Validación de la escala de riesgo hemorrágico HAS-BLED en una población hospitalaria de nuestro medio
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2018
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09/05/2017
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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La fibrilación auricular (FA) es la arritmia cardiaca sostenida más frecuente en la práctica clínica diaria. En España, un millón de personas padecen FA, y su incidencia y prevalencia están en constante aumento debido al envejecimiento de nuestra sociedad. Esta patología conlleva una elevada morbimortalidad, así como un riesgo demostrado de eventos embólicos, entre los que destacan los accidentes cerebrovasculares por su impacto clínico. Dentro del espectro de la fibrilación auricular cabe identificar dos subgrupos de pacientes, unos con arritmia asociada a enfermedad valvular (FAV) y otro grupo más numeroso con fibrilación auricular no valvular (FANV). Independientemente del tipo de FA que padezca el paciente, el tratamiento anticoagulante ha constatado ampliamente su utilidad a la hora de prevenir los ictus, y es la única estrategia que ha demostrado disminuir la mortalidad en la FA. Sin embargo, asociado al riesgo tromboembólico existe siempre un riesgo hemorrágico que hay que valorar de forma individualizada. Las hemorragias, y en concreto los sangrados mayores y los intracraneales, suponen el mayor peaje que hay que pagar en los pacientes que reciben tratamiento antitrombótico. Estas complicaciones generan gran discapacidad y presentan una letalidad superior a la de los eventos embólicos. Con el objetivo de identificar a los pacientes con FANV y elevado riesgo hemorrágico se han desarrollado diferentes escalas específicas. De todas ellas, HAS-BLED es la más recomendada a nivel internacional, y así queda reflejado en las últimas guías de práctica clínica. En los pacientes identificados como de alto riesgo por su puntuación en la escala HAS-BLED se deben controlar todos los factores de riesgo modificables para la aparición de sangrado, y deben recibir un seguimiento clínico más estrecho...
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most frequent sustained arrhythmia in our daily clinical practice. Only in Spain, one million people suffer from AF, and its incidence and prevalence is rising due to the aging of the population. This entity is related to high morbidity and mortality, and a demonstrated risk of embolic events, being probably stroke the most relevant associated disease because of its clinical impact. Within the spectrum of AF, two subgroups of patients can be identified: one with AF associated to valvular disease (VAF) and others diagnosed with non-valvular AF (NVAF). The latter is in fact the largest group. Regardless of the type of AF, anticoagulant treatment has broadly noted its utility when preventing stroke in these patients, and it’s the only strategy that has been shown to decrease mortality. Nevertheless, associated to the embolic risk is there always a haemorrhagic risk that has to be balanced in every patient. Bleeding, and in particular major and intracranial bleeding is the biggest toll to be paid in patients receiving antithrombotic treatment. These complications generate greater disability and lethality compared to embolic events. Many scores have been developed in order to identify NVAF patients at high risk of bleeding, but also patients with high thromboembolic risk. Among the first scores, HAS-BLED is the most recommended one at an international level, as this fact is reflected in most recent clinical guidelines. Patients identified as high risk by their score on the HAS-BLED scale should receive closer monitoring and all their modifiable risk factors for the occurrence of bleeding must be controlled. However, despite its apparent simplicity, HAS-BLED is not widely used among medical community. Moreover, some of its items can lead to misinterpretation and coding mistakes, resulting in a false estimation of the haemorrhagic risk for our patients...
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most frequent sustained arrhythmia in our daily clinical practice. Only in Spain, one million people suffer from AF, and its incidence and prevalence is rising due to the aging of the population. This entity is related to high morbidity and mortality, and a demonstrated risk of embolic events, being probably stroke the most relevant associated disease because of its clinical impact. Within the spectrum of AF, two subgroups of patients can be identified: one with AF associated to valvular disease (VAF) and others diagnosed with non-valvular AF (NVAF). The latter is in fact the largest group. Regardless of the type of AF, anticoagulant treatment has broadly noted its utility when preventing stroke in these patients, and it’s the only strategy that has been shown to decrease mortality. Nevertheless, associated to the embolic risk is there always a haemorrhagic risk that has to be balanced in every patient. Bleeding, and in particular major and intracranial bleeding is the biggest toll to be paid in patients receiving antithrombotic treatment. These complications generate greater disability and lethality compared to embolic events. Many scores have been developed in order to identify NVAF patients at high risk of bleeding, but also patients with high thromboembolic risk. Among the first scores, HAS-BLED is the most recommended one at an international level, as this fact is reflected in most recent clinical guidelines. Patients identified as high risk by their score on the HAS-BLED scale should receive closer monitoring and all their modifiable risk factors for the occurrence of bleeding must be controlled. However, despite its apparent simplicity, HAS-BLED is not widely used among medical community. Moreover, some of its items can lead to misinterpretation and coding mistakes, resulting in a false estimation of the haemorrhagic risk for our patients...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina, leída el 09-05-2017