Inclán inmediate environment and his social gathering at the Madrilenian "Nuevo Café de Levante" will become another exponent add information to the impact of Symbolism in Spanish art too. Equally relevent to the Madrilenian group is the reference group of marginal and "forgotten" artists. Observing symbolist masterpices, we can see an underline common attitude in these artists. This frame of mind is the key to draw up a guiding thread between all these authors. Shapes vary, meanings overlap each other and visual signs are altered because they don't answer to always fixed cannons. Therefore, it is the attitude what connects these painters, sculptors and man of letters. Decadentism, Dandyism, occultism, or esotericism are added pieces to this artistic fusion. To be a symbolist means means to go beyond everyday routine. Symbolist access and cultivate an enigmatic, disturbing and lyrical universe. It́s a life to give up routine. The artist would rather become engrossed and take pleasure in creating. An added difficulty to its definition is the lack of stylistic unity or a group of visual festures always repeated. It is important to pay attention to the background contents to distinguish the common meeting points. That being so, Spanish artists received these ideas and influences in a very personal way. We can also add other aspects like Regionalism and the White Spain - Black Spain confrontation. The inspirational sources look up to Renaissance, Primitive Italians or English Pre-Raphaelites. It exists a group of difficulties and different ingredients that add up to Spanish Symbolism speech. Modernism, 98' Generation, historical Nacionalisms, Orientalism, Flemishism, Aestheticism, Wagnerianism or landscapes reveal symbolist signs. Extension and position of Spanish Symbolism on the outskirts of Catalan Modernism is the title of this Doctoral Thesis in search of a definition of a rich, complex and boundless artistical moment.
The extensive geography of European Symbolism enjoyed an outstanding period at the end of the 19th century and the begining of the 20th century. Symbolists did not co-exist as a closely knit group, they were rather united by a shared spirit of love to decadence and art. They were interested in all things esoteric and secretive creating a new hermetic world including only that which is not easy to distinguish in reality. They introduced a new dreamlike reality alluding to deep contents such as subjetivity, non-objective appearances and romanticist darkness, precursors that announced the contents so dear to symbolists. Wide-spread nature of Symbolism made use of poetic, literaly and philosophical sources. Poetical and formal references take into consideration their extensive contents. Spiritual emotion penetrates deep into the intangible and undefinable of symbolist magic. The time period in Spain differs from the rest of Europe and the influence of Symbolism takes longer to stand out. We are talking about a period between 1890 and 1930 where we can distinguish a first, advenced group situated in Barcelona with important names such as Rusiñol and the Llimona's circle. Afterwards, artists from Valle-Inclán inmediate environment and his social gathering at the Madrilenian "Nuevo Café de Levante" will become another exponent add information to the impact of Symbolism in Spanish art too. Equally relevent to the Madrilenian group is the reference group of marginal and "forgotten" artists. Observing symbolist masterpices, we can see an underline common attitude in these artists. This frame of mind is the key to draw up a guiding thread between all these authors. Shapes vary, meanings overlap each other and visual signs are altered because they don't answer to always fixed cannons. Therefore, it is the attitude what connects these painters, sculptors and man of letters. Decadentism, Dandyism, occultism, or esotericism are added pieces to this artistic fusion. To be a symbolist means means to go beyond everyday routine. Symbolist access and cultivate an enigmatic, disturbing and lyrical universe. It́s a life to give up routine. The artist would rather become engrossed and take pleasure in creating. An added difficulty to its definition is the lack of stylistic unity or a group of visual festures always repeated. It is important to pay attention to the background contents to distinguish the common meeting points. That being so, Spanish artists received these ideas and influences in a very personal way. We can also add other aspects like Regionalism and the White Spain - Black Spain confrontation. The inspirational sources look up to Renaissance, Primitive Italians or English Pre-Raphaelites. It exists a group of difficulties and different ingredients that add up to Spanish Symbolism speech. Modernism, 98' Generation, historical Nacionalisms, Orientalism, Flemishism, Aestheticism, Wagnerianism or landscapes reveal symbolist signs. Extension and position of Spanish Symbolism on the outskirts of Catalan Modernism is the title of this Doctoral Thesis in search of a definition of a rich, complex and boundless artistical moment.
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Geografía e Historia, Departamento de Arte III (Contemporáneo), leída el 18-01-2016