Oral Immunotherapy and Risk of Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Children: 15 Years’ Experience
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Publication date
2023
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Wiley
Citation
Morales-Cabeza C, Infante S, Cabrera-Freitag P, Fuentes-Aparicio V, Zubeldia JM, Álvarez-Perea A. Oral Immunotherapy and Risk of Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Children: 15 Years' Experience. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2023 Jan 1;76(1):53-58. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000003631
Abstract
La inmunoterapia oral (ITO) es un tratamiento eficaz para niños con alergia alimentaria persistente, si bien existen preocupaciones respecto a su seguridad, en particular por la posible aparición de esofagitis eosinofílica (EoE). El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la prevalencia de EoE en una amplia cohorte de niños sometidos a ITO en nuestro centro, y determinar si existían diferencias clínicas, endoscópicas o histológicas en función del alimento utilizado en la inmunoterapia.
MÉTODOS
Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo durante un periodo de 15 años (2005–2020). Se incluyeron niños que se sometieron a ITO con leche de vaca (CM), huevo y/o cacahuete, y que desarrollaron EoE.
RESULTADOS
Se llevaron a cabo un total de 607 inmunoterapias orales (277 con leche de vaca, 322 con huevo y 8 con cacahuete). Diecisiete pacientes (2,8 %) presentaron un diagnóstico histológico confirmado de EoE, con una mayor prevalencia entre los que recibieron ITO con leche de vaca (3,9 %) frente a los tratados con huevo (2,2 %). Los síntomas sugestivos de EoE y el diagnóstico confirmado aparecieron, respectivamente, a una mediana de 25 y 36 meses tras la finalización de la fase de inducción de la ITO. Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron atragantamiento, dolor abdominal y disfagia. Se observó fibrosis en la lámina propia en el 41,2 % de los casos. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en los síntomas clínicos ni en los hallazgos endoscópicos o histológicos entre los pacientes tratados con leche de vaca o con huevo. Un tercio de los pacientes ya refería síntomas leves sugestivos de EoE antes de iniciar la ITO.
CONCLUSIONES
La EoE parece ser un evento adverso infrecuente pero relevante, que puede manifestarse incluso años después de la inmunoterapia oral. La utilización de cuestionarios validados para detectar EoE antes de iniciar la ITO y durante el seguimiento podría constituir una herramienta fundamental para su diagnóstico precoz.
Objectives: Oral immunotherapy (OIT) is an effective treatment for children with persistent food allergy, and has concerns about its safety, including eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of EoE in a large cohort of children who underwent OIT in our center, and to determine if there were any clinical, endoscopic, or histologic differences depending on the food employed for the OIT. Methods: A retrospective study was performed over a 15-year period (2005-2020). Children who underwent cow's milk (CM), egg, and/or peanut OIT and developed EoE were included. Results: Six hundred and seven OIT were carried out (277 CM-OIT, 322 egg-OIT, and 8 peanut-OIT). Seventeen patients (2.8%) had a confirmed histologic diagnosis of EoE with a higher prevalence for patients who underwent CM-OIT (3.9%) than egg-OIT (2.2%). Symptoms suggestive of EoE and a confirmed diagnosis occurred at median times of 25 and 36 months, respectively, after the build-up phase of the OIT was completed. Choking, abdominal pain, and dysphagia were the most frequent symptoms and lamina propria fibrosis was observed in 41.2% of patients. No significant differences in clinical symptoms, endoscopic, or histologic findings between patients under CM or egg-OIT were found. One-third of patients reported mild symptoms suggestive of EoE before the OIT. Conclusions: EoE appears to be a rare but important adverse event that can occur even years after OIT. Validated questionnaires to screen EoE before the OIT and in the follow-up of these patients may be the main tool for an early diagnosis.
Objectives: Oral immunotherapy (OIT) is an effective treatment for children with persistent food allergy, and has concerns about its safety, including eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of EoE in a large cohort of children who underwent OIT in our center, and to determine if there were any clinical, endoscopic, or histologic differences depending on the food employed for the OIT. Methods: A retrospective study was performed over a 15-year period (2005-2020). Children who underwent cow's milk (CM), egg, and/or peanut OIT and developed EoE were included. Results: Six hundred and seven OIT were carried out (277 CM-OIT, 322 egg-OIT, and 8 peanut-OIT). Seventeen patients (2.8%) had a confirmed histologic diagnosis of EoE with a higher prevalence for patients who underwent CM-OIT (3.9%) than egg-OIT (2.2%). Symptoms suggestive of EoE and a confirmed diagnosis occurred at median times of 25 and 36 months, respectively, after the build-up phase of the OIT was completed. Choking, abdominal pain, and dysphagia were the most frequent symptoms and lamina propria fibrosis was observed in 41.2% of patients. No significant differences in clinical symptoms, endoscopic, or histologic findings between patients under CM or egg-OIT were found. One-third of patients reported mild symptoms suggestive of EoE before the OIT. Conclusions: EoE appears to be a rare but important adverse event that can occur even years after OIT. Validated questionnaires to screen EoE before the OIT and in the follow-up of these patients may be the main tool for an early diagnosis.









